Статті в журналах: "Equivalence principles"

1

Unnikrishnan, C. S., and George T. Gillies. "Equivalence principles exotica." Frontiers of Physics in China 3, no. 4 (December 2008): 444–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11467-008-0031-1.

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2

Di Casola, Eolo, Stefano Liberati, and Sebastiano Sonego. "Nonequivalence of equivalence principles." American Journal of Physics 83, no. 1 (January 2015): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4895342.

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3

Appel-Hansen, J. "Comments on field equivalence principles." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 35, no. 2 (February 1987): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.1987.1144081.

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4

Mneimneh, M. N., and K. A. Sakallah. "Principles of Sequential-Equivalence Verification." IEEE Design and Test of Computers 22, no. 3 (May 2005): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mdt.2005.68.

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5

Wei-Tou NI. "Equivalence principles and gauge fields." Physics Letters A 120, no. 4 (February 1987): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(87)90330-6.

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6

Bogachov, Andriy. "On the equivalence of translation of Martin Heidegger’s “Being and Time”." Sententiae 40, no. 3 (November 30, 2021): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/sent40.03.083.

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The author of the article considers the conditions and principles of the future Ukrainian translation of Heidegger’s “Being and Time.” First, he defines the principles of proper translation, then makes suggestions on how “Being and Time” should be translated in accordance with these principles. The governing principle of proper translation is defined as translation equivalence, which is contrasted with the principle of translation adequacy. To clarify the conditions for the equivalent Ukrainian translation of “Being and Time,” the author explores the fundamental concepts of this work. Among others, he justifies the translation of Heidegger’s Dasein as єство, and Heidegger’s Angst as тривога.

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7

TIMOTIĆ, VALENTINA, DRAGAN DJURČIĆ, and MALIŠA R. ŽIŽOVIĆ. "On Rapid Equivalence and Translational Rapid Equivalence." Kragujevac Journal of Mathematics 46, no. 2 (2022): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/kgjmat2202.259t.

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8

Souchet, René. "Equivalence principles in continuum damage mechanics." International Journal of Engineering Science 43, no. 17-18 (November 2005): 1313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2005.06.003.

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9

Koczan, Grzegorz Marcin. "Proof of Equivalence of Carnot Principle to II Law of Thermodynamics and Non-Equivalence to Clausius I and Kelvin Principles." Entropy 24, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24030392.

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The II law of thermodynamics is most often given in three supposedly equivalent formulations: two Clausius (I and II) and one Kelvin. The most general and indisputable entropy formulation belongs to Clausius (II). The earlier Clausius I principle determines the natural direction heat flow between bodies at different temperatures. On the other hand, the Kelvin principle states that it is impossible to completely convert heat into work. The author argues that the Kelvin principle is a weaker statement (or more strictly non-equivalent) than the Clausius I principle, and the latter is a weaker statement than Carnot principle, which is equivalent to Clausius II principle. As a result, the Kelvin principle and the Clausius I principle are not exhaustive formulations of the II law of thermodynamics. At the same time, it turns out that the Carnot principle becomes such a formulation. Apart from providing a complete set of proof and disproof, the author, indicates where the methodological errors were made in the alleged proof of the equivalence of the Kelvin principle and both Clausius principles.

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10

Ni, Wei-Tou. "Equivalence principles, spacetime structure and the cosmic connection." International Journal of Modern Physics D 25, no. 04 (March 10, 2016): 1630002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271816300020.

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After reviewing the meaning of various equivalence principles and the structure of electrodynamics, we give a fairly detailed account of the construction of the light cone and a core metric from the equivalence principle for photons (no birefringence, no polarization rotation and no amplification/attenuation in propagation) in the framework of linear electrodynamics using cosmic connections/observations as empirical support. The cosmic nonbirefringent propagation of photons independent of energy and polarization verifies the Galileo Equivalence Principle (Universality of Propagation) for photons/electromagnetic wave packets in spacetime. This nonbirefringence constrains the spacetime constitutive tensor to high precision to a core metric form with an axion degree and a dilaton degree of freedom. Thus comes the metric with axion and dilation. Constraints on axion and dilaton from astrophysical/cosmic propagation are reviewed. Eötvös-type experiments, Hughes–Drever-type experiments, redshift experiments then constrain and tie this core metric to agree with the matter metric, and hence a unique physical metric and universality of metrology. We summarize these experiments and review how the Galileo equivalence principle constrains the Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP) theoretically. In local physics this physical metric gives the Lorentz/Poincaré covariance. Understanding that the metric and EEP come from the vacuum as a medium of electrodynamics in the linear regime, efforts to actively look for potential effects beyond this linear scheme are warranted. We emphasize the importance of doing Eötvös-type experiments or other type experiments using polarized bodies/polarized particles. We review the theoretical progress on the issue of gyrogravitational ratio for fundamental particles and update the experimental progress on the measurements of possible long range/intermediate range spin–spin, spin–monopole and spin–cosmos interactions.

