Дисертації: "Environmental risk assessment and management"

1

Mitra, Amlan. "Developing an integrated risk management system in emergency management process /." This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12232009-020038/.

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2

Newbury, Brian. "Integrated health, safety and environmental management systems." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2000. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/integrated-health-safety-and-environmental-management-systems(6a947bb5-bda0-4466-9cb6-f02ad514cb9a).html.

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The continued rise in accident and ill health statistics throughout the member states of the European Union indicate that the standards of occupational health, safety and environmental control require further improvement to minimise the current level of loss. Management systems are regarded as an effective means of reducing this loss by continuously improving standards. Whilst there is much discussion and debate about the possibilities of integrating management systems, at present, there are no national or international published integrated management standards, although some multi-national companies have introduced their own internal integrated standards. The research explored the development of an integrated health, safety and environmental (HSE) management system within a range of industrial organisations. This included the development of tools for successful implementation of integrated systems, specifically for significance review, risk assessment and auditing. Resources and accreditation constraints precluded exhaustive testing of all clauses within the proposed integrated management standard. However, analysis of key aspects of the standard revealed: 1. The introduction and use of separate health, safety and environmental (HSE) management systems improved the standards of risk control within organisations. 2. Organisations perceived that there were clear business advantages in some form of integration of existing standards. 3. The developed integrated HSE standard was technically possible in the area of policy development, process operations, working instructions and documentation. However, the integration of risk assessment and audit tools gave limited advantages compared to existing separate systems. 4. The proposed integrated HSE standard complied with both individual European member states national legislative requirements and European/World-wide management standard criteria. In summary this thesis represents an original contribution to the field of integrated management systems. The thesis also identifies areas of further work that will increase the knowledge base, scope of application of the work carried out.

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3

Duan, Hongxia. "Social process of environmental risk perception, preferences of risk management and public participation in decision making a cross-cultural study between the United States and China /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1133463917.

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4

Pizzol, Lisa <1978&gt. "Spatial and regional risk assessment in decision support systems for environmental risk management." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1001.

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Environmental risks are traditionally assessed and presented in non spatial ways although the spatial relations between the risk assessment components and the spatial distribution of the risk assessment variables strongly influence exposure estimations and hence risks. According to the scale of the problem, two different spatial risk assessments approaches can be identified: site-specific spatial risk assessment and regional risk assessment. In the present Ph.D. thesis the first approach applies geostatistic interpolation methods for mapping the distribution of contaminants concentration in order to support the risk-based zoning of the site. It was implemented in DESYRE (DEcision Support sYstem for the REqualification of contaminated sites) and applied to the Porto Marghera case study. At regional scale, an innovative methodology integrating a relative risk approach and spatial analysis was developed to select sites at regional scale where a preliminary soil investigation is required first. It was implemented in SYRIADE (Spatial decision support sYstem for Regional rIsk Assessment of DEgraded land) and applied to the Upper Silesia case-study.
Tradizionalmente nella valutazione dei rischi per l’uomo e per l’ambiente, le relazioni spaziali tra le componenti dell’analisi di rischio e la distribuzione spaziale delle variabili coinvolte non vengono adeguatamente considerate, sebbene esse influiscono sulla valutazione dell’esposizione e quindi del rischio. In base alla scala di analisi, si possono identificare due approcci di analisi di rischio (AR): l’AR spaziale sito-specifica e l’AR regionale. Nella presente tesi di dottorato è stata sviluppata una procedura di AR spaziale sito-specifica che utilizza metodi di interpolazione spaziale per ottenere delle mappe di distribuzione della contaminazione al fine di supportare la zonizzazione del sito sulla base dei livelli di rischio. A scala regionale è stata sviluppata una metodologia innovativa che integra un approccio di AR relativo con analisi spaziali, per selezionare i siti dove le attività di caratterizzazione sono urgentemente richieste. Le due metodologie sono state implementate rispettivamente in DESYRE (DEcision Support sYstem for the REqualification of contaminated sites) e in SYRIADE (Spatial decision support sYstem for Regional rIsk Assessment of DEgraded land) e applicate al sito di Porto Marghera e alla regione dell’Upper Silesia.

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5

Sinclair, Philip. "The assessment of environmental systems : a participatory case study in waste management." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2002. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843400/.

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The methodological framework for informed decision-making known as Environmental Systems Assessment (ESA) is derived from, and is shown to contain, the existing tools of Risk Assessment, Decision Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Communication is identified as a problem within ESA. A panel process in local waste management between a UK Council, its local lay public and experts illustrates a new methodological implementation of ESA in which risk, decision analytic and life cycle information were all present in parallel and in different forms. These included an innovative and interactive multimedia CD-ROM tailored to the locality (known as 'WOMBLE') and the WISARD software developed with, among other bodies, the Environment Agency of England and Wales. The communications and information in the process are evaluated by social research, the learning of the participants is assessed and it is shown that while a number of significant actions were agreed upon, individual preferences were still stable and significantly different. The potential of the approach is assessed.

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6

Collins-Webb, Gail Julie. "The UK packaging regulations and performance measures in environmental management systems." Thesis, Brunel University, 2001. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5760.

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The measurement of industries' environmental performance is evolving as society strives towards the ideal of sustainability. Environmental performance indicators within different industries are being developed in order that industry can measure and evaluate performance and report on their level of environmental protection to different stakeholders. Although there are many studies of environmental performance measures, they have tended to focus on those that apply to manufacturing or 'dirtier' industries. This is mainly because environmental legislation, a major driver of environmental programmes in companies, has targeted these industries. Recent legislation on packaging has focused, for the first time, on environmental impacts that are pertinent to all industry sectors alike. This has given rise to an industry-wide set of environmental performance measures for packaging and packaging waste. This 'producer responsibility' legislation has marked the turning point as more legislation is formulated at the European and national level to holistically tackle the environmental impacts of product life-cycles. Current research has concentrated on the development of performance measures for a service-orientated business that is subject to legislation concerning packaging waste, using ICL (International Computers Limited) plc. as a case study example. Particular attention has been given, in this research, to the identification of EPIs and their integration into an ISO 14Q01 certifiable environmental management system for the purposes of demonstrating continuous improvement. A risk assessment methodology is applied to demonstrate the effects of business constraints in the decision-making process regarding environmental programmes. The impacts of the UK Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations 1997 on the organisation and the necessary steps that the-company has had to take in order to comply with the legislation have been examined. From this study a compliance methodology has been developed and it has been demonstrated how an organisation can achieve compliance and conserve valuable resources for improving its environmental performance. Finally, a survey has been carried out in order to assess the impacts of the UK Packaging Regulations on the environmental performance of industry. From this study a model has been developed for the application of EPIs to guide policy makers in the formulation of environmental legislation and the implications for future producer responsibility legislation.

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7

Solberg-Johansen, Bente. "Environmental life cycle assessment of the nuclear fuel cycle." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1998. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/772/.

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8

Alzahmi, M. "The collaborative risk assessment environment in disaster management." Thesis, University of Salford, 2015. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/38030/.

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In the past century the occurrence of natural disasters and man-made disasters have steadily increased with a significant loss of life, damage caused to infrastructure and property, and destruction of the environment. There is much evidence that natural disasters are growing on a global level. Dealing with disasters demand the involvement of a range of agencies collaborating and making collaborative decision. This research has identified the need for a collaborative platform to bring together a variety of information to enable multi-agencies to prepare for disasters and to enhance the resilience of cities. Risk assessment is a crucial aspect within the activities of multi-agencies. Risk assessment enhances emergency planning which can then be tested by detailed appraisals and exercises. Whenever risk assessment is updated, plans are revised and additional tests are carried out. Risk assessment helps multi-agency planners decide what resource requirements they need and what multi-agency activities need to be planned collaboratively in order to prepare for disaster. The aim of this research is to investigate the nature of an interactive map that can enhance multi-agency team collaboration in the risk assessment process in disaster management. This research uses the six-step risk assessment process used in Australia and New Zealand which is widely recognized as being good practice. These steps are Contextualization, Hazard Review, Risk Analysis, Risk Evaluation, Risk Treatment and Monitoring and Reviewing (Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Standard Committee, AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009). In this research, the characteristics of a suitable interactive map for risk assessment was defined in collaboration with the senior practitioners within a multi-agency team in the UK. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the senior managers of Category 1 responders in The Greater Manchester Local Resilience Forum (GMLRF) to capture the requirements for a multi-agency collaboration platform. The outcome of these interviews were used to capture the characteristics and develop the a prototype of the interactive map that can support risk assessment. Once implemented, the validation of the interactive map prototype was conducted involving senior practitioners of stakeholders in the GMLRF development group. The experiment was held in the THINKpod in ThinkLab, at the University of Salford. A total of 23 senior practitioners took part in the evaluation experiment. After a demonstration of a scenario and using the interactive map, the participants evaluated the prototype as a group and then completed questionnaires that xv featured range of open, closed and rating scale questions. These questionnaires were designed to evaluate the perceived effectiveness and impact of the interactive map on strengthening collaboration among the multi-agency teams during risk assessment. The outcome of the evaluation shows a good level of satisfaction among the practitioners. The overall result suggests that the professionals view the interactive map as a good platform to support collaboration multi-agency teams in risk assessment activity.

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9

Schleier, Jerome Joseph III. "Environmental concentrations, fate, and risk assessment of insecticides used for adult mosquito management." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/schleier/SchleierJ1208.pdf.

