Статті в журналах: "Equivalence of scale"

1

Jenkins, Stephen P., and Frank A. Cowell. "Parametric Equivalence Scales and Scale Relativities." Economic Journal 104, no. 425 (July 1994): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234983.

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2

Banks, James, and Paul Johnson. "Equivalence Scale Relativities Revisited." Economic Journal 104, no. 425 (July 1994): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234982.

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3

Bücker, Joost, Olivier Furrer, and Tanja Peeters Weem. "Robustness and cross-cultural equivalence of the Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS)." Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 4, no. 3 (September 12, 2016): 300–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-05-2016-0022.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the cross-cultural equivalence of the four-dimensional 20-item Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS) and the two-dimensional 12-item cultural intelligence (CQ) short scale. Furthermore, the study elaborates on the results by discussing the differences between culturally equivalent and culturally non-equivalent items. Design/methodology/approach Data gathered from 607 students with a Chinese or Dutch background and mature international experience serve to test the cross-cultural equivalence of the CQS. Findings This study addresses the lack of clarity concerning the cross-cultural equivalence of the CQS in the extended domain of empirical research involving CQ. Furthermore, the consequences of the cultural equivalence tests are discussed. Practical implications Comparing CQ scores across cultures is only meaningful with the use of the adjusted, two-dimensional scale. Practitioners must be aware of the emic-etic character of the measurement instrument they use. Originality/value This study addresses the lack of clarity concerning the cross-cultural equivalence of the CQS in the extended domain of empirical research involving CQ. Furthermore, the consequences of the cultural equivalence tests are discussed.

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4

Li, Yaxin, Jie Yang, Bainian Yi, Rengcun Fang, and Dongyin Zhang. "Dynamic equivalence of doubly-fed wind turbines based on parameter identification and optimization." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2113, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2113/1/012046.

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Abstract The dynamic equivalence and modeling of large-scale wind farms is the basis for studying the problem of multi-temporal and spatial scale wind farms grid connection, and the establishment of a high-precision equivalence model is a key issue among them. This paper takes doubly-fed wind turbines as the research object. Aiming at the problem of large dynamic errors in direct aggregation of equivalents into a single unit, an equivalent model combined with particle swarm optimization algorithm is established to improve the accuracy of dynamic equivalents. The electrical parameters, reactive power reference values, active power controller parameters, and active DC voltage controller parameters are optimized using particle swarm optimization. The research results show that the equivalent model after optimizing the parameters of the active power and DC bus voltage controller is the closest to the detailed model in describing the dynamic characteristics of multiple machines.

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5

Kot, Stanisław Maciej. "Equivalence scales for continuous distributions of expenditure." Equilibrium 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 185–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2023.006.

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Research background: In the actual sizable populations of households, the standard microeconomic concept of equivalence scales is intractable since its necessary condition of equality of household welfare levels is unlikely to be fulfilled. Purpose of the article: This paper aims to develop a concept of an equivalence scale, which can be suitable for continuous distributions of expenditures in the population. Methods: Using household welfare intervals, we get the random equivalence scale (RES) as the ratio of expenditure distributions of the compared populations of households. Findings & value added: We derive the parametric distribution of RES for the lognormal distributions of expenditures. The truncated distribution of RES is applied to account for possible economies of scale in the household size. A society?s inequality aversion can be helpful when selecting a single equivalence scale. We estimate RES for Poland using microdata on expenditures and subjective assessments of household welfare intervals. The estimated equivalence scales turned out to be very flat and dependent on welfare.

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6

Rokhsar, Daniel S., David C. Wright, and N. David Mermin. "Scale equivalence of quasicrystallographic space groups." Physical Review B 37, no. 14 (May 15, 1988): 8145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.37.8145.

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7

Kim, Giyeon, Jamie DeCoster, Ami N. Bryant, and Katy L. Ford. "Measurement Equivalence of the K6 Scale." Assessment 23, no. 6 (July 28, 2016): 758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191115599639.

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This study examined the measurement equivalence of the K6 across diverse racial/ethnic and linguistic groups in the U.S. differential item functioning analyses using item response theory were conducted among 44,846 U.S. adults drawn from the California Health Interview Survey. Results show that four items (“nervous,” “restless,” “depressed,” and “everything an effort”) varied significantly across races/ethnicities and four items (“nervous,” “hopeless,” “restless,” and “depressed”) varied significantly across languages. In additional effect size analyses designed to separate effects of race/ethnicity from language, the structure of the White English group was substantially different from both the Hispanic/Latino English group and Hispanic/Latino Spanish group, whereas the Hispanic/Latino Spanish group was not different from the Hispanic/Latino English group. The findings suggest that there was evident measurement nonequivalence in the K6 among racially/ethnically and linguistically diverse adults and that the observed nonequivalence in the K6 appears to be driven by language rather than race/ethnicity.

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8

Садыртдинов, Р. Р., Д. В. Роднянский, and Ф. С. Абдулганиев. "Evaluation of Equivalence Scales for German Household Incomes." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 10(135) (January 10, 2022): 340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2021.135.10.064.

