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1
Song ni yi ke zi dan: Send you a bullet. Shanghai: Shanghai san lian shu dian, 2010.
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2
Calkins, Lucy. Boxes and bullets: Personal and persuasive essays. Portsmouth, NH: Firsthand, an imprint of Heinemann, 2013.
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3
Traimond, Bernard. Les fêtes du taureau: Essai d'ethnologie historique. Bordeaux: AA éditions, 1996.
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4
1937-, Sow Mbaye Amina, ed. Petit essai sur la vieillesse: Suivi de, "Les bulles" : recueil de poèmes. [Dakar: s.n., 2006.
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5
Sacrifice et labour en Grèce ancienne: Essai d'anthropologie religieuse. Paris: Découverte, 1986.
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6
Pierre, Bertrand. Les ailes du songe: Rêve et réalité dans la bulle humaine : essai. Montréal: Humanitas Nouvelle optique, 1992.
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7
Reed, Ishmael. Mixing it up: Taking on the media bullies and other reflections. New York: Da Capo Press, 2008.
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8
Ruzicka, Jan. A Plea for Restraint. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This essay reconstructs Hedley Bull’s position on nuclear proliferation in The Anarchical Society. Avoiding the extremes of nuclear optimism and pessimism, Bull provided nuanced arguments about the relationship between nuclear proliferation and international order. Bull remained agnostic as to what the world of many nuclear powers would look like. He used this unpredictability to emphasize the notion of restraint involving both superpower cooperation to prevent states from going nuclear as well as the exercise of self-restraint on the part of superpowers. Showing restraint was crucial to the continued existence of the states system. Bull worried that proliferation represented a particular threat to it. Nuclear weapons exposed states to the prospect of sudden and complete destruction. This could lead to the abolition of the state system and its replacement with world government, to which Bull was strongly opposed. The conclusion illustrates Bull’s relevance in relation to the recent pursuit of non-proliferation.
9
Humphreys, Adam. Bull’s Political Vision. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although Bull is often identified as a theorist of international society, this volume has shown that there is more to The Anarchical Society than international society, narrowly construed. The contemporary relevance of Bull’s work is clearest when we recognize the flexibility of his conceptual framework and, in particular, the often overlooked potential of his concept of the ‘world political system’, of which modern international society is only a part. It is also helpful to recognize the provisional nature of Bull’s intellectual priorities and of his empirical and evaluative judgements. Bull’s argument that international society provides the surest route to world order reflected his judgement at ‘present’ and we can revise it today without doing violence to his intellectual project. This concluding essay highlights the flexibility of Bull’s approach and the provisional nature of his judgements while also reviewing the limits of this flexibility and identifying possible future directions of inquiry.
10
Bain, William. The Anarchical Society as Christian Political Theology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is widely accepted that in The Anarchical Society—the key text of the English School—Hedley Bull presents and defends the Grotian conception of international relations. This essay argues that Bull’s thinking about order is indebted to a medieval theological dispute about the nature of God and the extent of his power. This dispute yields a way of knowing and explaining the world that stresses the artificial nature of political relations, domestic and international. In other words, order between states is instituted in the same way that God made the universe, through will and artifice. Once this theological ground is uncovered it becomes apparent that Bull’s account of international order is consistent, not with Grotius, but with the thought of Thomas Hobbes. One of the crucial implications of this argument is that international society has not outgrown its European and Christian roots to the extent that Bull suggests.
11
Carr, Madeline. Cyberspace and International Order. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When The Anarchical Society was published in 1977, the world was on the doorstep of seismic technological change. Forty years later, the information age has placed cyber security at the centre of many global political concerns including armed conflict and international law. The ongoing difficulties associated with accurately attributing cyber attacks introduce a new dimension of anarchy in international relations. This essay draws on Bull’s ideas about social interplay to explore the problem of attribution in cyberspace. It finds that the difficulties of identifying (even) state actors undermine some of the processes and institutions upon which Bull based his ideas. However, it also finds that Bull’s work is useful in unpicking exactly why attribution is so problematic for international relations. Ultimately, Bull’s expectation that actors will look for social solutions to maintain order appears to be holding up in the information age much as it did in the industrial age.
12
Falkner, Robert. The Anarchical Society and Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Anarchical Society is the first major English School text that addresses the rise of global environmentalism. Based on a close reading of Bull’s classic text, this essay applies his pluralist perspective to the international politics of climate change. Bull’s pluralism offers valuable insights into the scope for, and limitations of, international climate action: it identifies the persistent value and interest differences that prevent deep international cooperation; it highlights the centrality of inter-state bargaining; and it stresses the importance of crafting cooperative solutions that reflect the realities of power asymmetry. However, while Bull acknowledges the need to move towards deeper, solidarist, forms of cooperation, his perspective is found to be wanting when it comes to understanding the modalities of such a shift. Bull has little to say on how to construct a solidarist response and how non-state actors might develop new forms of transnational governance beyond the state-centric climate regime.
