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1
Flores, Carolina. "An Ecological Reading of Sovereignty Claims in Antarctica." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 13, no. 1 (April 19, 2022): 210–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_013010011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty has “frozen” the controversies over sovereignty in Antarctica. However, the seven States claiming sovereignty over the continent still have an important role in the Antarctic Treaty System. One of the areas where they show leadership is in environmental protection, which is a pivotal principle of Antarctica’s regime since the adoption of the Environmental Protocol in 1991. Their active role cannot be explained under a Westphalian interpretation of sovereignty, where states have absolute power over the exploitation of their natural resources. Notwithstanding, under a human-based interpretation of sovereignty, the conduct of the Claimant States may have a clearer explanation. This article will look into the practices of the Claimant States over the Antarctic to understand if and how their sovereignty claims may be linked to environmental protection.
2
Beck, Peter J. "The 1991 UN session: the environmental protocol fails to satisfy the Antarctic Treaty System's critics." Polar Record 28, no. 167 (October 1992): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400028047.
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ABSTRACT1991 saw the ninth successive United Nations (UN) discussion on the ‘Question of Antarctica.’ The adoption of two more resolutions critical of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), including South African participation therein, reaffirmed the unchanging nature of the UN episode and the lack of consensus on the management of Antarctica. Key developments affecting Antarctica continue to occur away from New York: during 1990—91 the negotiations conducted at Vifia del Mar and Madrid for the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (PREP) and the measures agreed at the Bonn Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting proved the point. The critics of the ATS were appeased by neither PREP and its mining prohibition nor the recent dismantling of the apartheid regime in South Africa.Two UN reports were published on the state of the Antarctic environment as well as the proposed establishment of a UNsponsored research station in Antarctica. One resolution adopted in December 1991 called for annual UN reports on the Antarctic environment, although fiscal and other considerations meant that the research station proposal was effectively shelved. Another resolution urged South African exclusion from ATS meetings. The tenth annual UN discussion on Antarctica is scheduled for the close of 1992. There exists growing evidence that the critical campaign is losing momentum, although it seems premature to anticipate Antarctica's imminent demise as an UN agenda topic.
3
Marks, Beth C., and James N. Barnes. "The Future of Antarctica under the Environmental Protocol." Journal of Environment & Development 2, no. 2 (June 1993): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107049659300200211.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The continent of Antarctica holds immense value as a wilderness area and a repository of scientific knowledge. This report maintains that the Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection, signed in 1991, is a positive first step in ensuring that Antarctica preserves its status as a global scientific laboratory, wildlife refuge, and arena for international cooperation.
4
Lyons, David. "Environmental impact assessment in Antarctica under the Protocol on Environmental Protection." Polar Record 29, no. 169 (April 1993): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400023561.
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ABSTRACTThe background to the development and implementation of environmental impact assessment procedures in Antarctica is reviewed and the principles and procedures of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol of 1991) are outlined. The difficulties in determining the appropriate level of assessment and the practical, operational aspects of carrying out the evaluations are examined. Particular attention is given to the meaning of terminology in the Protocol, the interpretation of environmental principles and standards, alternatives to the proposed activity, the requirements for sufficient information, the process of obtaining and taking into account public comment, the monitoring of environmental indicators, and the practical implications where an activity needs to be suspended, cancelled, or modified. The workloads generated by the procedures and the credibility of the processes are discussed in view of a possible perception that the exercises may amount to little more than ‘red tape’ to justify decisions that would be taken in any case. Recommendations are made that could improve the EIA process in Antarctica.
5
Birkenmajer, K. "The need for geological protection in Antarctica?" Antarctic Science 2, no. 4 (December 1990): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102090000402.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the past 30 years or so, the primary objects of environmental protection in Antarctica were living organisms such as penguins and seals, and their breeding grounds, terrestrial plants and their habitats. The ever growing threats to the icy continent, resulting from increasing human activities, lead SCAR, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties (ATCPs), and recently also the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) to seek improved measures for conservation of the Antarctic fauna and flora, to actively participate in the preparation of conventions for protection of seals and other marine living organisms, and to elaborate a mandatory code for waste disposal.
6
de Pomereu, Jean. "All but blank: Artistic approaches to human Antarctica." Polar Record 55, no. 5 (September 2019): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000421.
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AbstractThe visual arts have played an increasingly important role in examining and critiquing past and present human activities in Antarctica as governed by the Antarctic Treaty and its Protocol on Environmental protection. This paper analyses the work of six artists who have contributed to this scrutiny, awakening us to fabrications and helping to enrich Antarctic cultures beyond the scientific and the environmental. It encourages all signatory nations to the Antarctic Treaty System to embrace and empower a more diverse artistic engagement with Antarctica and suggests that artists find new ways to address threats to the Antarctic, whether they come from within and from without.
7
Uryupova, Ekaterina, and Vasily Spiridonov. "Russia and the environmental protection of Antarctica: the 25th anniversary of the Madrid Protocol." Polar Record 53, no. 4 (June 19, 2017): 376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247417000250.
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ABSTRACTIn 2016, we marked the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Protocol on the Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, or the Madrid Protocol. The Protocol signalled a commitment to address issues of climate change and the protection of the Antarctic resources. Russia exerted appropriate efforts pursuant to scientific research programmes, tourism and all other governmental and non-governmental activities. In the light of the commemoration of the anniversary, this paper highlights major steps of the Russian Federation toward the implementation of the international agreement and application of scientific principles for environmental protection and management in Antarctica.
8
Blay, Sam, and Julia Green. "The practicalities of domestic legislation to prohibit mining activity in Antarctica: a comment on the Australian perspective." Polar Record 30, no. 172 (January 1994): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400021008.
