Статті в журналах: "Epidemiology Research Australia"

1

Musk, A. William, and Nicholas H. de Klerk. "Epidemiology of malignant mesothelioma in Australia." Lung Cancer 45 (August 2004): S21—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.04.010.

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Hickie, Ian B., Ian B. Hickie, Helen Christensen, Tracey A. Davenport, and Georgina M. Luscombe. "Can We Track the Impact of Australian Mental Health Research?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 7 (July 2005): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01631.x.

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Objective: Arguments are being made to increase research and development funding for mental health research in Australia. Consequently, the methods used to measure the results of increased investment require review. This study aimed to describe the status of Australian mental health research and to propose potential methods for tracking changes in research output. Specifically, we describe the research output of nations, Australian states, Australian and New Zealand institutions and Australian and New Zealand researchers using citation rates. Method: Information on research output was sourced from two international databases (Institute for scientific information [ISI] Essential Science Indicators and ISI Web of Science) and the ISI list of Highly Cited Researchers. Results: In an international setting, Australia does not perform as well as other comparable countries such as New Zealand or Canada in terms of research output. Within Australia, the scientific performance of institutions apparently relates to the strength of some individual researchers or consolidated research groups. Highly cited papers are evident in the fields of syndrome definition, epidemiology and epidemiological methods, cognitive science and prognostic or longitudinal studies. Conclusions: Australian researchers need to consider the success of New Zealand and Canadian researchers, particularly given the relatively low investment in health and medical research in New Zealand. Although citation analyses are fraught with difficulties, they can be effectively complemented by other measures of responsiveness to clinical or population needs and community expectations and should be conducted regularly and independently to monitor the status of Australian mental health research.

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Cantor, Chris, and Kerryn Neulinger. "The Epidemiology of Suicide and Attempted Suicide among Young Australians." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 3 (June 2000): 370–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00756.x.

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Objective: This paper summarises a report to the NHMRC the objectives of which were to review research into the epidemiology of youth suicide in Australia and identify gaps in research. Method: Literature searches were conducted. A limited amount of new data analysis was included to shed light on reliability issues of official Australian suicide data. Results: The review examined suicide data systems, including issues to do with coroners, the Australian Bureau of Statistics and alternative systems. The epidemiological areas reviewed included: all ages, youth, age and gender, geographical, socioeconomic, marital, indigenous, migrants, suicides in custody and gay and lesbian suicides. Conclusion: While much is known about the epidemiology of youth suicide, much remains to be clarified. Study of indigenous issues is perhaps the most neglected area; study of family issues may be potentially be the most productive.

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Congedi, Jillian, Craig Williams, and Katherine L. Baldock. "Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Australia: a scoping review." PeerJ 10 (May 31, 2022): e13430. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13430.

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Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium implicated in the development of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer, is estimated to infect around half the world’s population. Its prevalence in Australia is unclear. This scoping review aimed to evaluate all Australian literature providing estimates of the prevalence of H. pylori. Methods Australian studies examining H. pylori prevalence from 1982 onwards were eligible for inclusion. Medline, Embase and Scopus databases, and grey literature sources, were searched. Two independent reviewers undertook a two-stage screening process. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers using a pre-specified template. Results Of 444 identified studies, 75 were included in the review. H. pylori prevalence in Australian population-based studies (n = 8) ranged from 38.0% in 1991 to 15.1% in 2002; however, estimated prevalence across all non-clinical population studies in diverse sub-groups (n = 29) has varied dramatically. Decreased prevalence has been more marked in populations with gastrointestinal symptoms and conditions compared to non-clinical populations. Data on H. pyloriprevalence in vulnerable populations are lacking. Conclusions This is the first scoping review of Australian studies reporting H. pylori prevalence. A wide range of study designs, population groups, geographic regions, and diagnostic methods was included, involving data collected over a 50-year period (1969 to 2018). The summary of H. pylori prevalence estimates over time in this review points to a decrease in prevalence in Australia, particularly among populations with gastrointestinal symptoms and illnesses; however, it is unknown whether there is inequity in prevalence trends across vulnerable sub-groups of the Australian population. Future research and interventions supporting the health and wellbeing of vulnerable populations is required to ensure equitable health gains are made for all.

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Secombe, Paul, Richard Woodman, Sean Chan, David Pilcher, and Frank Van Haren. "Epidemiology and outcomes of obese critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand." Critical Care and Resuscitation 22, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51893/2020.1.oa4.

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OBJECTIVE: The apparent survival benefit of being overweight or obese in critically ill patients (the obesity paradox) remains controversial. Our aim is to report on the epidemiology and outcomes of obesity within a large heterogenous critically ill adult population. DESIGN: Retrospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Intensive care units (ICUs) in Australia and New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: Critically ill patients who had both height and weight recorded between 2010 and 2018. OUTCOME MEASURES: Hospital mortality in each of five body mass index (BMI) strata. Subgroups analysed included diagnostic category, gender, age, ventilation status and length of stay. RESULTS: Data were available for 381 855 patients, 68% of whom were overweight or obese. Increasing level of obesity was associated with lower unadjusted hospital mortality: underweight (11.9%), normal weight (7.7%), overweight (6.4%), class I obesity (5.4%), and class II obesity (5.3%). After adjustment, mortality was lowest for patients with class I obesity (adjusted odds ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.74– 0.82). Adverse outcomes with class II obesity were only seen in patients with cardiovascular and cardiac surgery ICU admission diagnoses, where mortality risk rose with progressively higher BMIs. CONCLUSION: We describe the epidemiology of obesity within a critically ill Australian and New Zealand population and confirm that some level of obesity is associated with lower mortality, both overall and across a range of diagnostic categories and important subgroups. Further research should focus on potential confounders such as nutritional status and the appropriateness of BMI in isolation as an anthropometric measure in critically ill patients.

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Degeneffe, Charles Edmund. "The Australian Approach to Acquired Brain Injury." Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education 36, no. 3 (August 12, 2022): 178–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/re-21-17.

