Дисертації з теми "Essais (technologie) – Rayons X – Diffraction"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-26 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Essais (technologie) – Rayons X – Diffraction".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
Radepont, Marie. "Understanding of chemical reactions involved in pigment discoloration, in particular in mercury sulfide (HgS) blackening." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00805147.
Повний текст джерелаGautier, Ewann. "Plasticité cyclique multiaxiale en zone confinée : approche théorique et expérimentale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ENTA0002.
Повний текст джерелаThe structural components exhibit zones of stress concentrations leading to heterogeneous stress states, that can lead to local plasticity and low cycle fatigue failure. In this work, two parts are proposed to study the local cyclic elasto-plastic behavior at the critical point. First, an analytical method is proposed to predict the local response only at the critical point of the structure. In the second step, experimental measurements are obtained through in-situ X-ray diffraction measurements to question the predictions of the simplified finite element method. The study of the behavior at the critical point of the structure is carried out using a method based on the use of an Adjustable Location Operator (ALO). Until now, two strategies have been used to identify this operator on a structure. Based on these methods, two lines of improvement are proposed to improve the numerical predictions. These two in the presence of a new interesting compromise between the identification cost and the quality of the predictions with respect to the numerical reference. In order to compare these numerical results with experimental results, a protocol for in-situ stress monitoring by X-ray diffraction was set up. Subsequently, tests were carried out to observe cyclic behavior, with a progressive and continuous relaxation of the average stress until the initiation of a crack
Caboche, Gilles. "Relation structure-dimensions des grains monocristallins : cas d'un matériau polaire, BaTi03." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOS062.
Повний текст джерелаDe, Carvalho Pinheiro Bianca. "Étude par diffraction des rayons X des modifications microstructurales en cours de fatigue." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10063/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe present work aims to evaluate the microstructural mechanisms associated with the initiation of fatigue damage of steels used in the oil and gas industry. Microdeformations and residual stresses (macrostresses) were evaluated by X-ray diffraction in real time during alternating bending fatigue tests performed on flat test pieces taken from a pipe sample. Microdeformations were estimated from measurements of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction peak and residual stresses from the peak displacement. The fatigue tests were performed at five different stress levels. Three stages of changes during the evolution of microdeformation were detected. We show that their amplitude and duration are proportional to the level of alternating stress. Similar variations were observed for the residual stresses, with duration identical to those of the microdeformation. Changes in the density and distribution of dislocations were observed by transmission electron microscopy using the technique of focused ion beam. To understand the role of the initial structure, fatigue tests on annealed samples were performed under the same test conditions. Again, three stages of changes are observed but with an increase of the microdeformations instead of a decrease during the first stage due to the initial state of the dislocation network. The results are very encouraging for the consideration of the microstructural evolutions in the construction of a future counter of fatigue damage initiation in materials
Huet, Isabelle. "Elaboration et caractérisation de films minces de LiNbO3 et LiTaO3 en vue de la réalisation de filtres à ondes acoustiques de surface." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20112.
Повний текст джерелаGoddet, Jean-Philippe. "Etude et développement de sources laser XUV par injection d’harmoniques d’ordre élevé." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2009. http://pastel.paristech.org/5837/01/These_Jean-Philippe_GODDET.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe work in this thesis aimed to study a geometry of XUV lasers inspired by high power laser. This architecture, consisting of an injector (a source of high-order harmonics) coupled to an amplifier (plasma created by laser), corresponds to that of a laser chain in the spectral range of the XUV. The laser at 32. 8 nm studied here, is produced by the injection of high-order harmonic in a krypton plasma created by Optical Field Ionization (OFI). This scheme, initially tested by T. Ditmire in 1995, was validated in 2003 with a plasma amplifier created by the interaction of intense laser and a gaseous medium at the Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée. This thesis is a continuation of that work in trying to address different aspects, not only a better understanding the physical processes involved, but also the spatio-temporal characterization of this type of source. We have demonstrated experimentally for the first time a source in the XUV, witch can be both highly compact, energetic (1 μJ per pulse), close to the diffraction limit and Fourier transform limited. Indeed, through the spatial filtering of harmonics by the amplifying medium, the injected XUV laser at 32. 8 nm shows a Gaussian spatial profile with a divergence of 0. 7 mrad (at 1/e2). The wavefront was measured with a Hartmann sensor and presents a value of l/17 in standard deviation, demonstrating that the XUV source is diffraction limited. The temporal characterization of laser shows that the coherence time is of the order of the duration of spontaneous emission of the amplifier. The temporal coherence presents a Gaussian profile with a relative spectral width Dl/l equal to 10-5 (FWHM) corresponding to a pulse duration of about 5 ps
Baudot, Sophie. "MOSFETs contraints sur SOI : analyse des déformations par diffraction des rayons X et étude des propriétés électriques." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557963.
