Дисертації з теми "Eroine"

Lo studio intende proporre un confronto tra le tragedie sofoclee Antigone e Elettra, evidenziandone sia le analogie sia le differenze, tenendo in considerazione l’humus comune dal quale le stesse nascono e si sviluppano. In particolare analizza la relazione delle protagoniste sia con il Coro e gli altri personaggi sia con quanto gli stessi rappresentano in termini metaforici, venendosi a costruire quasi spontaneamente una struttura chiastica di confronti diretti e indiretti, lineari o incrociati. L’esame porta a riconoscere in Antigone e Elettra due giovani donne in lotta contro il potere dominante, sole, o apparentemente lasciate sole, nei momenti cruciali. Vengono in luce così alcuni denominatori comuni che le rendono figure paradigmatiche, in un certo senso l’una l’alter ego dell’altra, in cui ciascuna donna può per certi aspetti ritrovarsi. Elemento che spesso si riscontra nei miti, cui viene riconosciuta una valenza anche antropologica, caratteristica che ne conferma l’immortalità.

L'eroina violenta all'interno del genere d'azione può essere una figura utile per il cambiamento delle percezioni dei ruoli di genere all'interno dell'ideologia dominante ed allo stesso tempo essa presenta alcune problematicità, dovute al contenimento delle sue possibilità sovversive nei confronti dello status quo. Inizialmente, si utilizza il modello teorico cinematografico e psicoanalitico per analizzare tale figura e mostrarne la presenza di occasioni di identificazione, di emancipazione per le spettatrici e di trasgressione al patriarcato. In seguito, si prendono in considerazione le limitazioni di tale tipologia di figura in relazione alle rappresentazioni della razza e della sessualità. Infine si propongono alcune immagini di donne violente nel genere d'azione ritenute capaci di offrire modelli alternativi rispetto alle norme etero-normative, patriarcali e del suprematismo bianco.

The Epic is situated between history and the myth. It is a tribute to the entire cultural experience of a society to one character who has made a mark on their time, and derives all past, present, and future values of that society from this character thus rendering the epic a source of identity serving to distinguish itself from others. And of all the places in the world there is no place I would rather be. From the mind of the critically acclaimed visionary who brought you illuminazioni, Non Worldwide and Paradiso, Comes part one of An earth shattering Epic Globalist Thriller, Introducing : ONTICIDE 1 A new novel by Chino Amobi

Target of this thesis is to assess erosion risks in the region Podkrkonoší. The region Podkrkonoší, especially district Trutnov, is exposed to serious problems of erosion. Significant erosion affected areas in district Trutnov are cadastral areas Kocbeře, Dubenec and Rtyně v Podkrkonoší. Erosion processes are appearing repeatedly on same locations, which cause to massive entrainment of quality topsoil. Thesis is focused on cadastral area Rtyně v Podkrkonoší. This area is the most affected by erosion processes. This thesis describes specific locations repeatedly affected by erosion processes. The most affected areas are: Žabárna, U Trhovky, U Horní zastávky, Pod Bohdašínem, K Bohdašínu, Nad Pekárnou and K Vodojemu. The thesis is monitoring, which types of plants are grown in these areas and in what months erosion processes occur the most often, which kind of anti-erosion precautions are used and how are these precautions effective. The thesis tries to find out, if the erosion processes are repeating due growing of plants in the wide lines (65 cm). The work researches specific land blocks according to their endangerment. Each land block is classified to a category of endangerment according DZES 5 (severely threatened by erosion, slight threatened by erosion and land block which are not threatened by erosion), according to the maximum permissible value of cover-management factor (Cp - severely threateden, threatened, slight threatened and not threatened). Calculation of average soil loss by using methods USLE (equation of Wischmeier and Smith) was used for all of land blocks, which were affected by erosion processes. The result is that in all cases the permissible soil loss (4 t.ha-1.rok-1) was exceeded. In this thesis, anti-erosion precautions were proposed, for example, for locality Žabárna, due to high frequency of erosion processes and therefore high financial losses for land owners, municipality and local residents. Target of this thesis is to ascertain, if the legislative protection of soil in The Czech Republic is adequate.

Telomeres are repetitive sequences at the end of chromosomes that play a key role in the maintenance of genomic stability. In general, during each cellular division, the telomeres shorten but also other external factor, like various mental states, depressed mood, drug and alcohol addiction can lead to an accelerated erosion of the chromosome terminal portion. To this end, the present study sought to investigate the correlation between heroin abuse and leukocyte telomere length (LTL). For a subgroup of heroin-dependent patients and healthy controls, we also analysed the association between LTL and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is a 44 bp insert / deletion located in the promoter region of the gene encoding for the serotonin transporter (hSERT). The short variant (S\S) is associated with a lower expression of 5-HTT and, as recently shown in a Chinese population, with shorter LTL. The study was conducted on a sample of 99 heroin-dependent patients, in methadone maintenance therapy, and 99 healthy controls. The patients were diagnosed by the Drug Addiction Service in Cagliari (ASL8), according to the criteria of DSM-IV. The genomic DNA extraction was performed by conventional salting-out method and the relative quantification for LTL was carried out with qPCR by SYBR Green Assay using Step One Plus Instrument (ThermoFisher). The LTL was calculated using the 2-ΔΔCT method (ΔΔCT = ΔCT sample - ΔCT calibrator; ΔCT sample = CT Tel gene - CT Hgb gene). The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to identify genotypes for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. The association between LTL and quantitative (e.g., age at sampling) and dichotomous variables (e.g., sex, diagnosis for heroin addiction) was evaluated using the Spearman correlation test and the U test of Mann- Whitney, respectively. To evaluate the association between LTL and clinical variables, correcting for age at sampling, a linear regression model was constructed using LTL as the dependent variable, clinical variables as predictors and age as covariate. Finally, the association between LTL and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism genotype was also evaluated using a linear regression model with LTL as the dependent variable, the genotype as a predictor, and the age of withdrawal as a covariate. We found a negative correlation between LTL and age at sampling (Spearman rho = -0.17, p = 0.015) and no association with sex. The Mann Whitney's U test did not highlight a difference in mean LTL between heroin-dependent patients and healthy controls. No clinical variable analysed was associated with LTL. Finally, the linear regression model did not reveal a significant association between LTL and the genotype for 5-HTTLPR polymorphism . Our study didn’t show a significant correlation between LTL, heroin addiction and the genotype for 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. This finding does not support the hypothesis of heroin addiction as an illness associated with accelerated telomere shortening. However, more studies on larger independent samples controlling for potential variables suggested to be able to exert an impact on LTL are necessary.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-76).
We propose a method to study natural topography by means of local transform. A nonlinear local transform Alc[h(x)] of the elevation field h(x) is used to determine a director field of anisotropy a(x). The director field is directly related to local small-scale channel-like features. From study of the correlations of these with large-scale structure of drainage basins, characteristic coupling length scales are found which indicate an important breaking of scale invariance. We also show that these length scales are related to the average sizes of the individual drainage basins. Our study demonstrates one way in which landscape patterns of unknown origin may be quantitatively analyzed to determine the kind of mechanisms that have eroded them.
by Kelvin Ka Wing Chan.
S.M.