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AbstractAfter its rejection of the Minerals Convention adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties (ATCPs) in 1988, Australia took a major step in its domestic law by enacting the Antarctic Mining Prohibition Act of 1991 (AMPA), to reinforce its general objection to mineral resource activities in Antarctica and its commitment to the protection ofthe Antarctic environment. With the adoption of the Protocol on Environmental Protectionto the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol) – which required the parties to take steps to implement its provisions, including the enactment of domestic legislation – Australia enacted the Antarctic Treaty (Environmental Protection) Act (ATEPA). The ATEPA is meant to replace the AMPA once the Madrid Protocol comes into force. The Protocol bans mineral resource activities in Antarctica and adopts a comprehensive regime toregulate all human activity in Antarctica in an effort to protect the region's environment. As legislation to implement the Protocol, the principal objectives of the ATEPAare to prohibit mineral resource activities in the Australian Antarctic Territory and toregulate all human activity that may have a direct impact on the environment in the area. It also prohibits Australian nationals from engaging in mineral resource activities elsewhere in Antarctica. Like Australia, a number of ATCPs have either adopted legislationor are developing legislation in their domestic legal systems to implement the Protocol.It is one thing for the Protocol to demand the adoption of domestic legislation to ensure compliance with its provisions, including the ban on mining; it is quite another thingto develop effective domestic legislation on the issue. Given the absence of any knowncommercially exploitable deposits of minerals in Antarctica, the likelihood of any mineralresource activity in the region is very remote. But should mining activity occur in Antarctica in breach of the Protocol, the enforcement of the ban could be fraught with practical, legal, and policy difficulties. This paper examines the domestic legislative efforts by Australia as a leading ATCP to ban mining activity in Antarctica. Even though the discussion focuses on Australia by examining its legislation, the problems and the issues raised in the Australian context are also relevant to other ATCPs generally and to claimants in particular.
9
Li, Xueping. "The Déjà vu System of International Trusteeship in Continental Antarctica: A Textual Analysis." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 12, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 108–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_012010009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the name of environmental protection, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting seems to have borrowed the paradigm of international trusteeship of the United Nations for managing the Antarctic land-based protected areas. By comparing and analysing the critical questions highly concerned, this paper offers preliminary thoughts on the development and refinement of the conception of land-based protected areas as a déjà vu system of international trusteeship and its surrounding legal applications and implications in continental Antarctica, and challenges the direction followed by this system in protecting Antarctic intrinsic values in legal discourse.
10
Redgwell, Catherine. "Environmental Protection in Antarctica: The 1991 Protocol." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 43, no. 3 (July 1994): 599–634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/43.3.599.
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Potter, Sandra. "Protecting Antarctica from Non-Native Species: The Imperatives and the Impediments." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 1, no. 1 (2009): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427-91000020.
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Abstract The introduction of non-native species and disease into the Antarctic environment has long been recognised as a matter of concern within the Antarctic Treaty System. Yet the system’s forums have little-considered the policy implications and the practical means of addressing the issue – suggesting there is merit in revisiting the protection imperative as it exists for Antarctica, and in exploring the impediments to advancing the region’s biosecurity. Factors bearing on action taken to minimise introductions include the perspectives held as to where the introduction threats and management priorities lie, parties’ differing interpretations of the practical obligations arising from the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, the complexity of program operations coupled with the dictates of logistical expediency, the projected costs of implementing precautionary protection measures, the commitment of individuals to implementing quarantine procedures, and the realisation that no system can provide complete protection. Notwithstanding such issues, in May 2008, Australia, China, India, Romania and the Russian Federation jointly agreed upon a suite of measures aimed at minimising introductions to the Larsemann Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, where they all have operational bases. It is hoped that the development of this first multilateral Antarctic biosecurity initiative will prompt other parties to actively engage on determining the best means of providing Antarctica with an appropriate level of protection.
12
Harris, Colin M. "Environmental management on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica." Polar Record 27, no. 163 (October 1991): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400013073.
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AbstractThis paper proposes management responses to problems perceived in an earlier paper on King George Island (Polar Record 27(162): 193–204, 1991). Available management instruments and barriers to solutions are reviewed, and new management approaches and tools postulated. The category of Antarctic Protected Area (APA) is proposed for areas needing special protection, with sub-designations of Natural, Scientific and Historic Reserves. Multiple-use Planning Areas (MPAs) are endorsed for areas of high use needing local and regional planning, including station environs, but with sub-designations Environmentally Sensitive Areas, Scientific Research Sites and Facilities Areas. Both APAs and MPAs will require management plans: APAs will be accessible only by entry permit. Also recommended are a scientific and logistic register, scheduled meetings among station commanders, development of an internationally coordinated regional scientific strategy, and an environmental information system. To manage tourism a commercial tourism licence system and tourist levy are recommended, with the industry controlled under management plans developed for APAs and MPAs, plus general Treaty provisions. Workload arising from these revisions would necessitate the Committee on Environmental Protection in the forthcoming Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, with a permanent Treaty secretariat. This framework, requiring a multinational approach to management more sophisticated than has so far been achieved under the Antarctic Treaty, would improve and coordinate management throughout Antarctica.
13
Rubin, Jeff. "Train Oil and Snotters: Eating Antarctic Wild Foods." Gastronomica 3, no. 1 (2003): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2003.3.1.37.
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People may no longer eat the wild foods of Antarctica, because the Antarctic Treaty's Protocol on Environmental Protection signed in 1991 prohibits even "disturbing" any wildlife, but there is a long history of living off the land in Antarctica and on the remote islands of the Southern Ocean. Visitors regularly ate seals, penguins and other seabirds, eggs, shellfish, and several unusual endemic plants. Fresh food was critical in avoiding scurvy, caused by a lack of Vitamin C. Local foods also occupied a prominent place on the table during Antarctic holidays such as Midwinter's Day.
14
Peden, John, Tina Tin, Luis R. Pertierra, Pablo Tejedo, and Javier Benayas. "Perceptions of the Antarctic wilderness: views from emerging adults in Spain and the United States." Polar Record 52, no. 5 (June 24, 2016): 541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247416000425.
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ABSTRACTThe preambles of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and the 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic state that Antarctica is to be managed in the interest of all mankind. However, key phrases such as ‘interest of all mankind’ and ‘wilderness and aesthetic values’ are subject to interpretation. The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of public perceptions of the Antarctic wilderness, proceeding from the assumption that public views should be incorporated into the consultative parties’ decision making process. The study expands on previous research by exploring whether perceptions of the Antarctic environment varied between students at two comparably sized public universities in Spain and the United States. Four hundred undergraduate students were asked about their values, beliefs and attitudes with respect to environmental management practices in Antarctica. After controlling for course type, responses showed little variation based on nationality. A large proportion of students valued Antarctica as a science laboratory for the benefit of mankind, as one of the world's last great wildernesses, and an important component of the climate system. Students did not support an increase in the number of people going to Antarctica, and favoured limitations on infrastructure development.
15
Hughes, Kevin A., and Peter Convey. "Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for Antarctica." Antarctic Science 32, no. 6 (November 19, 2020): 426–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410202000053x.