Повний текст джерелаMasri, Talal. "Détermination des contraintes interfaciales sur des duplex verre/métal à gros grains : utilisation de la diffraction x et de la microdureté Vickers." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT028G.
Повний текст джерелаMeneau, Caroline. "Croissance de nitrure d'aluminium par traitements plasma de surface d'Al ; corrélations entre microstructure, état micromécanique et comportement tribologique." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2304.
Повний текст джерелаKlotz, Michaela. "Synthèse et caractérisation de couches minces et de membranes de silice à porosité ordonnée." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20051.
Повний текст джерелаRenaudin, Guillaume. "I/ Etude d'un hydroxyde simple d'aluminium : La bayerite II/ Etude d'une famille d'hydroxydes doubles lamellaires d'aluminium et de calcium : les phases AFM (Aluminates Tétracalciques Hydrates)." Nancy 1, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1998_0302_RENAUDIN.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаKhanfir, Hatem. "Etude du procédé d'usinage de haute précision par outil de coupe et des techniques de mesure et de caractérisation adaptée." Compiègne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002COMP1383.
Повний текст джерелаMenou, Nicolas. "Technologie FeRAM : fiabilité et mécanismes de défaillance de condensateurs ferroélectriques et intégrés." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008576.
Повний текст джерелаThe industrial development of the FeRAM technology (providing non volatility, fast access and low power consumption) is still limited by the reliability of the integrated ferroelectric capacitor. The PhD work, focused on the understanding of failure mechanisms, was based on both electrical and microstructural studies of elementary capacitors, test vehicles and chips. The ferroelectric properties degradation of elementary capacitors under electrical stresses has been correlated to their microstructural evolution. Furthermore, X-ray irradiation has been revealed as an accelerating factor of degradation. Concerning the advanced technological devices, synchrotron techniques and electron microscopy, associated with reliability testing, enabled to correlate the failure mechanisms with the capacitor microstructure, its geometry (planar or 3D) and the integration steps
Bui, Meura Kim Anh. "Réalisation des couches minces PMN-PT dans la technologie MEMS pour les applications hyperfréquences." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00755519.
Повний текст джерелаZhang, Jiaping. "Oxidation protection of carbon/carbon composites and non-destructive characterization methodology development." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS439.
Повний текст джерелаCarbon fiber reinforced carbon composites (C/C) possess many unique properties, such as low-density (< 2.0 g/cm3), high specific strength/modulus, low coefficient of thermal expansion and excellent thermal shock resistance. They have been used as the structural materials in vehicle heat shields and aircraft brakes. However, carbon is sensitive to oxidation at high temperature. The main idea of this thesis is to develop oxidation/ablation protection technology for C/C, where coating technology and matrix modification were proposed. To improve the adhesive strength and relieve the thermal expansion mismatch between the coating and the substrate, blasting treatment was proposed to design an interlock coating/substrate interface. Additionally, to better evaluate the service reliability of the coating, Kossel interferences of proton-induced X-ray emissions combined with X-ray reflectivity, as a novel non-destructive characterization method, were developed. The feasibility of this method was confirmed in planar waveguides films. This methodology is promising for us to evaluate the service reliability of HfC/SiC/HfC multilayer for C/C in actual application. For the matrix modification technology, HfB2 and HfB2-SiC ceramics were introduced into C/C substrate. Combined with thermogravimetric analysis and oxidation/ablation performance measurement, the role of HfB2 and HfB2-SiC ceramics were discussed
Bourniquel, Bernard. "Evaluation des deformations mecaniques de surface par diffraction x. Optimisation de la mesure des contraintes residuelles. Application au controle qualite du grenaillage de precontrainte." Nantes, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NANT2037.
Повний текст джерелаWang, Dongxing. "Solidification et valorisation de sédiments du port de Dunkerque en travaux routiers." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10086/document.