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One of the most effective ways of managing adult mosquitoes that vector human and animal pathogens is the use of ultra-low-volume (ULV) insecticides. Due to a lack of studies examining the environmental fate of ULV insecticides and because previous risk assessments have shown that environmental concentrations of insecticides contributed the largest amount of variance to the estimated total exposure, I measured deposition onto surfaces and air concentrations of permethrin and naled. I also conducted risk assessments for human and other non-target organisms using the values I measured. Deposition concentrations of permethrin and naled generally decreased as distance from the spray source increased. Overall, approximately 3.2% of the permethrin and 15% of the naled applied deposited on the ground within 75 m from the spray source 1 h after application. Concentrations of permethrin and naled 12 h after application were not significantly different than concentrations 1 h after application. The results of my probabilistic human-health risk assessment using actual environmental concentrations showed that previous risk assessments overestimated risks. Thus they were conservative in protecting human health. The non-target risk assessment and field bioassay using the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), as a surrogate for medium- to large-bodied ground dwelling insects showed that ULV applications most likely would not result in impacts on populations. I also measured actual environmental concentrations of pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) after aerial ULV applications. Pyrethrins were not detected in the water or on deposition pads. However PBO was detected in the water and on deposition samples, but concentrations rapidly decreased to background levels by 36 h after application. The estimated risks of pyrethrins and PBO to aquatic surrogates were lower than those estimated by previous ecological risk assessments. My study is the first to relate actual environmental concentrations of ULV insecticides to estimates of human-health risks. Results of my environmental fate studies, human-health and non-target risk assessments, and the current weight of scientific evidence, demonstrate that the risks to humans and the environment after ULV applications of insecticides most likely are below regulatory levels of concern.

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10

Buie, John Cary. "Relative Risk Assessment for Cape Hatteras National Seashore." W&M ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617707.

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11

Fietje, Leo. "Developing best practice in environmental impact assessment using risk management ideas, concepts and principles." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1107.

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This thesis argues that the management of environmental impacts has many analogies with the management of risk and practice can be improved by using ideas, concepts and principles found in the management of risk in other spheres of human activity. An overview of the challenges faced by environmental impact practitioners in New Zealand and reinforcement of its importance to the sustainable management of natural and physical resources under New Zealand's Resource Management Act is provided. Key risk management ideas, concepts and principles drawn from a variety of sources are listed and parallels drawn between these and existing environmental impact assessment practice in New Zealand. From this list a number are selected and opportunities for improving environmental impact assessment practice are explored. A number of opportunities are identified, starting with the need for a common language and methodology amongst practitioners. Categorisation of impacts to assist transparency of analysis and expression using frequency-consequence curves to aid and promote consistency of decision-making are further areas of opportunity. Risk management has several well-developed techniques for dealing with uncertainty and selection of assessment endpoints. The connection between communication of risk and public perception is an area with significant potential for communication about environmental impacts. Challenges with effective public participation in environmental decision-making are backgrounded and risk management practised in two high profile areas examined for opportunity for improved practice. Neither appears to offer opportunity for improvement in key decision-making areas. A relatively new indicator approach towards risk assessment called "healthy systems method" appears to have significant potential for cost-effective analysis of systems of various types and at various levels. This thesis identifies a number of other areas of risk management requiring further research to determine potential for achieving better practice in environmental impact assessment.

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12

Fairman, Robyn Alison. "Environmental health risk : a study of risk assessment and management in industry and government in the United Kingdom." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324669.

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13

Olds, Zachary M. "Development of a Risk-Based Assessment Tool for PFAS Contaminated Sites." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1591097697982026.

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14

Zahid, Sardar Muhammad. "Green Supply Chain Management Practices and Determinant Factors: A Quantitative Study on Small and Medium Enterprises Using Structural Equation Modeling." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25929.

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Considering the prominence of green supply chain management (GrSCM) research has developed expressively in this field. However, there is a dearth of studies from emerging economies comprised of modelling and empirical testing of hypotheses. Moreover, the literature is lacking the empirical evidence on the determinants of GrSCM practices by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) especially in the case of Pakistan. The literature has yet to determine what green practices are being adopted by SMEs in Pakistan, an elucidation why GrSCM practices are adhered, what construct is appropriate to evaluate adoption of GrSCM practices by SMEs in Pakistan, and whether mediation of internal factors exits between the relationship of GrSCM practices and external pressure. This dissertation uses Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to investigate GrSCM practices adoption, the appropriate construct for evaluating green practices, and examining three potentially important determinants in Pakistani SMEs. With the data collected in two stages from the SMEs sector of Pakistan, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a three-dimension structure for measuring the GrSCM practices. Subsequently, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out on two measurement models (i.e. first and second order) of GrSCM adoption based on EFA. The empirically outcomes advocates that both models for GrSCM adoption are valid and reliable, however the second order model has better fit indices. The SEM testing shows significant results for mediation of internal factors in the hypothesized relationship among the GrSCM practices and external pressures. For academicians and supply chain mangers these results yield several exciting theoretical and practical implications.

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15

Ågerstrand, Marlene. "From Science to Policy : Improving environmental risk assessment andmanagement of chemicals." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105225.

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A complex process like risk assessment and the subsequent risk management decision makingshould be regularly evaluated, in order to assess the need to improve its workings. In this thesisthree related matters are addressed: evaluation of environmental risk management strategies,evaluation of environmental risk assessments, and how ecotoxicity data from the open scientificliterature can be used in a systematic way in regulatory risk assessments. It has resulted in thefollowing: a publically available database with ecotoxicity data for pharmaceuticals (Paper I); anevaluation and review of the Swedish Environmental Classification and Information System forpharmaceuticals (Papers II and III); a comparison of current reliability evaluation methods and areliability evaluation of ecotoxicity data (Paper IV); and an improved reliability and relevancereporting and evaluation scheme (Paper V).There are three overall conclusions from this thesis:(1) Ecotoxicity data from the open scientific literature is not used to the extent it could be inregulatory risk assessment of chemicals. Major reasons for this are that regulators prefer standarddata and that research studies in the open scientific literature can be reported in a way that affectstheir reliability and the user-friendliness. To enable the use of available data more efficiently actionsmust be taken by researchers, editors, and regulators. A more structured reliability and relevanceevaluation is needed to reach the goal of transparent, robust and predictable risk assessments.(2) A risk assessment is the result of the selected data and the selected methods used in theprocess. Therefore a transparent procedure, with clear justifications of choices made, is necessaryto enable external review. The risk assessments conducted within the Swedish EnvironmentalClassification and Information System for pharmaceuticals vary in their transparency and choice ofmethod. This could come to affect the credibility of the system since risk assessments are notalways consistent and guidelines are not always followed.(3) The Swedish Environmental Classification and Information System for pharmaceuticalscontribute, in its current form, to data availability and transparency but not to risk reduction. Thesystem has contributed to the general discussion about pharmaceuticals’ effect on the environmentand made data publicly available. However, to be an effective risk reduction tool this is not sufficient.

QC 20121119

MistraPharma
Formas - Evaluation of the Swedish Environmental Classification and Information System for Pharmaceutcals.

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16

Emblemsvåg, Jan. "Activity-based life-cycle assessments in design and management." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/32855.

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17

Pickett, Susan Elena 1970. "Deliberation : integrating stakeholder values and risk assessments in environmental decision making." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46247.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-171).
Risk management has gained a significant amount of attention from both policy makers and the public over the past thirty years, as the interaction of technology and policy choices become more predominant in the evaluation of trade-offs in a democratic society. This is particularly so in decisions regarding the management, disposal and clean up of hazardous wastes throughout the United States. The responsible agency must balance the multiple elements of risk, multiple and conflicting objectives, and stakeholder values and perceptions inherent in environmental decisions in order to meet social needs, while maintaining the integrity of both the technical and social aspects of that decision. The National Research Council (1996) has recommended that the responsible agency incorporate all relevant stakeholders in the decision making process from the start, specifying an analytical-deliberative process for dealing with decisions that involve substantial risk analysis and assessment. The basic premise of this recommendation is that by involving the stakeholders in the process from the beginning and simultaneously performing the necessary risk assessments, taking into account the stakeholder values in an analytic-deliberative method, the decision making process can be enhanced. The concept of bringing together multiple stakeholders in environmental decision making attempts to address the fact that past decisions have neglected stakeholder values, however, by bringing together the multiple stakeholders, the agency is faced with numerous other challenges. These challenges include:: communicating and characterizing risk, unreasonable expectations, selecting of stakeholders, utilizing of time and resources efficiently, providing access to resources, addressing stakeholder concerns, and defining consensus. In order to aid in this process, this work investigates the integration of risk assessment and stakeholder involvement in reaching a fair, wise, efficient and stable decision concerning environmental remediation. We propose an integration of stakeholder values and risk assessments using a combination of mathematical and decision analysis tools which culminate in a ranking of the remediation alternatives. From this integration, we devise strategies for a consensual deliberation that focus on the interests of the stakeholders while simultaneously account for the technical issues. This work presents the results of such an integration and details the formulation of strategies.
by Susan Elena Pickett.
S.M.

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18

Ho, Chi-fai, and 何志輝. "Ecological risk assessment and management of invasive freshwater fish species from aquarium and ornamental trades in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194580.

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Since globalization have promoted the ornamental trade and accelerated the movement of freshwater fishes around the world, non-native species pose a high potential to be released into local freshwater habitats, and to spread and establish as invasive and nuisance species with adverse ecological, economic and social impacts. This study aimed to investigate the potential of the ornamental freshwater fish trade as an invasion pathway in Hong Kong, assess the ecological risk of common aquarium freshwater fish species being traded in the local market, identify species of concern and recommend ways for their management with a view to minimizing biological invasion risk associated with the aquarium trade. Based on a series of systematic market surveys through visiting 46 major aquarium shops in Hong Kong, about 167 freshwater fish species were found in the local aquarium trade between summer 2012 and spring 2013. Twenty-five species were randomly selected to go through two standard ecological risk assessment protocols (i.e., FISK & IFRA). The assessment results indicated that the goldfish (Carassius auratus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and Wel’s catfish (Silurus glanis) have a high invasive risk in Hong Kong. The ornamental trade is one of the significant sources of freshwater fish invasions in Hong Kong. An integrated invasive species management plan is recommended to apply and implement in Hong Kong. The key elements of this management plan include (1) development of law and regulation on invasive species, (2) establishment of an early detection programme (like the current study), (3) implementation of control and eradication measures, (4) setting up invasive species handling guidelines and (5) fostering public education programs on biological invasion prevention. The plan should involve the participation of all stakeholders, such as government, industry, social community organization and public in order to engage them to jointly effectively tackle and manage invasive species and thereby conserve Hong Kong’s aquatic biodiversity.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

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19

Pochlopeňová, Monika. "Aplikace metody analýzy rizika vedoucí ke zvyšování kvality životního prostředí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400055.