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PurposeThe present article provides a narrative review of Australia’s approach toward acquired brain injury (ABI) and proposes how Australia and the United States can collaborate to improve service delivery for persons with ABI and their families with epidemiology, healthcare, prevention, research, and training.MethodA narrative review of journal articles, government documents, and websites was completed to present a broad overview of Australia’s approach toward meeting the needs of persons with ABI.ResultsThe narrative review and synthesis of publications were summarized into the following categories: a) overview of ABI in Australia, b) long-term care government programs, c) services and advocacy, d) research and training, and e) recommendations for Australian-U.S. collaborations.ConclusionThe current time presents an opportunity for Australia and the United States to collaboratively address areas of common ABI need by dialogue, collaboration, and academic engagement, which may lead to better outcomes for persons with ABI by the sharing of research findings, service approaches, advocacy efforts, and rehabilitation counselor training. Rehabilitation counselors in Australia and the United States should lead the process of collaboration and engagement around common areas of ABI need.

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Robinson, Jo, Jane Pirkis, Karolina Krysinska, Sara Niner, Anthony F. Jorm, Michael Dudley, Emily Schindeler, Diego De Leo, and Susy Harrigan. "Research Priorities in Suicide Prevention in Australia." Crisis 29, no. 4 (July 2008): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.29.4.180.

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This project sought to inform priority setting in Australian suicide prevention research, by empirically examining existing priorities and by seeking stakeholders views on where future priorities might lie. Existing priorities were examined via reviews of Australian literature published and grants funded during the life of the National Suicide Prevention Strategy (1999–2006). Stakeholders views of future priorities were elicited via a questionnaire administered to 11 groups comprising 231 individuals with an interest in suicide prevention. The study identified 263 journal articles and 36 grants. The journal articles most commonly reported on studies of descriptive epidemiology, while the grants tended to fund intervention studies. Both gave roughly equal weight to completed and attempted suicide, and gave little emphasis to studies of suicide methods. Young people were the most frequently-researched target group, with people with mental health problems and people who had attempted suicide or deliberately self-harmed also receiving attention. Stakeholders indicated that emphasis should be given to intervention studies, and that completed suicide and attempted suicide are both important. In terms of suicide method, they felt the focus should be on poisoning by drugs and hanging. They had mixed views about the target groups that should be afforded priority, although young people and people with mental health problems were frequently ranked highly. This paper presents a picture of the current focus with regard to suicide prevention research, identifying some areas where there are clear gaps and others where relatively greater efforts have been made. By combining this information with stakeholders views of where future priorities should lie, the paper provides some guidance as to the shape a future suicide prevention research agenda for Australia should take. A strategic approach to suicide prevention research will help fill internationally-identified gaps in knowledge about what works and what doesnt work in suicide prevention.

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Irwin, Peter, Siobhon Egan, Telleasha Greay, and Charlotte Oskam. "Bacterial tick-associated infections in Australia: current studies and future directions." Microbiology Australia 39, no. 4 (2018): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18063.

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It may seem perplexing that there is any uncertainty in Australia about the existence of zoonotic tick-associated infections1–3. Outside this country, particularly in the northern hemisphere, tick-borne diseases such as human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis, Boutonneuse fever, ehrlichiosis, Lyme borreliosis, and tick-borne encephalitis, have well documented aetiologies, epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and treatments. Why is Australia different and what research is being conducted to address this issue? This article briefly addresses these questions and explains how high-throughput metagenomic analysis has started to shed light on bacterial microbiomes in Australian ticks, providing new data on the presence and distribution of potentially zoonotic microbial taxa.

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9

Robinson, Jo, and Jane Pirkis. "Research priorities in suicide prevention: an examination of Australian-based research 2007–11." Australian Health Review 38, no. 1 (2014): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13058.

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Objective Suicide prevention, including among youth, has been a national priority in Australia for some time. Yet despite this, rates of suicide, and related behaviour, remain high. The aim of this study was to review all suicide-prevention research that had been conducted in Australia between January 2007 and December 2011, with a specific emphasis on studies relating to young people, in order to determine whether or not we are prioritising the sort of research that can adequately inform policy development and guide ‘best practice’. Methods Data were collected from two sources. First, several electronic databases were searched in October 2012 in order to identify published journal articles relating to suicide, written by Australian authors. Second, summary data obtained from the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Australian Rotary Health Research Fund and the Australian Research Council were examined in order to identify currently funded studies that relate to suicide. Studies were then classified according to whether or not they had a focus on youth, and according to research type, type of suicide-related behaviour under investigation and method of suicide. Results There were 224 articles published and 12 grants funded that specifically focussed on suicide-related behaviour over the period January 2007 to December 2011. Of these, 47 articles (21%) and five funded grants (42%) focussed on young people. Youth studies, in particular those reported in the published articles, tended to be epidemiological in nature and only six of the published articles (13%) and two of the funded grants related to intervention studies. Conclusions Although the focus on youth is welcome, the lack of intervention studies is disappointing. Given that rates of suicide and related behaviour remain high, there is a clear need for a stronger body of intervention research that can inform national policy, if we are to successfully develop effective approaches to reducing suicide risk. What is known about the topic? Although the prevention of youth suicide has been a national priority for some time, rates of suicide and suicide-related behaviour remain high among young Australians. Much is known about the epidemiology of suicide; however, relatively little is known about which interventions may be effective in reducing this risk. Previous research suggests that although youth receive a reasonable amount of research attention in Australia, the majority of studies focus on epidemiological as opposed to intervention research. What does this paper add? This paper reviews all suicide research that has been conducted in Australia between 2007 and 2011 in order to examine how much attention is currently given to studies relating to youth, and the relative priority given to intervention and epidemiological studies. Our findings support those reported previously, which suggest that although a significant proportion of suicide research focuses on youth, relatively little attention continues to be given to intervention studies. What are the implications for practitioners? This paper argues that further intervention research is needed if we are to build a sufficiently strong evidence base that can effectively inform policy development and guide best practice when it comes to preventing youth suicide in Australia.

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Youlden, Danny R., Peter D. Baade, Patricia C. Valery, Leisa J. Ward, Adele C. Green, and Joanne F. Aitken. "Childhood cancer mortality in Australia." Cancer Epidemiology 36, no. 5 (October 2012): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2012.06.001.

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Phan, Robert, David Hunter-Smith, and Warren Rozen. "The contribution of Australian research to Dupuytren’s disease." Australasian Journal of Plastic Surgery 3, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34239/ajops.v3n1.151.