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В данной статье проведена оценка шкал эквивалентности для расчета доходов домохозяйств Германии на основе данных обследования Германской социально-экономической панели (SOEP) за 2019 г. Расчет шкал эквивалентности осуществлен с помощью регрессионной оценки кривой Энгеля. Полученные величины расчетной шкалы эквивалентности не имеют значительных отклонений от модифицированной шкалой Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития (ОЭСР). Авторами показано, что это имеет существенные последствия для оценки эквивалентных доходов домохозяйств Германии. This article evaluates equivalence scales for calculating household incomes in Germany based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) survey for 2019. The equivalence scales were calculated using a regression estimate of the Engel curve. The obtained values of the calculated equivalence scale do not have significant deviations from the modified scale of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The authors show that this has significant implications for assessing the equivalent income of German households.

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9

Haynes, Brandon, Rana Alotaibi, Anna Pavlenko, Jyoti Leeka, Alekh Jindal, and Yuanyuan Tian. "GEqO: ML-Accelerated Semantic Equivalence Detection." Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data 1, no. 4 (December 8, 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3626710.

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Large scale analytics engines have become a core dependency for modern data-driven enterprises to derive business insights and drive actions. These engines support a large number of analytic jobs processing huge volumes of data on a daily basis, and workloads are often inundated with overlapping computations across multiple jobs. Reusing common computation is crucial for efficient cluster resource utilization and reducing job execution time. Detecting common computation is the first and key step for reducing this computational redundancy. However, detecting equivalence on large-scale analytics engines requires efficient and scalable solutions that are fully automated. In addition, to maximize computation reuse, equivalence needs to be detected at the semantic level instead of just the syntactic level (i.e., the ability to detect semantic equivalence of seemingly different-looking queries). Unfortunately, existing solutions fall short of satisfying these requirements. In this paper, we take a major step towards filling this gap by proposing GEqO, a portable and lightweight machine-learning-based framework for efficiently identifying semantically equivalent computations at scale. GEqO introduces two machine-learning-based filters that quickly prune out nonequivalent subexpressions and employs a semi-supervised learning feedback loop to iteratively improve its model with an intelligent sampling mechanism. Further, with its novel database-agnostic featurization method, GEqO can transfer the learning from one workload and database to another. Our extensive empirical evaluation shows that, on TPC-DS-like queries, GEqO yields significant performance gains-up to 200x faster than automated verifiers-and finds up to 2x more equivalences than optimizer and signature-based equivalence detection approaches.

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10

Liu, Xiao Li, Guo Bin Zhu, Jing Gang LI, and Xue Li. "Topological Equivalence in Multi-Scale Remote Sensing Image Segmentation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 511-512 (February 2014): 510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.511-512.510.

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Multi-scale image segmentation is a kind of effective means to realize the multi-scale expression of geographical entity features. Describing regions of segmented image and their spatial relation is important for multi-scale image segmentation. The paper focuses on irregular pyramid structure based on topology map to research the equivalence of topological relations on different scales in multi-scale image segmentation, which is important for effectively updating the segmentation process.

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11

Petruzziello, Luciano. "Equivalence principle violation from large scale structure." Physics Letters B 833 (October 2022): 137293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2022.137293.

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12

Rossler, Otto E., and Heinrich Kuypers. "The scale change of Einstein’s equivalence principle." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 25, no. 4 (August 2005): 897–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.11.097.

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13

Rahimi, Abolfazl. "Estimates of Equivalence scale for Iranian Households." International Journal of New Political Economy 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jep.3.2.181.

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14

Kalbarczyk-Steclik, Malgorzata, Rafal Mista, and Leszek Morawski. "Subjective equivalence scale – cross-country and time differences." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 8 (August 7, 2017): 1092–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2015-0251.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to calculate the subjective equivalence scale and poverty rates for Poland and compare them to equivalence scales in Eastern and Western Europe. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data for 2005-2012. In particular, the authors capture the minimum needs income question and, knowing the minimum needs income of each individual’s observation, apply OLS regression controlling for income and household structure to estimate the poverty threshold, equivalence scales and poverty. Findings The subjective equivalence scales for the Euro Zone are constant for the period 2004-2012 and less stable for the CEE countries. The child cost in relation to the cost brought by an additional adult is higher in the CEE countries than in the Euro Zone countries. The subjective poverty rates are lower than the OECD rates. The only exceptions are Latvia, Estonia and Bulgaria. Originality/value The authors extend the analysis made by Bishop et al. (2014) by adding data for the years after 2007 and countries outside the Euro Zone.

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15

Quaranta, Mario. "Measuring political protest in Western Europe: assessing cross-national equivalence." European Political Science Review 5, no. 3 (October 10, 2012): 457–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773912000203.

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This article tests the cross-national equivalence of the political protest scale, as developed by Barnes and Kaase, in 20 Western European countries using a battery of items included in the fourth wave of the European Values Study. The scale measuring the concept of political protest is widely used, but no evidence of cross-country equivalence has yet been provided in the literature. The article illustrates the concept of political protest, the relationship between concept formation, operationalization, and measurement equivalence, and the possible consequences of a lack of equivalence. It is argued that comparative research may be threatened by a lack of measurement equivalence. The spread of international surveys eases comparative designs, but at the same time enlarges the chances that we compare what is not actually comparable. The article then outlines an empirical strategy to assess the political protest scale's measurement equivalence. To assess cross-country equivalence, Mokken Scale Analysis, a nonparametric scaling method within the family of Item Response Theory models, is used. This has been shown to work better than Confirmatory Factor Analysis when dealing with dichotomous and polytomous items forming ordinal scales. The results show that the cross-country equivalence of the political protest scale depends on the type of measure the scholar wishes to build and use.