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11

WALSH, SEAN. "THE STRENGTH OF ABSTRACTION WITH PREDICATIVE COMPREHENSION." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 22, no. 1 (March 2016): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bsl.2015.39.

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AbstractFrege’s theorem says that second-order Peano arithmetic is interpretable in Hume’s Principle and full impredicative comprehension. Hume’s Principle is one example of anabstraction principle, while another paradigmatic example is Basic Law V from Frege’sGrundgesetze. In this paper we study the strength of abstraction principles in the presence of predicative restrictions on the comprehension schema, and in particular we study a predicative Fregean theory which contains all the abstraction principles whose underlying equivalence relations can be proven to be equivalence relations in a weak background second-order logic. We show that this predicative Fregean theory interprets second-order Peano arithmetic (cf. Theorem 3.2).

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12

Nemirovskii, S. K., and A. Ja Baltsevich. "Equivalence of variational principles in vortex dynamics." Physics Letters A 153, no. 4-5 (March 1991): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(91)90796-b.

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13

Veerpalu, Anne. "Functional Equivalence: An Exploration Through Shortcomings to Solutions." Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 134–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2019-0015.

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Abstract Since the emergence of cyberspace there have been different legal principles evolving, such as functional equivalence and technology-neutrality, with the aim to ease the regulator´s challenge of coping with the new paradigm of virtual, digital and electronic. Currently our societies have reached the doorstep of another similar disruption: infrastructures decentralized on the basis of blockchain and distributed ledger technology, or so-called cryptoeconomics. It is time to turn to cyberspace-related principles for inspiration on how to solve similar concerns, such as applying existing regulation(s) to new technological disruption. This article looks at different understandings of the functional equivalence principle, its shortcomings and the guidance it provides to regulators and courts in dealing with the challenges related to technological innovation including that of cryptoeconomics.

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14

Trzaskawka, Paula. "Investigating Copyright Terminology and Collocations in Polish, English, Japanese and German." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2017-0014.

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Abstract The article deals with the comparison of key terminology in the field of copyright in the Polish, English, Japanese and German languages. The research material consists of copyright acts binding in Poland, Great Britain, the United States of America, Japan and Germany. The terminology has been compared in order to reveal similarities and differences in the meaning. Firstly, statutory terms from the Polish, English (British and American), German and Japanese acts will be presented and discussed. Also, a list of functional equivalents (Polish, English, German and Japanese) will be presented. The task was to search for functional equivalents, and if there is partial equivalence or no equivalence, an equivalent was provided according to techniques of providing equivalents for non-equivalent terms (c.f. Kłos, Matulewska, Nowak-Korcz 2007). They were made in such a way that equivalents will correspond with the reality of the laws in the above mentioned languages. The terms have been extracted with the usage of AntConc (corpus linguistics software). The method of analysis of comparable texts has been applied as well as the one based on three categories of equivalence by Šarčević (1997): “near equivalence”, “partial equivalence” and “non-equivalence”. Special attention has been paid to system-bound terminology existing in those five legal systems. To sum up, it should be borne in mind that the copyright law has been unified almost world-wide. As a result many countries have adopted similar or almost identical principles in this respect. Therefore, there is a significant convergence of meanings of analysed copyright terms with only slight differences resulting from deeply ingrained local and national legal traditions.

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15

Broeckhove, J., L. Lathouwers, E. Kesteloot, and P. Van Leuven. "On the equivalence of time-dependent variational principles." Chemical Physics Letters 149, no. 5-6 (September 1988): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(88)80380-4.

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16

Terkulov, Viacheslav I., and Irina R. Smirnova. "Abbreviated Construct: Principles of Definition and Description." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-2-28-42.