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Introduction: While the history and epidemiology of Dupuytren's disease (DD) is well documented, its aetiology and risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment to this day are still being studied. This paper explores and summarises the significant contributions Australian researchers have made to the understanding of DD and its treatment methodologies. Methods: We performed a systematic search on EMBASE from 1947 until March 2019 to identify all English literature using keywords: ‘Dupuytren/Dupuytrens/Dupuytren’s disease’ and ‘Australia/Australian/Australasian’. Relevant articles were also identified through bibliographic links. A separate search was conducted using Google Scholar, Research Gate and PubMed using the same keywords. In total, 40 articles were identified. A library search was also conducted, with one book identified with an Australian author. The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Journal of Surgery was also analysed for published abstracts pertaining to DD from conference presentations between 2014 to 2019. Results and discussion: We present a narrative discussion of Australian research that has contributed to the understanding of DD from its aetiology to treatment methodologies. Conclusion: Numerous Australians have made significant contributions to the understanding of DD, its pathogenesis, development and multiple treatment modalities, both non-surgical and surgical. Dupuytren’s disease is a progressive disease that reoccurs despite our best efforts and will continue to be a topic of focus for some time to come.

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Anstey, Susan I., Vasilli Kasimov, Cheryl Jenkins, Alistair Legione, Joanne Devlin, Jemima Amery-Gale, James Gilkerson, et al. "Chlamydia Psittaci ST24: Clonal Strains of One Health Importance Dominate in Australian Horse, Bird and Human Infections." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081015.

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Chlamydia psittaci is traditionally regarded as a globally distributed avian pathogen that can cause zoonotic spill-over. Molecular research has identified an extended global host range and significant genetic diversity. However, Australia has reported a reduced host range (avian, horse, and human) with a dominance of clonal strains, denoted ST24. To better understand the widespread of this strain type in Australia, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and ompA genotyping were applied on samples from a range of hosts (avian, equine, marsupial, and bovine) from Australia. MLST confirms that clonal ST24 strains dominate infections of Australian psittacine and equine hosts (82/88; 93.18%). However, this study also found novel hosts (Australian white ibis, King parrots, racing pigeon, bovine, and a wallaby) and demonstrated that strain diversity does exist in Australia. The discovery of a C. psittaci novel strain (ST306) in a novel host, the Western brush wallaby, is the first detection in a marsupial. Analysis of the results of this study applied a multidisciplinary approach regarding Chlamydia infections, equine infectious disease, ecology, and One Health. Recommendations include an update for the descriptive framework of C. psittaci disease and cell biology work to inform pathogenicity and complement molecular epidemiology.

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Jones, Roger A. C. "Virus diseases of pasture grasses in Australia: incidences, losses, epidemiology, and management." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 3 (2013): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13134.

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This paper reviews current knowledge for Australia over the occurrence, losses caused, epidemiology, and management of virus diseases of pasture grasses. It also reviews all records of viruses in wild grasses likely to act as alternative host reservoirs for virus spread to nearby pastures or crops. Currently, 21 viruses have been found infecting 36 pasture or forage grass species and 59 wild grass species. These viruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors (mites or insects) or, in one instance, via grass seeds. Their modes of transmission are critical factors determining their incidences within pastures in different climatic zones. Large-scale surveys of perennial grass pastures growing in regions with temperate–Mediterranean climates revealed that Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV), and Ryegrass mosaic virus (RyMV) sometimes reach high infection incidences. The same was true for BYDV and CYDV when perennial pasture grasses and wild grasses growing outside pastures were surveyed to establish their occurrence. Smaller scale surveys of grasses growing both inside and outside annual pastures found that Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) infection could also reach high incidences in some annual grass species. Herbage yield loss data are available demonstrating potentially serious impacts on pasture production under Australian conditions from BYDV infection in perennial ryegrass swards, and from RyMV infection in both perennial and Italian ryegrass swards. Also, infection with BYDV or RyMV diminished the ability of infected pasture grass plants to compete with pasture legumes or weeds. Host resistance to BYDV, CYDV, and/or RyMV has been identified within a few temperate–Mediterranean pasture grasses, and is available for use in Australian pasture breeding programs. Integrated Disease Management tactics involving phytosanitary, cultural, chemical, and host resistance measures were devised against BYDV, CYDV, and RyMV infection in mixed species pasture, but no field experiments were undertaken with pasture grasses to validate their inclusion. Several other grass viruses that occur in other countries, but have not been looked for in Australia, are potentially important, especially in temperate–Mediterranean pasture grass species. With few exceptions, research on viruses of perennial or annual tropical–subtropical pasture or wild grass species growing within or outside pastures has focussed only on virus identification and characterisation studies, and information on incidences in pastures, losses caused, epidemiology, and management is lacking. Critical research and development gaps that need addressing are identified.

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Tracy, Lincoln M., Yvonne Singer, Rebecca Schrale, Jennifer Gong, Anne Darton, Fiona Wood, Rochelle Kurmis, Dale Edgar, Heather Cleland, and Belinda J. Gabbe. "Epidemiology of burn injury in older adults: An Australian and New Zealand perspective." Scars, Burns & Healing 6 (January 2020): 205951312095233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059513120952336.

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Introduction: The ageing global population presents a novel set of challenges for trauma systems. Less research has focused on the older adult population with burns and how they differ compared to younger patients. This study aimed to describe, and compare with younger peers, the number, causes and surgical management of older adults with burn injuries in Australia and New Zealand. Methods: The Burns Registry of Australia and New Zealand was used to identify patients with burn injuries between 1 July 2009 and 31 December 2018. Temporal trends in incidence rates were evaluated and categorised by age at injury. Patient demographics, injury severity and event characteristics, surgical intervention and in-hospital outcomes were investigated. Results: There were 2394 burn-injured older adults admitted during the study period, accounting for 13.4% of adult admissions. Scalds were the most common cause of burn injury in older adults. The incidence of older adult burns increased by 2.96% each year (incidence rate ratio = 1.030, 95% confidence interval = 1.013–1.046, P < 0.001). Compared to their younger peers, a smaller proportion of older adult patients were taken to theatre for a surgical procedure, though a larger proportion of older adults received a skin graft. Discussion: Differences in patient and injury characteristics, surgical management and in-hospital outcomes were observed for older adults. These findings provide the Australian and New Zealand burn care community with a greater understanding of burn injury and their treatments in a unique group of patients who are at risk of poorer outcomes than younger people. Lay Summary The number and proportion of older persons in every country of the world is growing. This may create challenges for healthcare systems. While burn injuries are a unique subset of trauma that affect individuals of all ages, less is known about burns in older adults and how they differ from younger patients. We wanted to look at the number, type, management, and outcomes of burns in older adults in Australia and New Zealand. To do this, we used data from the Burns Registry of Australia and New Zealand, or BRANZ. The BRANZ is a database that collects information on patients that present to Australian and New Zealand hospitals that have a specialist burns unit. Our research found that one in eight adult burns patients was over the age of 65, and that the rate of burn injuries in older adults has increased over the last decade. Older adult burns patients were most commonly affected by scalds after coming in contact with wet heat such as boiling liquids or steam. Fewer older adults went to theatre for an operation or surgical procedure compared to their younger counterparts. However, a larger proportion of older adults that went to theatre had a skin graft (where skin is removed from an uninjured part of the body and placed over the injured part). This research provides important information about a unique and growing group of patients to the local burn care community. It also highlights potential avenues for injury prevention initiatives.