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AbstractTo date, Antarctica is the only continent to have escaped the COVID-19 pandemic. This was facilitated by the continent's isolation and low human presence, combined with the global emergence of the pandemic at the end of the Antarctic summer season and the rapid action of those national governmental operators and other actors still active on and around the continent during the early phases of the outbreak. Here, we consider the implications of the pandemic for Antarctic governance, national operator logistics, science, tourism and the fishing industry, as well as for Antarctic environmental protection. Global disruption will result in a temporary decrease in human activity in Antarctica, in turn leading to a reduction in environmental impacts for a period, but also a reduced capacity to respond to environmental incidents. Given the diversity of transmission routes and vectors, preventing the introduction of the virus will be difficult, even with stringent quarantine procedures in place, and the risks and implications of virus transmission to Antarctic wildlife are largely unknown. With control of the pandemic a major global challenge, international cooperation will be essential if Antarctica is to remain free of coronavirus.
16
Herber, Bernard P. "The economic case for an Antarctic world park in light of recent policy developments." Polar Record 28, no. 167 (October 1992): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400028023.
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ABSTRACTDuring the last several years, the Antarctic Treaty System has confronted the world park versus mining issue, resulting in the signing on 4 October 1991, subject to ratification, of a protocol to the Antarctic Treaty, putting in place an environmental protection regime for Antarctica. This paper develops an economic case for the creation of a world park in Antarctica. The argument is based upon the international public good and common property resource characteristics of the seventh continent. The strength of the case is tested against the alternative economic uses of the Antarctic, especially mineral development. The possible creation of an Antarctic world park is evaluated in light of the recent policy events.
17
Camenzuli, Danielle, Kirstie A. Fryirs, Damian B. Gore, and Benjamin L. Freidman. "Managing legacy waste in the presence of cultural heritage at Wilkes Station, East Antarctica." Polar Record 51, no. 2 (December 16, 2013): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247413000740.
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ABSTRACTThe Antarctic Treaty has been the principal governing force in Antarctica since 1961. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol) requires that all past and present work and waste-disposal sites are cleaned up unless doing so would cause greater environmental damage or the site is considered to be a monument of significant historical importance. Despite this requirement, legacy waste issues remain unresolved in parts of Antarctica. Clean-up operations in Antarctica are complicated by a combination of restricted access, extreme weather, financial limitations and logistical constraints. Further complications arise at sites such as Wilkes Station, where the requirement for clean-up coexists with the desire to preserve potentially valuable heritage items.Several buildings and artefacts with potential heritage value remain at Wilkes Station. However, Wilkes Station is not officially designated as a historic site or monument under the Antarctic Treaty, nor is it a national or world heritage place under Australian domestic legislation. Consequently the buildings and relics at Wilkes Station are afforded little protection under the existing relevant domestic and international legislative frameworks.This paper uses Wilkes Station as a case study of the complexities associated with conducting clean-up operations at contaminated sites with informal heritage value in Antarctica. The legislative and environmental considerations surrounding clean-up operations at Wilkes Station are also investigated. Furthermore, we argue the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach to operations which facilitate the clean-up of legacy waste and preservation of the potential heritage values at Wilkes. Finally, we recognise that the complexities discussed in this paper have wider applicability and we investigate the relevance of these issues to other Antarctic contaminated sites with formal or informal heritage value.
18
Rothwell, Donald R. "Australian and Canadian initiatives in polar marine environmental protection: a comparative review." Polar Record 34, no. 191 (October 1998): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400026012.
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AbstractIncreasing attention has been given to the protection of the polar marine environment throughout the 1990s. In the case of the Antarctic Treaty System, in addition to a number of recommendations and measures adopted at Antarctic Treaty Meetings, the 1991 Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty contains a number of measures that will enhance marine environmental protection in the Southern Ocean. In the case of the Arctic, the 1991 Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy identified marine pollution as being one of the major environmental issues in the Arctic, and a number of initiatives have since been developed to encourage the Arctic states to deal with the problem collectively and individually. However, while the collective responses of the polar states have been helpful in giving prominence to the importance of marine environmental protection in polar waters, it is the coastal states of the polar regions that need to take responsibility to give effect to these initiatives. Australia and Canada are two of the most prominent polar states in Antarctica and the Arctic, respectively. Both have large maritime claims and have also developed a range of domestic legal and policy responses to enhance marine environmental protection in the polar regions. A review is undertaken of the respective global and regional marine environmental protection regimes that apply in the polar regions, followed by a comparative analysis of the Australian and Canadian initiatives.
19
Blay, S. K. N. "New Trends in the Protection of the Antarctic Environment: The 1991 Madrid Protocol." American Journal of International Law 86, no. 2 (April 1992): 377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203243.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In June 1991, the Antarctic Treaty states, meeting in Madrid, Spain, approved the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol). The Protocol was adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties and opened for signature on October 4, 1991. Negotiated over a three-year period, the Protocol, together with its annexes, is the most comprehensive multilateral document ever adopted on the international protection of the environment. It promises to be a significant blueprint for preserving the Antarctic. An ironic feature of the Protocol is that, while it bans mining in Antarctica, it had its origins in the 1988 Convention for the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA), which permitted mining.
20
Ručová, Dajana, Michal Goga, Marek Matik, and Martin Bačkor. "Adaptations of cyanobacterium Nostoc commune to environmental stress: Comparison of morphological and physiological markers between European and Antarctic populations after rehydration." Czech Polar Reports 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2018-1-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Availability of water may influence activities of all living organisms, including cyanobacterial communities. Filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc commune is well adapted to wide spectrum of ecosystems. For this reason, N. commune had to develop diverse protection strategies due to exposition to regular rewetting and drying processes. Few studies have been conducted on activities, by which cyanobacteria are trying to avoid water deficit. Therefore, the present study using physiological and morphological parameters is focused on comparison between European and Antarctic ecotypes of N. commune during rewetting. Gradual increase of FV/FM ratios, as the markers of active PS II, demonstrated the recovery processes of N. commune colonies from Europe as well as from Antarctica after time dependent rehydration. During the initial hours of rewetting, there was lower content of soluble proteins in colonies from Antarctica in comparison to those from Europe. Total content of nitrogen was higher in European ecotypes of N. commune. Significantly higher frequency of occurrence of heterocysts in Antarctic ecotypes was observed. The heterocyst cells were significantly longer in Antarctic ecotypes rather than European ecotypes of N. commune.
21
Hemmings, Alan D., Sanjay Chaturvedi, Elizabeth Leane, Daniela Liggett, and Juan Francisco Salazar. "Nationalism in Today’s Antarctic." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 7, no. 1 (December 5, 2015): 531–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211-6427_020.