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The article is devoted to the abbreviations basic characteristics determination and the principles of their lexicographic description in the “Dictionary of Russian Language Abbreviations”, created by the Experimental Laboratory of Abbreviation Trends Research at the Russian Language Department of Donetsk National University. The urgency of the work is determined, firstly, by the attempts to give a consistent interpretation of the language unit, which is considered as one of the main means of new nominations forming at this stage of Russian language development and, secondly, by the fact that there are no dictionaries that give a relevant comprehensive description of these language units; the necessity of their creation is to help a native speaker to “model” the meanings of new items on the basis of described semantics and tactics of abbreviated constructs usage. On the one hand, the declared topic involves determining the abbreviated construct status, its similarities and differences with affixoids and words; on the other hand, it is important to establish the unit basic characteristics and describe them in the “Dictionary of Russian Language abbreviated constructs”. There have been studied 590 abbreviated constructs selected from the material of “The Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Abbreviated Words”. The study uses the traditional descriptive method - observation, generalization, interpretation and classification - and the methods and techniques of equivalence analysis developed by the Experimental Laboratory of Abbreviation Studies, which include methods and techniques of prediction and confirmation by means of equivalent texts of equivalence relations between a word and its descriptive equivalent, onomasiological analysis of compound abbreviation meaning structure; analysis of the formal correlation of the abbreviation structure and its descriptive equivalence. The work practical significance is supported by material selection methods and material description that can be used in compiling different types of abbreviations dictionaries: initial abbreviations dictionaries, ideographic abbreviations dictionaries, etc. In addition, dictionary entries of the Abbreviated Constructs Dictionary can be used in explanatory dictionaries so as to describe “complex words first parts”.

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17

Putra, Fima Ardianto. "On the Semiclassical Approach of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation in the Strong Gravitational Field of Static Blackhole." Jurnal Fisika Indonesia 22, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jfi.v22i2.34274.

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Heisenberg Uncertainty and Equivalence Principle are the fundamental aspect respectively in Quantum Mechanic and General Relativity. Combination of these principles can be stated in the expression of Heisenberg uncertainty relation near the strong gravitational field i.e. pr and Et . While for the weak gravitational field, both relations revert to pr and Et. It means that globally, uncertanty principle does not invariant. This work also shows local stationary observation between two nearby points along the radial direction of blackhole. The result shows that the lower point has larger uncertainty limit than that of the upper point, i.e. . Hence locally, uncertainty principle does not invariant also. Through Equivalence Principle, we can see that gravitation can affect Heisenberg Uncertainty relation. This gives the impact to our’s viewpoint about quantum phenomena in the presence of gravitation. Key words: Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle , Equivalence Principle, and gravitational field

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18

Jumalieva, G. E. "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRANSLATION AS A BASIS FOR THE STUDY OF COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY." Herald of KSUCTA, №2, Part 1, 2022, no. 2-1-2022 (April 30, 2022): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2022.2.355-360.

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In this article we considered theory of translation as a main theory of our comparative translation English-Kyrgyz research and tendency in development of theory and practice of translation related to both English and Kyrgyz languages in linguistic space of Kyrgyzstan. In our article, we consider a set of basic issues of theory and practice of translation and clarified them. The study of following five fundamental issues of the theory and practice of translation prompted us to find out two principles of translation equivalence, as “formal-grammatical principle” and “dynamic-culturological principle” into five types of equivalence, corresponding to five levels hierarchically located equivalence of translation, and highlighted by Russian Soviet translation scholars and their Kyrgyz researchers.

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19

Alamayrekh, Yekaterina Yu. "Model of the decryption and model of the abbreviation formal diversity in the abbreviation group “auto-”." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 2(2020) (June 25, 2020): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2020-2-91-102.