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DOUGALL, A., C. SHILTON, J. LOW CHOY, B. ALEXANDER, and S. WALTON. "New reports of Australian cutaneous leishmaniasis in Northern Australian macropods." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 10 (March 17, 2009): 1516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809002313.

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SUMMARYCutaneous leishmaniasis caused by various species of Leishmania is a significant zoonotic disease in many parts of the world. We describe the first cases of Australian cutaneous leishmaniasis in eight northern wallaroos, one black wallaroo and two agile wallabies from the Northern Territory of Australia. Diagnosis was made through a combination of gross appearance of lesions, cytology, histology, direct culture, serology and a species-specific real-time PCR. The causative organism was found to be the same unique species of Leishmania previously identified in red kangaroos. These clinical findings provide further evidence for the continuous transmission of the Australian Leishmania species and its presence highlights the importance of continued monitoring and research into the life-cycle of this parasite.

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Russo, Philip L., Allen C. Cheng, Michael Richards, Nicholas Graves, and Lisa Hall. "Healthcare-associated infections in Australia: time for national surveillance." Australian Health Review 39, no. 1 (2015): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14037.

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Objective Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance programs are critical for infection prevention. Australia does not have a comprehensive national HAI surveillance program. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of established international and Australian statewide HAI surveillance programs and recommend a pathway for the development of a national HAI surveillance program in Australia. Methods This study examined existing HAI surveillance programs through a literature review, a review of HAI surveillance program documentation, such as websites, surveillance manuals and data reports and direct contact with program representatives. Results Evidence from international programs demonstrates national HAI surveillance reduces the incidence of HAIs. However, the current status of HAI surveillance activity in Australian states is disparate, variation between programs is not well understood, and the quality of data currently used to compose national HAI rates is uncertain. Conclusions There is a need to develop a well-structured, evidence-based national HAI program in Australia to meet the increasing demand for validated reliable national HAI data. Such a program could be leveraged off the work of existing Australian and international programs. What is known about the topic? There is a large volume of literature demonstrating the effectiveness of national HAI surveillance programs in reducing the incidence of HAIs. Although some of the larger states of Australia have individual programs, a formalised national program does not exist. A well structured national HAI program in Australia would improve the understanding of the epidemiology of HAIs in Australia and provide high quality data for performance monitoring and ensuring that HAI prevention interventions are targeted appropriately. What does this paper add? This paper reviews well established international HAI surveillance programs and highlights the benefits and limitations of these programs, and identifies the gaps that currently exist in Australia. The paper then maps out a pathway towards the development of a national program. What are the implications for practitioners? This paper will act as a guide for future research and policy activities required for the establishment of a national HAI surveillance program in Australia.

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Jones, Roger A. C., Murray Sharman, Piotr Trębicki, Solomon Maina, and Benjamin S. Congdon. "Virus Diseases of Cereal and Oilseed Crops in Australia: Current Position and Future Challenges." Viruses 13, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13102051.

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This review summarizes research on virus diseases of cereals and oilseeds in Australia since the 1950s. All viruses known to infect the diverse range of cereal and oilseed crops grown in the continent’s temperate, Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical cropping regions are included. Viruses that occur commonly and have potential to cause the greatest seed yield and quality losses are described in detail, focusing on their biology, epidemiology and management. These are: barley yellow dwarf virus, cereal yellow dwarf virus and wheat streak mosaic virus in wheat, barley, oats, triticale and rye; Johnsongrass mosaic virus in sorghum, maize, sweet corn and pearl millet; turnip yellows virus and turnip mosaic virus in canola and Indian mustard; tobacco streak virus in sunflower; and cotton bunchy top virus in cotton. The currently less important viruses covered number nine infecting nine cereal crops and 14 infecting eight oilseed crops (none recorded for rice or linseed). Brief background information on the scope of the Australian cereal and oilseed industries, virus epidemiology and management and yield loss quantification is provided. Major future threats to managing virus diseases effectively include damaging viruses and virus vector species spreading from elsewhere, the increasing spectrum of insecticide resistance in insect and mite vectors, resistance-breaking virus strains, changes in epidemiology, virus and vectors impacts arising from climate instability and extreme weather events, and insufficient industry awareness of virus diseases. The pressing need for more resources to focus on addressing these threats is emphasized and recommendations over future research priorities provided.

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Jones, Roger A. C., Murray Sharman, Piotr Trębicki, Solomon Maina, and Benjamin S. Congdon. "Virus Diseases of Cereal and Oilseed Crops in Australia: Current Position and Future Challenges." Viruses 13, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13102051.

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This review summarizes research on virus diseases of cereals and oilseeds in Australia since the 1950s. All viruses known to infect the diverse range of cereal and oilseed crops grown in the continent’s temperate, Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical cropping regions are included. Viruses that occur commonly and have potential to cause the greatest seed yield and quality losses are described in detail, focusing on their biology, epidemiology and management. These are: barley yellow dwarf virus, cereal yellow dwarf virus and wheat streak mosaic virus in wheat, barley, oats, triticale and rye; Johnsongrass mosaic virus in sorghum, maize, sweet corn and pearl millet; turnip yellows virus and turnip mosaic virus in canola and Indian mustard; tobacco streak virus in sunflower; and cotton bunchy top virus in cotton. The currently less important viruses covered number nine infecting nine cereal crops and 14 infecting eight oilseed crops (none recorded for rice or linseed). Brief background information on the scope of the Australian cereal and oilseed industries, virus epidemiology and management and yield loss quantification is provided. Major future threats to managing virus diseases effectively include damaging viruses and virus vector species spreading from elsewhere, the increasing spectrum of insecticide resistance in insect and mite vectors, resistance-breaking virus strains, changes in epidemiology, virus and vectors impacts arising from climate instability and extreme weather events, and insufficient industry awareness of virus diseases. The pressing need for more resources to focus on addressing these threats is emphasized and recommendations over future research priorities provided.