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16

Wang, Yi, Yu Lan Hu, De Xing Sun, Tao Ding, and Luo Jiang Qian. "Equivalence of Large Scale Wind Farm Based on Per-Unit System on RTDS." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 4275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4275.

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The paper introduces per-unit system for single Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and large scale wind farm (LSWF) equivalence, based on which their modeling, including main circuit, linkage equation, power equation and rotor motion equation, are built, and equivalence method of LSWF are present. The single DFIG wind farm system and LSWF are built respectively on Real time digital simulator (RTDS). Comparing simulating results of single DFIG with those of LSWF, conclusion shows per-unit value system is correct, equivalent method is feasible.

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17

Couprie and Ferrant. "Welfare Comparisons, Economies of Scale and Equivalence Scale in Time Use." Annals of Economics and Statistics, no. 117/118 (2015): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.185.

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18

Ulman, Paweł. "Equivalence Scale in Terms of Polish Households' Source of Income." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10031-011-0044-8.

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Equivalence Scale in Terms of Polish Households' Source of Income The paper presents a comparison of the costs of Polish households by their main source of income. In order to compare these costs the author estimated three kinds of equivalence scales using the Engel method, ELES (Extended Linear Expenditure System), the demand equation and the Bernoulli well-being function. Estimation for household groups determined on account of the main source of income produced by the scales confirmed differences in households' maintenance costs compared to the costs of the reference household. A comparison of the values of equivalence scales revealed a similarity of the results produced by the ELES and the Bernoulli methods which differed from the results obtained by means of the Engel method.

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19

Browning, M., P. A. Chiappori, and A. Lewbel. "Estimating Consumption Economies of Scale, Adult Equivalence Scales, and Household Bargaining Power." Review of Economic Studies 80, no. 4 (July 5, 2013): 1267–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt019.

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20

Almujaiwel, Sultan. "Explaining the complexities of cross-linguistic features using comparable Arabic and English corpora." Corpora 13, no. 2 (August 2018): 135–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2018.0142.

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The aim of this paper was to conduct a critical inquiry into the status of equivalence in a given context in a bilingual lexicographical work and English–Arabic comparable corpora. This was intended to show the degree of accuracy which old-fashioned approaches and comparable corpora-based ones achieve. The investigation that was launched to demonstrate the degree of accuracy is based on the case of the entries questionnaire and survey, and their Arabic equivalents, al-ʾistiftāʾ and al-ʾistibyān. As these entries and equivalents have been given interchangeable senses in the lexicographical work, the comparable corpora have given evidence of clear-cut distinctions between them. The comparable English–Arabic corpora used in the case study is the Bank of English (WordbanksOnline) and the following three Arabic corpora: Arabic Internet Corpus, Arabic Wikipedia and arabiCorpus. The large-scale comparable English–Arabic corpora-based approach to the intended entries and equivalents has shown the importance of such a method. In spite of comparability between English and Arabic still being underdeveloped, the use of comparable corpora in this paper was identified by adopting the following criteria: sampling frame, genres, proportions and years of natural texts. Each entry with each equivalent were examined in their expanded concordance lines, with a span of about ten n-grams, in order to sketch their contextual senses. This has helped to criticise the contextually inappropriate equivalence of the intended entries. Such an analysis has implied that sketching contexts conveyed by large-scale source and target corpora can help to enhance the reliability of equivalence divisions.

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21

Prindle, Duncan J., and Thomas A. Trainor. "The equivalence of fluctuation scale dependence and autocorrelations." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 27 (January 1, 2005): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/27/1/013.

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22

Koch, Steven F. "Catastrophic health payments: does the equivalence scale matter?" Health Policy and Planning 33, no. 8 (August 10, 2018): 966–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czy072.

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23

Jiang, Xiaofeng, Pengyu Pan, Hao Wang, Lei Liu, Gang Chen, Xi Wang, and Xiaoyan Han. "Static Equivalence Method of Power Grid Based on Genetic Algorithm." Electronics 13, no. 9 (April 25, 2024): 1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13091647.

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When the electromagnetic transient simulation of a large-scale power grid is carried out, because the simulation is limited by the scale of simulation software, it is necessary to divide the grid into internal and external grids, and the external grid is modeled with equivalent simplification. Aiming at resolving the difficulties of the traditional grid equivalence method, such as a cumbersome calculation process and harsh calculation conditions, a static grid equivalence method based on the genetic algorithm is proposed in this paper. The method first constructs an external grid equivalence network, which includes coupling branches between boundary nodes, and each boundary node is connected to the external grid equivalence power supply through the branches. Then, the external grid equivalence model is used to establish an optimization model for solving the equivalence network parameters based on the information of the internal network, the difference of the power input from the external grid to the boundary nodes before and after equivalence is used as the objective function, and the genetic algorithm is used to realize the iterative optimization of the objective function to obtain a set of optimal post-equivalence network model parameters so that the state variables of the internal power grid before and after the equivalence are matched. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through simulation with the CERPI36V7 node system.

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24

Tang, Thomas Li-Ping, Toto Sutarso, Adebowale Akande, Michael W. Allen, Abdulgawi Salim Alzubaidi, Mahfooz A. Ansari, Fernando Arias-Galicia, et al. "The Love of Money and Pay Level Satisfaction: Measurement and Functional Equivalence in 29 Geopolitical Entities around the World." Management and Organization Review 2, no. 3 (November 2006): 423–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00051.x.