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The article deals with the principles of the analyses of the formal structure of the equivalence in the families of the equivalence of the compound abbreviations by the example of the abbreviation group “auto”. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that on the basis of the synchronic equivalent approach to the description of the compound abbreviations a new interpretation of the characteristics of the formal equivalence of the word and correlated word-combination is described systematically. The results of this study provide a means of predicting the equivalence relations for the adjacent abbreviation clusters that is important while composing the techniques of making the dictionaries of a new type – explanatory dictionaries of abbreviations, the distinctive feature of which is the presentation of all equivalent word-combinations detected in the texts. The material for the study is formed by 252 families of equivalence which form the abbreviation group “auto” and contains 1621 abbreviation doubles: “compound abbreviation” – “equivalent word-combination”. The research was carried out on the basis of descriptive and quantitative methods as well as descriptive analyses and formalization. The author defines such notions as “compound abbreviation”, “decryption inducement”, “family of equivalence” as the basic categories of the synchronic approach to the abbreviation. The methods of synchronic analysis of the formal equivalence devised in the Laboratory are described: the analyses technique of the decryption inducement that designates the structural peculiarities of the decryption inducement – the stereotype of the decryption of compound abbreviation, and the analyses technique of the formal diversity of the equivalency that is a detached scheme of the combination of the components of the equivalent word-combination in the abbreviation. While development of the models of the decryption inducements the part of speech characteristics of the words forming the decryption inducements and their order in the equivalent word-combination are taken into account. While designing the models of formal equivalence that include the model of the equivalent word collocations and the abbreviation model, the correlation of the constructs of the correlated units, their peculiar grammatical features and the representation status in in words and word collocations are designated

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20

Apter, Arthur W. "L-like Combinatorial Principles and Level by Level Equivalence." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Mathematics 57, no. 3 (2009): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/ba57-3-2.

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21

Collin, R. E., and J. Appel-Hansen. "Remarks on 'Comments on field equivalence principles' (and reply)." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 36, no. 7 (July 1988): 1034–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.7211.

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22

Neumann, Carl. "On the Principles of the Galilean-Newtonian Theory." Science in Context 6, no. 1 (1993): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700001423.

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If, as is universally acknowledged, the proper goal of the mathematical sciences is the discovery of the least possible number of principles (notably principles that are not further explicable) from which the universal laws of empirically given facts emerge with mathematical necessity, and thus the discovery of principles equivalent to those empirical facts, then it must appear as a duty of indubitable importance to reflect carefully on the principles that have already surfaced with some certainty in one area of the natural sciences and present them in a form that really fulfills the equivalence requirement.

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23

Zhang, Yizhou, and Nada Amin. "Reasoning about “reasoning about reasoning”: semantics and contextual equivalence for probabilistic programs with nested queries and recursion." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 6, POPL (January 16, 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3498677.

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Metareasoning can be achieved in probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) using agent models that recursively nest inference queries inside inference queries. However, the semantics of this powerful, reflection-like language feature has defied an operational treatment, much less reasoning principles for contextual equivalence. We give formal semantics to a core PPL with continuous distributions, scoring, general recursion, and nested queries. Unlike prior work, the presence of nested queries and general recursion makes it impossible to stratify the definition of a sampling-based operational semantics and that of a measure-theoretic semantics—the two semantics must be defined mutually recursively. A key yet challenging property we establish is that probabilistic programs have well-defined meanings: limits exist for the step-indexed measures they induce. Beyond a semantics, we offer relational reasoning principles for probabilistic programs making nested queries. We construct a step-indexed, biorthogonal logical-relations model. A soundness theorem establishes that logical relatedness implies contextual equivalence. We demonstrate the usefulness of the reasoning principles by proving novel equivalences of practical relevance—in particular, game-playing and decisionmaking agents. We mechanize our technical developments leading to the soundness proof using the Coq proof assistant. Nested queries are an important yet theoretically underdeveloped linguistic feature in PPLs; we are first to give them semantics in the presence of general recursion and to provide them with sound reasoning principles for contextual equivalence.

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24

Iamiceli, Paola, and Fabrizio Cafaggi. "The Principles of Effectiveness, Proportionality and Dissuasiveness in the Enforcement of EU Consumer Law: The Impact of a Triad on the Choice of Civil Remedies and Administrative Sanctions." European Review of Private Law 25, Issue 3 (June 1, 2017): 575–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2017038.

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Abstract: In the conventional approach, rights were defined by EU law, while remedies were established by national legal orders. The situation has changed. The principle of procedural autonomy has been severely limited by general principles, such as the ones of effectiveness and equivalence. The power of Member States to define procedures, sanctions and remedies is strongly affected by the principles of effectiveness, proportionality and dissuasiveness.

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25

Stepanova, Elena. "Leo Tolstoy’s Faith: The Equivalence of State of Mind and Content." State Religion and Church 7, no. 2 (2020): 24–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2311-3448-2020-7-2-24-47.