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Chew, Kew-Kim, Bronwyn Stuckey, Alexandra Bremner, Carolyn Earle, and Konrad Jamrozik. "ORIGINAL RESEARCH–EPIDEMIOLOGY: Male Erectile Dysfunction: Its Prevalence in Western Australia and Associated Sociodemographic Factors." Journal of Sexual Medicine 5, no. 1 (January 2008): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00548.x.

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Saar, Eva, Lyndal Bugeja, and David L. Ranson. "National Coronial Information System: Epidemiology and the Coroner in Australia." Academic Forensic Pathology 7, no. 4 (December 2017): 582–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2017.049.

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The National Coronial Information System (NCIS) is the world's first national Internet-based database of coronial information. It was established in Australia following the recognition by coroners that their mandate for public health and safety could be improved if they could identify previous similar deaths. The NCIS is funded from state, territory, and commonwealth government agencies and overseen by the NCIS Board of Management. A team of ten staff manage the day-to-day operation of the system. The NCIS enables the rapid identification of up-to-date information on deaths investigated by the coroners' jurisdictions in Australia (from July 2000) and New Zealand (from July 2007). It is accessible to death investigators (coroners; forensic, medical, and scientific staff; and police) to assist with death investigation and approved third parties (e.g., researchers). The NCIS contains demographic information about the deceased, contextual information about the circumstances in which the death occurred, the cause and manner of death, and four full text reports generated during the investigation. The NCIS contains information on over 328 000 completed coroners' death investigations across Australia and New Zealand. Approximately 350 death investigators are registered to access the data for their ongoing death investigations, and 235 third party users are registered to utilize the data set in their research. In addition to the utility of the NCIS, this paper describes the rationale and governance structure of the NCIS, the information technology infrastructure, data set, quality assurance framework, and contribution to death and injury prevention.

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Spratt, David M., and Ian Beveridge. "Wildlife parasitology in Australia: past, present and future." Australian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 4 (2018): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo19017.

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Wildlife parasitology is a highly diverse area of research encompassing many fields including taxonomy, ecology, pathology and epidemiology, and with participants from extremely disparate scientific fields. In addition, the organisms studied are highly dissimilar, ranging from platyhelminths, nematodes and acanthocephalans to insects, arachnids, crustaceans and protists. This review of the parasites of wildlife in Australia highlights the advances made to date, focussing on the work, interests and major findings of researchers over the years and identifies current significant gaps that exist in our understanding. The review is divided into three sections covering protist, helminth and arthropod parasites. The challenge to document the diversity of parasites in Australia continues at a traditional level but the advent of molecular methods has heightened the significance of this issue. Modern methods are providing an avenue for major advances in documenting and restructuring the phylogeny of protistan parasites in particular, while facilitating the recognition of species complexes in helminth taxa previously defined by traditional morphological methods. The life cycles, ecology and general biology of most parasites of wildlife in Australia are extremely poorly understood. While the phylogenetic origins of the Australian vertebrate fauna are complex, so too are the likely origins of their parasites, which do not necessarily mirror those of their hosts. This aspect of parasite evolution is a continuing area for research in the case of helminths, but remains to be addressed for many other parasitic groups.

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22

Henderson, A. S. "The NH & MRC Social Psychiatry Research Unit, at the Australian National University, Canberra, 1975–90." Psychological Medicine 21, no. 1 (February 1991): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700014835.

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In 1974, the National Health and Medical Research Council (NH & MRC) in Australia reviewed what initiatives might be undertaken to promote medical research relevant to the needs of the population. It noted that Australia had contributed with distinction in some areas, such as the neurosciences and immunology, whereas fields such as epidemiology and psychiatry were much less developed scientifically. As the principal source of funding for medical research, the NH & MRC had hitherto supported projects, individuals and a small number of institutions (e.g. the Walter and Eliza Hall, the Florey and the Baker Institutes). The initiative adopted in 1974, as an additional commitment, was to establish some research units in areas of major relevance for public health. These were intended to become centres of excellence in fields where more expertise was needed at a national level.

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23

Pisarski, Konrad. "A Narrative Review of the Recent ‘Ice’ Epidemic: An Australian Perspective." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 15 (January 2021): 117822182110105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11782218211010502.

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Background: The use of methamphetamine or amphetamine stimulant drugs has been identified by authoritative public health bodies as a global health issue, with a worrying trend towards production and consumption of a higher purity crystalline form methamphetamine (ice) over the past decade. This trend has been well documented within Australia, resulting in a public perception of there being an ‘ice’ epidemic in regional/rural areas. Considering the illicit nature of ice, monitoring it is challenging and as such little information is available regarding the actual extent of methamphetamine use, harms and patterns in regional/remote Australia. Aim: To collate the available literature regarding methamphetamine use in regional/rural Australia and identify gaps in the literature. Methods: A literature search was conducted by searching 6 databases (PUBMED, Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO and SCOPUS) following which exclusion/inclusion criteria were applied. Included papers were appraised with the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical appraisal tools and synthesised in light of the sociocultural, ethnic and geographic differences in methamphetamine use in Australia. Results: Regarding rural/regional Australia there is a significant lack of research into methamphetamine use, patterns and epidemiology since the rise of crystalline methamphetamine in 2013. The existing literature available suggests great variability in methamphetamine harms in rural communities. This can be a double-edged sword however, as the introduction of ice into a remote/rural community may result in greater harms if it becomes ingrained in local customs. Similarly, there is a lack of research into the specific factors within Indigenous communities leading to an increased rate of methamphetamine use amongst members. Recommendation: Future research should address the causes of variance in methamphetamine harms in rural/remote regions. Although the scope of this paper was the Australian context, a wider international approach may yield useful information.

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Mishra, Aniket, and Stuart MacGregor. "A Novel Approach for Pathway Analysis of GWAS Data Highlights Role of BMP Signaling and Muscle Cell Differentiation in Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility – Erratum." Twin Research and Human Genetics 20, no. 2 (February 23, 2017): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2017.6.

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The publishers regret to announce that the affiliation for the above paper was incorrectly inserted. The correct affiliation is below:Aniket Mishra1, Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO) and the Colorectal Cancer Family Registry (CCFR), and Stuart MacGregor11 Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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25

Jelocnik, Martina, and Adam Polkinghorne. "Chlamydia pecorum: successful pathogen of koalas or Australian livestock?" Microbiology Australia 38, no. 3 (2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma17042.

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In Australia, the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia pecorum is best known as the notorious koala pathogen that causes debilitating ocular and urogenital tract disease. While globally published data suggests that this species is essentially ubiquitous in livestock, little is known about the epidemiology of livestock C. pecorum infections here in Australia. My research is focused on investigating the genetic diversity and transmission patterns of C. pecorum, and why it causes disease. Using our newly developed C. pecorum-specific molecular epidemiology typing scheme we provided the first epidemiological data on infections in sheep and cattle in Australia, identifying strains associated with a range of diseases in livestock, and uncovering an unexpected level of diversity for this pathogen. Most importantly, we observed that the same strain can infect koala and sheep, indicating on ongoing cross-host transmission and ‘spill-over' risks to wildlife. Further, by dissecting koala, sheep, cattle and pig C. pecorum strains genomes, we have also identified novel virulence-associated factors that could be explored as vaccine candidates for both livestock and koala infections.

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Barth, Dylan D., Marianne J. Mullane, Claudia Sampson, Coco Chou, Janessa Pickering, Mark P. Nicol, Mark R. Davies, Jonathan Carapetis, and Asha C. Bowen. "Missing Piece Study protocol: prospective surveillance to determine the epidemiology of group A streptococcal pharyngitis and impetigo in remote Western Australia." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e057296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057296.

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IntroductionGroup A β-haemolytic Streptococcus (GAS), a Gram-positive bacterium, causes skin, mucosal and systemic infections. Repeated GAS infections can lead to autoimmune diseases acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia have the highest rates of ARF and RHD in the world. Despite this, the contemporaneous prevalence and incidence of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo in remote Australia remains unknown. To address this, we have designed a prospective surveillance study of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo to collect coincident contemporary evidence to inform and enhance primary prevention strategies for ARF.Methods and analysisThe Missing Piece Study aims to document the epidemiology of GAS pharyngitis and impetigo through collection of clinical, serological, microbiological and bacterial genomic data among remote-living Australian children. The study comprises two components: (1) screening of all children at school for GAS pharyngitis and impetigo up to three times a year and (2) weekly active surveillance visits to detect new cases of pharyngitis and impetigo. Environmental swabbing in remote schools will be included, to inform environmental health interventions. In addition, the application of new diagnostic technologies, microbiome analysis and bacterial genomic evaluations will enhance primary prevention strategies, having direct bearing on clinical care, vaccine development and surveillance for vaccine clinical trials.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Western Australian Aboriginal Health Ethics Committee (Ref: 892) and Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Western Australia (Ref: RA/4/20/5101). Study findings will be shared with community members, teachers and children at participating schools, together with academic and medical services. Sharing findings in an appropriate manner is important and will be done in a suitable way which includes plain language summaries and presentations. Finally, findings and updates will also be disseminated to collaborators, researchers and health planners through peer-reviewed journal publications.

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Lee, Jessica D. Y., and Lyle J. Palmer. "The Western Australian Twin Register: A Population-Based Register of Adult and Child Multiples." Twin Research and Human Genetics 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.9.6.712.

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AbstractThe Western Australian Twin Register (WATR) was established in 1997 to study the health of all child multiples born in Western Australia (WA). The Register has until recently consisted of all multiples born in WA between 1980 and 1997. Using unique record linkage capacities available through the WA data linkage system, we have subsequently been able to identify all multiple births born in WA since 1974. New affiliations with the Australian Twin Registry and the WA Institute for Medical Research are further enabled by the use of the WA Genetic Epidemiology Resource — a high-end bioinformatics infrastructure that allows efficient management of health datasets and facilitates collaborative research capabilities. In addition to this infrastructure, funding provided by these institutions has allowed the extension of the WATR to include a greater number of WA multiples, including those born between 1974 and 1979, and from 1998 onwards. These resources are in the process of being enabled for national and international access.

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DESMARCHELIER, PATRICIA M. "Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli—The Australian Perspective†." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.11.1447.

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Food borne transmission of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) was first reported in Australia in 1995 when an outbreak of HUS due to Escherichia coli O111 occurred following the consumption of locally produced mettwurst. Federal and state health and food authorities responded rapidly to bring the outbreak under control. Longer-term responses include the introduction by regulatory authorities of a code of practice for uncooked fermented comminuted meat products, the provision of government and industry funds to support the implementation of this code, and research into the ecology and epidemiology of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and the safe production of meat. In addition, general awareness has increased, and activities in food safety control among all sectors has been stimulated. The pattern of EHEC serotypes in the Australian human and animal populations appears different from that in countries in the Northern Hemisphere. Serotype O157:H7 is not the predominant serotype isolated. Other serotypes, including O111, are more common and possess a variety of virulence-associated determinants. Research into food safety and EHEC is therefore aimed at the development of detection methods more appropriate for the Australian situation. Additional research objectives include determining both the prevalence of EHEC in meat and the meat animal population and farming and handling practices that influence EHEC carriage and transmission. These activities will contribute to an assessment of the hazards presented by EHEC in Australia and recommendations for their control.

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29

Stone, JM, DG Cruickshank, TF Sandeman, and JP Matthews. "Laterality, maldescent, trauma and other clinical factors in the epidemiology of testis cancer in Victoria, Australia." British Journal of Cancer 64, no. 1 (July 1991): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1991.256.

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30

Anikeeva, Olga, Peng Bi, Janet E. Hiller, Philip Ryan, David Roder, and Gil-Soo Han. "Trends in cancer mortality rates among migrants in Australia: 1981–2007." Cancer Epidemiology 36, no. 2 (April 2012): e74-e82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2011.10.011.

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31

Wyld, David, Mark H. Wan, Julie Moore, Nathan Dunn, and Philippa Youl. "Epidemiological trends of neuroendocrine tumours over three decades in Queensland, Australia." Cancer Epidemiology 63 (December 2019): 101598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2019.101598.

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32

Green, Adele C., Nirmala Pandeya, Sarah Morton, John Simonidis, and David C. Whiteman. "Early detection of melanoma in specialised primary care practice in Australia." Cancer Epidemiology 70 (February 2021): 101872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2020.101872.