Повний текст джерелаNearly 50 millions m3 of sediments are dredged each year from rivers and ports in France. The traditional solution such as land deposit and ocean dumping to manage dredged sediments is increasingly restricted. The use of sediments in the field of construction can not only solve problems related to sediments, but also provide a new source of construction materials. The present work focuses on a proposed solution for use of marine sediment in roadbed layer by the respect of a general methodology. After identifying the characteristics of raw sediments, the evaluation of marine sediments by cement and lime in roadbed is assessed in terms of bearing capacity and mechanical performance. The effect of cement and lime on soil compaction, strength, swelling, durability and le change in mineral phases is studied. Fly ash can be used for the valorization of sediments because of its pozzolanic property. For treated sediments, the addition of fly ash induces certainly the change in mechanical and chemical properties, which are evaluated by the compaction tests, the bearing capacity tests, the compressive and tensile strength tests, the freezing-thawing cycle tests, the immersion in water tests and the XRD and DTA/TGA tests. The potential of the proposed formulations treated with fly ash was evaluated for the potential use in road engineering. Finally, the supplementary mechanical study on raw sediments and lime-treated sediments is presented. The mechanical performance of sediments is evaluated by using the compressibility tests, direct shear tests and triaxial tests
Djaziri, Soundès. "Élasticité et endommagement sous chargement bi-axial de nano-composites W/Cuen couches minces sur polyimide : apport des techniques synchrotrons." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2267/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the biaxial deformation of W/Cu nanocomposite thin films deposited on polyimide substrates. The grain size in the thin film is controlled by stratification of two immiscible materials (W and Cu) employing sputtering techniques. We developed a procedure to characterize the mechanical behavior of samples at two different scales. A biaxial tensile test is coupled to X-ray diffraction (microscopic deformation) and digital image correlation (macroscopic deformation) techniques. We used a biaxial tensile setup developed in the framework of an ANR project on the DiffAbs beamline at synchrotron SOLEIL allowing forthe control of stresses in thin films supported by polyimide substrates. By comparing the strains obtained by these two techniques, the applied strain is determined to be transmitted unchanged in the elastic domain through the film - substrate interface. The second part of our work was to study the deformation of W/Cu nanocomposite beyond the elastic range. We have highlighted three domains of deformation associated with different deformation mechanisms. The elastic limit of the W/Cu nanocomposite was determined by comparing the elastic deformation of the thin film to the macroscopic deformation of the substrate. Finally, the elastic limit of W/Cu nanocomposite was studied for different load ratios. The overall results emphasized the brittle behavior of these nanocomposites
Sadat, Tarik. "Alliages Ni-W : de la mise en oeuvre par frittage flash aux micro-mécanismes de déformation et d'endommagement." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD083.
Повний текст джерелаAs part of this thesis project, innovative “composites” microstructures Ni-W composed by clusters of multi crystallized (ultra fine grain) W embedded in a matrix of a cfc Ni(W) solid solution were elaborated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Several alloys were processed by controlling precisely the respective volume fractions of the two elements Ni and W. In addition, Ni is a particularly ductile material unlike the more resistant W. So, it may give to the material a good compromise between ductility and mechanical resistance. Thus, by adjusting the respective fractions of Ni and/or W, we obtained in the same material the specific deformation micro-mechanisms of each phase, the characteristics and evolutions of those deformations were after analyzed during conventional mechanical stresses or under in situ Synchrotron. Thus, we have highlighted the role of each phase constituting the microstructure regarding the macroscopic behavior. It is clearly shown that the proportion and spatial distribution of the W phase are key factors on the overall brittleness as well as on the load transfer between the phases. Concerning the ductile phase, we underscored deformations of unusual amplitude, which are connected to the high initial density of ∑3 boundary grains, which then decreases sharply under mechanical stress
Pesci, Raphaël. "Etude micromécanique et caractérisation expérimentale du comportement et de l'endommagement de l'acier de cuve 16MND5 à basses températures." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000980.
Повний текст джерелаPlanes, Nicolas. "Propriétés physiques de 3C-SiC sur substrats SOI : perspectives d'application." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20156.
Повний текст джерелаPiault, Pierre. "Modélisation numérique et caractérisation des défauts dans les miroirs multicouches en vue de leur application en imagerie X cohérente." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLO008/document.