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Demonstrating the equivalence of constructs is a key requirement for cross-cultural empirical research. The major purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to assess measurement and functional equivalence or invariance using the 9-item, 3-factor Love of Money Scale (LOMS, a second-order factor model) and the 4-item, 1-factor Pay Level Satisfaction Scale (PLSS, a first-order factor model) across 29 samples in six continents (N = 5973). In step 1, we tested the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the LOMS and 17 samples achieved measurement invariance. In step 2, we applied the same procedures to the PLSS and nine samples achieved measurement invariance. Five samples (Brazil, China, South Africa, Spain and the USA) passed the measurement invariance criteria for both measures. In step 3, we found that for these two measures, common method variance was non-significant. In step 4, we tested the functional equivalence between the Love of Money Scale and Pay Level Satisfaction Scale. We achieved functional equivalence for these two scales in all five samples. The results of this study suggest the critical importance of evaluating and establishing measurement equivalence in cross-cultural studies. Suggestions for remedying measurement non-equivalence are offered.

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25

Gao, Ruofan, and Jie Li. "Equivalent constant-amplitude fatigue load method based on the energy equivalence principle." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 13 (June 5, 2019): 2892–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219852705.

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An equivalent constant-amplitude cyclic loading method for random vehicle load is proposed based on the concept of energy equivalence. The filtered compound Poisson process is adopted to describe random vehicle load, through which the vehicle load spectrum is gained. The total dissipated energy due to fatigue loads subjected to concrete structures is deduced by introducing a multi-scale model, in which the energy dissipation induced by the nano-cracks level is presented, and the energy transition from nano to macro scales is derived. By assuming that the total energy dissipation under random loading equals that under equivalent constant-amplitude loading, the equivalent load ratio and amplitude as well as the number of equivalent cycles for random vehicle load are obtained. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a set of numerical simulations is presented. The fatigue damage accumulations for concrete structures under both the random load and the equivalent loads converted by the proposed method and the classic root mean square method are calculated. By comparing with the root mean square method, the accuracy and advantage of the proposed equivalent load model are verified.

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26

Han, Ji, Li Li, Huihui Song, Meng Liu, Zongxun Song, and Yanbin Qu. "An Equivalent Model of Wind Farm Based on Multivariate Multi-Scale Entropy and Multi-View Clustering." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 21, 2022): 6054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166054.

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Wind farm (WF) equivalence is an effective method to achieve accurate and efficient simulation of large-scale WF. Existing equivalent models are generally suitable for one certain or very few scenarios, and have difficulty reflecting the multiple aspects of dynamic processes of WF. Aiming at these problems, this paper proposes an equivalent model of WF based on multivariate multi-scale entropy (MMSE) and multi-view clustering. Firstly, the influence of the factors on the dynamic process of the wind turbine (WT) is discussed, including control mode, wind speed and its wake effect, resistance of crowbar resistor and so on. The relationship between these factors and the dynamic equivalence of WF is analyzed. Secondly, an overview of MMSE is given, and the applicability of MMSE on WF equivalence is analyzed. On this basis, this paper proposes the extraction process of a WT clustering indicator using MMSE. Then, the multi-view fuzzy C means (MV-FCM) algorithm is used for the clustering of WTs, and the equivalent model of WF is obtained after calculating the equivalent parameters. Finally, the IEEE14 power system including WF is simulated. The results show that the equivalent model could be applied to dynamic process simulation in various fault scenarios of power systems, and the error is small when the cluster number is 4. Compared with the detailed model, the simulation time of the WF equivalent model proposed in this paper is shortened by 86%, and the simulation accuracy is improved by about 44% compared with the comparative model.

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27

Balli, Fabrizio, and Silvia Tiezzi. "Declining Equivalence Scales and Cost of Children: Evidence and Implications for Inequality Measurement." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 13, no. 2 (August 6, 2013): 761–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0016.

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Abstract This article estimates expenditure-dependent equivalence scales for Italian couples with and without children. Following Donaldson and Pendakur (2006), the generalised absolute equivalence-scale exactness (GAESE) restrictions are incorporated into a translated quadratic almost ideal demand system. We obtain declining-with-expenditure equivalence scales, a pattern that tends to strengthen when the number of children increases. Thus, scale economies in current consumption are lower for families with poor expenditure capacities. We also show that families living in the South bear a substantial additional cost to achieve the same well-being of those living in the North. Finally, we find that ignoring the declining with expenditure pattern may involve a relevant understatement of measured inequality.

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28

Yang, Grace Meijuan, Shirlyn Hui-Shan Neo, Irene Teo, Geok Ling Lee, Julian Thumboo, John Chia, Annie Lau, et al. "Exploring the Score Equivalence of the English and Chinese Versions of the Brief Assessment Scale for Caregivers." Journal of Patient Experience 7, no. 2 (March 14, 2019): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2374373519836477.

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Background: Multilingual outcome measures are used so that research studies are more generalizable across language contexts. Objective: To determine the score equivalence of the English and Chinese versions of Brief Assessment Scale for Caregivers (BASC) in Singapore. Method: Caregivers of patients with advanced cancer completed the BASC in either English or Chinese. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to compare the mean BASC total and factor scores between the 2 language versions, with adjustment for possible confounding variables. Equivalence was declared if the 90% confidence interval of the mean scores fell entirely within an equivalence zone of ±0.5 standard deviation. Results: There were 521 ethnic Chinese participants, of whom 214 answered the English version and 307 answered the Chinese version. The BASC total and factor scores met the criteria for equivalence. Cronbach α coefficients were similar and exploratory factor analysis showed similar 2-factor structures for both language versions. Conclusion: The English and Chinese versions of the BASC were found to be equivalent in terms of similar adjusted mean scores, Cronbach α, and factor structures.