The Calabrian-Peloritani arc represents key site to unravel evolution of surface processes on top of subducting lithosphere. During the Pleistocene, in fact the arc uplifted at rate of the order of about 1mm/yr, forming high-standing low-relief upland (figure 2). Our study is focused on the relationship between tectonic and land evolution in the Sila Massif, Messina strait and Peloritani Mts. Landforms reflect a competition between tectonic, climatic, and surficial processes. Many landscape evolution models that explore feedbacks between these competing processes, given steady forcing, predict a state of erosional equilibrium, where the rates of river incision and hillslope erosion balance rock uplift. It has been suggested that this may be the final constructive stage of orogenic systems. Assumptions of steady erosion and incision are used in the interpretation of exhumation and uplift rates from different geologic data, and in the formulation of fluvial incision and hillslope evolution models. In the Sila massif we carried out cosmogenic isotopes analysis on 24 samples of modern fluvial sediments to constrain long-term (~103 yr) erosion rate averaged on the catchment area. 35 longitudinal rivers profiles have been analyzed to study the tectonic signal on the landscape evolution. The rivers analyzed exhibit a wide variety of profile forms, diverging from equilibrium state form. Generally the river profiles show at least 2 and often 3 distinct concave-up knickpoint-bounded segments, characterized by different value of concavity and steepness indices. River profiles suggest three main stages of incision. The values of ks and θ in the lower segments evidence a decrease in river incision, due probably to increasing uplift rate. The cosmogenic erosion rates pointed out that old landscape upland is eroding slowly at ~0.1 mm/yr. In the contrary, the flanks of the massif is eroding faster with value from 0.4 to 0.5 mm/yr due to river incision and hillslope processes. Cosmogenic erosion rates mach linearly with steepness indices and with average hillslope gradient. In the Messina area the long term erosion rate from low-T thermochronometry are of the same order than millennium scale cosmogenic erosion rate (1-2 mm/yr). In this part of the chain the fast erosion is active since several million years, probably controlled by extensional tectonic regime. In the Peloritani Mts apatite fission-track and (U-Th)/He thermochronometry are applied to constraint the thermal history of the basement rock. Apatite fission-track ages range between 29.0±5.5 and 5.5±0.9 Ma while apatite (U-Th)/He ages vary from 19.4 to 1.0 Ma. Most of the AFT ages are younger than the overlying terrigenous sequence that in turn postdates the main orogenic phase. Through the coupling of the thermal modelling with the stratigraphic record, a Middle Miocene thermal event due to tectonic burial is unravel. This event affected a inner-intermediate portion of the Peloritani belt confined by young AFT data (<15 Ma) distribution. We interpret this thermal event as due to an out-of–sequence thrusting occurring in the inner portion of the belt. Young (U-Th)/He ages (c. 5 Ma) record a final exhumation stage with increasing rates of denudation since the Pliocene times due to postorogenic extensional tectonics and regional uplift. In the final chapter we change the spatial scale to insert digital topography analysis and field data within a geodynamic model that can explain surface evidence produced by subduction process.

The Calabrian-Peloritani arc represents key site to unravel evolution of surface processes on top of subducting lithosphere. During the Pleistocene, in fact the arc uplifted at rate of the order of about 1mm/yr, forming high-standing low-relief upland (figure 2). Our study is focused on the relationship between tectonic and land evolution in the Sila Massif, Messina strait and Peloritani Mts. Landforms reflect a competition between tectonic, climatic, and surficial processes. Many landscape evolution models that explore feedbacks between these competing processes, given steady forcing, predict a state of erosional equilibrium, where the rates of river incision and hillslope erosion balance rock uplift. It has been suggested that this may be the final constructive stage of orogenic systems. Assumptions of steady erosion and incision are used in the interpretation of exhumation and uplift rates from different geologic data, and in the formulation of fluvial incision and hillslope evolution models. In the Sila massif we carried out cosmogenic isotopes analysis on 24 samples of modern fluvial sediments to constrain long-term (~103 yr) erosion rate averaged on the catchment area. 35 longitudinal rivers profiles have been analyzed to study the tectonic signal on the landscape evolution. The rivers analyzed exhibit a wide variety of profile forms, diverging from equilibrium state form. Generally the river profiles show at least 2 and often 3 distinct concave-up knickpoint-bounded segments, characterized by different value of concavity and steepness indices. River profiles suggest three main stages of incision. The values of ks and θ in the lower segments evidence a decrease in river incision, due probably to increasing uplift rate. The cosmogenic erosion rates pointed out that old landscape upland is eroding slowly at ~0.1 mm/yr. In the contrary, the flanks of the massif is eroding faster with value from 0.4 to 0.5 mm/yr due to river incision and hillslope processes. Cosmogenic erosion rates mach linearly with steepness indices and with average hillslope gradient. In the Messina area the long term erosion rate from low-T thermochronometry are of the same order than millennium scale cosmogenic erosion rate (1-2 mm/yr). In this part of the chain the fast erosion is active since several million years, probably controlled by extensional tectonic regime. In the Peloritani Mts apatite fission-track and (U-Th)/He thermochronometry are applied to constraint the thermal history of the basement rock. Apatite fission-track ages range between 29.0±5.5 and 5.5±0.9 Ma while apatite (U-Th)/He ages vary from 19.4 to 1.0 Ma. Most of the AFT ages are younger than the overlying terrigenous sequence that in turn postdates the main orogenic phase. Through the coupling of the thermal modelling with the stratigraphic record, a Middle Miocene thermal event due to tectonic burial is unravel. This event affected a inner-intermediate portion of the Peloritani belt confined by young AFT data (<15 Ma) distribution. We interpret this thermal event as due to an out-of–sequence thrusting occurring in the inner portion of the belt. Young (U-Th)/He ages (c. 5 Ma) record a final exhumation stage with increasing rates of denudation since the Pliocene times due to postorogenic extensional tectonics and regional uplift. In the final chapter we change the spatial scale to insert digital topography analysis and field data within a geodynamic model that can explain surface evidence produced by subduction process.