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The diploma thesis deals with the application of the risk analysis method for environmental impact assessment of a business entity. In the introduction of the theoretical part, an environmental review is carried out, focusing on the approach of the Slovak Republic, followed by theoretical background on environmental management, and in the end of the first part there is a survey of risk identification methods. The analytical part presents the system of environmental management in the company. After evaluating the current state, the thesis proposes its own proposals as preventive measures, which contribute to more effective management of environmental pollution risk.

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20

Staudinger, Maximilian, and Marius Günl. "Supply Risk Management of Automotive Suppliers : Development in a Fluctuating Environment." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Centre of Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18420.

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Background: The implementation of procurement concepts such as JIT or singlesourcing have resulted in the emergence of new supply risks forautomotive suppliers. The economic crisis in 2008 and volatiledemand in recent years had enormous impact on the sector.Consequently, in association with lean purchasing models, newdimensions of supply risks have emerged. This creates the need forautomotive suppliers to adapt and improve their supply riskmanagement in response to the increased risk potential. There hasbeen no research on how automotive suppliers have furtherdeveloped their supply risk management recently. Purpose: The purpose is to examine how automotive suppliers have adaptedtheir supply risk management in response to the fluctuatingeconomy since 2008. Frame of reference: In this section the Kraljic matrix and the risk management processare presented. The theories lead to a synthesis including the researchquestions for fulfilling the purpose. Method: This research is based on a qualitative multiple case study. In orderto gather the necessary in-depth data, four automotive suppliersfrom Germany and Northern Europe were interviewed by theauthors. Conclusions: Automotive suppliers have clearly reacted on increasedconsequences of supply risks. The general grown awareness andsensitivity have lead to the implementation of new managementtools. Particularly the cooperation between supply chain membershas considerably intensified and contributed to a better riskreduction. Moreover, the financial stability of vendors has risen inimportance and is considered more thoroughly. All the instrumentsand methods may, however, be more powerful and efficient ifautomotive suppliers had standardized and linked them into aconsecutive process.

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21

Higgins, Jennifer. "Management of Recycled Water Quality in the Urban Environment." Thesis, Griffith University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367756.

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A rapid expansion in use of recycled water in urban Australia has occurred over the last decade, prompted mainly by a reduction in water supplies due to drought, increasing awareness of the impact of climate change on water resources and changes in government water recycling policies. This expansion has resulted in a 117% increase Australia wide in the reuse of effluent from wastewater treatment plants by major water authorities. This study describes the developments in recycled water quality, from 1999 to 2009, during its progress from ‘treated effluent’, to ‘reclaimed water’, to ‘recycled water’ and then to ‘purified recycled water’. The developments studied include changes in people’s concerns about recycled water quality, changes in the benchmarks of water quality, as described in water recycling guidelines and effluent discharge licences, and changes in recycled water quality during storage in open ponds. This study also describes preliminary investigations into a novel approach, of applying a microbial source tracking technique, to follow changes in water quality during conventional wastewater treatment processes and storage in open ponds. Concerns about recycled water quality were examined by distributing a questionnaire in mid-2000 to providers and users of recycled water in Queensland. Four out of five respondents had concerns about aspects of recycled water quality including microbiological components (viruses, parasites and bacteria), salinity related components, aggregate components (pH and solids), nutrients and organic components (pesticides and endocrine disruptors). One in four respondents expressed concern about quality variability, particularly those from low population density areas. One in five users had observed quality changes during distribution to the point-of-use including nutrients, chlorine, suspended solids, colour and odour. Half of the providers and one in five users in 2000 proposed to expand their usage of recycled water in the near future and one third of the non-user respondents proposed to commence using recycled water in the following 5 years. Guidelines for the use of recycled water were reviewed in 2003 and, at that time, the national, State and Territory guidelines contained similar recommendations, for hazard identification and risk assessment, using controls implemented through treatment and management practices. However, despite the framework provided by the national guidelines, the State and Territory guidelines differed from them concerning sources of recycled water, reuse options, nominated quality criteria, monitoring frequencies, sampling and testing methods and accreditation. Legislation for effluent from wastewater treatment plants discharged to the environment varied between States and Territories and, in most cases, the licences were site specific. The general differences in discharge licences and reuse guidelines included the location of monitoring sites, nominated water quality criteria and compliance levels. At the completion of this review, the authors proposed that establishment of recycled water schemes could be enhanced by standardisation of the water quality monitoring requirements for effluent discharge, particularly for indicator organisms, with those for effluent reuse through collaboration between licensing and guideline authorities. It was also proposed that a single point of contact for recycling scheme approval be established, in each State or Territory, and that the national guidelines for reclaimed water be better integrated with those for fresh and marine water. Developments in the years since the survey and review were undertaken have been summarised, including the usage, acceptance and quality of recycled water and the latest changes in recycled water guidelines.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text

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22

Sorenson, Mary T. "Deterministic vs probabilistic ecological risk assessment modeling at hazardous waste sites : a comparative case study." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25303.

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23

Martin, Alexander Dennis. "Risk assessment and the management of environmentally hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492991.

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Producers that distribute and/or sell electrical and electronic equipment in the EU must ensure compliance with a raft of legislation that restricts environmentally hazardous substances in such equipment. Producers must also address the concerns of their stakeholders (e.g. consumers and pressure groups) regarding environmentally hazardous substances in their products. Producers are at risk of losing sales, profitability and market share as well as diminishing the value of their bands and tarnishing their reputations if they do not comply with legislation or address stakeholder expectations. For example, an enforcement official could detect non-compliance with the law and impose a distribution block that stopped a producer from supplying products and subsequently bring an abrupt end to its trading. Ensuring compliance with the law involves identifying and understanding the requirements of relevant legislation and devising and implementing plans to meet these requirements. This is challenging when the legislation restricts substances in individual product parts that, in the case of electronic products, are numerous as well as sourced by producers from hundreds of suppliers. Hence producers must manage their supply chains to manage the risks that they are exposed to. While producers use risk assessment in product design and manufacture, few producers have assessed risks in their supply chains. A tool was developed for use by producers to assess their exposure to such risks. This tool was tested at Sony Computer Entertainment Europe and proved a powerful method for identifying and prioritising key risks in the management of environmentally hazardous substances in products. The tool could be readily adapted and used by other producers that wished to assess the same or similar risks in their supply chains and complements existing management practices (e.g. auditing, product testing).

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Stone, John V. "Public Participation in Environmental Management: Seeking Participatory Equity through Ethnographic Inquiry." [Tampa, Fla. : s.n.], 2002. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000031.

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Mamouni, Limnios Elena Alexandra. "Incorporating complex systems dynamics in sustainability assessment frameworks : enhanced prediction and management of socio-ecological systems performance." University of Western Australia. Faculty of Business, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0012.

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[Truncated abstract] The application of reductionism, breaking down problems to simpler components that can be solved and then aggregating the results, is one of the bases of classical science. However, living organisms, ecosystems, social and economic structures are complex systems, characterised by non-linear interactions between their elements and exhibit emergent properties that are not directly traceable to their components. Sustainability assessment frameworks oversimplify system interactions, achieving limited predictive capacity and causing managerial behavior that may reduce system's ability to adapt to external disturbance. Intrigued by the importance of complexity, we explore the central theme of how complex thinking can influence the understanding and progress towards sustainability. The purpose is to conceptualize the relationship of key terms (such as sustainability, functionality and resilience), and consecutively develop new or adjust existing sustainability frameworks to take into account complex systems interactions. We aim at developing theory and frameworks that can be used to raise awareness of the pitfalls of the growth paradigm and direct towards modest positions when managing complex systems. We seek to define the structural elements that influence system adaptive capacity, allowing identification of early signs of system rigidity or vulnerability and the development of knowledge and techniques that can improve our predictive and managerial ability. The focus has been on a variety of system scales and dynamics. At the collective community level, a number of stakeholder engagement practices and frameworks are currently available. However, there is limited awareness of the complexity challenges among stakeholders, who are commonly directed to a triple bottom line analysis aiming at maximizing a combination of outputs. An attempt is conducted to measure the functionality of the processes underlying a standing stock, in contrast to sustainability measures that only assess the variations of the standing stock itself. We develop the Index of Sustainable Functionality (ISF), a framework for the assessment of complex systems interactions within a large-scale geographic domain and apply it to the State of Western Australia. '...' Finally, we focus on smaller systems scales and develop a methodology for the calculation of Product Ecological Footprint (PEF) including elements from the accounting method of activity based costing. We calculate PEF for three apple production systems and identify significant differences from first stage calculations within the same industry. Cross-industry application will provide a practical way to link individuals' consumption with their ecological impact, reduce misperceptions of products' ecological impacts and develop a market-driven approach to internalizing environmental externalities. At the firm level PEF can be compared with investment costs, resulting in the opportunity to optimize both functions of financial cost and ecological impact in decision making. We have developed methods for incorporating complexity in sustainability assessment frameworks. Further work is required in testing and validating these methodologies at multiple system scales and conditions. Integrating such tools in decision making mechanisms will enhance long-term management of socioecological systems performance.

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Ekström, Elin, and Jonna Halonen. "Hydro-climatic Risk Assessment and Communication for Smallholder Farmers in Maharashtra." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297360.