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Whilst nationalism is a recognised force globally, its framing is predicated on experience in conventionally occupied parts of the world. The familiar image of angry young men waving Kalashnikovs means that the idea that nationalism might be at play in Antarctica has to overcome much instinctive resistance, as well as the tactical opposition of the keepers of the present Antarctic political arrangements. The limited consideration of nationalism in Antarctica has generally been confined to the past, particularly “Heroic-Era” and 1930s–1940s expeditions. This article addresses the formations of nationalism in the Antarctic present. Antarctic nationalism need not present in the same shape as nationalisms elsewhere to justify being called nationalism. Here it occurs in a virtual or mediated form, remote from the conventional metropolitan territories of the states and interests concerned. The key aspect of Antarctic nationalism is its contemporary form and intensity. We argue that given the historic difficulties of Antarctic activities, and the geopolitical constraints of the Cold War, it has only been since the end of that Cold War that a more muscular nationalism has been able to flourish in Antarctica. Our assessment is that there at least 11 bases upon which Antarctic nationalism might arise: (i) formally declared claims to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica; (ii) relative proximity of Antarctica to one’s metropolitan territory; (iii) historic and institutional associations with Antarctica; (iv) social and cultural associations; (v) regional or global hegemonic inclinations; (vi) alleged need in relation to resources; (vii) contested uses or practices in Antarctica; (viii) carry-over from intense antipathies outside Antarctica; (ix) national pride in, and mobilisation through, national Antarctic programmes; (x) infrastructure and logistics arrangements; or (xi) denial or constraint of access by one’s strategic competitors or opponents. In practice of course, these are likely to be manifested in combination. The risks inherent in Antarctic nationalism are the risks inherent in unrestrained nationalism anywhere, compounded by its already weak juridical situation. In Antarctica, the intersection of nationalism with resources poses a particular challenge to the regional order and its commitments to shareable public goods such as scientific research and environmental protection.
22
Harris, Colin M. "Standardisation of zones within specially protected and managed areas under the Antarctic Environmental Protocol." Polar Record 30, no. 175 (October 1994): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400024542.
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ABSTRACTA number of countries are revising management plans for protected areas in Antarctica so that they comply with Annex V to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Annex V allows for ‘identification of zones…in which activities are to be prohibited, restricted or managed.’ A wide range of terms are, and could be, used to meet site-specific zoning needs. If allowed to develop in an ad hoc way, a confusing and inconsistent set of zones would be likely to evolve. This could be avoided by a coordinated and pro-active approach to identifying the zones needed. Based on field observations and examination of current and proposed management plans, a simple, standardised model of five types of zone is proposed: Restricted, Scientific, Tourist, Facilities, and Historic. Their application, where needed, would meet the full range of management needs within specially protected and managed areas in Antarctica.
23
Walton, D. W. H. "The Environmental Protocol — scientific advantage or bureaucratic inconvenience?" Antarctic Science 3, no. 4 (December 1991): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102091000433.
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Has Antarctica been saved now that agreement has been reached by all Consultative Parties on the Protocol and its four annexes and, if so, by whom and for whom? The environmental lobby seem clear that it was their efforts that provided the impetus for international agreement and that the Protocol will provide the protection needed for the “Last Great Wilderness on Earth”. It would be pointless to deny the considerable political impact produced by the NGO environmental groups but their contribution to the discussions was more emotional than factual. It would be equally unfair to overlook the major contribution from the Antarctic science community to the sensible resolution of this debate, a feature largely overlooked by the media.
24
McCreath, Millicent. "Enhancing Compliance with Shipping Regulations for Environmental Protection in Antarctica." Ocean Yearbook Online 34, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 461–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004426214_020.
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Xavier, José C., Dragomir Mateev, Linda Capper, Annick Wilmotte, and David W. H. Walton. "Education and outreach by the Antarctic Treaty Parties, Observers and Experts under the framework of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings." Polar Record 55, no. 4 (December 18, 2018): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224741800044x.
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AbstractThe development of formal discourse about education and outreach within the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM), and the influence of major international activities in this field, are described. This study reflects on the ATCM Parties’ approach to implementing the ambition of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty Article 6.1.a, to promote the educational value of Antarctica and its environment, and examines the role of workshops and expert groups within the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes. These early initiatives, which emerged in the 1990s, were a prelude to the development and implementation of a large number of International Polar Year (IPY) education and outreach programmes. The establishment of an Antarctic Treaty System Intersessional Contact Group, and an online forum on education and outreach during the 2015 ATCM in Bulgaria, is a legacy of IPY and is the next step in fostering collaboration to engage people around the world in the importance and relevance of Antarctica to our daily lives.
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Portella Sampaio, Daniela. "The Antarctic exception: how science and environmental protection provided alternative authority deployment and territoriality in Antarctica." Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs 11, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2019.1589899.
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Hughes, Kevin A., Rachel D. Cavanagh, and Peter Convey. "Advancing Antarctic climate change policy: upcoming opportunities for scientists and policymakers to work together." Antarctic Science 34, no. 6 (December 2022): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410202200044x.
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AbstractClimate change is increasingly affecting Antarctica and the rest of the world. Urgent policy responses are needed to mitigate its associated impacts. Engagement of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM), Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) and Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) with the issue of climate change has culminated in several important meetings planned for 2023/2024. Researchers play a crucial role in the provision of the best available science to inform action by Antarctic policymakers, and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) clearly will play an important role in representing the Antarctic science community and delivering the latest science into the upcoming meetings. However, recognizing the ATCM's call for Parties and other stakeholders to bring experts to its meeting to support the work and with acknowledgement by CCAMLR and CEP of the value of including a range of scientific experts, we highlight the opportunity for and importance of researchers engaging proactively to offer further bespoke scientific support. Given the urgency of addressing climate change in Antarctica and beyond, every effort is needed from researchers and policymakers to work together to facilitate the necessary policy responses at both the national and international level.