Erozija predstavlja vrlo složen fizički proces u kome pod dejstvom atmosferskih sila nastaju destruktivne promene na površinskom sloju zemljišta. Kada je osnovni agens pokretanja čestica zemljišta vetar, govori se o eroziji vetrom ili eolskoj eroziji. Eolska erozija je specifičan proces koji se odvija u izrazito složenim okolnostima uzajamnog delovanja brojnih prirodnih i antropogenih faktora uglavnom stohastičkog karaktera, zbog čega je njeno istraživanje kompleksan naučno-istraživački problem.Osnovni cilj sprovedenih istraživanja je bio da se na izabranim lokalitetima Deliblatske peščare, najvećeg i najznačajnijeg područja takve vrste u Evropi, uspostavi praćenje stanja procesa eolske erozije, odnosno neposrednim, sistematskim merenjima u terenskim uslovima ustanove količine eolskog nanosa – pronos nanosa, odrede dominantni pravci njegovog kretanja, definiše njegova unutargodišnja raspodela i utvrdi efekat vegetacije na smanjenje intenziteta eolske erozije. U toku četvorogodišnjeg perioda su po prvi put na ovim prostorima, na istom lokalitetu, sprovedena uporedna istraživanja eolske erozije primenom mehaničkih hvatača nanosa i metoda zasnovanih na praćenju aktivnosti radionuklida veštačkog porekla 137Cs u zemljištu, čije količine služe da se posebnim teorijskim modelima pretvore u gubitke zemljišta.Praćenje procesa eolske erozije je vršeno od 2006. do 2009. godine na lokalitetu Cvjićev vis, koji je izabran kao karakterističan, jer je pored centralne pozicije na Deliblatskoj peščari, obrađivani površinski sloj zemljišta bio bez zaštite od vetra. Paralelno sa ovim merenjima, na lokalitetu Dragićev hat – rasadnik, praćenje procesa eolske erozije vršeno je na dva merna mesta u periodu od maja 2006. godine do aprila 2007. godine u uslovima postojanja zaštitne uloge vegetacionog pokrivača i/ili vegetacionog pojasa. Merenje intenziteta eolske erozije je realizovano statičnim hvatačima nanosa tipa deflametar (dimanzija ulaznog otvora 10 x 10 cm) orijentisanih prema određenim pravacima (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) da bi potpuno definisali procese eolske erozije u vektorskom smislu. Kvantifikacija eolskog nanosa statičnim hvatačima stalno usmerenim prema određenim pravcima duvanja vetrova, omogućila je da se posebno evidentiraju i razlikuju „sumarna” produkcija eolskog nanosa (aritmetički zbir zahvaćenih količina nanosa iz svih hvatača) i „rezultujuća” količina eolskog nanosa (vektorski zbir), jer te veličine određuju pored ukupno pokrenute količine eolskog nanosa (produkcija nanosa) i delove nanosa koji se transportuju van granica erozionog polja (gubitak zemljišta), generalni pravac i smer njegovog kretanja.Merenja eolske erozije na lokalitetu Cvijićev vis za period 2006-2009. godine su ukazala na značajne procese eolske erozije koji su definisani srednjim godišnjim pronosom nanosa od 4,48 kg m-1. Ustanovljeno je da su ukupno zahvaćene količine nanosa na 8 hvatača bile Σ = 25,94, 20,92, 52,98 i 43,47 kg m-1 god-1, a pronosi nanosa Σ' (Σ/8) = 3,24, 2,61, 6,62 i 5,43 kg m-1 god-1 u 2006., 2007., 2008. i 2009. godini respektivno.Pronosi nanosa za period od maja 2006. do aprila 2007. godine su pokazali da je nalokalitetu Cvijićev vis koga karakterišu neobraslost i otvorenost površine zabeležen najveći intenzitet eolske erozije na godišnjem nivou koji je 4 puta veći u odnosu na lokalitet Dragićev hat – rasadnik I koga karakterišu neobraslost i zaštićenost površine i 30,2 puta veći u odnosu na Dragićev hat – rasadnik II koga karakterišu obraslost i zaštićenost zemljišta. Na lokalitetu Dragićev hat – rasadnik I intenzitet eolske erozije na godišnjem nivou je 7,5 puta veći od onog na lokalitetu Dragićev hat – rasadnik II.Gubici zemljišta izraženi preko rezultujućih mesečnih pronosa nanosa (vektorski zbir)iznosili su 5,13, 2,04, 4,31 i 11,94 kg m-1 u 2006., 2007., 2008. i 2009. godini respektivno, a procentualni udeo godišnjih gubitaka zemljišta u odnosu na ukupnu produkciju nanosa (aritmetički zbir) se kretao od 8,1% do 27,5. Rezultujući pravac kretanja eolskog nanosa u toku perioda istraživanja bio je jugoistok - severozapad (SE-NW) pod uticajem dominantnog jugoistočng vetra „Košava”.Iako se najpouzdanije determinisanje eolske erozije i njenih efekata postiže na osnovu neposrednih sistematskih merenja u realnim terenskim uslovima, počev od kraja prošlog veka se sve više primenuju i metode praćenja radionuklida iz radioaktivnih padavina, posebno 137Cs, u cilju procene gubitaka zemljišta i prostornog rasporeda eolskog nanosa.Ukupan broj uzetih uzoraka za metodu praćenja količina 137Cs je iznosio 149, od kojih je bilo 9 inicijalnih uzoraka (3 profila po 3 uzorka), 14 osnovnih uzoraka (2 profila po 7 uzoraka), 32 ostala uzorka (8 profila po 4 uzorka), 36 referentnih uzoraka (9 profila po 4 uzorka) i 58 uzoraka uzetih zrakasto po određenim pravcima (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW).Osnovni uzorak na neobrađenom zemljištu sa detektovanom količinom 137Cs od 10.603,57 Bq m-2 predstavlja uporednu vrednost, tj. lokalni padavinski ulaz 137Cs za modele pretvaranja količina 137Cs u količine izgubljenog zemljišta. Ovaj uzorak odslikava sredinu na kojoj su sprovedena istraživanja i predstavlja uporednu vrednost koja može korektno da definiše procese eolske erozije.Za pretvaranje izmerenih količina 137Cs u količine izgubljenog zemljišta po modelima Walling-a korišćen je najjednostavniji proporcionalni model (PM) za obrađena zemljišta, a najprimenjeniji model profilne distribucije (PDM) za neobrađena zemljišta u okviru najnovije verzije PC-kompatibilnog softverskog paketa u Microsoft Excel Add-Ins varijanti. Modelom profilne distribucije (PDM) za sve uzorake uzete na eksperimentalnom području dobijeni su prosečni gubici zemljišta od 207,06 t ha-1 god-1 i 2,10 cm. Model Basher & Webb je dao prosečne gubitke zemljišta od 212,18 t ha-1 god-1 i 2,09 cm. Gubici zemljišta dobijeni modelima pretvaranja količina 137Cs u količine izgubljenog zemljišta ukazuju na značajne procese eolske erozije definisane jakom i ekscesivnom eolskom erozijom.Za 58 uzoraka zemljišta uzetih na tačkama raspoređenih zrakasto po određenim pravcima (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW), pored koncentracija i količina 137Cs i 210Pbex, određene su prostorne koordinate X i Y i nadmorske visine uzetih uzoraka. Prostorne distribucije koncentracija 137Cs i 210Pbex izražene su izolinijama, a kreiranani su i 3D prikazi u procentima odstupanja 137Cs i 210Pbex od lokalnog padavinskog ulaza 137Cs i 210Pbex. U oba slučaja je primetan dominantan uticaj pravca jugoistok - severozapad (SE-NW), odnosno jugoistočnog vetra „Košava”.Komparativna analiza ovih metoda je ukazala na validnost u kvantifikaciji procesa eolske erozije i mogućnost njihove primene u budućnosti, a dobijeni rezultati produkcije eolskog nanosa i gubitaka zemljišta su dali doprinos oceni stanja degradacije zemljišta i ugroženosti Deliblatske peščare.  
Erosion is a very complex physical process which, under the impact of atmospheric forces, creates destructive changes on the soil surface layer. In case the primary agent of particle movement is wind, we talk about wind or aeolian erosion. Aeolian erosion is a specific process which occurs in extremely complex situations of mutual interaction of numerous natural and anthropogenic factors of mainly stochastic properties making its research a complex scientific-research problem.The main goal of conducted research was to monitor the process of aeolian erosion at the chosen localities of Deliblato Sands, the largest and the most important area of the kind in Europe. In other words, the goal is to determine the quantities of aeolian sediment – sediment transport by direct systematic measurements in field conditions, determine dominant direction of sediment transport, define its annual distribution and determine the effect of vegetation on reducing the intensity of aeolian erosion. During a four-year period, for the first time in this area, i.e. at the same locality, a comparative research of aeolian erosion have been conducted using the mechanical sediment trap and activities based on 137Cs radioisotope tracing technique for estimating soil losses using special theoretical models.The monitoring of aeolian erosion processes was conducted during the period 2006 – 2009 at Cvijićev vis which was chosen as a typical locality since it was, apart from the central position on Deliblato Sands, a cultivated surface without any wind protection. Alongside with these measurements, at Dragićev hat – nursery garden, the monitoring of aeolian erosion was conducted on two measurement points during the period May 2006 – April 2007 in areas with the protective vegetative covers and/or vegetative belts. Aeolian erosion intensity measurement was performed by static sediment traps of the type “deflametre” (dimension of entry opening 10 x 10 cm) oriented on certain directions (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) in order to define the aeolian erosion processes in vector terms. The quantification of aeolian sediment using static traps constantly facing certain wind blowing directions enabled to log and differentiate “summary” yield of aeolian sediment (arithmetic sum of all sediment quantities from all traps) and “resulting” quantity of aeolian sediment (vector sum), since those quantities determine not only the entire amount of transported aeolian sediment (sediment yield) but also the sediment transported outside the areas of erosion field (soil loss), bur also the general direction of its transport.Aeolian erosion measurement on Cvijićev vis for the period 2006 – 2009 indicated thesignificant aeolian erosion processes which were defined by medium annual edimenttransport of 4.48 kg m-1. It has been determined that the total quantities of movedsediment were 25.94, 20.92, 52.98 and 43.47 kg m-1 year-1, and sediment transport 3.24, 2.61, 6.62 and 5.43 kg m-1 year-1 in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009 respectively.Sediment transport for the period May 2006 – April 2007 showed that on Cvijićev vis which is characterized by bareness and openness there was the biggest aeolian erosion – four times bigger compared to Dragićev hat – nursery garden I characterized by bareness and protectiveness and 30.2 times bigger compared to Dragićev hat – nursery garden II characterized by overgrown condition and protectiveness of erosive field. At the locality Dragićev hat – nursery garden I the aeolian erosion was recorded 7.5 times bigger compared to the one recorded on Dragićev hat – nursery garden II.Soil loses expressed through the resulting monthly sediment transport (vector sum)equalled 5.13, 2.04, 4.31 and 11.94 kg m-1 in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009 respectively, and the percentage share of annual soil losses compared to total sediment yield (arithmetical sum) varied between 8.1% and 27.5%. The resulting aeolian sediment movement direction was SE-NW under the influence of the dominant southeast wind “Koshava”.Even though the most reliable determination of aeolian erosion and its effects is based on direct systematic measurements in real time conditions in the field, starting from the end of the last century the methods of tracking radionuclide from radioactive precipitation, especially 137Cs, for the purposes of estimating the soil loss and spatial distribution of aeolian sediment, have been used increasingly.The total number of samples taken for the method of monitoring the quantity of 137Cs was 149, 9 of which were initial samples (3 profiles with 3 samples each), 14 main samples (2 profiles with 7 samples each), 32 remaining samples (8 profiles with 4 samples each), 36 reference samples (9 profiles with 4 samples each) and 58 samples taken radially on certain directions (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW).The main sample taken from the uncultivated land with the detected quantity of 137Cs of 10,603.57 Bq m-2 represents the comparative value, i.e. local precipitation input of 137Cs for the models of 137Cs quantities conversion into the quantities of lost soil. This sample depicts the area where the research was conducted and represents the comparative value which can properly define the aeolian erosion processes.For converting the measured quantities of 137Cs into the quantities of lost soil using Walling model the simplest proportional model (PM) for cultivated land was used and the most appropriate profile distribution model (PDM) for uncultivated soil with the newest version of PC compatible software package in Microsoft Excel Add-Ins. Using the profile distribution model (PDM) on all samples taken from the experimental area the quantities of average soil loss obtained were 207.06 t ha-1 year-1 and 2.10 cm. Basher & Webb model gave the average soil loss of 212.18 t ha-1 year-1 and 2.09 cm. Soil loss calculated using the conversion of 137Cs quantities into the soil loss quantities indicate the significant aeolian processes defined by strong and excessive aeolian erosion.For 58 soil samples taken from areas radially distributed on certain directions (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW), apart from 137Cs and 210Pbex concentrations and quantities, spatial coordinates X and Y were determined as well as the altitude of taken samples. Spatial distribution of 137Cs and 210Pbex quantities are represented by isolines, and also 3D demonstrations were created showing the percentage of deviation of 137Cs and 210Pbex from the local precipitation input of 137Cs and 210Pbex. In both cases, the dominant direction SENW was noticeable, i.e. the southeast wind “Koshava”.The comparative analysis of these methods indicated the validity in the quantification of aeolian erosion process and the possibility of its application in the future and the obtained results of aeolian sediment yield and soil loss contributed to determining the state of soil degradation and vulnerability of Deliblato Sands.