Повний текст джерелаMultilayer mirrors find numerous X-ray applications in synchrotron and X-rays free electron lasers. These multilayers optical devices must take up new challenges raised with the upgrade these radiation sources. To study the origin of intensity contrast in reflected beam, experimental measurements and numerical modeling were performed.Several techniques for multilayer structure charactérization have been implemented at the ESRF beamline BM05. Measurements methods based on 'Rocking Curve Imaging' and 'theta/2theta' Imaging were performed and applied for the first time to multilayer mirrors. Measurements of the wavefront reflected by multilayers were performed using holography and near field speckle techniques. The results obtained allowed a better understanding of the phase effects induced by multilayer reflection of their origin and to reconstruct the topography of the height defects within a multilayer mirror using the numerical model developped in the course of this PhD thesis.A numerical model based on Takagi-Taupin equations was modified to account for defects present in the multilayer mirror structure. Simulations for simple defects were performed to evaluate performance and limits of the numerical model. The propagation and the coherence of the reflected beam were simulated. The measurement and simulation results show the main influence of defect heights on the generation of the intensity contrast observed. The simulations also lead to conclude the equivalency phase effect resulting of the same height defects in multilayers mirror structure and reflecting surface.These modelization and simulations results can be usefull to specify defect feature which minimise reflected intensity contrast. The new developped experimental technics will allows X-rays caracterization for next multilayer mirrors
Colin, Jonathan. "Potentialités des techniques de caractérisation in-situ et en temps réel pour sonder, comprendre et contrôler les processus de nucléation-croissance durant le dépôt de films minces métalliques." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2276/document.
Повний текст джерелаSize reduction for the race towards nanoscale devices impacts physical properties of materials due to morphology, microstructure, defects and presence of surfaces and interfaces, but also makes challenging their structural characterizations. Moreover, thin film growth by physical vapor deposition is a non-equilibrium process involving dynamics effects, which inherently affects nanostructure formation. Thanks to the development and use of in situ and real-time diagnostics, easily implementable in a vacuum chamber, as those based on the wafer curvature measurement, electrical resistivity or also the surface reflectance spectroscopy, described in this work, we are able to address these issues. An original 4 points probe resistivity setup, in situ and real-time, in a magnetron chamber, has been developed for this study, allowing samples introduction by a load-lock system and the growth of homogeneous, dense metallic films. Potentialities of these techniques are highlighted by studying magnetron sputtered metallic systems with various atomic mobility and interfacial reactivity. The sensibility of these techniques, at the sub monolayer scale, allows a better understanding of the firsts growth stages, nucleation processes, phase transformations and defects incorporation. Influence of microstructure (grain size), kinetics (growth rate) and deposited energy has been systematically studied. The main results obtained revealed: a correlation between the magnitude of tensile stress associated with the coalescence stage and the atomic mobility of adatoms during Volmer-Weber growth of Ag, Au, Pd and Ir thin films on a-SiOx; a two dimensional growth mode for films of lower mobility (Fe, Mo, Ta) on a-Si, with the stabilization of an amorphous layer before the crystallization of the equilibrium bcc structure (Fe and Mo) or the metastable tetragonal structure in the case of Ta, driven by the minimization of surface/interface energies; the strong reactivity of Pd films sputtered on Si or Ge (amorphous or crystalline) substrates, leading to the room-temperature formation of a crystalline silicide (germanide) Pd2Si (or Pd2Ge) phase whose crystallographic orientation depends on the nature of the sublayer and where the silicon is the fast diffuser; the complementary roles of surface and grain boundaries on the steady-state compressive stress regime observed under energetic conditions of growth (10-100eV). To account for these observations, an extension of Chason’s theoretical model is presented
SILVA, Taciana Regina de Gouveia. "Influência da Poli (Ɛ-Caprolactona) e de copolímeros funcionalizados no desempenho de blendas com matriz de poli (ácido-lático)." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2014. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/343.