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Rota, Emilia, Elisa Bergami, Ilaria Corsi, and Roberto Bargagli. "Macro- and Microplastics in the Antarctic Environment: Ongoing Assessment and Perspectives." Environments 9, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9070093.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The number of scientists and tourists visiting Antarctica is on the rise and, despite the management framework for environmental protection, some coastal areas, particularly in the Antarctic Peninsula region, are affected by plastic contamination. The few data available on the occurrence of microplastics (<5 mm) are difficult to compare, due to the different methodologies used in monitoring studies. However, indications are emerging to guide future research and to implement environmental protocols. In the surface and subsurface waters of the Southern Ocean, plastic debris >300 µm appears to be scarce and far less abundant than paint chips released from research vessels. Yet, near some coastal scientific stations, the fragmentation and degradation of larger plastic items, as well as microbeads and microfibers released into wastewater from personal care products and laundry, could potentially affect marine organisms. Some studies indicate that, through long-range atmospheric transport, plastic fibers produced on other continents can be deposited in Antarctica. Drifting plastic debris can also cross the Polar Front, with the potential to carry alien fouling organisms into the Southern Ocean. Sea ice dynamics appear to favor the uptake of microplastics by ice algae and Antarctic krill, the key species in the Antarctic marine food web. Euphausia superba apparently has the ability to fragment and expel ingested plastic particles at the nanoscale. However, most Antarctic organisms are endemic species, with unique ecophysiological adaptations to extreme environmental conditions and are likely highly sensitive to cumulative stresses caused by climate change, microplastics and other anthropogenic disturbances. Although there is limited evidence to date that micro- and nanoplastics have direct biological effects, our review aims at raising awareness of the problem and, in order to assess the real potential impact of microplastics in Antarctica, underlines the urgency to fill the methodological gaps for their detection in all environmental matrices, and to equip scientific stations and ships with adequate wastewater treatment plants to reduce the release of microfibers.
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Hashtroody, Bita, Calvo-Sánchez MI, Fernández-Maros S, Azahara Pérez Davó, and Jesús Espada. "13436 Deschampsia antarctica as a novel skin protection tool against environmental pollution." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 83, no. 6 (December 2020): AB119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.564.
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Isla, Enrique. "THE SOUTHERN OCEAN: OUR BEST OPPORTUNITY?" Arquivos de Ciências do Mar 55, Especial (March 18, 2022): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32360/acmar.v55iespecial.78406.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Southern Ocean has a significant importance in global climate regulation because its great potential to sequester atmospheric carbon and its enormous contribution to the transport of heat and mass in the global ocean. Antarctic benthos presents unique characteristics developed after millions of years of evolution and greatly contribute to the maintenance of the global biodiversity and genetic pool. Ongoing anthropogenic pressure seriously threaten Southern Ocean’s current characteristics and the ecosystems services they provide. In my opinion, individual actions toward environmental protection emergesas the fastest alternative to ameliorate the current situation.
Keywords: Antarctica, climate change, anthropogenic impacts, social behavior.
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Enzenbacher, Debra J. "Antarctic tourism: an overview of 1992/1993 season activity, recent developments, and emerging issues." Polar Record 30, no. 173 (April 1994): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400021318.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractAntarctic tourism is evolving at an ever-increasing pace. More than 7000 tourists, a record number, visited the Antarctic aboard cruise ships, yachts, and aircraft during the 1992/1993 season. As annual tourist, tour operator, cruise, and cruise ship totals increase, so do the number of landing sites used for tour visits. Although the Antarctic tourism industry was once characterized by small expedition-sized vessels, 50% of Antarctic cruise passengers travelled aboard ships with a capacity of 250 or more during the 1992/1993 season. These developments present challenges to Antarctic policy makers. There is growing awareness that environmental issues arising from Antarctic tourist activity are increasingly important, but, to date, comprehensive data on Antarctic tourism are not available from a central source. This study compiles data from numerous sources in order to develop a clearer picture of the nature and scale of Antarctic tourist activity. In an effort to present an overview of Antarctic tourism, data from the 1992/1993 season are considered along with important issues in the tourism debate, including significant trends and recent developments in the tourism industry, Antarctic tourism research, tourist landings in Antarctica, industrial self-regulation, emerging issues, Antarctic Treaty negotiations on tourism, and national initiatives to improve dialogue between the industry and Antarctic policy makers. Research is underway to understand better the nature of tourist visits and the effect they have on the Antarctic environment and related ecosystems. The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) plays an important role in disseminating information to tour operators planning visits to the Antarctic, but more could be done by this organization and non-members of IAATO to comply with Treaty provisions. Improved compliance with Treaty provisions and tour operator and visitor guidelines is needed, at least until the environmental effects of tour visits are better understood and the more comprehensive regulation set out in the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is implemented.
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Karimini, Shahab, Sabarinah Sh. Ahmad, Rugayah Hashim, and Zulhabri Ismail. "A Global View on the Environmental Consequences of Antarctic Tourism." Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies 3, no. 9 (July 20, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v3i9.294.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Antarctica tourism evidently harms its ecosystem in direct and indirect ways. Ecosystems are dynamic and complex systems, which simultaneously depend on various humanity and natural factors. The nature of tourist activities continuously changes, which needs improved policies and protection standards. If the varied tourism activities and the diverse consequent impacts are not adequately addressed, they may not be thoroughly considered by international treaties. This can pose unacceptable environmental risks supposedly legally safeguarded by these treaties. Hence, this study studied Antarctic tourism impacts in five major groups from a global view. The results are useful for future legislations and implementations.
Keywords: Antarctic tourism, environmental impact; categorisation, global perspective
eISSN 2514-7528 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Scott, Shirley V. "How Cautious is Precautious?: Antarctic Tourism and the Precautionary Principle." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 4 (October 2001): 963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/50.4.963.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Literature on the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), particularly that written by citizens of States that are Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty, has often been celebratory in character. The ATS, we have been told, is a model of international co-operation. The regime has prided itself on addressing issues ahead of crisis situations; and, since the conclusion, and subsequent entry into force, of the Environmental Protocol, with its protection of the Antarctic environment. This acclaim of the system that manages Antarctic affairs may be to a large extent warranted. Antarctica has remained peaceful and its value as a scientific laboratory has in recent years been enhanced through the contribution of Antarctic science to understanding environmental issues of global concern. But the environmental credentials of the Treaty System will be immeasurably weakened if it continues to display such a huge anomaly between its treatment of mining and that of tourism. Tourism is covered by only a very weak application of the precautionary principle while the application of the precautionary principle to the issue of mining has been ‘extreme’. The principal factor behind this anomaly appears to be political opportunism.