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Smallholder farmers often have great entrepreneurial qualities that build on generations of experience. However, many farm management practices are poorly adapted to current climate change conditions. In order for farmers to understand the risks they are undertaking by following certain farming practices and to adapt accordingly, a decision support tool is being developed by researchers at TU Delft. The tool runs a socio-hydrological model, created in Python, in the back-end and provides farmer specific investment and profit data for different crops in the front-end. The aim of this study is to develop a risk assessment process that integrates hydro-climatic variability in the decision support tool, and to identify ways of communicating risk to smallholder farmers in Maharashtra, India. Two sources of variability were characterised based on a literature review of Indian farmers’ own risk perceptions; the untimely onset of the Indian Summer Monsoon and the frequency of dry spells. A sensitivity analysis was then carried out to investigate their respective effects on the farmers’ crop yields. The method proposed to evaluate these risks used a single variable, precipitation data, and a two-dimensional risk matrix to compound the two risk factors, over a time span of 14 years (2003-2016). However, the results indicate that it might be more beneficial to define dry spells in terms of crop water stress, instead of a precipitation threshold. This study also proposed a method for translating a cumulative distribution curve into a risk representation that is adapted for low-literacy users by combining numbers and text with graphics, color and voice descriptions. Ultimately, however, the usability of the tool cannot be determined solely through literature, but must involve the end-users in its design.
Småskaliga jordbrukare är goda entreprenörer som samlat på sig kunskaper och erfarenheter över flera generationer. Däremot är vissa metoder som jordbrukarna använder sig av idag för att förvalta sitt jordbruk inte anpassade till nutida klimatförändringar. För att jordbrukarna ska förstå riskerna som de åtar sig vid valet av dessa metoder försöker forskare vid TU Delft nu ta fram ett verktyg för att underlätta jordbrukares förmåga att ta självständiga men välgrundade beslut om sitt jordbruk. Verktyget är baserat på en socio-hydrologisk modell som är framtagen i Python och som förser specifika investerings- och inkomstdata för enskilda jordbrukare. Syftet med detta kandidatarbete är att bidra till verktyget genom att undersöka de hydroklimatiska risker som uppstår till följd av föränderliga och osäkra klimatologiska förhållanden för jordbrukare i delstaten Maharashtra, Indien. Två riskfaktorer karakteriserades baserat på en litteraturstudie om indiska jordbrukares riskuppfattningar: avvikelser i starten på den indiska sommarmonsunen och antal torrperioder under monsunsäsongen. Dessutom utfördes en känslighetsanalys för att undersöka om och hur den existerande modellens utdata av skörd påverkades av de valda riskfaktorerna. Monsunstarten och torrperioderna togs fram genom metoder som enbart använde historiska nederbördsdata över tidsperioden 2003-2016 och kombinerades sedan med hjälp av en tvådimensionell riskmatris. Resultaten visade att det fanns anledning att ifrågasätta hur torrperioderna definierades och att det kan vara mer fördelaktigt att undersöka vattenbrist för grödan, snarare än att enbart förlita sig på nederbördsdata. Vidare föreslog denna studie en metod för att översätta en kumulativ fördelningsfunktion till en grafisk riskframställning som är anpassad till användare med låg läskunnighet genom att kombinera siffror med text, grafik, färg och ljudförklaringar. I slutändan kan dock inte användbarheten av verktyget enbart avgöras utifrån litteratur, utan måste även inkludera återkoppling från slutanvändarna.

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Gottardo, Stefania <1980&gt. "Decision support systems for river basins assessment and management in the light of water framework directive: development of an integrated risk assessment methodology for environmental quality evaluation of fluvial ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/452.

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Borys, David University of Ballarat. "Exploring risk-awareness as a cultural approach to safety : an ethnographic study of a contract maintenance environment." University of Ballarat, 2007. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/12752.

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Safety culture has risen to prominence over the past two decades as a means by which organisations may enhance their safety performance. Safety culture may be conceptualised as an interpretive device that mediates between organisational safety rhetoric and safety programs on the one hand, and local workplace cultures on the other. More recently, risk-awareness has emerged as a cultural approach to safety. Front line workers are encouraged to become risk-aware through programs designed to prompt them to undertake mental or informal risk assessments before commencing work. The problem is that risk-awareness programs have not been the subject of systematic research and the impact of these programs on the culture of safety and the resultant level of risk is unknown. Therefore, this ethnographic study of two sites within a large contract maintenance organisation in Australia explored what impact risk-awareness programs have upon the culture of safety and the resultant level of risk. The researcher spent two months in the field and data was collected through participant observation, semistructured interviews and through a review of organisational documents. This study found that managers focused upon collecting the paperwork associated with the program as proof that workers had a safer workplace, whereas workers preferred to rely upon their common sense rather than the paperwork to keep them safe. As a consequence, the riskawareness program resulted in a culture of paperwork and varying levels of risk reduction because the paperwork associated with the program created an illusion of safety for managers as much as common sense did for workers. The results of this study have implications for safety culture, risk-awareness programs and for organisational learning. They also have implications for organisations wishing to improve their safety culture by encouraging risk-awareness in front-line workers.
Doctor of Philosophy

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Borys, David. "Exploring risk-awareness as a cultural approach to safety : An ethnographic study of a contract maintenance environment." Thesis, University of Ballarat, 2007. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/62095.

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Safety culture has risen to prominence over the past two decades as a means by which organisations may enhance their safety performance. Safety culture may be conceptualised as an interpretive device that mediates between organisational safety rhetoric and safety programs on the one hand, and local workplace cultures on the other. More recently, risk-awareness has emerged as a cultural approach to safety. Front line workers are encouraged to become risk-aware through programs designed to prompt them to undertake mental or informal risk assessments before commencing work. The problem is that risk-awareness programs have not been the subject of systematic research and the impact of these programs on the culture of safety and the resultant level of risk is unknown. Therefore, this ethnographic study of two sites within a large contract maintenance organisation in Australia explored what impact risk-awareness programs have upon the culture of safety and the resultant level of risk. The researcher spent two months in the field and data was collected through participant observation, semistructured interviews and through a review of organisational documents. This study found that managers focused upon collecting the paperwork associated with the program as proof that workers had a safer workplace, whereas workers preferred to rely upon their common sense rather than the paperwork to keep them safe. As a consequence, the riskawareness program resulted in a culture of paperwork and varying levels of risk reduction because the paperwork associated with the program created an illusion of safety for managers as much as common sense did for workers. The results of this study have implications for safety culture, risk-awareness programs and for organisational learning. They also have implications for organisations wishing to improve their safety culture by encouraging risk-awareness in front-line workers.
Doctor of Philosophy

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30

Borys, David. "Exploring risk-awareness as a cultural approach to safety : an ethnographic study of a contract maintenance environment." University of Ballarat, 2007. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/14591.

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Safety culture has risen to prominence over the past two decades as a means by which organisations may enhance their safety performance. Safety culture may be conceptualised as an interpretive device that mediates between organisational safety rhetoric and safety programs on the one hand, and local workplace cultures on the other. More recently, risk-awareness has emerged as a cultural approach to safety. Front line workers are encouraged to become risk-aware through programs designed to prompt them to undertake mental or informal risk assessments before commencing work. The problem is that risk-awareness programs have not been the subject of systematic research and the impact of these programs on the culture of safety and the resultant level of risk is unknown. Therefore, this ethnographic study of two sites within a large contract maintenance organisation in Australia explored what impact risk-awareness programs have upon the culture of safety and the resultant level of risk. The researcher spent two months in the field and data was collected through participant observation, semistructured interviews and through a review of organisational documents. This study found that managers focused upon collecting the paperwork associated with the program as proof that workers had a safer workplace, whereas workers preferred to rely upon their common sense rather than the paperwork to keep them safe. As a consequence, the riskawareness program resulted in a culture of paperwork and varying levels of risk reduction because the paperwork associated with the program created an illusion of safety for managers as much as common sense did for workers. The results of this study have implications for safety culture, risk-awareness programs and for organisational learning. They also have implications for organisations wishing to improve their safety culture by encouraging risk-awareness in front-line workers.
Doctor of Philosophy

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Beaudequin, Denise A. "Modelling the public health risks associated with environmental exposures: A case study in wastewater reuse." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/100122/4/Denise_Beaudequin_Thesis.pdf.

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This project used a novel, probabilistic approach to overcome challenges of assessing health risks associated with recycled water. The thesis describes development of graphical statistical models combining key factors influencing risk of infection. The models were used to analyse exposure scenarios and risk management options for working or playing in public parks irrigated with recycled water and for consumption of recycled water-irrigated lettuce. Water managers can use the models interactively to vary exposure factors and assess outcomes of their decisions under different conditions.

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Cussigh, Alex <1993&gt. "The environmental DNA in the risk assessment and decision making processes for the invasive species management in agri-food sector, hydraulic security and biodiversity conservation." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10258/1/tesi_ALEXCUSSIGH.pdf.

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The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis as a monitoring tool is becoming more and more widespread. The eDNA metabarcoding methods allow rapid community assessments of different target taxa. This work is focused on the validation of the environmental DNA metabarcoding protocol for biodiversity assessment of freshwater habitats. Scolo Dosolo was chosen as study area and three sampling points were defined for traditional and eDNA analyses. The gutter is a 205 m long anthropic canal located in Sala Bolognese (Bologna, Italy). Fish community and freshwater invertebrate metazoans were the target groups for the analysis. After a preliminary study in summer 2019, 2020 was devoted to the sampling campaign with winter (January), spring (May), summer (July) and autumn (October) surveys. Alongside with the water samplings for the eDNA study, also traditional fish surveys using the electrofishing technique were performed to assess fish community composition; census on invertebrates was performed using an entomological net and a surber sampler. After in silico analysis, the MiFish primer set amplifying a fragment of the 12s rRNA gene was selected for bony fishes. For invertebrates the FWHF2 + FWHR2N primer combination, that amplifies a region of the mitochondrial coi gene, was chosen. Raw reads were analyzed through a bioinformatic pipeline based on OBITools metabarcoding programs package and QIIME2. The OBITools pipeline retrieved seven fish taxa and 54 invertebrate taxa belonging to six different phyla, while QIIME2 recovered eight fish taxa and 45 invertebrate taxa belonging to the same six phyla as the OBITools pipeline. The metabarcoding results were then compared with the traditional surveys data and bibliographic records. Overall, the validated protocol provides a reliable picture of the biodiversity of the study area and an efficient support to the traditional methods.