Повний текст джерелаMade available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T20:12:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TACIANA REGINA DE GOUVEIA - TESE PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 4953603 bytes, checksum: ea581c261908041111cd0d411a551545 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-28
Capes
Os polímeros derivados do petróleo têm provocado impactos ambientais devido ao descarte inadequado. Uma alternativa para esse problema é a utilização de polímeros biodegradáveis ou a produção de blendas a partir destes polímeros. Neste trabalho, foram preparadas blendas de poli (ácido lático) - PLA, poli (caprolactona) - PCL, com três copolímeros diferentes: EMA, E-GMA e o EMAGMA que são copolímeros de etileno-acrilato de metila, etileno-metacrilato de glicidila e o terpolímero etileno-acrilato de metila-metacrilato de glicidila, respectivamente. As composições utilizadas para as blendas foram as seguintes: PLA/PCL (90/10), PLA/PCL (80/20), PLA/Copolímeros (90/10) e PLA/PCL/Copolímeros (80/10/10). Estas foram preparadas por fusão em uma extrusora de rosca dupla corrotativa e, em seguida, moldadas por injeção sob a forma de corpos de prova de tração, impacto e HDT. Todas as composições foram caracterizadas por: ensaios mecânicos de tração e impacto, temperatura de distorção térmica - HDT, calorimetria exploratória diferencial - DSC, difração de raios X - DRX, análise térmica dinâmica-mecânica - DMTA, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho por transformada de Fourier - FTIR, microscopia eletrônica de varredura - MEV, reometria de torque, ensaio reológico e reometria capilar. As propriedades mecânicas apresentaram redução nos valores do módulo e da resistência à tração e um aumento no alongamento e na resistência ao impacto para todas as composições quando comparadas com o PLA puro, com destaque para as composições que continham o copolímero EMA-GMA. A HDT não apresentou mudanças significativas para as diferentes composições em comparação com o PLA puro. O comportamento térmico e termomecânico foi avaliado por DSC e por DMTA e foi possível observar a transição térmica das blendas. Por DRX foi possível observar as fases cristalinas das blendas de PLA. A morfologia da superfície de fratura observada por MEV ilustrou que ocorreram mudanças significativas em função da composição. Os resultados de reometria de torque não apresentaram mudanças significativas no comportamento do PLA, enquanto que os resultados obtidos no ensaio reológico ilustraram aumento no módulo de armazenamento em todas as composições. A partir do ensaio de reometria capilar foi visto que houve redução da viscosidade aparente e da tensão de cisalhamento sob altas taxas de cisalhamento para todas as composições.
The polymers derived from petroleum have caused environmental impacts due to improper disposal. An alternative to this problem is the use of biodegradable polymers or blends production from these polymers. In this work, blends of poly (lactic acid) - PLA, poly (-caprolactone) - PCL, were prepared with three different copolymers: EMA, E-GMA and EMA-GMA are copolymers the ethylene-methyl acrylate, ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate and terpolymer ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate respectively. The compositions used in the blends were as follows: PLA/PCL (90/10) PLA/PCL (80/20) PLA/ Copolymer (90/10) and PLA/PCL/Copolymer (80/10/10). These were prepared by melting in an extruder twin screw co-rotating and then injection molded in the form of specimens tensile, impact and HDT. All compositions were characterized by: mechanical tensile and impact , heat distortion temperature - HDT, differential scanning calorimetry - DSC, X-ray diffraction - XRD, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis – DMTA, spectroscopy in the infrared region by transform Fourier - FTIR, scanning electron microscopy - SEM, torque rheometer, rheological testing and capillary rheometer. The mechanical properties showed reduced values of modulus and tensile strength and an increase in elongation and impact resistance for all compositions when compared with pure PLA, especially for compositions containing copolymer EMA-GMA. The HDT showed no significant changes for the different compositions compared with pure PLA. The thermal and thermomechanical behavior was evaluated by DSC and DMTA and it was possible to observe the thermal transition of the blends. XRD was possible to observe the crystalline phases of the blends of PLA. The morphology of the fracture surface was observed by SEM illustrated that significant changes as a function of composition. The torque rheometer results showed no significant change in the behavior of PLA, while the rheological test results illustrate the increase in storage modulus in all compositions. From the test capillary rheometer was seen that there was a reduction in the apparent viscosity and shear stress at high shear rates for all compositions.
Zhang, Wei. "Nouvelles stratégies de synthèse des nanocarbones fluorés." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00725236.
Повний текст джерелаD'Ans, Pierre. "Contribution à la mise au point d'une démarche rationnelle de sélection des traitements de surface: illustration dans le cas des dispositifs de fonderie de l'aluminium." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210366.
Повний текст джерела- Utiliser des multitraitements de surface peut se faire en scindant les différentes requêtes en sous-ensembles, de manière à ce que chaque traitement réponde à l’un d’eux. Dans quel ordre ces requêtes doivent-elles être introduites par rapport au substrat ?
- Comment sélectionner les traitements de surface répondant à chaque requête individuelle ?
- Comment classer des multitraitements en termes d’adéquation au problème posé ?
Dans ce travail, les première et troisième questions sont abordées, en explorant les requêtes concernant habituellement les dispositifs de moulage de l’aluminium :
- Résistance aux contraintes d’origine thermique.