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Codling, Rosamunde. "Wilderness and aesthetic values in the Antarctic." Polar Record 37, no. 203 (October 2001): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400017071.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn Article 3 of the 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties committed themselves to ‘the protection of the Antarctic environment…and the intrinsic value of Antarctica, including its wilderness and aesthetic values.’ The phraseology of the Protocol requires clarification. ‘Wilderness and aesthetic values’ links two disparate concepts, best handled by separation. Annex V, Article 3, of the Protocol covers many topics, and their assessment must be by a composite of frameworks specifically designed for the different purposes set out in the Annex.A working definition of wilderness in the Antarctic is suggested: ‘Any part of the Antarctic in which neither permanent habitation nor any other permanent evidence of present or past human presence is visible.’ Using this, a very high proportion of the continent will be recognised as having wilderness status. The phrase ‘aesthetic values’ should be seen as part of a wider process—Landscape Character Assessment—that is at present unknown to most in the Antarctic community. It is based on the principle of objective description and classification of landscape character. This basic characterisation can then be put to different uses, one of which may be to make more subjective judgements or evaluations that lead to area designations.
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Brooks, Shaun T., Julia Jabour, and Dana M. Bergstrom. "What is ‘footprint’ in Antarctica: proposing a set of definitions." Antarctic Science 30, no. 4 (June 13, 2018): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102018000172.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractFootprint has become a common term in environmental research in Antarctica, yet after 25 years there is still no certainty about what it refers to. In relation to Antarctica, the closest definition has been ‘the spatial extent and intensity of disturbance’. Yet there is still confusion around what a ‘disturbance’ footprint is actually measuring. This is evident within Committee for Environmental Protection documents, in which there have been over 80 mentions of footprint, with at least eight different meanings, since 1998. To improve clarity in its use by both scientists and policymakers, we first examine the development of the term footprint, how it has been applied, and its usefulness in applications such as interpreting ‘minor or transitory’ activities. We then identify and define a suite of footprint types (disturbance, building, contamination, non-native species, noise, visual, visitation, risk, carbon, ecological, and human), with the aim of developing a common understanding of what the term refers to. Our goal is to ensure the concept of footprint can be a useful environmental tool to facilitate progressing environmental protection.
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Harris, Colin M. "Protected areas review: McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea." Polar Record 30, no. 174 (July 1994): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400024244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractAs a result of new provisions in the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty a number of countries are reviewing the management plans for protected areas in Antarctica. The United States and New Zealand have initiated a review of the 15 existing sites in the Ross Sea region, using an independent party, the International Centre for Antarctic Information and Research, to facilitate and coordinate the process. Management provisions are being revised to comply with the Protocol, and improved maps for the sites are being prepared using Geographical Information Systems. Visits in 1993/94 gathered field information, and thus far two sites have had new plans drafted: these are proceeding through the international review process. Input and comment is invited from interested parties with experience in these areas.
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Lewis Williams, Elizabeth. "Creating poetry from the BAS archives: Commentary on, and extracts from, a new poetic sequence, “Met Obs”." Polar Record 55, no. 5 (September 2019): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000512.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe Antarctic Treaty of 1959, which dedicates the continent to peace and international scientific cooperation in the face of rising east–west tensions, is informed in part by a shared scientific imaginary created by the UK and other nations which maintained scientific bases in Antarctica at the time. In this article, the poet offers works extracted from her longer sequence “Met Obs,” based on meteorological reports and journals from the UK station at Port Lockroy written in advance of the 1957–1958 International Geophysical Year (IGY). The poems engage with the work and circumstances which helped foster such an imaginary, as well as with the nexus of Antarctic “values” endorsed by the Treaty, and the later Madrid Protocol. The commentary further contextualises these literary responses in terms of the attitudes of the men working there as well as the “wilderness and aesthetic values” recognised by the later Protocol on Environmental Protection. The world of the poems may belong to 1950s Antarctica, but their observations reach beyond that experience, making a case for the continued relevance of Treaty values, and for the importance of artistic, as well as scientific, responses to the environment in a world under threat from accelerating climate change and competition for resources.
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van Bennekom, Sander. "A New Regime to Protect the Antarctic Environment." Leiden Journal of International Law 5, no. 1 (February 1992): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001977.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On October 4,1991 the parties to the Antarctic Treaty adopted the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. This Protocol contains a prohibition for the duration of fifty years of all exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in the Antarctic. The Wellington Convention, which was adopted in 1988 and was intended toregulate the exploitation of minerals,can now be considered dead and buried. Apart from the prohibition on minerals activities, the Protocol sets out a number of rules and regulations to control the activities in Antarctica in a more stringent way than before. This article analyses the Protocol and compares the ‘severeness’ of the rules with the degree of control in the Wellington Convention. It seems likely that states are less willing to accept heavy bureaucratic measures if the road to minerals development is cut off. For issues like dispute settlement, environmental impact assessment, the creation of new institutions and liability, the articles in the Protocol are compared with the corresponding articles of the Minerals Convention. Furthermore this article contains some suggestions on how the current plans to protect the Antarctic environment can be improved.
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Raspotnik, Andreas, and Andreas Østhagen. "The EU in Antarctica: An Emerging Area of Interest, or Playing to the (Environmental) Gallery?" European Foreign Affairs Review 25, Issue 2 (August 1, 2020): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2020021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the past decade, the EU has developed broader interests in the polar regions – ranging from fisheries, research and environmental protection to foreign affairs. Although this applies mainly to the Arctic region, its geographical opposite – the Antarctic – has not fallen into oblivion. This article explores the EU’s way ‘south’, examining its links to the region as well as the key drivers of this growing – albeit still limited – Antarctic engagement. International actions taken to establish Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) also indicate supranational tendencies to engage actively in and with Antarctic affairs. In particular, this concerns the European Commission and broader debates on sustainable development and global environmental leadership. European Union, Antarctic, Marine Protected Areas, Fisheries, Antarctic Treaty System
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Zimmer, Marilene, João Carlos Centurion Rodrigues Cabral, Fernanda Czarneski Borges, Karen Gonçalves Côco, and Bianca da Rocha Hameister. "Psychological changes arising from an Antarctic stay: systematic overview." Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) 30, no. 3 (September 2013): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-166x2013000300011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Long-term stays in extreme environments, such as Polar Regions, may cause significant changes in the health and well-being of individuals. A systematic overview aimed to map studies about the psychological effects on Antarctic expeditioners. The reviewed data were categorized and divided into two thematic axes: Negative Effects, resulting from harmful psychophysiological variations caused by exposure to the polar stressors, which may present seasonal symptom patterns, altering cognitive performance, mood and interpersonal relationships; and Positive Effects, such as salutogenic results arising from successful adaption to environmental adversities. Due to the great deal of evidence, it is suggested that protection factors should be promoted through preventive approaches, such as psychological training and support in order to reduce symptoms and generate satisfactory adaptation to Antarctica.