13
Patomäki, Heikki. The Anarchical Society as Futurology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Anarchical Society outlines various possible world orders, such as ‘New Mediaevalism’ and world state, as alternatives to the anarchic order of the modern states-system. This essay evaluates critically the factual and normative premises of Bull’s arguments concerning possible, likely, and desirable future world orders (factual and normative are intertwined but not inseparable). A key point is that Bull somewhat underestimated the sway of globalizing forces, including the gradual emergence of elements of world statehood. This essay’s main argument of, however, is that because of his omission of political economy, Bull would have been puzzled about the causes of the re-emergence of great power conflicts. For the same reason, he also misjudged the importance of building better common institutions.
14
Pauly, Louis W. The Anarchical Society and a Global Political Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
If Hedley Bull came back today and revised his most famous book, he would likely devote a chapter to the economic forces that transformed our world during the past four decades. Among other systemic changes, the radical unleashing of finance and the partial return of a pre-1914 economic ideology justifying open and integrating capital markets might surprise an advocate of the virtues of the states system. But by following Bull’s reasoning, his model of empirical observation, and his underlying moral sensibilities—as well as suggestions from his constructive critics—this essay traces the emergence since the late 1970s of a variegated global capacity to assess systemic financial risks, design collaborative policies to prevent systemic crises, and manage them when they nevertheless occur. The challenge of deeply legitimating that nuanced and complex capacity remains, which, as Bull anticipated, means that considerations of justice must soon be addressed.
15
Linklater, Andrew. The International Society of ‘Civilized States’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bull argued that in European international society, the ‘diplomatic culture’, the common stock of ideas and values the representatives of states shared had been strengthened by an ‘international political culture’, the intellectual and moral culture that determined societal attitudes towards the states-system. With the expansion of international society, he contended, the diplomatic culture had lost much of its earlier foundation in the normative commitments specific to European international society. It was conceivable, Bull argued, that a new ‘cosmopolitan culture’ will succeed in binding peoples together in the first universal society of states. To consider those issues further, this essay draws on Elias’s writings to show how conceptions of ‘civilized manners’ and ‘civilized’ statehood linked the international political and diplomatic cultures. The discussion also considers some recent writings on the civilizational dynamics of world politics that have special relevance for Bull’s reflections on how those two cultures might develop in future.
16
Neither Bullets nor Ballots: Essays on Voluntaryism. Independently Published, 2017.
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17
Falk, Richard. Ordering the World: Hedley Bull after Forty Years. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Even after forty years, a period of major transformations in the makeup and structure of international society, The Anarchic Society depicts a pluralist world order that continues to exert predominant influence on the formation of global policy. This essay critically explores the impacts of the rise of the post-colonial South, the conduct and ending of the Cold War, the emergence of non-state actors, and the impact of global market forces on the sort of anarchic society that existed four decades ago. Bull’s view that it was important to uphold sovereign rights creates tensions with efforts to develop international criminal responsibility and protect global, as distinct from, national interests. At the same time, Bull acknowledged the importance of international law in sustaining international cooperation and transnational life, which has grown in importance since his book was first published.
18
Keal, Paul. The Anarchical Society and Indigenous Peoples. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This essay focuses on Bull’s conception of world order and its relevance to indigenous peoples. Realizing world order needs to include the specific goal of just relations between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples, which would require both mutually agreed settlements of historical injustices and engagement with indigenous notions of sovereignty that challenge traditional conceptions of it. Bull thought the ultimate units of world society are individual human beings and that the outlook for a just world order is bound up with the extension of cosmopolitan culture and moral awareness. This could have led him to defend the group rights essential to indigenous peoples. The liberal individualism in his thought prevented him from doing so and the strand of individualism in cosmopolitanism may be incompatible with indigenous aims. In practice a cosmopolitan world order might result in the further erosion of distinctive indigenous identities and cultures.
19
Tsuge, Hideki. Micro- and Nanobubbles: Fundamentals and Applications. Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2014.
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20
Tsuge, Hideki. Micro- and Nanobubbles: Fundamentals and Applications. Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2014.
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21
Pasha, Mustapha Kamal. Decolonizing The Anarchical Society. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0006.