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33

Abou-Saleh, Mohammed T., and Aleksandar Janca. "The epidemiology of substance misuse and comorbid psychiatric disorders." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 16, no. 1 (February 2004): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2004.0075.x.

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The common co-occurrence of substance misuse and other psychiatric disorders and their intricate relationships have led to major community-based epidemiological studies in the US which showed high rates of current and lifetime comorbidity. Moreover, studies of clinical populations conducted in North America, Europe and Australia, showed even higher rates of comorbidity. The aetology of this comorbidity has also been investigated and important models have emerged with findings that inform its assessment and treatment. Future epidemiological studies should focus on the study of concurrent conditions rather than lifetime ones using research diagnostic instruments with high reliability providing information on a number of key outcomes.

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34

Carey, Renee N., David C. Whiteman, Penelope M. Webb, Rachel E. Neale, Alison Reid, Richard Norman, and Lin Fritschi. "The future excess fraction of cancer due to lifestyle factors in Australia." Cancer Epidemiology 75 (December 2021): 102049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2021.102049.

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35

Yu, Xue Qin, Qingwei Luo, David P. Smith, Mark S. Clements, and Dianne L. O’Connell. "Prostate cancer prevalence in New South Wales Australia: A population-based study." Cancer Epidemiology 39, no. 1 (February 2015): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2014.11.009.

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36

Luo, Qingwei, Xue Qin Yu, David Paul Smith, and Dianne Lesley O’Connell. "A population-based study of progression to metastatic prostate cancer in Australia." Cancer Epidemiology 39, no. 4 (August 2015): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2015.04.013.

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Venugopal, Kamalesh, Danny Youlden, Luc te Marvelde, Rosie Meng, Joanne Aitken, Sue Evans, Iordan Kostadinov, Rebecca Nolan, Helen Thomas, and Katina D'Onise. "Twenty years of melanoma in Victoria, Queensland, and South Australia (1997 – 2016)." Cancer Epidemiology 83 (April 2023): 102321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2023.102321.

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38

Jones, Roger A. C. "Virus diseases of perennial pasture legumes in Australia: incidences, losses, epidemiology, and management." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 3 (2013): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13108.

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This article reviews current knowledge for Australia over the occurrence, losses caused, epidemiology, and management of virus diseases of perennial pasture legumes. Currently, 24 viruses have been found infecting perennial pasture legumes, and one or more viruses have been detected in 21 of these species. These viruses are transmitted by insect vectors, non-persistently or persistently, by contact or via seed. Their modes of transmission are critical factors determining their incidences within pastures in different climatic zones. Large-scale national or state surveys of lucerne (alfalfa) (Medicago sativa) and white clover (Trifolium repens) pastures revealed that some viruses reach high incidences. Infection with Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was very widespread in lucerne stands, and with AMV and White clover mosaic virus (WClMV) in white clover pastures. Several other viruses are potentially important in pastures in these and other perennial temperate/Mediterranean pasture species. Data demonstrating herbage yield losses, diminished pasture persistence, and impaired nitrogen fixation/nodule function are available for AMV in lucerne, and AMV, WClMV, and Clover yellow vein virus in white clover. Integrated Disease Management approaches involving phytosanitary, cultural, chemical, and host resistance control measures are available to minimise virus infection in lucerne and white clover. Research on virus diseases of perennial tropical–subtropical pasture legumes has focussed almost entirely on virus identification, and information on their incidences in pastures, the losses they cause, and how to control them is lacking. Overall, viruses of perennial pasture legumes are least studied in South Australia and the Northern Territory. These and other critical research and development gaps that need addressing are identified.

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39

Otago, L., E. Adamcewicz, R. Eime, and S. Maher. "The epidemiology of head, face and eye injuries to female lacrosse players in Australia." International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 14, no. 4 (December 2007): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457300701602381.

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40

Dickinson, H., T. J. Moss, K. L. Gatford, K. M. Moritz, L. Akison, T. Fullston, D. H. Hryciw, et al. "A review of fundamental principles for animal models of DOHaD research: an Australian perspective." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 7, no. 5 (September 30, 2016): 449–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174416000477.

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Epidemiology formed the basis of ‘the Barker hypothesis’, the concept of ‘developmental programming’ and today’s discipline of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). Animal experimentation provided proof of the underlying concepts, and continues to generate knowledge of underlying mechanisms. Interventions in humans, based on DOHaD principles, will be informed by experiments in animals. As knowledge in this discipline has accumulated, from studies of humans and other animals, the complexity of interactions between genome, environment and epigenetics, has been revealed. The vast nature of programming stimuli and breadth of effects is becoming known. As a result of our accumulating knowledge we now appreciate the impact of many variables that contribute to programmed outcomes. To guide further animal research in this field, the Australia and New Zealand DOHaD society (ANZ DOHaD) Animals Models of DOHaD Research Working Group convened at the 2nd Annual ANZ DOHaD Congress in Melbourne, Australia in April 2015. This review summarizes the contributions of animal research to the understanding of DOHaD, and makes recommendations for the design and conduct of animal experiments to maximize relevance, reproducibility and translation of knowledge into improving health and well-being.

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Youlden, Danny R., A. Lindsay Frazier, Sumit Gupta, Kathy Pritchard-Jones, Maria L. Kirby, Peter D. Baade, Adèle C. Green, Patricia C. Valery, and Joanne F. Aitken. "Stage at diagnosis for childhood solid cancers in Australia: A population-based study." Cancer Epidemiology 59 (April 2019): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2019.02.013.

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42

Olivier, Jake, Sofiane Boufous, and Raphael Grzebieta. "The impact of bicycle helmet legislation on cycling fatalities in Australia." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 4 (February 5, 2019): 1197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz003.

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Abstract Background Australian bicycle helmet laws were first introduced in Victoria in July 1990 and the remaining Australian states, Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory by July 1992. Previous research on helmet legislation has focused on changes in helmet wearing and bicycle-related head injury. Although it is generally accepted that bicycle helmets can reduce the risk of fatality due to head injury, there has been little research assessing the impact of helmet legislation on cycling fatalities. Methods An interrupted time series approach was used to assess the impact of bicycle helmet legislation on yearly-aggregated rates of bicycle-related fatalities per population from 1971 to 2016. Results Immediately following bicycle helmet legislation, the rate of bicycle fatalities per 1 000 000 population reduced by 46% relative to the pre-legislation trend [95% confidence interval (CI): 31, 58]. For the period 1990–2016, we estimate 1332 fewer cycling fatalities (95% CI: 1201, 1463) or an average of 49.4 per year (95% CI: 44.5, 54.2). Reductions were also observed for pedestrian fatalities; however, bicycle fatalities declined by 36% relative to pedestrian fatalities (95% CI: 12, 54). Conclusions In the absence of robust evidence showing a decline in cycling exposure following helmet legislation or other confounding factors, the reduction in Australian bicycle-related fatality appears to be primarily due to increased helmet use and not other factors.