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Nobili, Anna M., Gian Luca Comandi, Raffaello Pegna, Donato Bramanti, Suresh Doravari, Francesco Maccarone, and David M. Lucchesi. "Testing the weak equivalence principle." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S261 (April 2009): 390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921309990688.

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AbstractThe discovery of Dark Energy and the fact that only about 5% of the mass of the universe can be explained on the basis of the current laws of physics have led to a serious impasse. Based on past history, physics might indeed be on the verge of major discoveries; but the challenge is enormous. The way to tackle it is twofold. On one side, scientists try to perform large scale direct observations and measurements – mostly from space. On the other, they multiply their efforts to put to the most stringent tests ever the physical theories underlying the current view of the physical world, from the very small to the very large. On the extremely small scale very exciting results are expected from one of the most impressive experiments in the history of mankind: the Large Hadron Collider. On the very large scale, the universe is dominated by gravity and the present impasse undoubtedly calls for more powerful tests of General Relativity – the best theory of gravity to date. Experiments testing the Weak Equivalence Principle, on which General Relativity ultimately lies, have the strongest probing power of them all; a breakthrough in sensitivity is possible with the “Galileo Galilei” (GG) satellite experiment to fly in low Earth orbit.

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30

Morawski, Leszek, Małgorzata Kalbarczyk-Stęclik, and Rafał Miśta. "Subjective equivalence scales using EU-SILC panel data for Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary." Acta Oeconomica 67, no. 4 (December 2017): 585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2017.67.4.5.

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Equivalence scales are commonly employed in income analysis to compare the wealth of households of various compositions (e.g., 0-child, 1-child). The choice of weights for this type of analysis is not self-evident. In this paper, subjective equivalence scales for households in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary are estimated. We use longitudinal EU-SILC data for 2005–2012 following the approach of Goedhart et al. (1977) as employed by Bishop et al. (2014). The use of longitudinal data shows that previous results on the subjective minimum income that were based on the OLS estimates for cross-section data overestimated the impact from current income and underestimated the role of economies of scale. Subjective equivalence scales imply a decreasing marginal cost of children in the three countries, which makes them distinct from the OECD scale. The marginal cost of a first child is similar to the values assumed in the OECD scale, but the cost of a second child is much lower.

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Audenaert, Pieter, Didier Colle, and Mario Pickavet. "Regular Equivalence for Social Networks." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010117.

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Networks and graphs are highly relevant in modeling real-life communities and their interactions. In order to gain insight in their structure, different roles are attributed to vertices, effectively clustering them in equivalence classes. A new formal definition of regular equivalence is presented in this paper, and the relation with other equivalence types is investigated and mathematically proven. An efficient algorithm is designed, able to detect all regularly equivalent roles in large-scale complex networks. We apply it to both Barabási–Albert random networks, as well as real-life social networks, which leads to interesting insights.

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32

Barros, Alcina Juliana Soares, Stefania Pigatto Teche, Aline Rodrigues, Charlie Severo, Raquel Saldanha, Ana Margareth Bassols, Carolina Padoan, et al. "Brazilian Portuguese translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and apparent validation of the Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 40, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0013.

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Abstract Objective This article concerns the translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and apparent validation of the Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale (TABS), an instrument used to assess the psychological effects of traumatic life experiences and vicarious trauma. Methods This study involved literature review and evaluation of conceptual and item equivalences involving expert discussion groups focused on the existence and pertinence of the underlying theoretical concepts and corresponding items in a Brazilian context. Two translations and respective back-translations were performed during the evaluation of semantic equivalence, as well as an evaluation considering the referential and general equivalences between the original TABS and each version. Twenty-eight psychiatrists and psychologists completed a pretest. The final version was tested for reliability through the Cronbach’s alpha and for verbal comprehension through the adapted verbal-numeric scale (ranging from 0 [I didn’t understand anything] to 5 [I understood perfectly and I had no doubt]) in another 64 health professionals. Results The cross-cultural adaptation demonstrated high semantic equivalence for both the general (>95.0%) and the referential (>90.0%) meaning. The total Cronbach’s alpha was 0.9173. All 84 items were maintained, and they favorably contributed to the internal consistency of the scale. The mean values of the adapted verbal-numeric scale for verbal comprehension obtained from health professionals varied from 4.2 to 4.9. Conclusion The Brazilian version of the TABS demonstrated high-quality conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence with the original instrument, as well as high acceptability, internal consistency, and verbal comprehension. The scale is now available for use.

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Dever, Bridget V., and Samuel Y. Kim. "Measurement Equivalence of the PALS Academic Self-Efficacy Scale." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 32, no. 1 (January 2016): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000331.