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This article discusses Tolstoy’s faith in the unity of its two aspects: as the state of mind of its carrier and in terms of its content and the life principles that flow from it. It is shown that at the same time and in the same respect Tolstoy was the bearer of the faith and its investigator; therefore, its adequate interpretation is possible only if the principles established by him for himself are taken into account instead of an abstract and outward interpretation of what faith should be. The article considers, first, Tolstoy’s explanation of faith in various works, letters, diaries, and the like during the last thirty years of his life; and second, his distinctive expressions of faith along with discussions of it. The article demonstrates the equivalence of Tolstoy’s state of mind and the content of his faith, as well as its purely individual character. The study concludes with a discussion of the significance of Tolstoy’s understanding of faith for us today.

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26

Woźnicki, Zbigniew I. "Matrix splitting principles." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 28, no. 5 (2001): 251–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171201007062.

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The systematic analysis of convergence conditions, used in comparison theorems proven for different matrix splittings, is presented. The central idea of this analysis is the scheme of condition implications derived from the properties of regular splittings of a monotone matrixA=M1−N1=M2−N2. An equivalence of some conditions as well as an autonomous character of the conditionsM1−1≥M2−1≥0andA−1N2≥A−1N1≥0are pointed out. The secondary goal is to discuss some essential topics related with existing comparison theorems.

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27

Terhardt, Ernst. "Music Perception and Sensory Information Acquisition: Relationships and Low-Level Analogies." Music Perception 8, no. 3 (1991): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285500.

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Information processing is characterized by conditional decisions on hierarchically organized levels. In biological systems, this principle is manifest in the phenomena of contourization and categorization, which are more or less synonymous. Primary contourization—such as in the visual system—is regarded as the first step of abstraction. Its auditory equivalent is formation of spectral pitches. Hierarchical processing is characterized by the principles of immediate processing, open end, recursion, distributed knowledge, forward processing, autonomy, and viewback. In that concept, perceptual phenomena such as illusion, ambiguity, and similarity turn out to be essential and typical. With respect to perception of musical sound, those principles and phenomena readily explain pitch categorization, tone affinity, octave equivalence (chroma), root, and tonality. As a particular example, an explanation of the tritone paradox is suggested.

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28

NICOLAI, CARLO. "EQUIVALENCES FOR TRUTH PREDICATES." Review of Symbolic Logic 10, no. 2 (January 19, 2017): 322–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020316000435.

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AbstractOne way to study and understand the notion of truth is to examine principles that we are willing to associate with truth, often because they conform to a pre-theoretical or to a semi-formal characterization of this concept. In comparing different collections of such principles, one requires formally precise notions of inter-theoretic reduction that are also adequate to compare these conceptual aspects. In this work I study possible ways to make precise the relation of conceptual equivalence between notions of truth associated with collections of principles of truth. In doing so, I will consider refinements and strengthenings of the notion of relative truth-definability proposed by Fujimoto (2010): in particular I employ suitable variants of notions of equivalence of theories considered in Visser (2006) and Friedman & Visser (2014) to show that there are better candidates than mutual truth-definability for the role of sufficient condition for conceptual equivalence between the semantic notions associated with the theories. In the concluding part of the paper, I extend the techniques introduced in the first and show that there is a precise sense in which ramified truth (either disquotational or compositional) does not correspond to iterations of comprehension.

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29

Hackl, Klaus, and Franz Dieter Fischer. "On the relation between the principle of maximum dissipation and inelastic evolution given by dissipation potentials." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 464, no. 2089 (October 16, 2007): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.0086.

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We study the evolution of systems described by internal variables. After the introduction of thermodynamic forces and fluxes, both the dissipation and dissipation potential are defined. Then, the principle of maximum dissipation (PMD) and a minimum principle for the dissipation potential are developed in a variational formulation. Both principles are related to each other. Several cases are shown where both principles lead to the same evolution equations for the internal variables. However, also counterexamples are reported where such an equivalence is not valid. In this case, an extended PMD can be formulated.

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30

Boiko, I. V. "Diachronic plurality of retranslations in the context of translation equivalence (case study of Ukrainian retranslations of W. Shakespeare’s tragedies)." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 3 (341) (2021): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-3(341)-142-151.