In questa attività di tesi si è affrontato il problema dell’erosione costiera considerando come sito d’interesse il tratto della costa Emiliano romagnola di Cesenatico ponente. Lo studio sviluppa delle modellazioni di profili e tratti di spiaggia con il fine di valutare la variazione di questi a fronte di mareggiate caratteristiche di scenari climatici estremi di medio e lungo termine per tempi di ritorno differenti. Si pone come obbiettivo anche quello di valutare possibili differenze denotabili tra modellazione monodimensionale e bidimensionale. Inoltre, in questo studio, si effettuano delle valutazioni di possibili interventi di ripascimento. Tali interventi sono messi in atto sui profili monodimensionali per effettuarne una modellazione numerica che ha il fine di valutarne anche in tal caso la risposta rispetto agli scenari climatici, quantificando l’entità di erosione ed inondazione che può subire tale tratto costiero. Per effettuare tale attività si è fatto uso dei software Qgis, matlab e Delft3D per l’elaborazione dei dati, mentre per la modellazione numerica si è utilizzato il modello numerico XBeach. Nel seguente elaborato finale si è effettuato un richiamo teorico dei concetti riguardanti l’idraulica marittima, successivamente si sono riportati nel dettaglio le caratteristiche principali che riguardano il sito di Cesenatico ponente, rendendolo nel quadro costiero regionale un sito ad alto rischio. Si sono trattate poi le attività operative di elaborazione, modellazione ed interpretazione dei risultati, insieme ad una trattazione delle caratteristiche del modello numerico XBeach e del software Delft3D.

The thesis deals with the question of using available sources of elevation data for the evaluation of topographic factor in estimating the amount of water erosion in the area. Work compares the results with consideration to the origin of the data, the accuracy and resolution of the digital terrain model, which is interpolated from the source data. The calculation of topographic factor in ArcGIS will be confronted with the results of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The frequency of compliance will tell us which data source and digital terrain model resolution is the most suitable for determining the topographic factor.

Con il presente elaborato, si è preso in considerazione il problema dell’erosione costiera che da 50 anni a questa parte ha acquisito una crescente attenzione dovuta al fatto che, per fattori sia naturali che antropici, sta provocando un realistico degrado dell’ambiente costiero. Lo sviluppo e lo sfruttamento della fascia costiera ha portato i legislatori, sia locali che internazionali, a sviluppare normative non solo con finalità di protezione dell’ambiente ma anche a regolamentare le diverse modalità per risolvere il problema dell’erosione. Si è cercato, perciò, di fornire un'analisi del quadro normativo comprendendo tutti i livelli giuridici, ovvero regionale, nazionale, europeo e internazione, in merito ai metodi di risoluzione del problema sopra citato, per i quali si riscontrano delle divergenze normative. L'obiettivo primario è quello di fornire al lettore le modalità dell'intervento dell'uomo finalizzate a ripristinare una situazione ormai critica avvalendosi di un complesso di principi e norme che stabiliscono regole di comportamento per gli Stati al fine di realizzare la tutela dell’ambiente e l’uso equilibrato delle risorse naturali in un contesto di sviluppo economico e sociale. La trattazione del problema dell’erosione costiera è inizialmente finalizzata a definire quali fattori sono coinvolti a scatenare la preoccupazione del crescente degrado ambientale che coinvolge i litorali europei ma soprattutto quelli italiani in quanto l’Italia è lo Stato europeo con maggiori siti di balneazione, seguito da Francia, Spagna e Grecia. I siti balneabili italiani sono i più controllati d’Europa perché di fatto il nostro Paese ha, da oltre venti anni, adottato i criteri più restrittivi della direttiva europea che ha finora disciplinato il settore, in termini di conformità dei siti balneari ai valori guida dei parametri microbiologici espressamente regolamentati. Dopo aver definito il problema, vengono ampiamente descritti i metodi di difesa attuati, in particolar modo il metodo dei rinascimenti, nei quali viene dedicato un intero capitolo a definire come Unione Europea, Italia, Regioni ed Enti Locali, adottino i principi della concertazione e dell’integrazione fra le diverse amministrazioni pertinenti in materia. Per ottemperare agli obiettivi prefissati, si sono, dunque, illustrate e analizzate le specifiche tecnico-normative inerenti la movimentazione dei sedimenti marini, essendo la tematica delicata per i rischi ambientali connessi, nell’ottica di un eventuale riutilizzo ai fini di ripascimento artificiale delle spiagge.

This thesis deals with the issue of cavitation and its effects. In this context, it describes the mechanism of origin and implosion of cavities and cavitation regimes. It lists various types of hydrodynamic cavitation. It presents the Rayleight-Plesset equation and describes micro jet. It also highlights cavitation erosion and the effects of cavitation on some types of materials. It deals with three types of cavitation resistance testing, namely cavitation tunnels, a vibrating cavitation system, supported by the ASTM G32 standard, and last but not least, cavitation nozzles, which follow the ASTM G134-17 standard. In correlation with cavitation nozzles, it frames its four basic parameters, which are stand of distance, the cavitation number, the speed of sound and the geometry of the nozzle. At the end of the theoretical part it characterizes the construction of test bench. The practical part is focused on performing the experiment. It first presents the procedure for carrying out the experiment and then evaluates this experiment. Part of the evaluation is the visual observation of selected samples of AlCu4Mg1Mn1 material and the monitoring of cavitation erosion on specific samples. First, these data are processed in the form of graphs and tables. It uses a microscope as a tool for detailed observation of samples. The conclusion of the practical part is devoted to the evaluation of the experiment.