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Abstract. There is consistent evidence of the importance of academic self-efficacy beliefs within educational research, as they are linked to critical academic outcomes. Ethnic and gender differences in academic self-efficacy have been found in nations outside of the United States, suggesting differences in how individual students perceive their academic abilities. However, if researchers are interested in making mean-level comparisons of academic self-efficacy across diverse subpopulations of students, it is imperative to assess the measurement equivalence of the scale used across these subgroups prior to drawing any conclusions based on score inferences. The current study assessed the measurement invariance of the academic self-efficacy scale of the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales (PALS; Midgley et al., 2000 ) across gender and race among 4,148 high school students in the Southeastern US. The results indicated partial measurement invariance across African American females, African American males, Caucasian females, and Caucasian males, providing initial support for the same factor structure across groups. However, caution should be taken in considering any mean-level differences, as support for only weak invariance was found.

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Blázquez, Gabriel, Mónica Calero, Ángela Gálvez-Pérez, María Ángeles Martín-Lara, and Antonio Pérez. "Bench-Scale Gasification of Olive Cake in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor." Applied Sciences 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2024): 7282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14167282.

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The gasification of olive cake is a promising method for converting this material into valuable energy. This work offers interesting results about the effect of equivalence ratio and temperature on the composition and quality of the produced gas obtained during olive cake gasification in a fluidized bed plant with air as a gasification agent. Additionally, the efficiency of the gasification process was evaluated. The results show that, for a specific temperature, an equivalence ratio of 0.3 showed a higher cold gas efficiency. For example, at 850 °C and an equivalence ratio of 0.1, the cold gas efficiency was 22.7%; however, at the same temperature but at an equivalence ratio of 0.3, the cold gas efficiency was increased to 61.2%. In addition, for a constant equivalence ratio, by increasing the operating temperature, there was no significant increase in the lower heating value of the exit gas, and the gas flow was practically constant with temperature, but it varied substantially with the equivalence ratio, reaching values in the range of 3.44–14.89 NL/min (825.6–3573.6 NL/kg feed). Finally, the production of CO, H2, and CH4 is estimated to be higher for tests conducted with an equivalence ratio of 0.3.

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Wolff, Hans-Georg, Corina I. Schneider-Rahm, and Monica L. Forret. "Adaptation of a German Multidimensional Networking Scale into English." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 27, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000070.

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Networking refers to building and maintaining personal contacts in order to obtain resources that, in turn, enhance one’s career success and work performance. This study reports the translation and adaptation of a multifaceted German networking scale ( Wolff & Moser, 2006 ) into English and focuses on the equivalence of the two language versions. Going beyond the often used translation-backtranslation method, we used a parallel translation-backtranslation method in combination with two expert committees to arrive at the English scale version, aiming to obtain at least structural equivalence. We utilize a bilingual sample (N = 76) as well as monolingual samples from the US (N = 174) and Germany (N = 228) to examine the equivalence following the three steps suggested by Robin, Sireci, and Hambleton (2003 ). First, psychometric properties of the scales were satisfactory and comparable across the language versions. Second, weighted multidimensional scaling supported our assumption that structural equivalence holds. Finally, an analysis of differential item functioning (DIF) showed no, or negligible, DIF for 40 items, and moderate or large DIF for only 4 items.

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Jayasinghe, Maneka Savithri, Christine Smith, Andreas Chai, and Shyama Ratnasiri. "The implications of income dependent equivalence scales for measuring poverty in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 12 (December 5, 2016): 1300–1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2015-0061.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test whether household preferences satisfy the assumption of base-independence, to examine the effects of household income on equivalence scales and thereby food consumption economies of scale and to examine how far conventional poverty rates require adjustment when scale economies in food consumption are taken into consideration. Design/methodology/approach To achieve these aims, the authors use a Pendakur (1999) adaptation of the test of base-independence, and income dependent Engel (1895) equivalence scales. Findings In Sri Lanka, the hypothesis of base-independence is rejected: the equivalence scales increase with household income both at the national and the sectoral level, that is urban, rural and estate sectors. This suggests that low-income households enjoy greater scale economies. After adjusting for scale economies, urban, rural and estate poverty headcount ratios decline by 3.2, 8.8 and 13.7, respectively, while at the national level the decline is about 8.3. Research limitations/implications The results are based on the assumption that all of the adults in the households have identical tastes, irrespective of their gender and age. Furthermore, the survey data exclude three districts in the northern province of Sri Lanka due to resettlement activities took place after the civil war. Practical implications Higher scale economies among the poor imply that poverty among low-income households is overstated when using traditional measures of poverty rates. Originality/value The novelty of this paper is that it provides insights on the effect of income on food consumption economies of scale and implications of this phenomenon on poverty estimates in the context of a developing country like Sri Lanka.

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37

Dudek, Hanna. "The problem of the use of unit equivalence scales in the analysis of the income situation of households in the European Union." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 60, no. 9 (September 28, 2015): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8302.

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The article says about equivalence scales used to compare the income situation of households of different size and demographic composition. The use of a single equivalence scale in the European Union (EU) is questionable due to the different situation of Member States households. The paper presents the results obtained on the basis of panel data on changes in spending share on typical public and private goods. Eurostat data was used on the shares of expenditure on housing, energy, food and soft drinks. The author examined whether the shares of these goods resembled in 2004–2013. It was observed a catch-up effect stronger by the weaker countries in terms of scale. The obtained results allow for moderate optimism regarding the future of the applicability of uniform equivalence scales in all EU countries.

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38

NODA, Takahiro. "Equivalence problem of second order PDE for scale transformations." Hokkaido Mathematical Journal 40, no. 3 (October 2011): 313–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14492/hokmj/1319595858.

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39

Isgor, Isa Yucel, Canani Kaygusuz, and Ahmet Ragip Ozpolat. "Life Positions Scale Language Equivalence, Reliability and Validity Analysis." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 47 (2012): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.652.