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Scott, Karen N. "MPAs in the Southern Ocean under CCAMLR." Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law 9, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134484-12340147.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In 2016, the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) designated the largest marine protected area (MPA) in the Ross Sea. Hailed as both a precedent and a prototype for MPAs in both Antarctica and in areas beyond national jurisdiction more generally, it is nevertheless proving challenging to implement. Moreover, further MPAs have yet to be designated in the region although a number are under negotiation. This article will evaluate the contribution made by CCAMLR to the implementation of SDG 14.5 (the conservation of at least 20 per cent of marine and coastal areas by 2020), its relationship to area-based protection under the 1991 Environmental Protocol, and highlight the challenges of establishing MPAs beyond the jurisdiction of states.
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Newsham, K. K. "The biology and ecology of the liverwort Cephaloziella varians in Antarctica." Antarctic Science 22, no. 2 (November 24, 2009): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102009990630.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe biology and ecology of Cephaloziella varians, the most widespread and abundant liverwort in Antarctica, are reviewed. A description of the species is given, together with information on its geographical distribution, reproduction, habitats, associated organisms and responses to environmental stresses. Characteristics of its photosynthetic physiology are also presented, including data on oxygen evolution rates and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. Substratum and tissue chemistry, water relations and pigments are discussed, along with recent data demonstrating that the dark pigment in the apical leaves of C. varians is the anthocyanidin riccionidin A. Recent studies showing that the ericoid mycorrhizal symbiont Rhizoscyphus ericae is present in the tissues of the plant at a wide range of locations in the maritime and sub-Antarctic are also described. It is evident, from the literature reviewed, that C. varians has several adaptations that enable it to survive in the Antarctic biome, explaining its survival at higher latitudes than any other hepatic. The species’ major adaptations include the synthesis of riccionidin A in apical leaves, enabling efficient heat absorption and protection from photoinhibition, and the presence in stems and rhizoids of fungal hyphae, which are potentially beneficial to the hepatic’s nutrition and possibly also synthesize cryoprotectants.
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Benayas, J., L. Pertierra, P. Tejedo, F. Lara, O. Bermudez, K. A. Hughes, and A. Quesada. "A review of scientific research trends within ASPA No. 126 Byers Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 25, no. 2 (March 20, 2013): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102012001058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractByers Peninsula, Livingston Island, was one of the first sites in Antarctica designated for environmental conservation and scientific protection. Research on Byers Peninsula has been predominantly international, with 88 indexed publications (93% of them published during last 20 years) from 209 authors affiliated to 110 institutions from 22 nations, all of which are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty. Palaeontological research represented 20% of the published articles. The variety of freshwater bodies within the area has made Byers Peninsula a reference site for limnological studies (24% of papers). The site also contains numerous outcrops and periglacial features relevant to geology, stratigraphy and geomorphology (29%). Terrestrial biodiversity is extraordinarily high for lichens, bryophytes and invertebrates (15% of articles). Only 5% of the publications concern research on human activities, including both archaeology and impact monitoring. Glaciology, meteorology and climatology studies represent only 7% of papers. This work highlights the international and multidisciplinary nature of science conducted on Byers Peninsula in order to promote international cooperation and to provide information relevant for environmental management and conservation.
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M. Roura, Ricardo, Frits Steenhuisen, and Kees Bastmeijer. "The shore is the limit: marine spatial protection in Antarctica under Annex V of the Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty." Polar Journal 8, no. 2 (July 3, 2018): 289–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2018.1541549.
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Zamarrón, A., A. Pérez-Davó, S. Lucena, C. Parrado, P. Delgado, S. Gonzalez, and A. Juarranz. "340 Extract of Deschampsia Antarctica: A protection against the main environmental factors that causes photoaging." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 139, no. 5 (May 2019): S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2019.03.416.
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Short, Michael. "Oiled wildlife response for Antarctica: Practical and realistic solutions." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1559.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Through the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection all of the Antarctic member nations are required to have in place contingency plans for oil spills including oiled wildlife response. The current risks for marine pollution incidents to the Antarctic environment include refuelling activities associated with Antarctic stations/bases; routine station/base activities; and shipping associated with stations/bases, tourism, commercial fishing and whaling. Between 1981 and 2011 there have been reported 33 spills or near spill incidents associated with the Antarctic marine environment. Wildlife at risk from oil spills include seabirds (flying birds and penguins), pinnipeds and cetaceans. Antarctic and polar environments both provide a number of logistical and practical complications given their climatic and geographic character. The key elements for response actions for Antarctic wildlife identified are divided amongst primary, secondary and tertiary oiled wildlife response activities. Primary activities identified include focussing containment and clean up efforts to protecting wildlife as a priority using tools such as sensitivity mapping, stochastic and real time modelling. Secondary activities specific to individual wildlife groups were identified and included specialised hazing, exclusion and pre-emptive capture mechanisms focussed to the Antarctic environment. Tertiary activities are considered with regards to the real capacity of Antarctic stations to respond, take and rehabilitate oiled wildlife given the Antarctic environment and its limitations. The paper identifies realistic mechanisms and systems considering the climatic, logistical and practical issues of the Antarctic environment. Although specific to Antarctic bases the paper outcomes can be equally applied to other polar environments.
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Southwell, Colin J., Charles G. M. Paxton, David L. Borchers, Peter L. Boveng, Erling S. Nordøy, Arnoldus Schytte Blix, and William K. De La Mare. "Estimating population status under conditions of uncertainty: the Ross seal in East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 20, no. 2 (January 4, 2008): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102007000879.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossii) is the least studied of the Antarctic ice-breeding phocids. In particular, estimating the population status of the Ross seal has proved extremely difficult. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty currently designates the Ross seal as a ‘Specially Protected Species’, contrasting with the IUCN's classification of ‘Least Concern’. As part of a review of the Ross seal's classification under the Protocol, a survey was undertaken in 1999/2000 to estimate the status of the Ross seal population in the pack ice off East Antarctica between 64–150°E. Shipboard and aerial sighting surveys were carried out along 9476 km of transect to estimate the density of Ross seals hauled out on the ice, and satellite dive recorders deployed on a sample of Ross seals to estimate the proportion of time spent on the ice. The survey design and analysis addressed the many sources of uncertainty in estimating the abundance of this species in an effort to provide a range of best and plausible estimates. Best estimates of abundance in the survey region ranged from 41 300–55 900 seals. Limits on plausible estimates ranged from 20 500 (lower 2.5 percentile) to 226 600 (upper 97.5 percentile).
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Tin, T., Z. L. Fleming, K. A. Hughes, D. G. Ainley, P. Convey, C. A. Moreno, S. Pfeiffer, J. Scott, and I. Snape. "Impacts of local human activities on the Antarctic environment." Antarctic Science 21, no. 1 (December 23, 2008): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102009001722.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractWe review the scientific literature, especially from the past decade, on the impacts of human activities on the Antarctic environment. A range of impacts has been identified at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Chemical contamination and sewage disposal on the continent have been found to be long-lived. Contemporary sewage management practices at many coastal stations are insufficient to prevent local contamination but no introduction of non-indigenous organisms through this route has yet been demonstrated. Human activities, particularly construction and transport, have led to disturbances of flora and fauna. A small number of non-indigenous plant and animal species has become established, mostly on the northern Antarctic Peninsula and southern archipelagos of the Scotia Arc. There is little indication of recovery of overexploited fish stocks, and ramifications of fishing activity on bycatch species and the ecosystem could also be far-reaching. The Antarctic Treaty System and its instruments, in particular the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and the Environmental Protocol, provide a framework within which management of human activities take place. In the face of the continuing expansion of human activities in Antarctica, a more effective implementation of a wide range of measures is essential, in order to ensure comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment, including its intrinsic, wilderness and scientific values which remains a fundamental principle of the Antarctic Treaty System. These measures include effective environmental impact assessments, long-term monitoring, mitigation measures for non-indigenous species, ecosystem-based management of living resources, and increased regulation of National Antarctic Programmes and tourism activities.
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Humphries, G. R. W., R. Naveen, M. Schwaller, C. Che-Castaldo, P. McDowall, M. Schrimpf, and H. J. Lynch. "Mapping Application for Penguin Populations and Projected Dynamics (MAPPPD): data and tools for dynamic management and decision support." Polar Record 53, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247417000055.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTThe Mapping Application for Penguin Populations and Projected Dynamics (MAPPPD) is a web-based, open access, decision-support tool designed to assist scientists, non-governmental organisations and policy-makers working to meet the management objectives as set forth by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) and other components of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) (that is, Consultative Meetings and the ATS Committee on Environmental Protection). MAPPPD was designed specifically to complement existing efforts such as the CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program (CEMP) and the ATS site guidelines for visitors. The database underlying MAPPPD includes all publicly available (published and unpublished) count data on emperor, gentoo, Adélie and chinstrap penguins in Antarctica. Penguin population models are used to assimilate available data into estimates of abundance for each site and year. Results are easily aggregated across multiple sites to obtain abundance estimates over any user-defined area of interest. A front end web interface located at www.penguinmap.com provides free and ready access to the most recent count and modelled data, and can act as a facilitator for data transfer between scientists and Antarctic stakeholders to help inform management decisions for the continent.
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Kyyak, N. Ya, O. V. Lobachevska, and Ya D. Khorkavtsiv. "Morpho-physiological reactions of gravisensitivity and adaptation to UV-radiation of the moss Bryum Caespiticiumhedw. from Antarctica." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 27, no. 5 (2021): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit2021.05.047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The adaptive physiological reactions of the moss Bryum caespiticium Hedw. from Antarctica to the influence of UV radiation and gravimorphoses as a factor of adaptive plasticity, associated with environmental conditions, were studied. As a control, B. caespiticium plants were collected in the Nature Reserve “Roztochchia” (Lviv region). In investigations, we used a sterile laboratory culture of mosses grown under controlled conditions in a phytotron. Moss shoots were irradiated with UV rays generated by an ultraviolet lamp OSRAM with an intensity of 4 kW/m2, which caused 50 % inhibition of plant regeneration (ED50). Physiological parameters were determined 24 h after exposure to UV radiation. The influence of gravity on the morphological form of B. caespiticium gametophyte turf and the interaction of light and gravity in gravi-/phototropism as a manifestation of gravimorphoses adaptability were analyzed. One of the objectives was to investigate the formation of gravimorphoses as a result of the initiation of cells’ branching processes and the formation of gametophore buds and to evaluate their role in the life cycle of B. caespiticium under extreme conditions. For this, we determined the branching coefficient of the gravitropic protonema, the inclination angle of the branches and the buds’ development depending on the interaction of photo- and gravitropism, under the influence of red and blue light, and the effect of UV on gravisensitivity. The influence of physiologically active red and blue light on the branching activity and bud formation on the gravitropic protonema of the Antarctic moss B. caespiticium was investigated. It was found that red light mainly inhibited graviperception and gravitropic growth of protonemata cells, resulting in a change of the response to gravity, but initiated high branching activity and, accordingly, another morphological form of turf. After the influence of the blue light, intensive bud formation and gametophore development were observed. Thus, gravitation promoted morphological variability and changes in the functional activity of cells at the juvenile stage of the protonemata development, which is important for the survival of the moss under extreme environmental conditions. After UV irradiation the gravisensitivity of the B. caespiticium protonemata decreased. However, due to the resistance of the moss sample from Antarctica to the prolonged influence of UV rays, gravitropic growth was not completely blocked, as in plants from the Lviv region. The effect of the ultraviolet irradiation on the antioxidant activity, the content of soluble (vacuolar) and cell wall-bound fractions of UV-absorbing phenolic components, flavonoids content and their absorption spectra, as well as the amount of carotenoids and anthocyanins in B. caespiticium shoots, were determined. It was established that B. caespiticium plants from Antarctica have 1.5 times higher antioxidant activity compared to plants from the Lviv region, which confirms the high level of protection against oxidative damage. UV irradiation activates the synthesis of UV-absorbing phenolic compounds in mosses. The shoots of B. caespiticium from Antarctica defined a higher content of phenols compared to samples from the Lviv region and their significant increase under the influence of UV radiation. The content of UV-absorbing compounds bound with the cell wall was higher than the concentration of soluble phenolic compounds, both in plants from Antarctica and in samples from the Lviv region, which indicates their participation in the mechanisms of cells protection from UV radiation. It was shown that the influence of UV irradiation induced an increase of flavonoids’ content in the shoots of both samples of B. caespiticium, but for plants from Antarctica, the concentration of flavonoids after stress was 1.7 times higher than in plants from the Lviv region. The absorption spectra of flavonoids revealed flavonols rutin and quercetin and flavone luteolin in both samples of B. caespiticium, which provide effective cells absorption of UV rays. The higher content of anthocyanins and carotenoids in moss shoots from Antarctica both in the control sample and after the exposure to UV radiation promotes the protection against damage and formation of the adaptive potential.