Research concerning the surface of technical ceramics is carried out from the viewpoint of their mechanical performance subjected to relevant operating conditions. The selected materials are silicon nitride, zirconia and alumina. They are subjected to cavitation erosion and other wear processes. When polished ceramics are subjected to cavitation, a pseudoplastic deformation pit is discovered, as well as a delayed phase transformation or ageing of the zirconia stored at room temperature. Measured ageing times recorded are of the order of one month. These two discoveries are novel and a full explanation is explored. The creation of cracks that release the slip planes of ceramic grains allowing plastic deformation is proposed to be the main mechanism. In order to understand the relationship of the zirconia surface degradation with its oxides (yttria or magnesia), several material compositions are tested. It is concluded that the delay of phase transformation relies on the existence of partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia regardless of the oxide used to stabilize it. Part of this research consists of understanding the effects of the experimental procedure that is utilised on the behaviour of the material. An unexpected non homogeneous cavitation erosion shape is obtained when an ultrasonic horn of small diameter is used to produce the bubbles. This non homogeneous region, referred to as ring region for this research, affects the erosion pattern of the material and it differs from the typical ones obtained when following the standard test. The acoustic theory does not explain this phenomenon. Therefore, a new approach is followed. This approach consists of using fluid mechanics equations combined with analytical mechanics principles. It is concluded that the location of cavitation clusters fulfils a condition of minimum energy. On the other hand, there are important differences between this experimental set up and the set up suggested by the published standards. These differences are discussed and a criterion for cavitation erosion resistance is developed. The comparison of cavitation resistance of materials is achieved by means of surface loss as criterion instead of volume loss.

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the influence of land use changes on erosion and runoff conditions. For the purpose of the evaluation, two catchments with different areas and pedological characteristics were selected (the catchment of the river Luha and the catchment of the Hubenov reservoir). In these catchments, a comparison of 26 selected land covers was conducted. The individual land covers were evaluated first in four seasons of the 1950s and 1990s, second according to the today's status of landscape by means of a detailed yearly evaluation conducted between 2002 and 2013, and third according to a land cover conceptual design. Analyses of not only land cover, but also geomorphological, pedological and hydrological conditions were carried out for both of the catchments by means of geographic information system (GIS) tools. The quantification of soil loss was performed by means of two methods – the method USLE with the use of ArcGIS program and the soil loss model WEPP. The crucial factor of the runoff evaluation of the preset end profiles with respect to the formation of concentrated runoffs and their catchment areas was the hydrological model DesQ-MAXQ. The selected land cover scenarios of the river Luha were then exposed to the conditions of a real rainfall that occurred in 2009 and that resulted in floods in the area. Furthermore, a rainfall-runoff model was created for this catchment area in HEC-HMS; the land cover scenarios were again subjected to the above-mentioned real rainfall. The land use changes of the catchment area of the reservoir Hubenov were assessed also with respect to the concentration of substances in the profiles studied.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Apr. 25, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Music Department." Discipline: Music; Department/School: Music.

This work is an attempt to evaluate the influence of critical operational parameters on the high temperature erosion of a 1Cr½Mo boiler tube steel. Erosion testing has been carried out in a specially designed and developed unique laboratory apparatus capable of simulating the conditions of temperature, particle velocity and flux as found in the economiser region of pulverised fuel boiler combustors in electricity generation power plants. The work has encompassed the effects of particle type, size, velocity and flux on the erosive wear rates of the 1Cr½Mo boiler tube steel at temperatures of up to 600°C. The response of the target to impacting erodent particles has been analysed using scanning electron and optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as conducting cross-sectional microhardness tests. The change in the mechanical properties of the steel was determined by conducting tensile tests over a range of temperatures from 20°C to 565°C.

Aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of landscape structure on soil erosion and runoff conditions of given area with help of digital elevation model and relevant GIS data. Analyses of soil erosion by water and runoff were processed for current conditions and several other variations. Based on this analyses and results was performed an evaluation of all model variations.

Thesis: S.M. in Art, Culture and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 108-113).
The thesis will explore the migration of content between forms, specifically between cinema and text. By reflexively interrogating my film Dry Country, and drawing a thread through Yugoslav film history and Slovenian history (1941-present), I will map what happens when the record of what has been captured in the film's production confronts a language, be it text or montage. The paper is a partner piece to the film Dry Country, in the process of becoming at the-time of writing, which is concerned with a forest in Slovenia as a site of memory politics originating in the Second World War, and the echoes of that event today. The paper will dig deeper into the themes, questions, and specific historical context elaborated by the film; while in its structure it will stitch a poetic juxtaposition between the process of filmmaking and the mechanism of memory, in its capture, editing, projection, and transmission between people. By combining the theoretical trinity of the dynamic landscape (architectural), the evidential paradigm of the clue (micro-historical), and the materialist dialectic (philosophical), I have found a way to come the closest, through theory, to a means of articulating my thinking about making films in and about our relationship to landscape. The text will consider these themes in an essayistic manner, unfolding through alternating voices experiencing the recording of 'memory' and questioning the supposed site of history. The text proposes that it is located neither in the mind of the individual nor in a specific site or image, but in the gaps between, as a space of translation. I propose that mapping this territory can be done by crossing the rift from different reference points, between voice and image, between site and archive. I am designing the film and the text to be isolated works, standing on their own, though ultimately in conversation with one another. My goal is to reveal the space between the film and the text as a possible trajectory of future exploration for my artistic practice.
by Ian Jacob Soroka.
S.M. in Art, Culture and Technology

Con la presente tesi si propone una approfondimento in merito al tema della coppia di eroi in azione nel mito greco. A partire da un breve excursus circa l’origine dell’antichissimo schema del duo guerriero in termini di tecnica di combattimento risalente all’epoca micenea (con le figure del pheressakes e della sua controparte, l’opaon), si ripercorre l’evoluzione di tale schema a topos letterario, con particolare riferimento alla tradizione epica. Il lavoro consiste dunque nel rintracciare nelle fonti letterarie riferimenti concreti (o, in alcuni casi, allusioni) a particolari imprese compiute da coppie di eroi/fratelli – tra cui gli Aiaci, gli Atridi, i Molionidi ecc.– o amici, con lo scopo di individuare i passi maggiormente significativi utili ad indagare i meccanismi delle azioni stesse e quindi a caratterizzare i loro protagonisti e il tipo di rapporto che li lega. L’analisi prenderà avvio da due fra le principali coppie del panorama mitico arcaico. La prima, formata da Aiace Telamonio e dal fratellastro Teucro, risulta essere una delle coppie più antiche della tradizione e, per certi aspetti, funge da trait d’union tra ambito archeologico e letterario. Nell’Iliade questa coppia si caratterizza per alcuni elementi che trovano un puntuale riscontro nella documentazione archeologica riconducibile alle prime fasi dell’epoca micenea (testimonianze iconografiche e corredi funebri delle tombe a fossa di guerrieri). Un legame più profondo e complesso unisce i componenti dell’altra coppia esemplare, quella costituita dai gemelli Dioscuri, molto distanti dallo schema tradizionale e rappresentanti di una sorta di modello letterario che trova consonanze nella mitologia indiana (mito degli Ashwins). Infine, sulla scorta del modello mesopotamico offerto dalla coppia di amici formata da Gilgamesh ed Enkidu, si tenterà di meglio definire i legami di fratellanza, amicizia, parità o subordinazione tra i protagonisti di altre coppie che verranno analizzate, considerando la varietà interna al topos della coppia eroica e rivalutando alcune generalizzazioni in merito al concetto di omoerotismo in contesto iniziatico e guerriero.