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40

Winterberg, F. "Equivalence and gauge in the Planck-scale aether model." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 34, no. 2 (February 1995): 265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00672806.

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41

Beck, Cheryl Tatano, Henrietta Bernal, and Robin D. Froman. "Methods to document semantic equivalence of a translated scale." Research in Nursing & Health 26, no. 1 (January 16, 2003): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.10066.

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42

Arends-Tóth, Judit, Fons J. R. van de Vijver, and Ype H. Poortinga. "The Influence of Method Factors on the Relation between Attitudes and Self-Reported Behaviors in the Assessment of Acculturation." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 22, no. 1 (January 2006): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.1.4.

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The role of variation in response scales and measurement methods in the often implicitly assumed attitude-behavior exchangeability in the assessment of acculturation was investigated. Three levels of equivalence of acculturation attitudes and self-reported behaviors were studied: structural equivalence (identity of the internal structure of attitude and behavior), metric equivalence (identity of measurement unit for the two), and scalar equivalence (identity of measurement unit and scale origin). In three studies involving Turkish-Dutch adults a high overall level of structural equivalence was found, implying that acculturation attitudes and behaviors can be conceptualized using a single underlying construct (i.e., acculturation). Metric and scalar equivalence varied across life domains, response scales, and measurement methods: They were higher for the private than for the public domain, for identical than for different response scales, and for the one-statement than for the two-statement measurement method. We concluded that in the assessment of acculturation attitudes and behaviors can only be interchanged in highly restricted conditions.

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43

Petek, Davorina, Ambrož Pušnik, Polona Selič, Eva Cedilnik-Gorup, Žan Trontelj, Marine Riou, and Jean Yves Le Reste. "Semantic and cultural equivalence of the working alliance inventory short-revised scale for therapeutic alliance in family medicine: Lessons learned in Slovenia." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 58, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2019-0003.

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Abstract Introduction Therapeutic alliance is a term most commonly associated with psychotherapeutic treatment, but recently its use has become increasingly significant in the other fields of medicine. An increasing amount of evidence implies that the quality of the therapeutic alliance between the doctor and patient substantially affects treatment outcomes. A European consensus chose the Working Alliance Inventory – Short Revised (WAI-SR) scale as the most efficient for European primary care. This paper presents the process of establishing the semantic and cultural equivalence of the two WAI-SR scales in Slovene. Method As a part of a larger international project, a group of four experts translated the two WAI SR scales (physician and patient versions) from English into Slovene. Twenty-six Slovenian family medicine doctors participated in the process of obtaining semantic, idiomatic, experiential and conceptual equivalence in translation using a Delphi consensus procedure. Afterward, a cultural equivalence was made to adapt the translations within the national context. Results Agreement on translation was achieved after two Delphi rounds. The back-translation and cultural equivalence were accomplished without major problems, with some minor additional linguistic corrections. Conclusion A Slovene version of the WAI-SR scale was successfully adapted and is available for further scale validation and research on therapeutic alliance.

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Jao, Ying-Ling, Ying-Yu Chao, Yo-Jen Liao, Diane Berish, An-Yun Yeh, and Shang-Ti Chen. "Validity of the Chinese Version of the Person-Environment Apathy Rating (PEAR-C) for Persons With Dementia." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.696.

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Abstract Apathy is a prevalent neurobehavioral symptom in dementia. Despite that environmental stimulation plays a key role in apathy, it is often overlooked in assessment. The Person-Environment Apathy Rating (PEAR) scale is currently the only validated apathy scale for persons with dementia that addresses environmental stimulation and is only available in English. This project translated the PEAR scale into Mandarin Chinese and evaluated its content validity. The PEAR scale includes two subscales: PEAR-Environment and PEAR-Apathy. Each subscale includes six items. The PEAR scale translation and validation were conducted through a four-step process. First, the PEAR scale was translated from English into Chinese by two bilingual PhD-prepared researchers. Second, the two Chinese versions of PEAR (PEAR-C) were back-translated into English by another two bilingual PhD-prepared researchers. Third, three content experts reviewed the two translated scales and reconciled a final PEAR-C scale. Finally, these three experts individually rated the PEAR-C and evaluated its content validity item-by-item in two aspects: 1) content equivalence: appropriateness to use this scale in Chinese cultural setting, and 2) semantic equivalence: the scale remains the same meaning after translation. The content validity index (CVI) was calculated to sum the ratings across experts. The CVI of content equivalence for all items was 1.0 for both subscales. The CVI of semantic equivalence was 0.98 for the PEAR-Environment and 0.97 for the PEAR-Apathy. The PEAR-C shows substantial content validity. Its reliability and construct validity need further evaluation. This scale is promising to assess apathy for individuals with dementia in the Chinese-speaking community.

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45

Zhai, Jun-Jun, Xiang-Xia Kong, and Lu-Chen Wang. "Thermo-Viscoelastic Response of 3D Braided Composites Based on a Novel FsMsFE Method." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020271.