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Are claims for redistributive justice reconcilable with the demands for order? This question remains as significant today as it was articulated in The Anarchical Society forty years ago. This essay explores its aporetic nature against the horizon afforded by spectrality—the ghostlike presence/absence of justice in Bull’s account of the international. The problem of justice in this alternative decolonial narrative occasions three interrelated components: (1) an acknowledgement of particular (exclusionary) historical settlements that have shaped the contemporary international order; (2) recognition of racially differentiated space (or ‘coloniality’) as a durable feature of past and present international order; and (3) exposure of some of the more potent effects of this differentiation on the capacity or power of (unequal) actors (sovereign states in Bull’s formulation) in the international system. In Bull’s case, it is the haunting presence/absence of coloniality (embedded in his concerns for redistributive justice) that is simultaneously repudiated and embraced.
22
Williams, Kristian. Between the bullet and the lie: Essays on Orwell. 2017.
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23
Suganami, Hidemi. Hedley Bull and The Anarchical Society Now at 40. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A text can be read critically to uncover assumptions and judgements setting a broad limit to what its author can coherently present as its main thesis. But it is also possible to identify spaces in the text’s architecture to manoeuvre it out of its apparent encasement. The Anarchical Society, now at 40, requires, and enables, both these kinds of engagement because of its relatively narrow basis and focus and its aging effects, combined with Bull’s well-known tendency to carefully qualify everything he asserts. There may be more we can read into or out of his book than its central focus, the ‘international society’ perspective. The contributors to this collection, from a variety of backgrounds in their intellectual orientations, academic specializations, and educational, professional, and other life experiences, collectively exhibit wide-ranging ways in which Bull’s text can be approached, as outlined in this introductory essay.
24
Kaczmarska, Katarzyna. International Society Encounters the Russian World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This essay argues that viewing Russia through the lens of Bull’s concept of international society—as a member, an apprentice, or an outright non-complier with international society rules—perpetuates his neglect of Russian political discourse and disregards the fact that Russian scholars have been producing their own representations of world politics. Although Bull’s concept became broadly accepted as an accurate reflection of international reality, his representation of world politics is no less ‘situated’ than Russian representations. Engaging with Russian conceptions of international politics sheds light on key concerns and grievances animating knowledge production process in IR. Paying attention to world representations as products of social relations and historical context is important especially now that Russian scholars point to the lack of common methodological and ideological ground for the study of international politics while the Russian ruling elite places the country outside of what it calls ‘Western order’.
25
(Omowale), Dwayne Wong. Democracy by Bullets and Teargas: Essays and Short Stories by Dwayne Wong. Independently Published, 2021.
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26
Bain, William. The Pluralist–Solidarist Debate in the English School. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.342.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In his 1966 essay, “The Grotian Conception of International Society,” Hedley Bull distinguishes between two conceptions of international society: pluralism and solidarism. The central assumption of solidarism is “the solidarity, or potential solidarity, of the states comprising international society, with respect to the enforcement of the law.” In contrast, pluralism claims that “states do not exhibit solidarity of this kind, but are capable of agreeing only for certain minimum purposes which fall short of that of the enforcement of the law.” Bull’s formulation of pluralism and solidarism, and the way he set the two concepts against one another, exerted a profound influence on subsequent English School scholarship and sparked the pluralist–solidarist debate. This debate revolves around theorizing different kinds of order, in particular international and world order. The English School used the language of “pluralism” and “solidarism” to address the legitimacy of humanitarian intervention. After the issue of humanitarian intervention was pushed down the list of scholarly priorities, pluralism and solidarism sparked renewed interest from scholars such as Barry Buzan, Andrew Linklater and Hidemi Suganami, William Bain, and Andrew Hurrell. Despite the debates triggered by the pluralist–solidarist debate, the vocabulary of pluralism and solidarism is a promising means of tackling questions and issues that are undertheorized or largely neglected in English School theory, including those relating to the place of sub- and supranational entities in international society, the meaning and scope of world order, and the significance of international political economy in theorizing different kinds of order.
27
Mixing It Up: Taking On the Media Bullies and Other Reflections. Thunder's Mouth Press, 2008.
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28
Scheg, Abigail G. Bullying in Popular Culture: Essays on Film, Television and Novels. McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers, 2015.
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29
Russell, Roseanne. Concentrate Questions and Answers Employment Law. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198856757.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for law students tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This book offers clear advice on what to expect in typical employment law exams. It addresses a wide range of employment law topics that are most often encountered in employment law courses, including questions on ‘mixed’ topics. The book provides sample essay and problem questions to allow students to practise and refine exam skills. These are supported by suggested answers and diagram plans. Detailed author commentary explains what examiners are looking for, traps to avoid, and how students can best achieve their potential. This book also includes separate chapters on skills and tips for success in both exams and in coursework assessments. It is an ideal tool to help support revision or to use throughout studies to help review learning.