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Farrall, Alexandra L., and Justine R. Smith. "Changing Incidence and Survival of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma in Australia: A 33-Year National Population-Based Study." Cancers 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030403.

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Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare brain cancer that remains challenging to study. Epidemiology of PCNSL in the Australian population, which is racially and ethnically diverse, has not been examined previously. Using ICD-O-3.1 Morphology and Topography Codes to identify cases, we analyzed complete datasets from the comprehensive Australian Cancer Database (1982–2014, adults aged ≥ 20 years) to establish incidence rates and trends of PCNSL, and to define survival outcomes of individuals diagnosed with PCNSL, including the predominant diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) type. Age-standardized incidence of PCNSL increased by an average annual 6.8% percent over the study period, with current incidence of 0.43 (95% confidence interval, 0.41–0.46) per 100,000 person-years, in comparison to 21.89 (21.41–22.38) per 100,000 person-years for non-CNS lymphoma. Increase in incidence was characterized by an acute rise between 1996 and 1999, was more pronounced with increasing age, and was driven by increasing incidence of DLBCL. Overall survival for persons diagnosed with PCNSL improved significantly across the study period, with 5-year survival probability increasing from 0.21 (95% confidence interval, 0.16–0.26) to 0.33 (0.30–0.36), and median survival increasing from 318 to 600 days, between 1982–1999 and 2000–2014. Increase in survival was significantly higher for persons with DLBCL versus non-DLBCL PCNSL, but substantially lower than that for persons with non-CNS lymphoma, who had a 5-year survival probability of 0.62 (0.62–0.62) and a median survival of 3388 days in 2000–2014. This study links increasing incidence of PCNSL in Australia to increasing incidence of DLCBL, including in younger adults, and highlights the improving, but low, survival outcome of this cancer.

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Franceschi, Silvia, and Marco Geddes. "Epidemiology of Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma, with Special Reference to Mediterranean Population." Tumori Journal 81, no. 5 (September 1995): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169508100502.

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An excess of classic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in individuals of southern European ancestry has long been suspected and recently quantified in terms of age-standardized rates. In Italy and most notably in southern Italy for the period 1976-84, prior to the AIDS epidemic, KS incidence rates were two-to-three-fold higher than in the United States and Sweden and many ten-fold higher than in England and Wales and Australia. A high frequency of classic KS has also been documented in Israel and, in low-risk countries, in individuals born in southern Europe and the Middle East. Many infections have been suspected to play a role in the etiology of KS, including cytomegalovirus, malaria and, most recently, a new virus of the herpes family, identified in AIDS-associated and classic KS. The present review deals with epidemiologic data concerning KS in the Mediterranean and stresses the opportunity to combine the study of KS in AIDS as well as non-AIDS patients in order to shed light on this no longer rare disease.

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Yuen, Ka Y., and Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann. "Ross River Virus Infection: A Cross-Disciplinary Review with a Veterinary Perspective." Pathogens 10, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030357.

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Ross River virus (RRV) has recently been suggested to be a potential emerging infectious disease worldwide. RRV infection remains the most common human arboviral disease in Australia, with a yearly estimated economic cost of $4.3 billion. Infection in humans and horses can cause chronic, long-term debilitating arthritogenic illnesses. However, current knowledge of immunopathogenesis remains to be elucidated and is mainly inferred from a murine model that only partially resembles clinical signs and pathology in human and horses. The epidemiology of RRV transmission is complex and multifactorial and is further complicated by climate change, making predictive models difficult to design. Establishing an equine model for RRV may allow better characterization of RRV disease pathogenesis and immunology in humans and horses, and could potentially be used for other infectious diseases. While there are no approved therapeutics or registered vaccines to treat or prevent RRV infection, clinical trials of various potential drugs and vaccines are currently underway. In the future, the RRV disease dynamic is likely to shift into temperate areas of Australia with longer active months of infection. Here, we (1) review the current knowledge of RRV infection, epidemiology, diagnostics, and therapeutics in both humans and horses; (2) identify and discuss major research gaps that warrant further research.

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Pullman, AL, I. Beveridge, and RR Martin. "Epidemiology of nematode infections of weaner sheep in the cereal zone of South Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 4 (1988): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880691.

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Trichostrongyloid nematode infections of weaner sheep were investigated at the Turretfield and Minnipa Research Centres in the cereal zone of South Australia over a three-year period (1982-1985). Acquisition of nematode larvae from pasture occurred over a limited period each year, principally during the winter months, and coincided with the elimination of, or a reduction in the numbers of adult nematodes; sheep subsequently resisted challenge by infective larvae. Faecal egg counts were elevated during the summer, but declined to negligible levels during the winter months when larval challenge was at its maximum. Scouring, which was common in untreated sheep during winter at Turretfield, did not occur in regularly treated sheep, but no adverse effects were noted at Minnipa.

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47

Cameron, Jessica Katherine, and Peter Baade. "Projections of the future burden of cancer in Australia using Bayesian age-period-cohort models." Cancer Epidemiology 72 (June 2021): 101935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2021.101935.

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Nguyen, Anh Le Tuan, Christopher Leigh Blizzard, Kwang Chien Yee, Andrew John Palmer, and Barbara de Graaff. "Survival of primary liver cancer for people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Australia." Cancer Epidemiology 81 (December 2022): 102252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2022.102252.

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Aminisani, Nayyereh, Bruce K. Armstrong, and Karen Canfell. "Cervical cancer screening in Middle Eastern and Asian migrants to Australia: A record linkage study." Cancer Epidemiology 36, no. 6 (December 2012): e394-e400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2012.08.009.

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Baade, Peter D., Paramita Dasgupta, Paul W. Dickman, Susanna Cramb, John D. Williamson, John R. Condon, and Gail Garvey. "Quantifying the changes in survival inequality for Indigenous people diagnosed with cancer in Queensland, Australia." Cancer Epidemiology 43 (August 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2016.05.002.

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