- Résistance à la corrosion par les métaux fondus.
- Résistance au frottement.
L’analyse de la bibliographie relative aux traitements de surface utilisés dans ces systèmes a été analysée et des « architectures »-types ont été identifiées (chapitre 3). On prévoit, par exemple, un traitement conférant la résistance à la fatigue superficielle, ainsi qu’un revêtement étanche et résistant à l’aluminium fondu. Une barrière thermique est parfois préconisée.
Pour chacune des architectures, des traitements de surface individuels peuvent être sélectionnés. Un « facteur de performance » permettant de classer les solutions par rapport au problème de la fatigue thermique a été construit (chapitre 4) et discuté dans deux situations :
- Lorsqu’un revêtement est présent, et que les contraintes d’origine thermique (différence de dilatation thermique couche-substrat) menacent de le rompre lors de l’immersion dans un milieu corrosif à haute température. Des essais de corrosion dans de l’aluminium fondu ont été réalisés sur un acier revêtu par du nitrure de chrome dopé à l’aluminium, synthétisé par déposition physique en phase vapeur (chapitre 5 – collaboration :Inasmet).
- Lorsque des variations thermiques rapides menacent de rompre le substrat et la (les) couches. Des essais de fatigue thermique ont été réalisés sur de l’acier à outils pour travail à chaud non traité, boruré ou recouvert d’un multitraitements (zircone yttriée / NiCrAlY / boruration / acier). Le revêtement en zircone yttriée a été obtenu par projection par plasma. L’essai de fatigue thermique a été modélisé et le facteur de performance, discuté (chapitre 6).
Au chapitre 7, les architectures-types ont été introduites dans une méthodologie de sélection des multi-traitements de surface, qui a été appliquée dans deux cas :
- Celui des moules de fonderie, devant résister à la fatigue thermique et à la corrosion par l’aluminium fondu. Le facteur de performance a été extrapolé à d’autres situations qu’aux chapitres 5 et 6. Les solutions habituellement proposées pour résoudre ce problème sont retrouvées.
- Celui de deux pièces en acier frottant l’une contre l’autre en présence d’aluminium fondu.
To select surface treatments, one must account for the required functional properties, the substrate features and the solicitations the substrate must endure. Certain combinations of these parameters make it difficult to select a single surface treatment, a reason why several successive treatments are preferred. To select them, one needs to determine:
- How to divide the several requests into groups and how to stack up these groups from the substrate to the outer surface, so that each treatment deals with one specific group of requests/properties.
- How to select individual layers for each group of properties.
- How to rank the multi-treatments in terms of relevance for a given application.
In this work, one tries to answer the first and the third questions, by studying the case of aluminium foundry, in which the industrial devices frequently face the following solicitations:
- Thermal stress (thermal fatigue, thermal expansion mismatch).
- Presence of corrosive molten metal.
- Sliding wear.
In the literature, several “standard” architectures are proposed (chapter 3), like a diffusion layer reducing superficial fatigue plus a corrosion barrier layer. A thermal barrier coating is also sometimes proposed.
For each of these architectures, one can select individual treatments. To rank them, one devised a “performance index” for thermal stress (chap.4), which is discussed for two cases:
- For large differences between layer and substrate thermal expansion coefficients, when both are put into contact with a high temperature corrosive medium, the layer may be damaged. One discusses this case by examining the corrosion caused by molten aluminium for a steel substrate coated by anticorrosive chromium nitride doped with aluminium. The layer is produced by physical vapour deposition (chap. 5 – cooperation: Inasmet).
- Repeated fast surface temperature transients can also damage the substrate and/or the layer by thermal fatigue. One conducted thermal fatigue tests with samples of hot work tool steel, respectively untreated, simply borided and protected by a multilayer. In the last case, top coat is yttria stabilised zirconia, followed by a nickel superalloy and then a borided layer (undercoat). One synthesized the zirconia coating by plasma spray and one modelled the thermal fatigue (chap. 6).
In chap. 7, architectures from chap. 2 are introduced in a multi-treatment selection routine, which is applied in two cases:
- Foundry moulds for molten aluminium, withstanding both thermal fatigue and corrosion. The devised performance index is extrapolated beyond the tests of chap. 5 and 6 to treatments for this industrial application, thereby quantifying their respective merits.
- A foundry device exposed to molten metal and sliding wear.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished