Дисертації з теми "Environnement aquatiques"
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Jeliazkov, Aliénor. "Effets d’échelles dans les relations agriculture-environnement-biodiversité." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066706.
Повний текст джерелаAs the compromise between agriculture and biodiversity is mainly based on land management, and hence space, it is crucial to better understand at which spatial scales this compromise has to be developed. In this thesis, we aim to identify characteristic scales of biodiversity for different groups and levels of biological organization and we study the scale effects that may occur in agriculture-environment-biodiversity relationships. We present four studies, three of which relate to pond ecosystems, and we emphasize the highly valuable functions of these ecosystems in agricultural landscapes. In the first part, we study the effects of analysis scales and of influence scales in amphibian-environment relationships. We show the relevance of combining network-centred strategies of conservation with more localized actions. In the second part, we examine the effects of policy scales in the response of bird biodiversity to crop practices and landscape. These drivers have contrasted influences according to the scales and the species ecological traits. In the third part, we identify characteristic scales of aquatic macroinvertebrates community and we explore hypotheses about the potential processes underlying these patterns. Overall, this thesis highlights the necessity and the chance of compromises for maintaining biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. In particular, we advocate that such compromises can efficiently be designed and achieved only by explicitly accounting for scale effects in the relationships between agriculture, environment and biodiversity
Daufresne, Martin. "Approche multi-échelles des relations dynamiques entre les organismes aquatiques et leur environnement." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10043.
Повний текст джерелаChevenet, François. "Un environnement coopératif de résolution de problèmes pour l'analyse statistique en écologie." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10074.
Повний текст джерелаGuedri, Houssemeddine. "Mise au point de biocapteurs basés sur la mesure d'activités métaboliques de cellules algales pour le monitoring de la qualité des milieux aquatiques." Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0020/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe quality control of aquatic ecosystems requires tools for continuous and in situ detection as biosensors. This work proposes the development of biosensors for detection of some pollutants families. These tools are based on the measurement of two enzymatic activities in saline and freshwater algal cells. The first step was to find enzymatic activities varying with the presence of pollutants, this was studied in bioassays. Thus, we have shown that Alkaline Phosphatase Activity (APA) is sensitive to heavy metals and phosphates and that the Esterase Activity (AE) is sensitive to some pesticides. These results enabled us to develop different biosensors. For the detection of heavy metals, two conductometric biosensors have been developed. The first, based on the measurement of the APA of freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (Cv) immobilized by self assembled monolayers, lead to an improvement the repeatability and reproducibility measures as compared to previous works. The second biosensor, based on the same measurement, resulted in the overcoming of the effects of phosphate on Cv APA. For phosphate detection, a conductometric whole algal cells biosensor was developed with a detection limit of 0. 4µM phosphate ions. Finally, for pesticides detection in the marine environment, a conductometric biosensor based on measurement of AE in two marine algae has been developed. The results showed that it is sensitive to the presence of diuron and glyphosate. The biosensors developed in this study, will require same additional testing on natural samples, and then they could be used by managers for decision making
Horm, Srey Viseth. "Etude de la survie du virus H5N1 dans les environnements aquatiques artificiels reproduisant les biotopes naturels du Cambodge, pays d'endémie en zone tropicale." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20235/document.
Повний текст джерелаAlthough the persistence of the H5N1 virus in the environment is possible, there is no well-defined and standardized method for the detection of viruses from water, soil or mud. In addition, there is very little data available regarding the role of H5N1 virus in the environment in the tropics. In this work methods of concentration, identification, and quantification of influenza viruses in water, mud and soils have been developed, validated and used to test environmental samples collected following H5N1 outbreaks in Cambodia and to analyze samples obtained during experiments in artificial aquatic biotopes aiming to reproduce as faithfully as possible the characteristics observed in ponds and lakes in Cambodia. The H5N1 viral RNA was detected in 19% of environmental samples. Among these, infectious viral particles were isolated in a single water sample. In experimental systems, the infectious H5N1 virus survived only 4 days in the rain water. But viral RNA persisted up to 20 days in rain water and 7 days in pond and lake water. In mud, infectious viral particles did not survive even viral RNA could persist for at least 2 weeks. Aquatic flora and fauna have no influence on infectious H5N1 virus persistence in water. These organisms seem to concentrate and to passively carry the virus but do not allow virus replication. Our results showed that following outbreaks, the environment is widely contaminated by H5N1 virus and therefore can act as a potential source of human and/or animal contamination. Restricted access to potentially contaminated water should be recommended during outbreak episodes. Monitoring the environment is recommended in the effort to fight against avian influenza and measures including environment disinfection should also be considered
Dargnat, Cendrine. "Sources, transfert et devenir des phtalates sur le bassin versant de la Seine : caractérisation des dangers pour l'environnement et les écosystèmes." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066574.
Повний текст джерелаTrommetter, Guillaume. "Développements analytiques et d’échantillonneurs passifs appliqués aux terres rares et platinoïdes : application aux systèmes aquatiques anthropisés." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R051.
Повний текст джерелаAquatic ecosystems are fragile systems, vital for the biosphere and yet subject to numerous, sometimes significant, anthropogenic pressures. Currently, reliable methods allow the quantification and study of the fate of metallic trace elements (Pb, Zn, Cd, etc.) and many organic micropollutants in water and sediments. For other elements such as rare earths or platinum group elements, which are increasingly used by industry, their quantification remains more complex and even uncertain due to their very low concentrations. Their quantification is practically impossible without the use of preconcentration techniques or the development of specific analytical methods to reduce the spectral interferences linked to interferents present in high concentrations in the environment. This research work has allowed (i) to quantify precisely these elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry combined with the use of a collision/reaction cell by judiciously choosing the gas and its flow applied in the cell ; (ii) to preconcentrate in situ and then determine concentrations ranging from pg L-1 to ng L-1 for platinum group elements, in areas impacted by human activities (road leaching, Pt-based drug releases), by developing passive sampling techniques called "Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGTs)" based on the use of two different resins, and (iii) to better understand how some of these elements can be used as tracers of urban discharges, particularly in connection with wastewater treatment plants containing domestic and hospital discharges, in addition to the tracers usually used. To this end, the Marque River served as a pilot site for this prospective study during a period of low water levels. These studies made it possible to determine the current concentrations of rare earths and platinum in environments heavily impacted by human activities, making it possible to monitor their evolution and evaluate their potential impact in the future
Brieudes, Vincent. "Caractérisation de la contamination des systèmes aquatiques par les psychotropes : développement d'une méthode de référence incluant une démarche multifactorielle de hiérarchisation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0034/document.
Повний текст джерелаPharmaceuticals and their residues belong to the so-called “emerging” pollutants for which no current regulation is applied regarding their presence in the environment. Monitoring the contamination of aquatic resources by these kinds of micropollutants is a necessity in order to anticipate potential effects regarding human health and ecosystems. In this context, data quality (traceability and comparability) is compulsory so as to take better decisions regarding policies to be driven. Psychotropic compounds, which are widely consumed, display a great concern in that field.This thesis aimed at characterizing occurrence of psychotropic compounds in the environment and putting forward metrological tools insuring accuracy, traceability, comparability as well as representativity of the measurement results.To that purpose, a SPE-LC-MS² multi-residue method has been developed for a selection of psychotropic compounds and other commonly consumed drugs. Method limits of quantification were in the range of ng.L-1 which enabled to characterize their occurrence in several surface waters and treated wastewaters. Concurrently, usage of integrative samplers was evaluated and applied on the field in different locations. Occurrence levels of 68 selected compounds were established by implementation of this complementary strategy in aquatic systems. Furthermore, results from measurement campaigns were used to rank studied compounds into a short list of interest. Finally, a reference method using isotopic dilution and mass spectrometry (DI-MS) was developed for the characterization of 24 psychotropic compounds in surface waters. Expanded uncertainties (k=2) inferior to 10% were obtained. Last be not least, implementing this method to environmental analysis emphasized the importance of sampling related uncertainties regarding to global measurement uncertainties
Koenig, Sarah. "Rôle des zones tampon végétalisées sur les transferts d'azote et de phosphore vers les milieux aquatiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAH022/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe conservation of water quality is a major issue in the 21th century in particular with the increase in the human population. Water-treatment plants rejections represent a risk of pollution of the receiving environment, in particular in nitrogen and phosphorus, with fatal effects for the health and the environment. It is to limit this pollution that the vegetated buffer zones (VBZs), systems of infiltration, where water and nutrients retention are expected, were developed. This study has for main objective to better understand the transfers of nutrients in this type of system. The impact of the various compartments - soil, vegetation, microflora- was studied in two VBZs ditches type, situated downstream to vegetated water-treatment plants in service and in an experimental zone with controlled modalities. This study demonstrated the importance of site hydraulic, soil texture and VBZ surface in effectiveness of water and nutrients retention. The impact of microbial compartment depends largely on the hydraulic retention time bonds to VBZ surface and oxygenation rate of the effluent. Vegetation allows microbial activity improvement but its role in nutrients retention and removal is minor because of high quantities brought by effluents. The soil is the major compartment in phosphorus retention, although a rapid saturation of soil phosphorus could limit this potential. These observations demonstrate variability in the effectiveness of VBZ in water and nutrients retention. This variability could be minimized by planning and management measures. The study of nutrients transfers deserve to be further study and extended to all types of VBZ
Bourhane, Zeina. "Anthropogenic impacts on microbial communities in agriculture aride zones." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PAUU3071.
Повний текст джерелаAquatic environments and their surroundings in arid and semi-arid regions are subjected to strong anthropogenic pressure resulting from agriculture and industrial activities. These unique areas are characterized by natural salinity and drastic seasonal fluctuations. The thesis provides information to better understand the factors shaping the microbial communities assemblages and their adaptation to pollutants under extreme environmental conditions, in order to examine the possibility to define microbial bioindicators. Such microbial bioindicators constitute promising tools for a careful environmental monitoring, which is required to evaluate the ecological status and environmental health of ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to decipher the rules governing the assemblages of microbial communities inhabiting soils and sediments in arid and semi-arid zones, we investigated microbial communities around the Ichkeul Lake (Tunisia) and the “Saladas de Bujaraloz-Sástago” (Salineta, Monegros, Spain), two emblematic aquatic RAMSAR ecosystems. Metagenomic approaches, chemical analyses and integrative microbial indexes were combined to determine the relationships between microbial composition and environmental parameters. We identified the impacts of pollutants such as hydrocarbons, pesticides and heavy metals on microbial communities in soils and sediments and characterized microbial community dynamics according to seasonal variations. We defined relevant microbial bioindicators adapted, identified microbial specialists adapted to the environmental conditions, particularly to natural salinity. Finally, this study provides new insight for developing biomonitoring tools, requested for the management and restoration of aquatic ecosystems
Ferro, Yannis. "Évaluation de l'impact des rejets urbains de temps de pluie sur le compartiment algal des écosystèmes aquatiques : Mise au point d'outils pour la surveillance des milieux récepteurs." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00994535.
Повний текст джерелаFerro, Yannis. "Évaluation de l’impact des rejets urbains de temps de pluie sur le compartiment algal des écosystèmes aquatiques : Mise au point d’outils pour la surveillance des milieux récepteurs." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0091/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe stormwater management constitutes an important challenge for cities around the world: today there are countless problems of flooding and pollution, chronic problems that tend to amplify as urbanization grows. Sustainable management of these waters is at the heart of defies of the twenty-first century and to address these problems the Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development has launched a research operation. Among problems posed by stormwater, our study focuses on urban wet weather discharges (UWWD). These releases are an important and unpredictable contribution of many pollutants to the receiving water bodies. UWWD's pollution has been studied for many years and, while knowledge in the field matures, there is at present no large-scale study to identify the impact of UWWD on the receiving ecosystems. Our work consist in studying the impact of different UWWD samples collected at 3 storm sanitation sites of Lyon on the environment. We have relevant bioindicators, freshwater microalgae, unicellular organisms at the base of the trophic chain and very sensitive to pollutants present in the UWWD. We have undertaken ecotoxicological bioassays known from the literature and contributed to the development of new indicators of toxicity. Furthermore, we seek to adapt these bioassays to allow their use in the field. In parallel, we have worked to improve an enzyme biosensor algal cell. We evaluated its performances on samples of UWWD and then we built an automated measuring station to make measurements directly on the remediation site (online monitoring)
Morin, Marie-Françoise. "Etude de l'impact sur le milieu naturel de la bromadiolone, rodonticide anticoagulant : évolution en milieu aqueux et bioaccumulation sur des organismes terrestres et aquatiques." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2315.
Повний текст джерелаDelaunay, Mathilde. "Comment faciliter l'identification de l'entomofaune ? : Construction, évaluation et amélioration de clés d'identification numériques." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MNHN0009.
Повний текст джерелаDigital identification keys are effective tools for identifying plants and animals, and are also used in citizen science programs. Accessible online, the Xper3 platform makes it possible to create biodiversity databases and to generate interactive identification keys.We investigated various approaches in order to facilitate the identification of French entomofauna, especially some insect taxa living in endangered environments, or having ecological and heritage significance: ladybirds and three orders of aquatic insects (dragonflies and damselflies, mayflies, stoneflies and beetles), at the larval and adult stages. For all these groups, we created seven digital identification keys that are reliable, intuitive and accessible to everybody, available online at the following address: infosyslab.fr/?q=fr/node/113. Thanks to the Xperience system that can to record details of the identifications made by the Xper3 key users, we surveyed the use of our key for odonate larvae and the ‘’Insects’’ key of the citizen science program on pollination Spipoll. We were able to better understand how these digital keys are used and what problems are encountered by their users. Areas for improvement were proposed to make identification keys more effective and easier to use. Our work also showed that the precision of digital identification keys increases when ecological data are integrated alongside morpho-anatomical characters. This addition is particularly relevant for young aquatic insect larvae, for which the identification at the species level can be impossible with morpho-anatomical data alone
Brackx, Gwennhaël. "Approche multidisciplinaire pour la détection de métaux lourds en environnements aquatiques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC004/document.
Повний текст джерелаFreshwater management is a major problem all over the world. Anthropogenic activities related to industry, agriculture and human settlements are the main sources of water pollution. In order to makes policies for pollution prevention, rehabilitation of aquatic environments or waste water recycling, it is necessary to acquire massive data on water quality. Current contaminant monitoring methods have high costs and low frequency of measurement due to the incompatibility with field deployment. These two major brakes do not make it possible to monitor pollutant and especially heavy metal concentrations in aquatic environments at relevant spatial and temporal scales. Several international organizations, including the United Nations, have therefore recommended the development of new and better analytical methods.We propose here a technique for measuring heavy metal contaminants based on Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), which would allow a large scale deployment in the field.SERS has many advantages for environmental analysis including sensitivity, specificity, speed of measurement, adaptability to complex matrix and the moderate cost of portable instrument. We will therefore detail the construction of the SERS probe dedicated to the quantification of the target heavy metal ion Zn2+, which is a geochemical marker of anthropogenic contamination, as well as the data processing necessary for the establishment of quantification. Then, we will examine the robustness of the method of quantification with respect to the sources of variability that will inevitably be encountered in natural waters, when used directly in the field
Togola, Anne. "Présence et devenir des substances pharmaceutiques dans les écosystèmes aquatiques." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13314.
Повний текст джерелаPharmaceutical substances belong to the class of the emerging contaminants which have started recently to be studied in natural environments. The widespread use and the large consumed quantities of these compounds can lead to important inputs into the aquatic environment through wastewater treatment plants. The first part of this work consisted in the development and the comparison of various procedures concerning sampling (spot sampling and passive sampling), extraction step (Solid Phase Extraction , Microwave-assisted extraction) and analysis (Gas chromatography / mass spectrometry), needed for pharmaceutical analysis in various aquatic compartments (dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phases, biological organisms). Thus a first assessment of pharmaceutical contamination of various aquatic systems (Seine, Loire, Adour and Garonne estuaries, Mediterranean coastal water…) has been undertaken. A contamination of aquatic compartments with pharmaceutical substances has been highlighted for all studied systems. Concentrations ranging from few ng. L-1 to several μg. L-1 have been measured, depending on compounds, sampling stations and seasonal variations. This work has allowed to document the origins (quantification and qualification of inputs) and the fate (degradation phenomena) of those compounds. It has also highlighted partition phenomena between the different phases (ie particulate matter and dissolved phase) and the bioaccumulation capability of some of those substances
Ratajczak, Mehdy. "Devenir des populations d'Escherichia coli dans les environnements aquatiques : structure, viabilité et attachement aux particules." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES034.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis was to understand the fate of Escherichia coli (E. Coli) populations, fecal indicator bacteria, in contrasted environmental water according to their structure, viability and particles association. In water impacted by recent fecal pollution, distribution of E. Coli in the four main phylo-groups (A, B1, B2 and D), shows that changes in E. Coli structure are dependent on human or bovine origin. In the absence of fecal pollution, the E. Coli mainly belong to phylo-group B1, corresponding to strains that better adapted to environmental water. Survival study in microcosm combined with the following phenotypes involved in persistence of strains in water shows the existence of subpopulations of E. Coli. Strains from water impacted by humans, are resistant to amoebae, pathogens, and characterized by low survival time. However, in the absence of contamination, strains are sensitive to antibiotics, able to degraded macromolecules, multiplying at 7°C, and are persistent in water. Study of the dynamics of E. Coli populations into viable but non culturable (VNC) associated to particles in environmental water, shows that near sources of fecal pollution, a permanent E. Coli population into VNC forms associated to non settleable organic particles were always detected. This proportion varies along the river systems and depends on sedimentary process. A predictive model combining bacteriological parameters, hydrological and sedimentary, was proposed to determine after a fecal pollution, the impacted areas and the resilience time of the aquatic environment
Silva, Elise Da. "Développement d'outils analytiques innovants pour le suivi des populations de Vibrio dans les environnements aquatiques." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0057/document.
Повний текст джерелаMass mortality events affecting the Pacific oyster Crassostreae gigas on French coasts since 2008 have been associated to some Vibrio species. These mortalities, particularly severe and sudden in the mediterranean lagoons, can reach 80 to 100% of the oyster production threatening the sustainability of this activity. An environmental monitoring of these bacteria appears essential and, for this purpose, innovative analytical methods have to be developed as alternative to classical techniques, in order to allow the rapid and in real time monitoring of Vibrio in the coastal aquatic environments. In this context, the objective of the thesis was to design genosensors as analytical tools for Vibrio detection and quantification in aquatic ecosystems. In a first step, a system based on a « sandwich » hybridization format, in which nucleic acid targets were bound between an immobilized capture probe and a labeled signal probe, coupled with an optical detection method, was developed. After experimental condition optimization, the test showed high sensitivity with a limit of detection of 5 ng.µL-1 of nucleic acids and was highly specific to Vibrio spp. The method was then successfully applied to Vibrio detection in environmental samples collected in Salses-Leucate lagoon. A second hybridization format, based on a competition between the targeted nucleic acids and the capture probe for the signal probe has been considered using both optical and electrochemical transductions. Concurrently with the development of genosensors, quantitative real-time PCR have been designed as reference methods
tessier, emmanuel. "ETUDE DE LA REACTIVITE ET DU TRANSFERT DU TRIBUTYLETAIN ET DU MERCURE DANS LES ENVIRONNEMENTS AQUATIQUES." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010071.
Повний текст джерелаTessier, Emmanuel. "Etude de la réactivité et du transfert du tributylétain et du mercure dans les environnements aquatiques." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3034.
Повний текст джерелаAquatic ecosystems are particularly affected by tributyltin (TBT) and mercury (Hg) chronic contamination. These micropollutants are ubiquitous and persistent and occurred at trace level, likely to drastically impair aquatic environments. TBT and Hg biogeochemical cycles are driven by transformation and transfer mechanisms between the different environmental compartments. These natural processes have been studied in details by using novel analytical methods and environmental design to improve the risk assessment. The first part of this work focus on the mechanistic study of TBT and Hg reactivity and transfer in reconstituted aquatic ecosystems. These experiments involve both state-of-the-art analytical speciation techniques, partly based on quantification by isotopic dilution and experimental tools simulating the environmental conditions. Kinetics of TBT and Hg distribution (adsorption, bioaccumulation, biodegradation, clearance) have been simultaneously characterized in al compartments of the microcosms presenting a simple biological organization. In a second step, volatilization kinetics of TBT at real interfaces have been studied to assess the potential remobilization and elimination pathways of butyltin compounds. Finally, in a third part, stable isotopic tracers of Hg have been employed to discriminate and quantify the coupled methylation and demethylation kinetics in estuarine sediments, by forcing different environmental factors (oxygenation, microbial activity)
Perrot, Vincent. "Spéciation isotopique et moléculaire du mercure dans les environnements aquatiques influencée par des processus biotiques et abiotiques." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3001/document.
Повний текст джерелаMercury (Hg) is a toxic and ubiquitous heavy metal. Only present at trace levels in the water column of aquatic systems, it can reach high amounts in food web end-members because of its ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in organisms as methylmercury (MeHg). Hence, the characterization of the transformations leading to the formation (methylation) and the degradation (demethylation) of MeHg is of great concern to evaluate its fate in aquatic environments. The use of the Hg stable isotopes, during laboratory experiments or in environmental samples, allowed to identify and characterize several biotic and biotic pathways involved in Hg transformations and speciation in aquatic systems. The study of Hg mass-dependent and/or mass-independent fractionation was also a competitive tool to assess its bioaccumulation process in several members of the Lake Baikal endemic food chain (Russia). Measured Hg isotopic signatures in such samples provided insight about Hg species fate and sources within the ecosystem of this lake, which has been nominated as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1996 and constitutes the world’s largest freshwater lake in terms of volume
Deng, Yun. "Environnements en Chine de l'Est au Quaternaire supérieur d'après l'enregistrement pollinique en Mer de Chine Orientale." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10084.
Повний текст джерелаThiébaud, Hervé. "Mise au point d'une méthodologie analytique en écotoxicologie : impact du dichlorométhane sur des microcosmes aquatiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE18008.
Повний текст джерелаLauters, François. "Impacts sur l'écosystème aquatique de la gestion par éclusées des ouvrages hydroélectriques : étude de quelques cours d'eau et analyse des phénomènes mis en jeu." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30140.
Повний текст джерелаBayona, Yannick. "Sensibilité de descripteurs structurels et fonctionnels des communautés aquatiques pour l’évaluation du risque environnemental de substances chimiques organiques en mésocosmes lotiques et lentiques." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARH088.
Повний текст джерелаEnvironmental risk assessment of chemicals in aquatic mesocosms requires the use of sensitive and ecologically relevant endpoints. The present work aimed at defining and testing different endpoints based upon the taxonomic (including bioindication metrics used for the biomonitoring of natural ecosystems) and functional (biological and ecological traits) characteristics of aquatic communities (diatoms, zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates), and the measurement of functional processes (e. G. , realized trophic niche, litter breakdown). Experiments were performed in lotic (Rivières Pilotes, Total S. A. , Lacq) and lentic (INRA U3E, Rennes) mesocosms exposed to several levels of two organic chemicals, thiram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, and the hydrocarbon fraction of a petroleum distillate. Particular attention was paid to the post-treatment period to assess the capacity of communities to recover after a several-week long treatment period. The variety of approaches used allowed observing direct and indirect effects, asynchronous effects (i. E. , observed after the end of treatment) on functional processes, and changes of trophic niche size of gastropods (i. E. Isotopic niche). However, no bioindication index tested during this work showed ability to detect effects of chemical-induced disturbance, whatever the type of mesocosm or organisms studied. Overall, results suggested that improvement of ecological risk assessment of chemicals using aquatic mesocosms implies the development of protocols adapted to the nature of the effects (e. G. , lethal, sublethal, direct, indirect) and to the measured endpoints (e. G.
Abida, Otman. "Impact des complexes de fer et de la lumière solaire sur le devenir de polluants de l'environement aquatique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688392.
Повний текст джерелаMonperrus, Mathilde. "UTILISATION DE TRACEURS ISOTOPIQUES STABLES POUR LA SPECIATION DU MERCURE ET DES BUTYLETAINS APPLICATION A L'ETUDE DE LA BIOMETHYLATION DU MERCURE DANS LES ENVIRONNEMENTS AQUATIQUES." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00342418.
Повний текст джерелаDans la deuxième partie de ce travail, les méthodes analytiques développées ont été appliquées à des études environnementales sur les cycles biogéochimiques du mercure et des butylétains dans les environnements aquatiques. Des méthodes expérimentales utilisant des espèces enrichies isotopiquement comme traceurs ont été développées et mises en œuvre. Elles permettent d'évaluer les taux de transformations du mercure (méthylation/déméthylation) dans les différents compartiments des environnements aquatiques que sont les sédiments et la colonne d'eau. Les facteurs environnementaux et notamment les paramètres biologiques sont aussi contrôlés afin de déterminer le lien entre les transformations du mercure et les activités des organismes vivants tels que les bactéries et le phytoplancton.
Monperrus, Mathilde. "Utilisation de traceurs isotopiques stables pour la spéciation du mercure et des buthylétains : Application à l'étude de la biométhylation du mercure dans les environnements aquatiques." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3031.
Повний текст джерелаThe first part of this work involves the development of new analytical methods for the speciation analysis of mercury and butyltin compounds in environmental matrices. The optimization of these new methods for speciation analysis is based on the isotope dilution technique and has been developed specially for the simultaneous determination of mercury and butyltin compounds taking into account the simultaneous sample preparation and the simultaneous detection. The analytical development has been carried out for the different environmental matrix found in the aquatic ecosystems: water samples, biological tissues and sediments. In the second part of this work, the developed analytical techniques have been used to investigate biogeochemical cycles of mercury and butyltin into aquatic environments. Experimental methods, using isotopically enriched species as tracers, have been developed and have allowed the evaluation of mercury transformation mechanisms (methylation/demethylation) in the different compartments of the aquatics systems (in the sediments and the water column). Environmental factors and biological parameters have been also investigated in order to determine the possible link between the mercury transformation processes and the biological activities (bacterio- and phyto-plankton activities)
Merlin, Gérard. "Contamination par le PCP d'écosystèmes aquatiques reconstitués : dégradation et effets sur les végétaux." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10063.
Повний текст джерелаCapdeville, Marion-Justine. "Études des cycles biogéochimiques des contaminants organiques dits « émergents » dans les systèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14304/document.
Повний текст джерелаPharmaceutical substances belong to the group of emerging contaminants due to their recent interest in environmental studies in comparison with pollutants who have been studied for a longer time like pesticides. They correspond to the active ingredient of drugs and by this mean are responsible for their pharmacological properties. Consequently they are biologically active molecules that can act on living organisms present in impacted ecosystems. The origin of pharmaceuticals in the environment is variable but the main sources are related to their use in human and veterinary medicine. Once consumed, pharmaceutical substances are excreted in urine or feces and are found in wastewater (human consumption) or animal manure (veterinary consumption). In the first case, they can be discharged directly in the environment, or indirectly, with treated wastewater or sludge from sewage treatment plants (SWTP). In the second case, they directly reach the environment when animals are bred on grassland or indirectly when livestock wastes are spread on agricultural soils as fertilizer. This PhD work has been focused on the study of the origin and fate of pharmaceutical substances in these 2 cases. Thus according to consumption data, occurrence in the environment reported in previous studies, toxicity and ecotoxicity data, originality and availability of reference standard compounds, 32 then 78 molecules belonging to 5 different therapeutic classes (antibiotics, antineoplastics, beta-blockers, anti-HIV, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE 5 inhibitors)) were studied in 2 continuums : i) hospital wastewater effluents – raw and treated wastewater – surface water, and ii) raw and treated wastewater – surface water – ground water. Based on the same selection criteria, the fate of 7 antibiotics was studied in pig manure in simple manure storage facilities (storage tank), in aerobic manure treatment facilities (treatment system like in small SWTP) and in mesocosms under controlled conditions. In order to achieve all these studies, analytical protocols implementing an extraction step by SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) or an ASE extraction (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) followed by a SPE purification and an analytical step by LC / MS / MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) have been developed. These protocols, by filling out quality criteria such as limits of detection and quantification compatible with environmental analysis (ng/l to dozen of ng/l), good linearity, precision, accuracy and performance, were used to analyze the dissolved phase of water samples and dissolved and solid phases of pig manure samples. The water samples analysis shows : i) beta-blockers, anti-HIV and antibiotic belonging to the families of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides are the most representative molecules of the environmental contamination from the classes studied; ii) SWTP releases are a major source of aquatic systems’ contamination; iii) wastewaters are more contaminated in winter than in summer; and iv) surface water are more contaminated in summer than in winter. The pig manure samples analysis shows : i) the levels of contamination of manure by antibiotics are high, from a few µg/l to mg/l; ii) the manure level of contamination is not related to the physiological stage of pigs; iii) the interest to store manure before spreading in order to reduce the antibiotics contamination is not highlighted; iv) oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tylosin and marbofloxacin are mainly present in the solid phase whereas sulfadiazine, lincomycin and monensin are mainly present in the liquid phase of manure; v) the separation of solid and liquid phases reduce manure contamination in aerobic treatment facilities; and vi) antibiotics degradation is mainly aerobic.Key words:
Abou, Mrad Ninette. "Développements méthodologiques pour l’échantillonnage et l’analyse des hydrocarbures dans les systèmes aquatiques : application dans des expérimentations en conditions semi-contrôlées et dans le milieu environnemental." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14423/document.
Повний текст джерелаHydrocarbons originating from telluric discharges and accidental spills constitute a major source of pollution in the aquatic systems. These compounds are present at trace levels in the dissolved phase due to their hydrophobicity and/or their volatility, and are characterized by variable concentrations in the water body depending on discontinuous inputs, dilution phenomena, tidal cycles…Therefore, in order to raise the analytical and environmental challenges generated by the hydrocarbons in the aquatic systems, the present phD work focused on: i) methodological developments for the extraction and analysis of volatile petroleum hydrocarbons (aromatics and aliphatics) for both the dissolved and the sedimentary phases, in order to characterize the presence and fate of a petroleum contamination in these media, and ii) developments of new passive sampling tools for the sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which have proved their toxic character, while integrating the variability in the contaminant concentrations in the dissolved phase
Barouxis, Athanassios. "Les marqueurs bactériens lipidiques dans les environnements sédimentaires et aquatiques marins et continentaux : application à la reconnaissance des sources de contamination bactérinnes dans les eaux de captage." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066043.
Повний текст джерелаBarouxis, Athanassios. "Les Marqueurs bactériens lipidiques dans les environnements sédimentaires et aquatiques marins et continentaux application à la reconnaissance des sources de contamination bactériennes dans les eaux de captage /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37611535v.
Повний текст джерелаMokh, Samia. "Optimisation de techniques analytiques pour caractériser les antibiotiques dans les systèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14950/document.
Повний текст джерелаAntibiotics are pollutants present in aquatic ecosystems ultimate receptacles of anthropogenic substances. These compounds are studied as their persistence in the environment or their effects on natural organisms. Numerous efforts have been made worldwide to assess the environmental quality of different water resources for the survival of aquatic species, but also for human consumption and health risk related. Towards goal, the optimization of analytical techniques for these compounds in aquatic systems remains a necessity. Our objective is to develop extraction and detection methods for 12 molecules of aminoglycosides and colistin in sewage treatment plants and hospitals waters. The lack of analytical methods for analysis of these compounds and the deficiency of studies for their detection in water is the reason for their study. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) in classic mode (offline) or online followed by Liquid Chromatography analysis coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/ MS) is the most method commonly used for this type of analysis. The parameters are optimized and validated to ensure the best conditions for the environmental analysis. This technique was applied to real samples of wastewater treatment plants in Bordeaux and Lebanon
Gallissot, Brigitte. "Mise en évidence du potentiel bioaccumulateur des bryophytes aquatiques vis-a-vis des PCB et des pesticides organochlores : étude in situ et en laboratoire : proposition de grilles d'évaluation de la contamination par les organochlorés." Metz, 1988. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1988/Gallissot.Brigitte.SMZ8813.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаOrganochlorine pollution of french rivers (Seine, Isère, Rhône) is studied with autochthonus and implanted aquatic bryophytes. Analysis of PCB, lindane and isomers, HCB, DDT and its metabolites in mosses allows to localise different degrees of pollution in effluents. Implantation on particulary contaminated sites has shown a good resistance of mosses to a multiform pollution : 289 ppm of PCB in mosses implanted in a industrial effluent, 67 ppm of DDT and metabolites in bryophytes in Drac river close to Grenoble. Transfert during 6 days seems to be sufficient to obtain a good analogy between micropollutant concentrations in autochthonous and implanted mosses. Half of equilibrium concentrations is reached in 24 hours. Accumulation and depuration kinetics of PCB by aquatic bryophytes were studied in situ and in laboratory. Accumulation is rapid and the steady state is reached after 10 days of accumulation. Depuration is slow : in 17 days of depuration, bryophytes had eliminated only 47% of initial PCB concentrations. Interspecific differences don't exeed twice factor. Quality indexes based on organochlorine pollution of bryophytes are proposed
Mate, Marin Ainhoa. "Multiscale approach to assess the DSM-flux capacity to mitigate impacts on the receiving waters : Quantification of overflow rates and interception of particulate pollutants from combined sewer overflows." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI008/document.
Повний текст джерелаOver the past decade, European Union governments have encouraged to collect data on the volume and quality of all urban water effluents with a significant environmental impact on receiving aquatic environments. Methods for monitoring these flows require improvements, particularly for combined sewer overflows, which are complex flows that contribute in significant proportion to the degradation of the quality of the receiving waters. The DSM-flux (Device for Stormwater and combined sewer flows Monitoring and the control of pollutant fluxes) is a new pre-calibrated and pre-designed device that guarantees the appropriate hydraulic conditions for measuring discharged flows and volumes as well as the concentrations and mass loads of pollutants carried in suspension by the flow. In this PhD work, a relationship allowing to measure the flow rates conveying through the DSM-flux was determined thanks to an experimental study on a small-scale physical model, and then validated for several flow configurations upstream of the device. Whatever the upstream hydraulic conditions are, the relative uncertainties are less than 15% and 2% for the flow rates and volumes studied, respectively, which is equivalent to the uncertainties of the most reliable current methods. The monitoring methodology was validated in situ in a large-scale device installed at the field and operating in real conditions, which shows the robustness of the method. Moreover, thanks to its original design, the DSM-flux allows the interception of a fraction of particulate pollutants. The hydrodynamics of this monitoring device were analysed as well as the conditions that cause the settling of particulate pollutants. Depending on the flow conditions, this device can retain 50% of the total mass of fine suspended solid matter transiting through the device, but for flows at high discharge rates, this efficiency is significantly reduced. Its retention capacity has also been observed in the field and a methodology has been developed to quantify its retention efficiency in future studies. Apart from its performance, from an operational point of view, the device has other advantages compared to other current devices: (i) it is pre-calibrated and can be installed downstream from existing combined sewer overflows, (ii) it can be directly installed through a manhole in the discharge channel, (iii) its hydraulic performance is independent from the flow conditions upstream, and (iv) it is an integrated monitoring device, measuring flow rates and their quality simultaneously, in addition to intercepting a part of the particulate pollutants
Duchemin, Matthieu. "Validation des outils immunotoxicologiques pour l'étude des effets biologiques des contaminants du milieu marin." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00256657.
Повний текст джерелаPerrier, Fanny. "Nanocontamination d'organismes aquatiques par des particules inorganiques : transfert trophique et impacts toxiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0959/document.
Повний текст джерелаDue to an increasing and massive use, engineered nanoparticles are raising as potentialemerging contaminants in the environment, including aquatic ecosystems. While trophictransfer appears to constitute a major exposure route for organisms, scientific literature hasdifficulties to respond to the questions raised to explore the range of the interactions existingbetween nanoparticles and living organisms at different scales from the trophic interactionsto the cellular impacts. This problem is partly due to experimental difficulties inherent tothis exposure type. For this work performed in controlled laboratory conditions, sphericalgold nanoparticles (10 nm, coated with PEG-amines, positively charged) were chosen tostudy the trophic transfer and toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Trophic chains concernedseveral trophic levels (up to three) with a variety of species considered : the basis of thetrophic web with natural biofilms or microalgae, intermediate levels with grazing fish orsuspensivorous bivalves, and up to top food chain organisms, with the European eel, a carnivorousfish.With relatively low doses for exposures, this work tends to represent environmentalconditions. Integrative methodological approaches from subcellular to tissue levels(RT-qPCR, RNA-sequencing, histology) were performed in order to assess toxic impacts.The results indicate a high retention capacity of nanoparticles by natural biofilms. Followinga 21-day exposure, gold quantifications reveal a transfer from biofilms to grazing fish, witha gold distribution in all organs. Moreover, this transfer is associated with an inflammatoryresponse according to the histological lesions observed in the liver, spleen and muscle ofexposed fish. A longer food chain, with three trophic levels involving microalgae - bivalves- European eels, is set up to give a better representation of the complexity of trophic interactionsin the aquatic environment. It shows a significant transfer to the predatory fish.Transcriptomic analyses, using the RNA-sequencing approach, for the liver and the brain ofexposed eels by nanoparticles’ enriched food, highlight a joint response for these two organsin the biological processes associated with the immune system and its regulation, includingNOD-like receptors involved in inflammasome.All the experimental results suggest long-term harmful effects that nanoparticles would generatein aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the ability of these contaminants to be transferredthroughout trophic chains
Delhaye, Hélène. "Développement d'un bioessai de toxicité chronique en microcosme aquatique de laboratoire et évaluation de l'outil au travers de l'étude des effets du cadmium." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814732.
Повний текст джерелаYaméogo, Laurent. "Impact sur les entomocénoses aquatiques des insecticides utilisés pour contrôler les stades larvaires de Simulium damnosum Theobald (diptera : simuliidae), vecteur de l'onchocercose humaine en Afrique de l'ouest." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10085.
Повний текст джерелаBui, Van Hoi. "Contribution à l’étude de la présence et du devenir des résidus de médicaments dans les compartiments aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14930/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe presence of pharmaceuticals was evaluated in Seine surface waters and in eight wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) effluents (4 WWTP within MEDSEINE - GIP Seine – Aval project and 4 WWTP within TOXSTEP – ANSES project. A hundred molecules was systematically reseached in both types of waters by applying the analytical methodologies (SPE solid phase extraction followed by LC-MS/MS analysis). A seasonal monitoring of pharmaceutical residues was also carried out. The pharmaceutically residues have been systematically quantified in this both types of water. The concentrations in suface of waters are significative for some molecules: 1 – 108 ng/L for diclofenac, 2 – 324 ng/L for ibuprofen and the values are weakly for some molecules: 2 – 13 for sulfapyridine, 1 – 5 for nordiazepam. Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, β-blockers, macrolides and fluoroquinolones are mostly founded in the effluents of WWTP. Their concentrations were measured in the range: 62 ng/L – 10 µg/L for sotalol, 39 ng/L – 8 µg/L for atenolol, 32 ng/L – up to 127 µg/L for paracetamol.Moreover, the stability of pharmaceuticals was evaluated with light radiation . UV irradiation (at 254 nm) potentially used in the final WWTP before discharge in particularly areas have been applied (with a dose up to 1500 J/m2). Sunlight simulations have also been done. The phenomenon of photodegradation at 254 nm has been observed for some molecules such as : diclofenac, ketoprofen (>90% degraded), ciprofloxacine, norfloxacine (up to 75% degraded). Azithromycinem clarithromycine, carbamazepine and atenolol are most stable molecules observed. Exposing under simulated sunlight, diclofenac, ketoprofen, ciprofloxacine and norfloxacine are also sensitive molecules (>90 % degraded) after 24 hours of exposure (172.8 kJ/m2). Carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, atenolol, metoprolol and bisoprolol are most stable molecules observed
Naah, Marielle. "Impact du développement urbain du bassin versant de la rivière Mingoa sur le lac municipal de Yaoundé (Cameroun)." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00976636.
Повний текст джерелаMalange, Jean-François. "Histoire sociale des pratiques de pêche à la ligne en France de 1829 à 1941 : aux origines d'une conscience environnementale." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20040.
Повний текст джерелаBy the 1960s, anglers in France had come to display a real environmental consciousness. The aim of this thesis is to show this consciousness had a long history. Anglers in France, a century before the rise of political ecology, exhibited a growing sensibility to environmental problems that came directely from their experiences of the quality of their surroundings as they fished. In this thesis, I show that between 1829 and 1941, the practise of angling evolved from an elitist to a more working-class form of leisure. I also examine how the respective roles of men and women of different social classes changed over time and acoording to place. In addition, I explore the factors, rhythms and geography of this new environmental awareness. It gave rise to some unexpected developments with, for example, the working classes playing a major role in the movement of the protection of nature in France
Deschamps, de Paillette Thierry. "Transmissions numériques sans-fil pour la surveillance environnementale en milieu sous-marin." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS023.
Повний текст джерелаMonitoring the underwater environment requires the deployment of dedicated sensors and infrastructure whose cost and impact on flora and fauna must be reduced. The target application aims geographic areas of less than 1km2 in which transmissions of video streams and measurements, taken by submerged sensors, must be carried out wirelessly over distances greater than 10m with a minimum bit rate of 80kbps for powers of emission around a dozen of Watts. A comparative study of acoustic, optical and electromagnetic communication methods in seawater is presented. This analysis is introduced by defining a set of performance criteria intended to assess and select the technique best suited to application needs. The electromagnetic methods, whose deployment costs and environmental impact are minimal, however presents limitations of ranges for the desired data rate. The remainder of this thesis presents the research work that has been carried out to remove these technological obstacles. A first simplified model of propagation of electromagnetic fields in an underwater environment has been developed to differentiate the propagation modes favouring conduction losses from those caused by the dielectric properties of sea water. Prototype antennas have been developed to try to excite the medium by favouring one or the other mode. Finally, the detailed study of a magneto-inductive coupling model made it possible to carry out and evaluate the performance of such a link using original bandwidth widening techniques which were implemented successfully in an underwater MODEM prototype
Garoche, Clémentine. "Effets biologiques et mécanismes d'action de ligands environnementaux du récepteur nucléaire de la progestérone chez le poisson zèbre." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B023/document.
Повний текст джерелаAmong vertebrates, progesterone (P4) is an endogenous progestin acting through the nuclear and molecular progesterone receptor to mediate key processes of development and reproduction. Many molecules are designed to mimic the action of P4. These synthetic progestins and P4 are widely used as pharmaceuticals and some of them are found in this aquatic environment, thus posing risks to aquatic species. However, information is lacking to evaluate the dangers and risks of these substances for the environment. This thesis studied the mechanisms of action and the effects of progestins on zebrafish, using a combination of reporter-gene in vitro and in vivo tools based on the mechanism of action of endocrine disruptors. We characterized the toxicological profile of 26 progestins towards different human and zebrafish nuclear steroid receptors and towards the tissue-specific expression of steroidogenic genes (cyp19a1b in the brain and cyp11c1 in the interrenal cells). Our results show that some progestins can disrupt different signaling pathways in developing larvae at the molecular level, cellular and tissular level, and physiological level. Overall, the results of this thesis allow for a better characterization of the dangers of progestins on several endocrine targets
Barbier, Elodie. "Prévalence de Mycobacterium bovis dans les agroécosystèmes : analyse de réservoirs environnementaux potentiels (sol, eau douce, faune du sol et faune aquatique) et traçage de la circulation de cette bactérie entre les différents compartiments." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS026/document.
Повний текст джерелаBovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. This disease affects cattle, and many species of domestic and wild mammals, and humans. The circulation of the bacteria in various multi-host systems promotes the maintenance of the disease and the contamination of cattle in the vicinity. Beside direct transmission of the bacteria through the respiratory route, indirect transmission, through inhalation or ingestion of environmental matrices contaminated by an infected animal excretory, is suspected in several countries. Environmental contamination with M. bovis appears to be a crucial factor in the persistence of the infection in multi-host systems.In Côte d'Or, a French department affected by bovine tuberculosis since 2004, the indirect transmission of the bacteria from infected wildlife to cattle is suspected in several cases. To assess this type of transmission of the bacillus, we evaluated the environmental contamination with M. bovis on a large number of samples taken in areas shared by cattle and / or wildlife infected. For this purpose, we developed or modified molecular detection systems adapted for environmental complex matrices. We also assessed the impact of physicochemical properties of both soil and temperature on survival of M. bovis and the role of earthworms in the spread of the bacteria from contaminated organic material. The environmental study showed the contamination of two media in particular: wetlands pastures and soil badger setts. Moreover, experimental studies have shown that M. bovis can survive in soil for several months at 4 ° C and the worms could spread the bacteria in the soil, or even play a potential role for vector animals that consume them. These results will propose improvements to existing biosecurity measures on cattle farms and provide new knowledge about the persistence and circulation of M. bovis in the environment in Côte d'Or
Abakar, Malloum. "Analyse des mécanismes d'endommagement et du comportement vibratoire d'un composite à constituants naturels dans un environnement hydrique." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1020/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn recent decades, polymer composites reinforced with plant fibers have received significant attention from scientists. The use of reinforcing vegetable fibers makes it possible to improve the environmental performance of these materials reaching higher specific properties. Nevertheless, a major lock still hinders the development of these materials. Indeed, their sensitivity to water ageing, due to their hydrophilic nature, restricts their use. In this context, we propose, as part of this thesis, to analyze the effect of water ageing on static and dynamic behavior, to identify and monitoring the damage mechanisms of a sandwich structure biobased and its constituents. The composites used consist of a greenpoxy resin associated with flax fibers and a cork core for sandwich materials. In the first part of this work, we studied the static an dynamic behavior of the resin, the composites, cores and sandwich structures. This study led on the one hand to the determination of the mechanical characteristics and to the identification and the follow-up of the mechanisms of damage by acoustic emission and microscopic observations and on the other hand to the determination of the dynamic characteristics. In the second part, we first analyzed the kinetics of water diffusion in resin, skins, cores and sandwichs by identification of their diffusion parameters by the Fick model approach. Then, we are interested in the impact of water ageing on the behavior and mechanical properties iof sandwichs and its constituents
Alawad, Ahmad. "Aptacapteurs électrochimiques pour le contrôle environnemental de la tétracycline et ses dérivés." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0028.
Повний текст джерелаIn this work, two electrochemical aptasensors were developed for selective detection of tetracycline (TET) and its derivatives in aquatic environments. The two analytical tools are based on the immobilization of DNA oligonucleotides on screen-printed carbon electrodes: the first is an impedimetric sensor involving an aptamer of 8 nucleotides, while the second is based on a voltammetric sensor based on the inhibition of the intrinsic electroactivity of an aptamer of 76 nucleotides. Since such electroactivity has never been observed previously, a study was conducted to identify the part of the sequence responsible for this activity and to determine in parallel the TET recognition sites. Another part of the work exploits this electroactivity to map the distribution of aptamers immobilized on the electrode by scanning electrochemical microscopy
Oberle, Kenny. "Devenir des antibiotiques et des populations d'Escherichia coli et d'Enterococcus spp. dans les hydrosytèmes de surface." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00828033.
Повний текст джерелаIdder, Salima. "État de la contamination des eaux du département de la Dordogne par les résidus de médicaments." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14652/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe beginning of the 21th century saw a growing interest for pharmaceuticals in aquaticsystems. The development of new analytical technologies allowing detection and quantification ofcompounds at ultra-trace levels mostly contributed to this expansion. These technologicalimprovements allowed to evidence and quantify many xenobiotics in various aquaticcompartments. Since about fifteen years, research teams focused their attention to human orveterinary pharmaceuticals. These contaminants are among emerging pollutants and no regulationexists in Europe concerning their presence in the environment. The presence of few tenths ofpharmaceuticals has been demonstrated. Living organisms in aquatic bodies are thereforeexposed to mixtures of compounds certainly at low doses (often between few ng and fewhundreds of ng) but continuously and the effects of this exposure are few documented. Thecontamination of aquatic systems by pharmaceuticals is usually the sign of an importanturbanization and streams with strong domestic pressures are often chosen as sampling sites inscientific studies. Nevertheless, the data concerning rural areas are still scarce although theyrepresent four fifth of the French territory.This work aims to establish a current situation of water resources of a rural territory, theDordogne administrative department. The occurrence of 40 pharmaceuticals including lipidregulators, antibiotics, β-blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, anticancer drugs, etc inseveral streams has studied with a multi-residue analytical method involving an on-linepreconcentration, a chromatographic separation followed by tandem MS/MS detection. Themethod has been validated for surface waters according to COFRAC requirements.Many sites were sampled every month during one year (2011) on six major streams of theDordogne department. The various campaigns allowed identifying the main areas contaminatedby pharmaceuticals and some linear correlations with other parameters (ammonium ion,phosphorus, etc.) have been evidenced.Beside the results obtained over all the Dordogne department, a focus on the presence ofpharmaceuticals in Isle river, around Périgueux, the main urban area of Dordogne, was led. Thissurvey allowed characterizing the introduction ways of pharmaceuticals and better understandingthe impact of the city of Périgueux on the river Isle