Background: 20 to 30% of patients with GORD respond inadequately to conventional therapy. Most of these patients belong to the non-­‐erosive reflux disease group. Despite not having oesophagitis, in these patients oesophageal mucosal integrity appears to be impaired. Aims: To study the dynamic in vitro and in vivo properties of oesophageal mucosal integrity in patients with non-­‐erosive reflux disease, and to test the feasibility of a topical mucosal protectant therapy. Methods: In vitro studies of mucosal integrity were done on human oesophageal biopsies using Ussing chambers. Change in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) on exposure to acidic solutions was measured. Integrity was assessed in vivo by measuring impedance change and subsequent recovery after oesophageal acid perfusion in symptomatic patients. Proximal and distal oesophageal mucosal integrity was assessed in vitro and in vivo. The effect of in vitro topical application of an alginate-­‐based solution on acid-­‐induced changes in mucosal integrity was tested. Results: In vitro exposure of biopsies to acidic and weakly acidic solutions caused a greater impairment of integrity in symptomatic patients than in controls. In vivo oesophageal acid perfusion causes a profound drop in distal oesophageal impedance that is slow to recover. Recovery is slower in patients with non-­‐erosive reClux disease than in patients with functional heartburn, and a low baseline impedance is associated with painful perception of acid. Proximal oesophageal sensitivity appears unrelated to impaired mucosal integrity, but rather to a distinct sensory afferent nerve distribution. Topical pre-­‐treatment with an alginate solution is able to prevent acid-­‐induced changes in integrity in vitro. Conclusion: Patients with non-­‐erosive reClux disease have a distinct mucosal vulnerability to acidic and weakly acidic solutions that may underlie persistent symptoms. A topical therapeutic approach may be a feasible add-­‐on strategy to treat GORD in the future.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1987.
Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science.
Bibliography: leaves 120-121.
by Carol Jacqueline Bryan.
M.S.

Tooth surface loss is an increasingly recognised clinical problem and so there are an increasing number of in vitro studies investigating factors that modify effects at the tooth surface. A literature review found that erosion and abrasion studies often quantify the amount of tooth loss; this means that conditions used to simulate acidic and abrasive challenges are relatively aggressive. There are few attempts to describe or qualify early effects of these challenges. This is necessary in order to gain a greater understanding of the initial mechanisms of tooth surface loss. A literature review also identified inconsistent reports of surface changes both between human and bovine enamel, and across treatments for erosive and abrasive challenges. No data are reported for ovine enamel. Therefore a simple in vitro model was developed in order to measure early surface changes in human, bovine and ovine enamel using profilometry, SEM and microhardness testing. Using these methods the study aimed to investigate the surface effects on enamel of early erosive and abrasive challenges, and to compare the enamel surfaces of human, bovine and ovine enamel. Results indicated that there were significant differences between the enamel surfaces of each tissue at baseline, and different characteristics were recorded for different methods of polishing. Bovine enamel was often the hardest and the smoothest, demonstrating the least surface loss after the abrasive challenge; ovine enamel was often the softest and the roughest. Recording of bearing area parameters yielded significant differences for a number of surfaces that were not identified through the roughness average alone. Bovine enamel may be able to substitute for human enamel for the in vitro testing of early erosive and abrasive challenges, showing similar surface effects to human enamel. After an erosive challenge, abrasive tooth surface loss could be predicted from a linear combination of the surface microhardness and the maximum height change within the eroded profile.

Uvod: Astma i hronična opstruktivna bolest pluća (HOBP) najčešće su hronične respiratorne bolesti u čijoj terapiji prednost imaju inhalatorni lekovi. Pacijenti na inhalatornoj terapiji imaju povećan rizik od nastanka dentalnih erozija i karijesnih lezija, usled promena u količini lučenja pljuvačke i njene pH vrednosti. Cilj: Cilj ovog istraživanja je verifikacija dentalnih erozija i karijesnih lezija kod pacijenata s astmom i hroničnom opstruktivnom bolesti pluća, koji koriste inhalatornu terapiju. Materijal i metode rada: Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 80 ispitanika, životne dobi od 18 do 65 godina. Eksperimentalnu grupu sačinjavalo je 40 ispitanika, s dijagnostikovanom astmom ili hroničnom opstruktivnom bolesti pluća, koji uzimaju inhalatornu terapiju duže od 5 godina. Kontrolnu grupu činilo je 40 zdravih ispitanika istog godišta i pola kao u eksperimentalnoj grupi. Upitnik se koristio za prikupljanje podataka o osnovnom oboljenju, simptomima koji se mogu javiti kao nuspojave inhalatornih lekova, navikama, ishrani i održavanju oralne higijene. Kliničkim stomatološkim pregledom određeni su erozivni indeks, KEP indeks, indeks krvarenja iz interdentalne gingive i indeks mekih naslaga na zubima. Laboratorijskim ispitivanjem određeni su količina izlučene nestimulisane pljuvačke, te pH vrednost i koncentracije kalcijuma i fosfata u pljuvački. Rezultati: Kod pacijenata na inhalatornoj terapiji ustanovljena je viša prevalencija dentalnih erozija i karijesnih lezija, te više vrednosti indeksa krvarenja iz interdentalne gingive i indeksa mekih naslaga na zubima, u odnosu na ispitanike kontrolne grupe. U eksperimentalnoj grupi ispitanika količina i pH vrednosti nestimulisane pljuvačke su statistički značajno niže u odnosu na ista obeležja kontrolne grupe. Vrednosti koncentracije kalcijuma u pljuvački između ispitivanih grupa se ne razlikuju statistički značajno. Vrednosti koncentracije fosfata u eksperimentalnoj grupi ispitanika su statistički značajno više nego u kontrolnoj grupi ispitanika. Zaključak: Pacijenti na inhalatornoj terapiji spadaju u grupu osoba s visokim rizikom od nastanka dentalnih erozija i karijesnih lezija. Uvođenje lokalne strategije preventivnih mera, te uspostavljanje međusobne saradnje stomatologa i lekara – pulmologa, dovelo bi do očuvanja i unapređenja zdravlja zuba kod pacijenata na inhalatornoj terapiji.
Introduction: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are predominant chronic respiratory diseases in whose treatment a priority is given to inhalation drugs. The patients receiving inhalation therapy are at an increased risk of dental erosion and caries lesions due to changes in the amount of salivary flow rate and its pH value. Objective: The study objective was to investigate the prevalence of dental erosion and caries lesions in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who use inhalation therapy. Materials and methods: The study included 80 participants between the age of 18 and 65. The experimental group comprised of 40 participants previously diagnosed with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing inhalation therapy for more than 5 years. The control group involved 40 healthy participants of the same age and gender status as those in the experimental group. The questionnaire was designed to collect informations on underlying disease, symptoms that can occur as side effects of inhaled drugs, habits, dietary and oral hygiene habits. The clinical dental examination established the basic erosive wear examination (BEWE index), DMFT index, papilla bleeding index (PBI) and dental plaque index. The laboratory investigation comprised measurements of the salivary flow rates of non-stimulated saliva, pH value and calcium and phosphate concentrations in the saliva. Results: The subjects receiving inhalation therapy were found to have a higher prevalence of dental erosion and caries lesion as well as higher mean papilla bleeding index scores and mean plaque index scores in comparison to the control group. In the experimental group, the mean value of the salivary flow rate and pH value were lower as compared to the control group. Calcium concentrations in the saliva were similar in both groups, but the results were not statistically significant. However, phosphate concentration was statistically significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusion: The patients undergoing inhalation therapy have a high risk of dental erosion and caries lesion. The introduction of local strategy of preventive dental care and establishing mutual cooperation between dentists and pulmonary specialists would contribute to the promotion and preservation of the dental health in the patients on inhalation therapy.

Erosion is exogenous geomorphological process that affects the formation of the Earth's surface since the formation of the Earth's solid crust. This activity, which under natural conditions proceeded slowly, in terms of human generations imperceptibly, in intensively used landscape dramatically accelerated and brought a number of adverse consequences. The aim of this study has been to assess and evaluate erosion risks in selected cadastral area and in the event of an over limit erosion hazard to suggest appropriate erosion control measures to eliminate the increased erosion. The 77 erosion of closed units were examined by a computer program Atlas DMT erosion module, which uses digital terrain model together with data from databases or BPEJ or LPIS. The 14 of them have diagnosed overlimit value wash away the soil. As a basic erosion control measures the change of applied classic crop rotation to crop rotations using soil conservation technologies was considered. After adjusting cropping practices that positively impact factor of the protective effects of vegetation, it was found by erosion Atlas module, six parcels of land with over limited value of soil washes. These lands have suggested the use of technical erosion control measures, for example furrows, grassing thalwegs etc.. On the parcels, where, due to their size, shape or morphology technical measures proved inadequate or ineffective it has been proposed permanent grassing. In the proposals erosion control measures it is necessary to combine the maximum efficiency of measures with condition of ease and minimal restriction of land users. When their making is to be assumed towards the user, because it depends on him only whether the proposed organizational and agronomic measures will be implemented or not. The fundamental problem with these measures is that their implementation is not backed by legislation. I assume that the more acceptable, less restrictive and inexpensive measures will be proposed, the more likely it will be implemented. One of the reasons why even the simple erosion control measures are put into practice slowly and with difficulty is the fact that in the Czech Republic the most of the agricultural land is managed by entities that are not its owners. This fact significantly contributes to the fact that land is viewed merely as a means of production, which must to bring maximum profit only. To improve this situation may also contribute to the establishment and consistent control of the GAEC standards.

The aim of the dissertation thesis is the assessment of the degradation of selected soil properties due to water erosion, including the temporal dynamics of these properties and the assessment of how this change affects the cumulative infiltration of the soil in watershed. Between 2012 and 2015, undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected on three experimental areas and the cumulative infiltration of the soil was measured. Experimental areas were selected on sloping, erosion-endangered blocks of arable land, in three cadastral territories of the Czech Republic, and this in the cadastral areas of Větřkovice, Čejkovice and Hustopeče. The cumulative infiltration was measured in three landscapes positions of the slope and soil samples were collected in three landscapes positions of the slope, at soil crust, topsoil and subsoil. In the Pedological Laboratory at the Institute of Landscape Water Management, Brno University of Technology, the particle density, bulk density, porosity, soil texture and water stable aggregates were determined from the samples taken. The cumulative infiltration of the soil was measured using the Double Ring Infiltrometer, the Mini Disc Infiltrometer and the mobile rainfall simulator. Using one-way analysis of variance to analyze the differences among soil samples and infiltration test. In addition, the dependence of soil crust formation, its physical properties and its influence on the cumulative infiltration of the soil were monitored on the areas.

Il lavoro di tesi ha come oggetto di studio i fenomeni di erosione interna che possono interessare le opere in materiali sciolti, facendo particolare riferimento ai rilevati arginali. Si inquadrano le generalità degli argini, i possibili meccanismi di rottura e quali sono i differenti meccanismi di erosione interna che possono interessare una sezione arginale. Inoltre, il lavoro illustra le varie categorie di test che permettono di stimare l’erodibilità di un terreno, dedicando maggiore attenzione all’Hole Erosion Test (HET): si descrive il funzionamento e la teoria della prova standard (UNSW); viene illustrata la riproduzione dell’Hole Erosion Test presente in Boretto (RE) con annessa analisi critica. Infine, vengono illustrati i risultati ottenuti dalle analisi di filtrazione e di stabilità applicate ad un caso reale: la sezione trasversale, in sinistra idraulica, dello stante uno a valle della cassa di espansione del fiume Panaro. La sezione oggetto di verifiche è stata ipotizzata sia intatta, ma anche caratterizzata dalla presenza di tana in modo da poter commentare l’influenza che questa genera sul fenomeno di erosione interna e sulla stabilità. Infine, è stato applicato un modello analitico semplificato (Bezzazi et al., 2010) alla sezione oggetto di studio. Tale modello ha consentito di stimare la vulnerabilità della sezione al fenomeno di erosione interna, sotto l’ipotesi di lavoro che il cunicolo della tana comunicasse il petto con la schiena dell’argine.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the status of erosive tooth wear (ETW) in Finnish middle-aged adults and its association with dental caries and sociodemographic and intrinsic factors. In addition, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify whether genetic polymorphism (single nucleotide polymorphism) could explain some of the individual variance in the ETW status. Another aim of the study was to validate the use of the erosion index, the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE), on 3D models. Of the total Northern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC1966), a convenience sample of 3,181 people was invited for an oral health examination in 2012–2013, of whom 1,962 participated, thus comprising the study group for the present study. ETW was assessed by sextants using the BEWE index. The clinical data was supplemented by information collected by means of postal questionnaires in 1997–1998 and 2012–2013, blood samples, and 3D models of the dentition. Of those clinically examined, 586 participants were randomly selected for the validation study of the BEWE index on 3D models. ETW was a common finding among the Finnish adult population, and almost half of the population needed at least preventive measures against the condition, and almost one in ten had severe ETW. Male gender and restorative treatment need due to dental caries were associated with ETW, unlike sociodemographic factors. Of the intrinsic factors, daily reflux symptoms and hyposalivation were the most significantly associated with severe ETW. According to the results from the GWAS, susceptibility to ETW could be partly explained by genetic polymorphism. The BEWE index was found reliable for recording ETW clinically and on 3D models, and 3D models were especially sensitive in detecting initial ETW. In conclusion, ETW seems to be common among Finnish adults, especially among males. In addition to risk factors, individual susceptibility should be kept in mind when assessing the risk for the condition. Early diagnosis of ETW is important in maintaining good oral health, and the BEWE seems to be a reliable index for that purpose both clinically and on 3D models
Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää hampaiden erosiivisen kulumisen yleisyyttä ja vakavuutta suomalaisilla keski-ikäisillä aikuisilla, sekä erosiivisen kulumisen yhteyttä hampaiden reikiintymiseen sekä sosiodemografisiin ja sisäisiin tekijöihin. Lisäksi selvitettiin koko genomin kartoitusta hyödyntäen, voidaanko geneettisellä polymorfismilla (yksittäisillä emäsparin vaihdoksilla) selittää yksilön alttiutta erosiiviselle kulumiselle. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli myös validoida erosiivista kulumista arvioiva indeksi (The Basic Erosive Wear Examination, BEWE) 3D-malleilla. Koko Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortista kutsuttiin 3 181 henkilöä suun terveystarkastukseen vuosina 2012–2013. Kutsutuista 1 962 osallistui tutkimukseen muodostaen lopullisen tutkimusjoukon. Erosiivista kulumista arvioitiin käyttäen BEWE-indeksiä. Kliinistä tutkimusta täydensivät vuosina 1997–1998 ja 2012–2013 tehdyt postikyselyt, verinäytteet ja hampaiston 3D-mallit. Kliinisesti tutkituista osallistujista yhteensä 586 henkilöä valittiin satunnaisesti BEWE-indeksin validointitutkimukseen 3D-malleilla. Erosiivinen kuluminen oli yleistä suomalaisilla aikuisilla, ja lähes puolella oli erosiivista kulumista, joka vaatisi vähintään ennaltaehkäiseviä toimia. Vakavaa erosiivista kulumista on lähes joka kymmenennellä. Miessukupuoli ja korjaavan hoidon tarve hampaiden karioitumisen vuoksi olivat yhteydessä erosiiviseen kulumiseen, toisin kuin sosiodemografiset tekijät. Sisäisistä tekijöistä päivittäiset reflux-oireet ja vähäinen syljeneritys olivat vahvimmin yhteydessä vakavaan erosiiviseen kulumiseen. Koko genomikartoituksen perusteella vaikuttaa siltä, että alttius erosiiviselle kulumiselle saattaa selittyä osittain geneettisellä polymorfismilla. BEWE-indeksi näyttää olevan luotettava menetelmä niin kliinisessä arvioinnissa kuin arvioitaessa erosiivista kulumista 3D-malleilla. Alkava erosiivinen kuluminen oli helpommin havaittavissa 3D-malleilta kliiniseen arviointiin verrattuna. Tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan sanoa, että erosiivinen kuluminen on yleistä suomalaisilla aikuisilla, etenkin miehillä. Jo tiedettyjen riskitekijöiden lisäksi yksilöllinen alttius erosiiviselle kulumiselle tulisi pitää mielessä riskikartoitusta tehdessä. Erosiivisen kulumisen aikainen diagnosointi on tärkeää hyvän suun terveyden ylläpitämiseksi, ja BEWE-indeksi vaikuttaa soveltuvan diagnosointiin niin kliinisesti kuin 3D malleillakin