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The article considers the concept of equivalence in the context of the diachronic plurality of retranslations of Shakespeare's tragedies. An analysis of different approaches to determining the levels of equivalence is given: E. Nida and K. Rice distinguish formal and dynamic equivalence; J. Catford differentiates formal equivalent and text equivalent; J. House determines the difference between explicit and implicit translation. W. Koller distinguishes five types of equivalence: denotative equivalence, connotative equivalence, text-normative equivalence, pragmatic equivalence, and formal equivalence. V. Komissarov defines the levels of equivalence that form a hierarchical structure: levels of communication objectives, description of the situation, utterance, messages, and linguistic signs. The article highlights the notion of diachronic plurality of retranslations of a time-remote original text on the example of Ukrainian retranslations of the XIX–XXI centuries of Shakespeare's tragedies „Hamlet” and „Romeo and Juliet” and defines the basic principles of equivalence theory on which diachronic plurality of retranslations is based. The specifics of translators' use of different strategies in achieving equivalence of the original text and the translated one, which are due to the creative personality of the translator and translation style, is described. The article demonstrates that achieving the equivalence of a time-remote original text that is not a fixed quantity is a very important task for every translator, whose decision is determined by various factors, including the translator's choice of appropriate strategies and tactics. Each translation reflects its „own” original, which always follows from the individual vision of the text by the translator.

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31

Mukhamedov, A. M. "Turbulent vortex wake: Classification principles, gauge equivalence, examples, and applications." Physical Mesomechanics 20, no. 2 (April 2017): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1029959917020138.

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32

Ebels-Duggan, Sean C. "Abstraction Principles and the Classification of Second-Order Equivalence Relations." Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 60, no. 1 (2019): 77–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00294527-2018-0023.

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33

Franken, Uwe. "On the equivalence of holomorphic and plurisubharmonic Phragmén-Lindelöf principles." Michigan Mathematical Journal 42, no. 1 (1995): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1307/mmj/1029005161.

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34

Borwein, Jonathan M., Boris S. Mordukhovich, and Yongheng Shao. "On the Equivalence of Some Basic Principles in Variational Analysis." Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 229, no. 1 (January 1999): 228–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmaa.1998.6157.

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35

Rüede, Christian. "Transfinite dependent choice and ω-model reflection". Journal of Symbolic Logic 67, № 3 (вересень 2002): 1153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1190150155.

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AbstractIn this paper we present some metapredicative subsystems of analysis. We deal with reflection principles, ω-model existence axioms (limit axioms) and axioms asserting the existence of hierarchies. We show several equivalences among the introduced subsystems. In particular we prove the equivalence of Σ11 transfinite dependent choice and Π21 reflection on ω-models of Σ11-DC.

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36

Alekseyeva, Maria L. "Non-Equivalence in Translation: Russian-German Diachronic Corpus-Based Dictionaries of Non-Equivalent Units." Research in Language 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.19.3.06.

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This paper explores the essence of lexical units with no direct equivalents in other languages and introduces a bilingual dictionary of a new type. Such a dictionary is built upon a diachronic corpus of parallel translations with due consideration of the principles of present-day lexicography. The suggested diachronic German-Russian glossary of non-equivalent vocabulary – realia – presents the mega-, macro- and microstructure of a diachronic translation dictionary. The glossary is of a holistic character: it can provide information on the ways different realia were translated in various periods and thus reflect the creative role of translation plurality; it can also influence the formation of translating competence, acquisition of translating skills and skills of comparative analysis.

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37

JEAN, ROGER V. "CROSS-FERTILIZATION BETWEEN MODELS IN PHYLLOTAXIS." Journal of Biological Systems 07, no. 02 (June 1999): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339099000127.

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There are many models in phyllotaxis concerned with optimality principles which are apparently equivalent. The important problem of showing the equivalence of the models has been underlined but not addressed yet. This paper addresses the general problem of determining up to which point we have equivalence. The viewpoint adopted is the one of the outcomes of the models, of what they generate, and of what they don't, at least in their actual states. It will be emphasized too that models in phyllotaxis can be compared at many different levels, and that their biological supports can spring from many of these levels.

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38

Lasinski-Sulecki, Krzysztof. "Unjust Enrichment in European Union Tax Law: In Search of Balance between the Views of the Court of Justice, the General Principles of EU Law and the Constitutional Principles of EU Member States." Intertax 42, Issue 1 (January 1, 2014): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2014001.