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Larkin, Patricia Marguerite. "An Integrated Risk Management Framework for Carbon Capture and Storage in the Canadian Context." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35881.

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Climate change is a risk issue of global proportions. Human health and environmental impacts are anticipated from hazards associated with changes in temperature and precipitation regimes, and climate extremes. Increased natural hazards include storms and flooding, extreme heat, drought, and wildfires. Reduced food and water quality and quantity, reduced air quality, new geographic range of infectious diseases, and increased exposure to ultra-violet radiation are also predicted. In order to make a measurable contribution to reducing carbon dioxide emissions at point source fossil fuel and industrial process sites that contribute to climate change, estimates suggest that up to 3,000 dedicated large scale carbon capture and geological sequestration (CCS) projects will be necessary by 2050. Integrated projects include carbon dioxide capture; compression into a supercritical stream; transport, most often by pipeline; deep injection at wellheads; and sequestration in suitable saline aquifer geological formations, usually 800 metres or more below the earth’s surface. In implementing CCS as part of an overall climate change mitigation strategy, it is important to note that population health and environmental risks are associated with each of these value chain components of integrated projects. Based on an assessment of existing regulatory and non-regulatory guidance for risk assessment/risk management (RA/RM), an analysis of the application, assessment, and approval process for four large scale Canadian projects, and findings from a structured expert elicitation focused on hazard and risk issues in injection and storage and risk management of low probability high impact events, this research developed an Integrated Risk Management Framework (IRMF) for CCS in the Canadian context. The IRMF is a step-wise systematic process for RA/RM during the life of a project, including engagement with wide ranging government and non-government partners that would contribute to a determination of acceptable risk and risk control options. The execution of the IRMF is an intervention that could reduce local hazards and associated risks in terms of likelihood and consequence, as well as identify and document risk management that could underpin broad acceptance of CCS as a climate change mitigation technology. This would thereby also have an important part in protecting global population health and wellbeing in the long term. Indeed, diverse stakeholders could be unforgiving if hazard assessment and risk management in CCS is considered insufficient, leading to ‘pushback’ that could affect future implementation scenarios. On the other hand, RA/RM done right could favourably impact public perception of CCS, in turn instilling confidence, public acceptance, and ongoing support for the benefit of populations worldwide. This thesis is composed of an introduction to the research problem, including a population health conceptual framework for the IRMF, followed by five manuscripts, and concluding with a discussion about other barriers to CCS project development, and a risk management policy scenario for both the present time and during the 2017-2030 implementation period.

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Denninger, Malin. "Jämförelse av platsspecifika föroreningsrisker i samband med muddringsaktiviteter." Thesis, SLU, Institutionen för mark och miljö, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-112254.

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Stora volymer förorenade sediment kommer att behöva tas om hand under de kommande åren då bottensediment i svenska farleder, hamn- och kustområden under lång tid har konta–minerats av både tungmetaller och organiska föroreningar. I examensarbetet studeras fyra möjligheter för hantering av förorenade muddermassor. De tre traditionella metoderna är tippning till havs, utfyllnad i vik eller deponering på land. Stabilisering/solidifiering (s/s) är ytterligare ett alternativ som innebär att muddermassorna kan nyttiggöras i geokonstruktioner genom att massornas hållfasthet ökas. Metoden går ut på att muddermassorna blandas med bindemedel och de eventuella föroreningarna binds då in i matrisen genom kemisk reaktion och fysikalisk inneslutning. Syftet med examensarbetet är att, utifrån ett platsspecifikt perspektiv, undersöka hur föroreningsrisker kan jämföras mellan de fyra olika huvud–alternativen för hantering av muddermassor. Jämförelsen är tänkt att utgöra en del av ett beslutsunderlag som ska ligga till grund för valet av hanteringsalternativ.

Arbetet har fokuserat på miljöriskanalys och främst på hur risker kan kategoriseras, värderas och jämföras. Metoden inkluderar en litteraturstudie, en undersökning av tillstånds–ansökningar för hamnutbyggnad, en fallstudie där användning av LCA-metodik, ”ekotoxicitetspotential” och Naturvårdsverkets riktvärdesmodell testats för att jämföra föroreningsrisker mellan olika hanteringsalternativ i Oxelösunds hamn. Avslutningsvis genomfördes en serie intervjuer kring temat karaktärisering och jämförelser av risk i en s.k. Stakeholder Opinion Assessment (SOA).

I studien av tillståndsansökningarna för hamnutbyggnad konstaterades att jämförelser av platsspecifika föroreningsrisker mellan olika hanteringsalternativ för förorenade mudder–massor inte görs. Istället är det andra aspekter, t.ex. ekonomi, som avgör vilket alternativ som väljs. Varken ekotoxicitetspotential eller Naturvårdsverkets riktvärdesmodell visade sig vara lämpliga metoder för att beskriva och jämföra risker i det aktuella fallet. Av intervjuerna i SOA:n framgår att det råder delade meningar om hur risker ska beskrivas och på vilket sätt de kan jämföras och det finns ett stort behov av att utveckla nya sätt att beskriva och jämföra föroreningsrisker mellan olika alternativ och olika platser.

Arbetet har visat att det finns ett behov av att utveckla miljöriskanalysens avslutande steg, riskkaraktärisering och riskvärdering, eftersom det idag inte finns några konkreta metoder för att jämföra föroreningsrisker mellan olika hanteringsalternativ för förorenade muddermassor. För att förbättra beslutsunderlag föreslås därför en tydligare problemformulering och att övergripande platsspecifika scenarion för de olika alternativen tas fram. Viktigt aspekter att tydliggöra är skyddsobjekt, tidsskala, spridning och exponering. Jämförelsen av platsspecifika föroreningsrisker får inte heller bli allt för detaljerad, eftersom den bara är en del av ett större beslutsunderlag.

Large amounts of contaminated sediment has to be taken care of within the next few years since the sediment in Swedish sea lanes, ports and coastal areas have been contaminated by both heavy metals and organic pollutants over a long time period. Four options for handling contaminated dredged material were studied within this master thesis project. The three traditional methods are dumping the dredged material at sea, filling a bay with dredged material or putting the dredged material on a land disposal. Stabilization/solidification (s/s) is another option, where the contaminated dredged sediments are mixed with a binder that gives them greater strength, while immobilizing contaminants through chemical reactions or physical confinement in the structure. The aim of this thesis is to examine how risks of contamination can be compared between the four main options for management of dredged materials, in a site-specific perspective.

The main tool in the project has been environmental risk assessment with special focus on how risks can be categorized, measured and compared. The study includes a literature review, an examination of permit applications for port development, a case study where the LCA methodology, "potential eco-toxicity" and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's guideline value model was tested in order to compare the risks of contamination from the various management options in the port of Oxelösund. Finally a Stakeholder Opinion Assessment (SOA), by the theme risk characterization and risk comparison, was made.

The study of permit applications for port expansion has shown that the site-specific risks of contamination are not considered when choosing between management options of dredged materials. Instead other aspects, such as economy, determine the option chosen. Neither potential of eco-toxicity or the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's guideline value model proved to be appropriate methods in order to describe and compare the risks associates with this case. The interviews in the SOA show that people disagree on how risks should be described and compared. There is a demand for new methods of describing and comparing risks associated with different management options for dredged materials at different sites.

This work has shown that well-known methods on how to compare risks of contamination between the different management options for contaminated dredged materials do not exist. There is also a need of developing the latter steps in the environmental risk assessment. To develop a better decision basis, a more explicit definition of the problem is proposed. It is particularly important to make site-specific descriptions of the various systems to be compared. The comparison of the site-specific risks of contamination should not be too detailed, since it is part of a larger decision support.

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35

Cho, Seong Yun. "Environmental Justice in Natural Disaster Mitigation Policy and Planning: a Case Study of Flood Risk Management in Johnson Creek, Portland, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4502.

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This study aims to explore the possibility of environmental justice as social consensus and an institutional framework to reduce socioeconomic differences in natural disaster vulnerability through a case study of flood risk management in Johnson Creek, Portland, Oregon. First, by analyzing institutions, policies, and currently ongoing flood mitigation projects, this study investigates how federal and local governments are addressing and responding to current flood problems. Second, through flood expert surveys and GIS spatial analysis, this study examines various factors that contribute to communities' susceptibility to flood risks, and whether there exist spatial differences between physically and socioeconomically vulnerable communities within the Johnson Creek area. Lastly, this study conducted comparative analysis of perceptions using Q-methodology to explore the diverse range of meanings and understandings that flood experts and urban practitioners construct in relation to the dilemmas of environmental justice in flood mitigation practice. The findings of this study indicate that institutional blind spots and barriers in natural disaster mitigation policy and planning can be generated by flood experts' and urban practitioners' different understandings of vulnerability, different interpretations of human rights, and different perspectives on the extent of institutional responsibility to assist socioeconomically vulnerable populations.

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Cruz, Miguel A. "A State and Territorial Survey Regarding Utilization of Environmental Health Shelter Assessments during Disasters, and a Secondary Analysis of Available Shelter Assessment Data." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1738.

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Disasters are complex events characterized by damage to key infrastructure and population displacements into disaster shelters. Assessing the living environment in shelters during disasters is a crucial health security concern. Until now, jurisdictional knowledge and preparedness on those assessment methods, or deficiencies found in shelters is limited. A cross-sectional survey (STUSA survey) ascertained knowledge and preparedness for those assessments in all 50 states, DC, and 5 US territories. Descriptive analysis of overall knowledge and preparedness was performed. Fisher’s exact statistics analyzed differences between two groups: jurisdiction type and population size. Two logistic regression models analyzed earthquakes and hurricane risks as predictors of knowledge and preparedness. A convenience sample of state shelter assessments records (n=116) was analyzed to describe environmental health deficiencies found during selected events. Overall, 55 (98%) of jurisdictions responded (states and territories) and appeared to be knowledgeable of these assessments (states 92%, territories 100%, p = 1.000), and engaged in disaster planning with shelter partners (states 96%, territories 83%, p = 0.564). Few had shelter assessment procedures (states 53%, territories 50%, p = 1.000); or training in disaster shelter assessments (states 41%, 60% territories, p = 0.638). Knowledge or preparedness was not predicted by disaster risks, population size, and jurisdiction type in neither model. Knowledge: hurricane (Adjusted OR 0.69, 95% C.I. 0.06-7.88); earthquake (OR 0.82, 95% C.I. 0.17-4.06); and both risks (OR 1.44, 95% C.I. 0.24-8.63); preparedness model: hurricane (OR 1.91, 95% C.I. 0.06-20.69); earthquake (OR 0.47, 95% C.I. 0.7-3.17); and both risks (OR 0.50, 95% C.I. 0.06-3.94). Environmental health deficiencies documented in shelter assessments occurred mostly in: sanitation (30%); facility (17%); food (15%); and sleeping areas (12%); and during ice storms and tornadoes. More research is needed in the area of environmental health assessments of disaster shelters, particularly, in those areas that may provide better insight into the living environment of all shelter occupants and potential effects in disaster morbidity and mortality. Also, to evaluate the effectiveness and usefulness of these assessments methods and the data available on environmental health deficiencies in risk management to protect those at greater risk in shelter facilities during disasters.

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Rossi, Rossi Carmelo II. "Criticality and Risk Assessment for Pipe Rehabilitation in the City of Santa Barbara Sewer System." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1424.

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Aging sewer infrastructure is posing greater and greater risk to the health and well-being of City residents. Issues can range from pipe blockages in sewer laterals to Sanitary Sewer Overflows. This thesis develops a risk analysis method that can be used by municipalities to maintain and rehabilitate sewer assets. Risk combines the effect of Likelihood of Failure (LOF) and Consequence of Failure (COF) to perform a complete two-dimensional analysis that allows for relative comparison between different pipes in the system. The LOF rating has been equated to pipe integrity while the COF rating was related to the environmental, economic, and social consequences to pipe failure. In order to estimate pipe integrity Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) scores from the City of Santa Barbara were used in combination with spatial and physical properties associated with each pipe. The CCTV scores were simply integer values between 0 and 5 based on the National Association of Sewer Services Company’s (NASSCO) Pipeline Assessment Certification Program (PACP) results. The quantitative parameters included pipe material and age, distance from restaurants, distance from any above ground water source, pipe depth below the ground surface, pipe length, and vehicular traffic volumes. The sensitivity analysis compared the given structural integrity scores with the predicted scores based on the weighted scoring method. It isolated four out of six of the parameters tested that affected the structural integrity of sewer pipes: material and age (45%), pipe depth (20%), Vehicular Traffic (10%), and distance from an above-ground water source (25%). A program was created in the C programming language that iteratively determined the percentage for each factor. These percentage factors are used to obtain the predicted structural integrity score for all the pipes. Like the LOF rating, the COF rating consisted of scores between 0 and 5. The COF rating used pipe diameter, distance from commercial zones, distance from critical infrastructure, and vehicular traffic volume as parameters for quantifying the environmental, economic, and social consequences. These factors were determined from review of past literature and given approximately equal weighting when determining the COF rating values. The environmental factor, pipe diameter, was given a percentage factor of 30%; the economic factor, distance to commercial zones, was given a percentage factor of 30%; and the social concerns, distance to critical infrastructure and vehicular traffic volume, were given percentage factors of 20% each. Finally, the risk for each pipe was determined in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by combining the predicted structural integrity score or LOF rating and COF rating value for each pipe. This generated color-coded maps that showed distinct pipes that had the most critical predicted structural integrity scores, highest consequence, and the pipes with the most risk. This process could be used by any City to create a maintenance and rehabilitation schedule and plan for future CCTV inspections.

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38

Beck, Christine P. "Potential Effects of Chemical Contamination on South Florida Bonefish Albula vulpes." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2980.

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An ecological risk assessment was conducted on the risk to fish of chemical contaminants detected in the habitat of Albula vulpes in South Florida, to evaluate whether contaminants may be a driver of declines in the recreational bonefish fishery. All available contaminant detection data from Biscayne Bay, Florida Bay, and the Florida Keys were compared to federal and state guidelines for aquatic health to identify Contaminants of Potential Ecological Concern (COPECS). For these COPECs, species sensitivity distributions were constructed and compared with recent detections at the 90th centile of exposure. Copper in Biscayne Bay was identified as the highest risk of acute and chronic effects to fish, followed by a risk of chronic effects from both the recently phased-out pesticide endosulfan in Florida Bay, and the pharmaceutical hormone estrone in the Florida Keys.

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39

Norhidayah, Binti Abdull. "Model Simulation and Health Risk Assessment on Traffic-Induced Air Pollution in Urban Environments：A Case Study of Kyoto City, Japan." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259034.

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京都大学
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第22766号
工博第4765号
新制||工||1745(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻
(主査)教授米田稔, 教授高野裕久, 准教授藤森真一郎
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering)
Kyoto University
DFAM

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40

Ozyurt, Gulizar. "Fuzzy Vulnerability Assessment Model Of Coastal Areas To Sea Level Rise." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612653/index.pdf.

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Climate change and anticipated impacts of sea level rise such as increased coastal erosion, inundation, flooding due to storm surges and salt water intrusion to freshwater resources will affect all the countries but mostly small island countries of oceans and low-lying lands along coastlines. Turkey having 8333 km of coastline including physically, ecologically and socio-economically important low-lying deltas should also prepare for the impacts of sea level rise as well as other impacts of climate change while participating in adaptation and mitigation efforts. Thus, a coastal vulnerability assessment of Turkey to sea level rise is needed both as a part of coastal zone management policies for sustainable development and as a guideline for resource allocation for preparation of adaptation options for upcoming problems due to sea level rise. In this study, a fuzzy coastal vulnerability assessment model (FCVI) of a region to sea level rise using physical and human activity indicators of impacts of sea level rise which use commonly available data are developed. The results enable decision makers to compare and rank different regions according to their vulnerabilities to sea level rise, to prioritize impacts of sea level rise on the region according to the vulnerability of the region to each impact and to determine the most vulnerable parameters for planning of adaptation measures to sea level rise. The sensitivity and uncertainty analysis performed for the results of the model (FCVI) is the first time application of a fuzzy uncertainty analysis model to coastal vulnerability assessments. These analysis ensure that the decision makers could be able to interpret the results of such vulnerability assessments based primarily on expert perceptions accurately enough. This in turn, would increase the confidence levels of adaptation measures and as well as accelerate implementation of adaptation of coastal areas to climate change. The developed coastal vulnerability assessment model is applied successfully to determine the vulnerability of Gö
ksu, Gö
cek and Amasra regions of Turkey that have different geological, ecological and socio-economical properties. The results of the site studies show that Gö
ksu has high vulnerability, Gö
cek has moderate vulnerability and Amasra shows low vulnerability to sea level rise. These results are in accordance with the general literature on impacts of sea level rise at different geomorphological coastal areas thus the applicability of fuzzy vulnerability assessment model (FCVI) to coastal areas is validated.

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41

Seebach, Rudi Dieter. "The application of integrated environmental management to improve storm water quality and reduce marine pollution at Jeffreys Bay (South Africa)." Thesis, Link to this resource, 2006. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/779/.

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42

De, Jager A. J. (Albertus Johannes). "Generic model for mine closure." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49679.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
During the last five years, successful mine closure has become one of Iscor Coal Business primary strategic focus areas. Three Iscor Coalmines are currently in different stages of closure, i.e. North Field, Hlobane and Dumacol and the demand on management time spent on this issue is increasing. The changing legal environment, especially issues concerning rehabilitation and mine closure, demands that every company must take full responsibility for any detrimental effect that their operations may have on the environment. This study concerns itself with establishing a generic procedure for mine closure. The interface with all stakeholders, external and internal, is considered. The primary focus areas are determined and the most important issues within each area are discussed in such a way that operational managers and strategists could use it as base knowledge for future closures. Applying the model to an actual closure process, i.e. the closure of Durnacol Coalmine, tested the validity of the model and it was verified that the process could be used as a base for future reference.

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43

Harrison, Jennifer A. "Exploring the Role of Data Engagement in Intent to Change Management Practices for Improved Farm Sustainability." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503250466552905.

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44

Smemoe, Christopher M. "Floodplain Risk Analysis Using Flood Probability and Annual Exceedance Probability Maps." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd379.pdf.

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45

Oliveira, Sérgia de Souza. ""O papel da avaliação de riscos no gerenciamento de produtos agrotóxicos: diretrizes para a formulação de políticas públicas"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-28062005-101218/.

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Objetivo: Fornecer subsídios para a formulação de políticas públicas baseadas na avaliação de riscos, para o gerenciamento de agrotóxicos, tendo como foco de estudo os atuais procedimentos técnicos utilizados em nível federal para registro de produtos agrotóxicos, e as exigências relacionadas à avaliação de riscos presentes em dois acordos internacionais sobre substâncias químicas. Resultados: O gerenciamento das substâncias químicas é descentralizado, sem pauta de ação definida e realizado por meio da individualização dos riscos das substâncias. Pelo menos quatorze instituições federais possuem alguma atuação no gerenciamento. A atuação unilateral da maioria das instituições envolvidas gera uma legislação fragmentada, e implementada sob baixo grau de coordenação. O controle da implementação é feito pelo Estado, por meio da fiscalização dos padrões de emissão definidos, ou pela restrição ou proibição. Apesar de existir um rico arcabouço legal, ele não garante que a sociedade esteja usufruindo benefícios, uma vez que a falta de dados oficiais, e o reduzido número de resultados de investigações científicas relacionados ao tema, dificultam as tentativas de análise. Os principais atores envolvidos no gerenciamento dos agrotóxicos são os ministérios da Saúde, do Meio Ambiente e da Agricultura, que definem a emissão do registro. Outros ministérios possuem atividades de gerenciamento paralelas, como o do Transporte e do Trabalho. O parâmetro para registro é essencialmente a avaliação do potencial de perigo ambiental e toxicológico e a atividade de avaliação de riscos, apesar de ser citada no principal documento legal do setor, não esta implementada ou discutida em bases concretas. Os estudos que orientam a decisão do registro não são divulgados. Para implementar as convenções o país deve modificar o seu referencial de tomada de decisão. Conclusões: (1) As instituições federais brasileiras atuam de forma independente e elaboram normas legais para os assuntos sob sua responsabilidade, sendo o Estado o principal responsável pela definição dos parâmetros de proteção. (2) A fragmentação excessiva da legislação sobre substâncias químicas impede definir se a implementação das políticas traz benefícios para a sociedade. (3) a legislação que dá a base para o controle dos agrotóxicos no País é tecnicamente atualizada, mas o gerenciamento efetivamente executado ainda está muito aquém do potencial permitido pela legislação. (4) O conceito científico de risco é ignorado na maioria dos documentos legais para o gerenciamento de substâncias químicas no Brasil. (5) A infra-estrutura legal existente viabiliza a implementação da avaliação de riscos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente no gerenciamento de agrotóxicos. (6) A infra-estrutura institucional deve migrar para uma perspectiva mais inclusiva e integradora, privilegiando a geração de dados e valores multirreferenciais, se o país quiser utilizar o risco como referência para o gerenciamento de agrotóxicos. (7) Com os atuais procedimentos de tomada de decisão o Brasil não tem as condições de atender às obrigações relacionadas à avaliação de riscos constantes das convenções PIC e POPs.
Objective: The purpose of this work was to provide subsidies for formulating public policies based on risk assessment for pesticide management, focusing on the current national technical procedures for the registration of pesticide products and on the requirements regarding risk assessment of two international agreements on chemical substances. Results: Chemical substances management is not centralized, with no defined action guidelines, and is conducted in view of the substances risks individually considered At least fourteen federal institutions work on pesticide management. The unilateral performance of most institutions leads to a fragmented legislation, poorly implemented due to lack of coordination. The State is responsible for implementing the legislation, either supervising the defined emission patterns or restricting and prohibiting them. Despite the existence of legal framework, it does not ensure that society is being benefited, once the lack of official data and the reduced amount of scientific inquiry on the subject make the analysis difficult. The main governmental organs involved in pesticide management are the Health, Environment and Agriculture Ministries, which are also responsible for issuing registration certificates. Other ministries have parallel management activities, as it is the case of the Transport and Work Ministries. The parameters for registration are essentially the evaluation of environmental hazard and toxicological potential, as well as the risk assessment activity. In spite of being quoted in the main management document, the assessment activities are not implemented or discussed on solid basis. The studies guiding the decisions on the registration are not published. In order to implement the conventions, the country has to change its reference for decision taking. Conclusions: (1) The Brazilian federal institutions act independently and elaborate legal procedures on subjects under their responsibility, with the State being responsible for the definition of safety parameters. (2) The excessive fragmentation of the legislation on chemical substances obstructs the definition about whether implementing the management policies benefits society or not. (3) The legislation in which pesticide control is based on is technically updated. However, the management performed is far behind the scope of the legislation. (4) The scientific concept of risk is ignored in most legal documents concerning the management of chemical substances in Brazil. (5) The existing legal framework enables the implementation of health and environmental risk assessment related to pesticide management. (6) If the country is to use risk as a reference for pesticide management, its institutional infrastructure should assume a more comprehensive and integrated perspective, promoting the generation of multi referential data and figures. (7) The current decision taking procedures in Brazil do not meet the demands concerning the assessment of risks established by PIC and POPs Conventions.

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46

Banda, Musale Hamangaba. "A critical analysis of the management of climate change risk among short-term insurers in South Africa: evidence from company annual reports." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003943.

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This study investigates the extent to which South African short-term insurance companies manage climate change risk, as evidenced in their annual and sustainability reporting. The study context takes into account the fact that the world’s climate has been changing at a more accelerated rate since the early 1970s, causing disasters that have negatively affected world economies in the last ten years. Insurers, due to their huge financial resource base, long history of spurring innovation around risk and encouraging loss-reducing behaviour as well as high levels of vulnerability, have been identified as one industry that could lead societies in finding solutions to climate change risk. A key element of such a corporate resolve involves taking a leadership position which makes business sense for insurers. As such, this research analyses how innovative solutions to change-related problems could result in reduced exposure to climate change in line with corporate triple bottom line objectives. Based on a purposive sampling of short-term insurance companies operating in the South African market during the 2007 financial year, the study uses the companies’ annual and sustainability reports in order to critically assess evidence of climate change-related performance. The assessment is undertaken against the best practice indicators of climate change risk management, as defined by Ceres – a global researcher on climate change management in the business context. The data analysis is largely qualitative, consisting of a narrative presentation of the results and a conceptual application of the results to the triple bottom line which forms the theoretical framework of this study. The study finds that the South African short-term insurers were generally not living up to the climate change management ideals, in comparison to their multinational counterparts. For the South African short-term insurers, corporate strategic product innovation and planning was insignificant. Also negligible was board involvement, as well as CEO involvement, though in at least one case of the 4 local short-term insurance, there was evidence of extensive CEO involvement in climate change risk management. On the whole, these findings represent a lapse in corporate governance inasmuch as climate change risk management is concerned. Local short-term insurers generally performed well in the area of public disclosure, with their scores ranging from insignificant to extensive. In contrast, multinational short-term insurers’ performance with regard to climate change risk intervention ranged from insignificant tointegrated, across the five governance areas of board oversight, management execution, public disclosure, emissions accounting and strategic planning. As such, the study broadly recommends that short-term insurers in South Africa should make climate change part of their overall risk management strategies in order for them to remain competitive in an environment of increased climate change-related risk. More specifically, the research project recommends that the local insurers should proactively lead climate change mitigation measures through, for instance, investing in clean energy projects and incentivising their clients’ participation in the carbon market to prepare themselves for possible regulatory restrictions after the Copenhagen climate change conference planned for December 2009. This study also challenges insurers to help communities and as well as other businesses in their value chain to reduce their negative impacts on the world’s climate and to be more resilient against disasters which may arise from the high levels of greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere. Further, it recommends that insurers should create internal board and executive level climate change-related structures, as these will facilitate the integration of the proposed initiatives into their overall sustainability strategies. Above all, the study recommends that insurers should enhance the reporting of their climate change-related risk, opportunities and initiatives to improve their integrity.

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47

Thacker, Scott. "Reducing the risk of failure in interdependent national infrastructure network systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:02e7313c-0967-47e3-becc-2e7da376f745.

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Infrastructure network systems support society and the economy by facilitating the distribution of essential services across broad spatial extents, at a range of scales. The complex and interdependent nature of these systems provides the conditions for which localised failures can dramatically cascade, resulting in disruptions that are widespread and very often unforeseen. This systemic vulnerability has been highlighted multiple times over the previous decades in infrastructures systems from around the world. In the future, the hazards to which infrastructure systems are exposed are set to grow with increasing extreme event risks caused by climate change. The aim of this thesis is to develop methodology and analysis for understanding and reducing the risk of failure of national interdependent infrastructure network systems. This study introduces multi-scale, system-of-systems based methodology and applied analysis that provides important new insights into interdependent infrastructure network risk and adaptation. Adopting a complex network based approach; real-world asset data is integrated from the energy, transport, water, waste and digital communications sectors to represent the physical interconnectivity that exists within and between interdependent infrastructure systems. Given the often limited scope of real-world datasets, an algorithm is presented that is used to synthesise missing network data, providing continuous network representations that preserve the most salient spatial and topological properties of real multi-level infrastructure systems. Using the resultant network representations, the criticality of individual assets is calculated by summing the direct and indirect customer disruptions that can occur in the event of failure. This is achieved by disrupting sets of functional service flow pathways that transcend sectorial and operational boundaries, providing long-range connectivity between service originating source nodes and customer allocated sink nodes. Kernel density estimation is used to integrate discrete asset criticality values into a continuous surface from which statistically significant infrastructure geographical criticality hotspots are identified. Finally, a business case is presented for investment in infrastructure adaptation, where adaptation costs are compared to the reduction in expected damages that arise from interdependency related failures over an assets lifetime. By representing physical and geographic interdependence at a range of scales, this analysis provides new evidence to inform the targeting of investments to reduce risks and enhance system resilience. It is concluded that the research presented within this thesis provides new theoretical insights and practical techniques for a range of academic, industrial and governmental infrastructure stakeholders, from the UK and beyond.

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48

Sun, Yu. "Risk-based framework for freight movement analysis." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002.

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Decision-making models have, m the recent years, been developed to provide systematic and comprehensive tools to analyse, evaluate and manage freight movement. Freight transport models developed thus far have not precisely defined risk agents brought by travelling vehicles, which lead to indistinct risk types. Instead, most of the models developed discussed the risks mainly related to direct impacts by traffic accidents. On the other hand, transport efficiency, which is of more and more concern, has not been sufficiently emphasised in the previous models. This thesis studies the factors in relation to not only safety issues, but efficiency issues. And the risks due to freight movement have been classified into categories in accordance with their distinct natures and typically, affected population groups including human, environment and economic infrastructure. Two new theories, risk agent and risk response factor, have been introduced to the framework to precisely define and evaluate various risk types. Vehicle travelling on a specific route may encounter various situations combined by road characteristics, traffic flow and weather conditions, etc. In order to assist in analysing freight movement in a systematic manner, freight movement behaviours, which pose negative impacts to nearby population, are divided into different modes, which have been interpreted as "risk-producing activities" in the Risk-based Framework for Freight Movement Analysis (RBF-FMA) in order to identify the characteristics of the risk agents. It is important to differentiate the segments with significant changes in the travel risk producing conditions. This study divides travel route into segments and each segment is assessed separately and differentiates among three segment types: travel segment, intersection, and roundabout according to their different contributing factors. The framework developed in this study also considers the availability of emergency response facilities and support system as a major risk-reducing factor. When applied and compared with the risk rating results estimated by the Queensland Transport Department (QTD) using their risk-rating model, the RBF-FMA gave highly comparable results. In the evaluation, both the QTD and RBF-FMA models were applied to assess the risk associated with the release of hazardous mate1ials at 25 segments identified as having high risk by the QTD. The RBF-FMA was also successfully applied to compare two routes between two common points and the results were generally consistent with the concentration of human population, enviromnental population and economic activity and infrastructure along the two routes. The basic data that was needed to conduct the RBF-FMA was easily generated using site visits and from available data basis. While the RBF-FMA presents a logical framework that is based on the risk assessment and management methodology, the process of assigning scores (ranks) and weights to the various factors and sub-factors is basically subjective and reflects the education, values, judgement and understanding of the model by the user. It is recognised that this subjectivity can lead to viability in the results. The contribution of this study is significant in that it translates the basic risk assessment model used in the public health field into a framework suitable for rating the risk associated with freight movement. In addition, the effort presented a basic modelling approach that can be modified or built on by other researchers in this field. The framework formulated in this study is worthy of further research and development as it can be used as a useful system for making decisions related to moving freight along selected routes. Further work could include development of a GIS-based computer program which is able to contain huge amount of risk assessment data associated with freight movement and provide a visual operation of the risk analysis.

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49

Watson, Sarah Louise. "Assessing the Impacts of Unrestricted Pesticide Use in Small-Scale Agriculture on Water Quality and Associated Human Health and Ecological Implications in an Indigenous Village in Rural Panam[aacute]." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5149.

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In 2014, the global pesticide industry's projected worth is $52 billion and by 2020, the developing world will make up one-third of the world's chemical production and consumption. Pesticides can have unintended negative consequences for human health and the environment, especially in the developing world where regulations are loose or nonexistent. One country with unrestricted use of pesticides is Panam[aacute], especially in Santa Rosa de Cucunatí. In this indigenous village, small-scale farmers and ranchers spray paraquat, glyphosate, picloram, and 2,4-D at higher elevations than the spring water source of a gravity-fed water system, the river, and the village. The objective of this study was to estimate the concentration of these pesticides in the water system and the river and to perform a human health and ecological risk assessment. Pesticide fate and transport models in the graphical user interface EXAMS-PRZMS Exposure Simulation Shell (EXPRESS), which was developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, were used to predict concentrations of the four mentioned pesticides in drinking water and the river using chemical properties, data from Food and Agriculture Organization and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and the author's experience as a Peace Corps Volunteer. The results from Tier I model FQPA Index Reservoir Screening Tool (FIRST) were used to compare immediate and delayed rain events, noting minimal difference. The Tier II PRZM-EXAMS shell provided estimated drinking water concentration (EDWC) profiles. The paraquat profile was much lower than picloram, glyphosate, and 2,4-D, which had almost identical profiles with peak concentrations around 12 ppm and the average annual concentration 100 ppb. Average Daily Dose (ADD) via drinking water was calculated for men, women, and children using model results and compared to the oral reference dose (RfD). ADDs only exceeded the RfD with maximum peak EDWCs, implying low risk. However, RfD was used to calculate a breakpoint concentration, the concentration at which each pesticide presents a risk to the consumer. This was then compared to the maximum peak (highest, i.e. worst-case scenario) and annual (lowest, i.e. best-case scenario) EDWC profiles. In the best-case scenario, glyphosate and picloram did not pose a threat, paraquat posed a moderate threat and 2,4-D posed a high threat, with the concentration exceeding the breakpoint for 90 percent of the years. With respect to the worst-case scenario, all four chemicals posed high threats to the consumer. Individual exposure via consumption of fish from the river was calculated using a calculated bioconcentration (BCF) factor and calculated breakpoint concentrations. For the best case scenario, picloram presented a low risk and 2,4-D presented a high risk but for the worst case, both of these chemicals presented a very high risk. An additive exposure of these two human health pathways found that for the best case scenario, exposure from most of the four chemicals did not approach the RfD. However, for the worst-case scenario the exposures were significantly higher than the oral RfD--therefore, between the lowest and the highest concentrations, the general population is at risk. For the ecological risk assessment, the 96-hour peak profile was compared to the 96-hour lethal dose (LD50); glyphosate posed a high risk to fathead minnows and low risk to bluegills and 2,4-D presented a high risk to fathead minnows, low risk to channel catfish, and very high risk to bluegills. A more general risk assessment compared maximum peak and annual concentrations to the US EPA's aquatic life benchmarks. Glyphosate presented no threat and 2,4-D only presented a threat to plants. For picloram, fish were at very high risk at the chronic level and low risk at the acute level, and plants were at moderate risk. Paraquat presented the most significant threat to aquatic life, exceeding benchmarks for all plants and invertebrates at the chronic level 100 percent of the time. It presented no threat to fish in the best-case scenario, but a high risk for fish at the chronic level in the worst case scenario, as well as very high risk for all invertebrates and plants. Improvements in application and watershed protection as part of a multi-disciplinary approach are proposed in place of technological mitigation strategies. Recommendations for future studies include the development of a developing-world context model and experimental studies in the developing world to compare to model results, where possible.

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50

Silva, César Augusto Marques da 1985. "População e riscos as mudanças ambientais em zonas costeiras da Baixada Santista = um estudo socio-demografico sobre os municipios de Bertioga, Guaruja e São Vicente." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279308.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T21:24:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_CesarAugustoMarquesda_M.pdf: 4288587 bytes, checksum: 7047af8acde22f0055c700f95c46522f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Durante as últimas décadas a demografia discutiu importantes conceitos ao tratar da relação entre dinâmica populacional e mudança ambiental. Surgiram novos caminhos, buscando compreender essa relação em análises centradas no entendimento do papel do espaço, dos padrões de produção e consumo, do risco e da vulnerabilidade. Recentemente, com a confirmação das estimativas das mudanças climáticas, a demografia é novamente desafiada a elucidar os elementos da dinâmica populacional que afetam o clima e que por ela são afetados. Nessa pesquisa objetiva-se compreender elementos desse segundo ponto, analisando riscos ambientais às mudanças climáticas em populações residentes em zonas costeiras. Mais especificamente, analisamos a dinâmica de três municípios costeiros do Estado de São Paulo, na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista: Bertioga, Guarujá e São Vicente. Tais municípios, majoritariamente urbanos, abrigam espaços diferenciados e desiguais, tanto do ponto de vista geográfico como social. Geograficamente, a presença de morros, rios, estuários e do próprio mar, condicionam a formação de riscos ambientais diferenciados. Socialmente, com a ocupação dos espaços para usos diversos (residenciais, turísticos e industriais), e por grupos com perfis sócio-econômicos particulares, cada um desses riscos atinge populações também específicas. A partir desses fatores a hipótese do trabalho é que populações com características distintas passam por diferentes riscos ambientais. Desse modo, os riscos que selecionamos são relativos às mudanças ambientais: a elevação do nível do mar, as inundações e os deslizamentos. Para cada um desses riscos, e de suas possíveis combinações, foram criadas zonas de risco, utilizando os dados de setores censitários. Os resultados indicaram a confirmação da nossa hipótese: populações mais pobres estão nas imediações de corpos d'água e morros, áreas onde a possibilidade das intensificações de inundações e deslizamentos é maior, enquanto as mais ricas localizam-se próximas ao mar, onde o maior risco é o da elevação do nível médio do mar
Abstract: Demography has discussed important concepts in concern with the relation between population dynamics and environmental change through last decades. New ways were developed and the role of space, patterns of production and consumption, risk and vulnerability were incorporated in theses analysis. Recently, with more accuracy estimates of climate change, demography is again challenged to elucidate the elements of population dynamics that affect climate and vice-versa. This research aims to understand this elements, analyzing risks of climate change on populations living in coastal areas. More specifically, we analyze the dynamics of three coastal municipalities of Sao Paulo State, in the Metropolitan Area of Baixada Santista: Bertioga, Guarujá and São Vicente. These municipalities, mostly urban, harbor differentiated and uneven spaces, both geographically and socially. Geographically, the presence of hills, rivers, estuaries and the sea, influence different environmental risks. Socially, space has been transformed according to several social uses (residential, tourist and industrial), resulting in specific groups, with particular socio-economic profiles, living in distinct risks zones. Based on these factors, the hypothesis adopted is that populations with different characteristics are replaced by different environmental risks. Therefore, the risks selected represent some of the environmental changes dangers: rising sea levels, more intensive flooding and landslides. For each of these risks, and their possible combinations were created risk areas, using data from census tracts. The results indicated the poorest are in the vicinity of ponds and hills, where the possibility of intensification of floods and landslides is higher, while the richest are sited near sea, where the greatest risk is the elevation of the average sea level
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Demografia
Mestre em Demografia

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Дисертації з теми "Environmental risk assessment and management"

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