Resolving uncertainties about the cycling of organic carbon in the world's oceans is particularly crucial in the Arctic because it is the locus of deep water formation, as well as rapid environmental change. The specific goal of this thesis was to quantify the flux of soil organic carbon (SOC) to the Arctic Ocean due to erosion along the Yukon Coastal Plain. Ground ice and SOC within coastal sediments, and the current and future fluxes of carbon were examined in detail.
An evaluation of the volume of ground ice showed it to be a significant constituent of coastal bluffs. The amount of it was related to surficial material and geomorphic history, being lowest in coarse-grained marine deposits and highest in lacustrine materials. It made up almost half the soil volume in formerly glaciated areas where bluffs are high, but only one third the volume in unglaciated portions with low bluffs.
Overlooking ground ice resulted in overestimates of SOC and mineral sediment of up to 20%. Corrections were especially important in the upper ice-rich soil layers. Organic carbon contents were related to surficial material and bluff height, and 57% of carbon was located at depths greater than 1 m. SOC fluxes were up to three times higher than previously thought, but comparable to other parts of the Arctic. Eleven per cent of the carbon eroded annually was buried in nearshore sediments, and the carbon in those sediments was overwhelmingly terrigenous.
A morphodynamic model of coastal evolution was used to evaluate future coastal retreat. Low bluffs will retreat more rapidly than higher ones. Ground ice controls the amount of sediment in coastal bluffs and therefore the retreat rates, since bluffs with high ice contents have a lower effective cliff height. SOC fluxes from low coastal bluffs will increase by 29%, but will be offset by a 13% decrease from high bluffs. Regions of low cliffs could become sources of carbon flux to the atmosphere.
By providing insight into the origins and fate of organic matter in a sensitive section of the Arctic coastal system, this study offers valuable input for both current and future studies of regional carbon dynamics.
LES FLUX DE CARBONE ORGANIQUE DU SOL PROVENANT DE L'ÉROSION DES CÔTES PERGÉLISOLÉES, MER DE BEAUFORT CANADIEN
Le cycle du carbone organique dans les océans est d'une importance primordiale, spécialement dans l'Arctique puisqu'ils sont le lieu de formation des eaux abyssales et subissent des changements environnementaux rapides. L'objectif de cette thèse est de quantifier le flux de carbone organique du sol (COS), provoqué par l'érosion, entre la plaine côtière du Yukon et l'Océan arctique. Cette étude examine en détail la teneur en glace et en COS des sédiments côtiers, ainsi que les flux de carbone actuels et projetés.
Une évaluation du volume de la glace de sol révèle qu'elle est une composante importante des falaises côtières. La teneur en glace est liée à la géologie des dépôts de surface et à l'histoire géomorphologique de la région. En effet, cette teneur est plus basse dans les dépôts marins à grain grossier et plus élevée dans les matériaux lacustres. La glace de sol représente presque la moitié du volume du sol dans les zones de hautes falaises antérieurement englacées, mais seulement un tiers du volume dans les régions qui n'ont jamais été englacées et où les falaises sont plus basses.
Le fait de ne pas tenir compte de la glace de sol entraîne des surestimations de la quantité de COS et de sédiment minéral qui atteignent jusqu'à 20%. Les corrections relatives à la glace de sol sont particulièrement importantes, surtout dans les couches riches en glace près de la surface. La teneur en carbone organique dépend de la géologie des dépôts de surface et de la hauteur des falaises. Les résultats montrent que 57% du carbone est situé à des profondeurs supérieures à 1 m. Le flux de carbone organique est trois fois plus élevé que ce qui avait été estimé antérieurement, mais est toutefois comparable aux valeurs calculées pour d'autres régions de l'Arctique. Onze pourcent de la matière organique érodée annuellement est enfouie dans les sédiments marins littoraux et le carbone retrouvé dans ceux-ci est d'origine principalement terrigène.
L`érosion côtière future a été évaluée à l'aide d'un modèle d`évolution côtière morphodynamique. Le modèle démontre que les falaises basses reculeront plus rapidement que celles qui sont plus hautes. Puisque les falaises qui possèdent une teneur en glace de sol élevée ont une hauteur effective moindre, cette glace de sol a un impact sur le montant de sédiment et sur le taux de recul des falaises. Le flux de COS des falaises basses augmentera de 29%, mais sera atténué par une baisse de 13% dans le flux de COS des falaises hautes. Les régions où les falaises sont basses pourraient devenir des sources de dioxyde de carbone pour l'atmosphère.
Cette recherche apporte une contribution importante aux études actuelles et futures de la dynamique régionale du carbone; elle offre de nouvelles perspectives sur les origines et le sort de la matière organique dans une région sensible du système côtier arctique.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1987.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING
Bibliography: leaves 207-211.
by Richard Gray Keck.
Ph.D.

Peatlands are an important store of soil carbon, play a vital role in global carbon cycling, and can also act as sinks of atmospherically deposited heavy metals. Large areas of the UK’s blanket peat are significantly degraded and actively eroding, which negatively impacts carbon and pollutant storage. The restoration of eroding UK peatlands is a major conservation concern, and over the last decade measures have been taken to control erosion and restore large areas of degraded peat. In severely eroded peatlands, topography is highly variable, and an appreciation of geomorphological form and process is key in understanding the controls on peatland function, and in mitigating the negative impacts of peatland erosion. The blanket peats of the Peak District, Southern Pennines, UK, embody many problems and pressures faced by peatlands globally, and are amongst the most heavily eroded and contaminated in the world. The near-surface layer of the peat is contaminated by high concentrations of anthropogenically derived, atmospherically deposited heavy metals, which are released into the fluvial system as a consequence of widespread erosion. Whilst not desirable, this legacy of lead pollution and its release, offer a unique opportunity to trace peatland sediment movements and thus investigate the controls on sediment and contaminant mobility. A suite of established field, analytical and modelling techniques have been modified and adapted for use in peatland environments: (i) by incorporating a simple correction for moisture content, field portable XRF has been shown to be an accurate, cost-effective, and rapid tool for assessing in situ lead concentrations in wet organic sediments; (ii) a lightweight time integrated mass flux sampler has been developed for deployment at multiple remote peatland field sites, and has been used to explore spatial and temporal suspended sediment dynamics; and (iii) sediment source fingerprinting and numerical mixing models, traditionally used to determine sources of fine sediment in minerogenic systems, have been used to investigate suspended sediment composition in contaminated organic rich catchments. These modified methods have been successfully employed in combination to address issues of sediment and contaminant release. Several mechanisms and controls have been shown to be important influences on sediment dynamics and Pb release across a range of spatial and temporal scales: (i) the presence of vegetation is key in stabilising the peat’s surface and trapping mobilised sediment; (ii) sediment preparation influences the timing of POC and Pb release; (iii) antecedent water tables may control the timing and the nature of sediment entering the fluvial system during storm events; and (iv) the degree of degradation influences both Pb storage and release. At the landscape scale, peatland restoration significantly mitigates sediment production in eroding peatlands and substantially reduces carbon and pollutant export. At the catchment scale, sediment preparation and hydrological connectivity are important controls on the magnitude and timing of sediment and lead fluxes from eroding peatland catchments. At the plot scale, complex small scale spatial patterns of contaminant storage in eroding headwater catchments can be explained by interactions between topographic setting and vegetation cover, and the mobilisation of sediment by wind and water. This deeper understanding of the multi-scalar dynamics of sediment movements in eroding peatlands is important in the context of: (i) the release and reworking of legacy contamination in organic rich systems; (ii) the response of blanket peats to climate change; (iii) informing future restoration strategies that aim to manage peatland sediment and contaminant fluxes.