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As of today, the European Union has not developed a common system of rules applicable to the reimbursement of taxes levied contrary to EU law. Lack of legislative activities in this field is understandable. The EU does not wish to interfere with the procedural autonomy of its Member States. The Court of Justice only requires the Member States to follow two basic principles when taxes levied contrary to EU law are reimbursed. The conditions of repayment of taxes levied contrary to EU law may not be less favourable than those relating to similar claims regarding national charges (principle of equivalence) and they may not be so framed as to render virtually impossible the exercise of rights conferred by EU law (principle of effectiveness). The Court of Justice does not prevent a national legal system from disallowing the repayment of charges which have been unduly levied, where doing so would entail unjust enrichment of recipients. The author of this article analyses the content of the 'unjust enrichment' exception in the Court of Justice's case law, its current legal status and the position of this exception regarding the principles of equivalence and effectiveness. The Court's approach towards 'unjust enrichment' is juxtaposed to its findings on the general principles of EU law. Emphasis is made on the primacy of EU law and the requirements of its effectiveness. The author tries to identify links between 'unjust enrichment' case law and the developing general principle of EU law - the prohibition of abuse.

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39

Timotic, Valentina, Dragan Djurcic, and Rale Nikolic. "On slowly varying sequences." Filomat 29, no. 1 (2015): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1501007t.

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In this paper we investigate the connection between the class SVs of slowly varying sequences (in the sense of Karamata) and the slow equivalence, strong asymptotic equivalence, selection principles and game theory.

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40

Santosh Kumar, Rada, and G. V. R. L. Soujanya. "Therapeutic Equivalence: A Connecting Link Between Test Drug and Reference Drug." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4-s (August 30, 2019): 829–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-s.3395.

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The concept of therapeutic equivalence is becoming increasingly important in today’s cost – conscious environment. Though an effective therapy already exists, but clinically equivalent therapy also becoming important. An improved toxicity profile better effects on symptoms and ease of administration may be important considerations. In these positive controls substantial effect is required to define equivalence. The goal is to prove that the new treatment is not inferior to standard, since providing that two treatments are equal is not possible. The superiority trials demonstrate the better efficacy of the treatment against the concurrent placebo control. Innovative drugs become available for the treatment of number of diseases. These, new products may offer some specific advantages over the standard drugs. The Placebo controlled trials are invariably unethical, when known effective therapy is available for the condition being studies. The active controlled trials are used extensively in the development of new pharmaceuticals. The equivalence limit is defined by a lower equivalence or upper equivalence limit. These, principles are proposed for setting such limits, depending on the objective of the study placebo conditions and methods based on statistical properties.

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41

ZARDINI, ELIA. "TRUTH WITHOUT CONTRA(DI)CTION." Review of Symbolic Logic 4, no. 4 (November 7, 2011): 498–535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020311000177.

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The concept oftrutharguably plays a central role in many areas of philosophical theorizing. Yet, what seems to be one of the most fundamental principles governing that concept, i.e. the equivalence between ‘ ‘P’ is true’ and ‘P’, is inconsistent in full classical logic, as shown by thesemantic paradoxes. I propose a new solution to those paradoxes, based on a principled revision of classical logic. Technically, the key idea consists in the rejection of the unrestricted validity of the structural principle ofcontraction. I first motivate philosophically this idea with the metaphysical picture of the states-of-affairs expressed by paradoxical sentences as being distinctively “unstable”. I then proceed to demonstrate that the theory of truth resulting from this metaphysical picture is, in many philosophically interesting respects, surprisingly stronger than most other theories of truth endorsing the equivalence between ‘ ‘P’ is true’ and ‘P’ (for example, the theory vindicates the validity of the traditional laws ofexcluded middleand ofnon-contradiction, and also vindicates the traditional constraint oftruth preservationon logical consequence). I conclude by proving acuteliminationtheorem that shows the consistency of the theory.

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42

WEITZMAN, MARTIN L. "The linearised Hamiltonian as comprehensive NDP." Environment and Development Economics 5, no. 1 (February 2000): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x0000005x.

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For guidance in determining which items should be included in comprehensive NDP (net domestic product) and how they should be included, reference is often made to the linearised Hamiltonian from an optimal growth problem. The paper gives a rigorous interpretation of this procedure in terms of a money-metric utility function linked to familiar elements of standard welfare theory. A key insight is that the Hamiltonian itself is a quasilinear utility function, so imposing the money-metric normalisation is simply equivalent to using Marshallian consumer surplus as the appropriate measure of welfare when there are no income effects. The twin concepts of the ‘sustainability-equivalence principle’ and the ‘dynamic welfare-comparison principle’ are explained, and it is indicated why these two principles are important for the theory of national income accounting.