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A homogenization-based five-step multi-scale finite element (FsMsFE) simulation framework is developed to describe the time-temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior of 3D braided four-directional composites. The current analysis was performed via three-scale finite element models, the fiber/matrix (microscopic) representative unit cell (RUC) model, the yarn/matrix (mesoscopic) representative unit cell model, and the macroscopic solid model with homogeneous property. Coupling the time-temperature equivalence principle, multi-phase finite element approach, Laplace transformation and Prony series fitting technology, the character of the stress relaxation behaviors at three scales subject to variation in temperature is investigated, and the equivalent time-dependent thermal expansion coefficients (TTEC), the equivalent time-dependent thermal relaxation modulus (TTRM) under micro-scale and meso-scale were predicted. Furthermore, the impacts of temperature, structural parameters and relaxation time on the time-dependent thermo-viscoelastic properties of 3D braided four-directional composites were studied.

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46

Zhai, Jun-Jun, Xiang-Xia Kong, and Lu-Chen Wang. "Thermo-Viscoelastic Response of 3D Braided Composites Based on a Novel FsMsFE Method." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020271.

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Анотація:

A homogenization-based five-step multi-scale finite element (FsMsFE) simulation framework is developed to describe the time-temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior of 3D braided four-directional composites. The current analysis was performed via three-scale finite element models, the fiber/matrix (microscopic) representative unit cell (RUC) model, the yarn/matrix (mesoscopic) representative unit cell model, and the macroscopic solid model with homogeneous property. Coupling the time-temperature equivalence principle, multi-phase finite element approach, Laplace transformation and Prony series fitting technology, the character of the stress relaxation behaviors at three scales subject to variation in temperature is investigated, and the equivalent time-dependent thermal expansion coefficients (TTEC), the equivalent time-dependent thermal relaxation modulus (TTRM) under micro-scale and meso-scale were predicted. Furthermore, the impacts of temperature, structural parameters and relaxation time on the time-dependent thermo-viscoelastic properties of 3D braided four-directional composites were studied.

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47

Hou, Hsueh Chien, and Yu Ren Wu. "Dynamic Simulation and Analysis of Large-Scale Gear Reducers." Advanced Materials Research 939 (May 2014): 530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.939.530.

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This study has established the equivalent CAE model of a loading large-scale gear reducer for simulating and evaluating the dynamic responses, including the rotation speeds of shafts and meshing forces of gear pairs, in the time and frequency domains by using MSC.ADAMS. The transient response results were compared with measurement data under the practical application to verify reliability and equivalence of the constructed CAE model. The proposed approach and model may be served as the basis to access the transmission performance, vibration analysis, failure diagnosis and even structure improvement for the large gear reducers.

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Sperotto, Daniela, Arthur Gus Manfro, Luiza Kvitko Axelrud, Pedro Henrique Manfro, Giovanni Abrahão Salum, and Diogo Araújo DeSousa. "Brazilian Portuguese version of the Anger Rumination Scale (ARS-Brazil)." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 40, no. 1 (March 2018): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0026.

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Abstract Objective To describe the cross-cultural adaptation of the Anger Rumination Scale (ARS) for use in Brazil. Methods The cross-cultural adaptation followed a four-step process, based on specialized literature: 1) investigation of conceptual and item equivalence; 2) translation and back-translation; 3) pretest; and 4) investigation of operational equivalence. Results A final Brazilian version of the instrument (ARS-Brazil) was defined and is presented. Pretest results revealed that the instrument was generally well understood by adults as well as indicated a few modifications that were included in the final version presented here. Conclusion The Brazilian Portuguese version of the ARS seems to be very similar to the original ARS in terms of conceptual and item equivalence, semantics, and operational equivalence, suggesting that future cross-cultural studies may benefit from this early version. As a result, a new instrument is now available for the assessment of rumination symptoms of anger and irritability for adults in community, clinical, and research settings.

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Autin, Kelsey L., Blake A. Allan, Meenakshi Palaniappan, and Ryan D. Duffy. "Career Calling in India and the United States." Journal of Career Assessment 25, no. 4 (September 1, 2016): 688–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072716665860.

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The present study examined the cross-cultural validity of instruments used to assess the experience of searching for, having, and living out a calling. Using a sample of 336 Americans and 327 Indians, we used structural equation modeling to assess measurement invariance of three common scales used to measure calling: the Calling and Vocation Questionnaire (CVQ), the Brief Calling Scale, and the Living Calling Scale. Results showed partial measurement equivalence for the presence scale of the CVQ, indicating that it may be a valid measurement of within-group differences among Indian participants. Analyses on remaining scales showed borderline support for equivalence of factor structure and failed to demonstrate validity of cross-cultural comparisons. Implications for researchers and clinical practitioners are discussed.

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DeSousa, Diogo A., Circe S. Petersen, Rafaela Behs, Gisele G. Manfro, and Silvia H. Koller. "Brazilian Portuguese version of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS-Brasil)." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 34, no. 3 (September 2012): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2237-60892012000300006.

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Objective: To describe the cross-cultural adaptation of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS) for use in Brazil. Methods: Cross-cultural adaptation followed a four-step process, based on specialized literature: 1) investigation of conceptual and item equivalence; 2) translation and back-translation; 3) pretest; and 4) investigation of operational equivalence. All these procedures were carried out for both the child and the parent versions of the SCAS. Results: A final Brazilian version of the instrument, named SCAS-Brasil, was defined and is presented. Conclusion: The SCAS-Brasil instrument seems to be very similar to the original SCAS in terms of conceptual and item equivalence, semantics, and operational equivalence, suggesting that future cross-cultural studies may benefit from this early version. As a result, a new instrument is now available for the assessment of childhood anxiety symptoms in community, clinical, and research settings.

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