30
Spencer, Maureen, and John Spencer. 1. Exam skills for success in evidence. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198715795.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flow charts. This book is a supplementary aid to coursework preparation and particularly to revision for examinations and coursework. It does not present model answers to be slavishly imitated but, rather, examples to help the student understand the topic and see how it might be approached. The examinee’s objective is to accumulate in the time allowed as many marks as possible, a goal that needs to be broken down into three stages: namely, planning, execution and review. These days law examinations can take different forms, including seen questions, open book exams and so on. To take account of this, the book includes essay answers that are closer to more fully researched pieces than to the answers in a traditional unseen examination.
31
Russell, Roseanne. Concentrate Questions and Answers Employment Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198745198.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for law students tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts.This book offers clear advice on what to expect in typical employment law exams. It addresses a wide range of employment law topics that are most often encountered in employment law courses, including questions on ‘mixed’ topics. The book provides sample essay and problem questions to allow students to practise and refine exam skills. These are supported by suggested answers and diagram plans. Detailed author commentary explains what examiners are looking for, traps to avoid, and how students can best achieve their potential. This book also includes separate chapters on skills and tips for success in both exams and in coursework assessments. It is an ideal tool to help support revision or to use throughout studies to help review learning.
32
Toros, Harmonie, and Filippo Dionigi. International Society and Islamist Non-State Actors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Anarchical Society with its state-centric conceptualization of world politics may appear ill equipped to account for the increasing influence of non-state actors. However, despite this state-centrism, this chapter argues that Bull’s concept of international society constitutes a useful interpretative framework to account for the discourse and practice of such actors. The essay focuses on the organization Islamic State, which offers an example of how a non-state armed actor can challenge and confront international society, while at the same time engage with and mimic its discursive and material practices. The use of international society’s vocabulary, practices, and institutions constitutes for IS a way to attempt to elevate its status from informal organization to state. However, once established as a para-state entity, IS has engaged in norm contestation whereby it has confronted the Western-centric conception of order of international society and countered it with the ideal of a ‘caliphate’.
33
Milanich, Jerald T. Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia During the Historic Period (Ripley P. Bullen Series). University Press of Florida, 1994.
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34
Clarke, Nicola. Caliphs and Conquerors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190498931.003.0010.
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Most medieval Arabic accounts of the early eighth-century conquests in Iberia and Central Asia give speaking roles to two Marwānid caliphs, the brothers al-Walīd I (r. 705–715) and Sulaymān (r. 715–717). This essay examines prevailing literary presentations of these two caliphs, who feature variously as hindrance or help to the commanders of the conquest armies: al-Walīd tends to appear as a restorer of justice, who ensures that a Berber mawlā (client) gets his fair share of conquest loot, while Sulaymān is generally portrayed as a grasping bully who clashes with his late brother's frontier commanders. In particular, the essay looks at the role of tribal politics and patronage in the caliphs’ interaction with the protagonists of the conquest narratives, and the ways in which the Iberian narratives seek to reinforce Umayyad claims to the peninsula they ruled between 756 and 1031.
35
Shea, C. Michael. After the Newman–Perrone Exchange. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802563.003.0008.
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Chapter 7 examines the impact that Newman’s theory of development had upon Perrone and others in Rome. This influence was displayed in a public lecture that Perrone gave in Rome, when he proposed Newman’s thought as an answer to perceived threats facing the Church. The chapter explores traces of the Essay on Development in Perrone’s 1847 book on the Immaculate Conception, and later in Perrone’s 1854 book on Protestantism and the rule of faith. The chapter examines the impact that Perrone’s thought had in Rome and throughout the Church during this time, and in deliberations leading up to the bull Ineffabilis, which promulgated the decree of the Immaculate Conception in 1854. The evidence shows how Newman’s theory had an important impact upon the Roman Catholic Church, affecting the language that the Church came to use in referring to doctrinal change in history.
36
Carlisle, Rodney P., and J. Geoffrey Golson, eds. Turning Points—Actual and Alternate Histories. ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216027935.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work is a creative approach to history that not only recounts what actually happened during the Civil War, but also imagines alternate outcomes had key events turned out differently, and how they might have changed the course of American history. In colorful, readable prose, this volume provides a full history of the Civil War—including John Brown’s raid; the story of the Confederate States of America; the battles of Bull Run, Antietam, and Gettysburg; Sherman’s March to the Sea; the Emancipation Proclamation; the Thirteenth Amendment; Lincoln's assassination; Reconstruction; and Andrew Johnson’s impeachment. But more importantly, it offers a range of essays on how events could have turned out differently—militarily, politically, and culturally. It challenges students and general readers alike to remember that the course of history is not preordained. Instead, history is “made” in critical moments of decision by those who choose one course of action over another. Their choices—and the outcomes of those choices—could easily have been different.