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43

Swanson†, Leonard G., and Rodney T. Hansen. "The equivalence of the multiplication, pigeonhole, induction, and well ordering principles." International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 19, no. 1 (January 1988): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020739880190116.

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44

Adetola Sanuade, Oluseun, Joel Olayide Amosun, Kehinde David Oyeyemi, Abayomi Adesola Olaojo, Tokunbo Sanmi Fagbemigun, and Jane Idowu Faloyo. "Analysis of principles of equivalence and suppression in resistivity sounding technique." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1299 (August 2019): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1299/1/012065.

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45

MARINOV, STEFAN. "EXPERIMENTAL VIOLATIONS OF THE PRINCIPLES OF RELATIVITY, EQUIVALENCE AND ENERGY CONSERVATION." International Journal of General Systems 13, no. 2 (January 1987): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081078708934966.

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46

Fitzsimmons, P. J. "On the equivalence of three potential principles for right Markov processes." Probability Theory and Related Fields 84, no. 2 (June 1990): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01197847.

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47

COLLOMB, Alexis, Primavera DE FILIPPI, and Klara SOK. "Blockchain Technology and Financial Regulation: A Risk-Based Approach to the Regulation of ICOs." European Journal of Risk Regulation 10, no. 2 (June 2019): 263–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2019.41.

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This paper compares Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) and equity crowdfunding with Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) and explores the corresponding risks and limitations of these different fundraising practices, with a view to analysing the extent to which the latter should be subject to the same regulatory framework as the former. After assessing the underlying principles and current regulatory framework for IPOs and equity crowdfunding, with a focus on Europe and the US, we investigate the possibility of applying existing financial regulations to ICOs. Drawing from the notion of “functional equivalence”, we contend that many ICOs share a sufficient number of similarities with traditional IPOs and equity crowdfunding, to be regulated in a similar manner. However, given the various attempts by token issuers to escape from the scope of securities laws by assigning a different function to their ICOs tokens, we argue that principle-based regulation based on an in-depth risk-analysis could be an effective way of addressing the regulation of ICOs, thereby moving from “functional equivalence” to “risk equivalence”. Finally, we explore the use of blockchain technology as a regulatory technology, incorporating specific rules and constraints into the technological fabric of an ICO, in order to ensure compliance with the fundamental principles of financial regulation.

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48

Nasirova, Dr Saodat A. "PRINCIPLES FOR TRANSLATING VOCABULARY WITH BACKGROUND INFORMATION." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 07 (July 1, 2022): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-07-15.

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This article has incorporated the content analysis material and the problems of translating the socio-political terminology of the modern Chinese language. The question of the theory of translation, the main imperatives of this field, as well as the question of the formation of the main directions of development of the theory of translation in ancient China is touched upon. The lexica-stylistic and semantic features of terms have an important role in the study of the socio-political layer of the vocabulary of modern Chinese. Analysis of these features can give a new solution in the search for the adequacy and equivalence of new concepts. The characteristic features of the socio-political terminology of the Chinese language in terms of the political and cultural perspective, the importance of the historical context of speech and the original understanding of the terms in the socio-political layer of speech also constituted the main core of the subject of analysis.

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49

SCARDIGLI, FABIO, and ROBERTO CASADIO. "IS THE EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE VIOLATED BY THE GENERALIZED UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE AND HOLOGRAPHY IN A BRANE-WORLD?" International Journal of Modern Physics D 18, no. 02 (February 2009): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271809014455.

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It has recently been debated whether a class of generalized uncertainty principles that include gravitational sources of error is compatible with the holographic principle in models with extra spatial dimensions. We had in fact shown elsewhere that the holographic scaling is lost when more than four space–time dimensions are present. However, we shall show here that the validity of the holographic counting can be maintained also in models with extra spatial dimensions, but at than intriguing price — the equivalence principle for a pointlike source is violated and the inertial mass differs from the gravitational mass in a specific, nontrivial way.

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50

Chakrabarti, C. G., and V. Mukhopadhyay. "On maximum-entropy and related principles in statistical equilibrium." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 13, no. 2 (1990): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171290000539.

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The paper aims to study the importance and equivalence of the principles of maximum-entropy, and sufficient and stable inferences in the statistical characterization of the thermal equilibrium of a closed system.

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