Статті в журналах: "Environmental policy Victoria Citizen participation"

1

Kittisak, Prukkanone. "Citizen Participation Practice in Thailand Environmental Policy." International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy 4, no. 2 (2016): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20160402.11.

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Tulloss, Janice K. "Citizen Participation in Boston's Development Policy." Urban Affairs Quarterly 30, no. 4 (March 1995): 514–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107808749503000402.

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3

Jurkowski, Elaine, Borko Jovanovic, and Louis Rowitz. "Leadership/Citizen Participation." Journal of Health & Social Policy 14, no. 4 (June 2002): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j045v14n04_04.

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4

Dodds, Lyn, and Bill Hopwood. "BAN waste, environmental justice and citizen participation in policy setting." Local Environment 11, no. 3 (June 2006): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549830600558762.

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Bozhinova, Katerina. "Environmental Governance and Public Participation." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 24 (September 1, 2014): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.24.2.

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Environmental sustainability is a complex term, characterized by dynamic interactions between human and natural dimensions. Policy-makers in the developed world face the challenge of balancing economic growth with citizen concerns for curbing human impact leading to environmental degradation. This thesis contributes to the investigation of environmental governance on local scale by assessing the quality of environmental decisions. It examines and compares how the involvement of interest groups and citizens into local decision-making structures promotes efficient environmental policies. By applying the crispy sets qualitative comparative analysis (cs/QCA), this study aims to indentify the conditions necessary and sufficient for formulating participatory environmental decisions. The results suggest that successful policy formulation is dependent upon the presence of governmental agenda-setting and multilevel governance. The findings outline good practices, which reveal how governments can organize and facilitate participatory decision-making to ensure legitimate representation of interests and, thus, reach consensus-based decisions, which then translate easily into policy formulation.

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6

Kamau, Stephen Kiruku, and Daniel Mange Mbirithi. "Citizen Participation in the Formulation of Public Policy in Mombasa County, Kenya." International Journal of Current Aspects 5, no. 4 (November 20, 2021): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v5i4.213.

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To assist the government in determining its mandate, citizens should be involved as they best know their needs. The significance of citizen engagement in the process of policy formulation is rooted in among others, the fact that public policy outputs and effects affect those to whom the policy is targeted at. This study aimed to determine the effect of public participation in the public policy making process in Mombasa County, Kenya. The objectives of the research were; to establish the modes of citizen participation used in public policy making process in Mombasa County, Kenya; to determine the main factors that influence citizen participation in public policy making process; to establish the implication of citizen participation in public policy making process and to determine the extent of citizen/ public participation in public policy making process. The study was guided by Good Governance Theory. The study utilized descriptive survey research design. The study targeted 560 County government and civil society representatives including women leaders, youth leaders and people living with disabilities representatives. The study used Yamane formulae to determine the sample size of 233 respondents. Purposive sampling was employed to select respondents. Data were collected through primary sources which include questionnaire, and interview schedule; while the secondary data were collected from the documentary sources. Data analysis involved both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially, and presented through frequency tables, pie chart and bar graphs. Qualitative data were analyzed by themes and presented through narration and pros forms. The findings of the study established that the main factors that affect citizen participation in formulation of public policy include direct benefits (financial, material), tangible or non-tangible to long or short term, among others. Other factors such as culture, history, government policy and social, political and economic structures influence community participation. Also, the findings of the study revealed that citizens are well acquainted with public policy processes and there is effective county government guidelines and clear standards enhance public policy making processes. The study findings revealed that involvement in policy formulation is positively related to performance. Also, consultation enables easy supervision of work. The research also concluded that education is essential for both parties who are participating towards high quality public policy formulation as it would certainly reduce unnecessary manipulation and the problem brought on by lack of knowledge, accountability and transparency and understanding of each party’s requirements. The study recommends that County Government of Mombasa should establish a participatory framework that allows citizens to monitor and evaluate development outcomes in the counties to ensure better decision making and implementation for subsequent projects and plans.

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7

Canan, Penelope. "Citizen participation: Protecting the democratic approach to environmental disputes." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 9, no. 4 (December 1989): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(89)90027-9.

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Goldman, Benjamin A. "Community right to know: Environmental information for citizen participation." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 12, no. 3 (September 1992): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(92)90023-q.

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9

Di Maria, Franco. "Una psicologia perla politica." PSICOLOGIA DI COMUNITA', no. 1 (July 2009): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/psc2009-001002.

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- The research reported in this book examined the effects of two potential motivators of political activism - policy change mind an policy change opportunity - in a social field. Different point of view described community, group, individual strategies on citizen responsveness and demonstrate the need to account for sources of motivation in order to more fully understand when, why, and how citizes chose to become politically active.Key words: political participation, motivation, citizen

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10

Layzer, Judith A. "Citizen Participation and Government Choice in Local Environmental Controversies." Policy Studies Journal 30, no. 2 (May 2002): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2002.tb02141.x.

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11

Zimmerman, Marc A. "Citizen Participation in Rural Health: A Promising Resource." Journal of Public Health Policy 11, no. 3 (1990): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3342712.

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12

Bychkova, O. "The Public and Decision-making Process: Who and Why Needs Citizen Participation?" Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 6 (June 20, 2014): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-6-63-80.

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The participation of the public in the decision-making and policy discussion is expected to allow the officials to re-valuate the proposed decisions, save money on their implementation and restore public trust in government. However, from the point of view of bureaucrats, direct participation is often unproductive: you are required to spend work time and energy on discussions with non-experts and have no means to predict the effectiveness and efficiency of these debates. The article considers theories and empirical studies that can explain a new fashion trend of openness and transparency in world’s public policy and problems with its implementation. The article also evaluates the applicability of republican tradition to modern policy-making and analyzes alternative mode of public involvement. Keywords : public policy, rule-making, open government, transparency, public participation.

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13

Turina, Frank. "Commentary: NEPA Reform: Effects on Citizen Participation in Environmental Decision Making." Environmental Practice 3, no. 3 (September 2001): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466046600002532.

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14

Siano, R., A. Chapelle, V. Antoine, E. Michel-Guillou, F. Rigaut-Jalabert, L. Guillou, H. Hégaret, A. Leynaert, and A. Curd. "Citizen participation in monitoring phytoplankton seawater discolorations." Marine Policy 117 (July 2020): 103039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.01.022.

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15

Busenberg, George J. "Resources, Political Support, and Citizen Participation in Environmental Policy: A Reexamination of Conventional Wisdom." Society & Natural Resources 13, no. 6 (September 2000): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920050114628.

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16

Ozawa, C. P. "Improving Citizen Participation in Environmental Decisionmaking: The Use of Transformative Mediator Techniques." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 1 (March 1993): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110103.

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Recent experiences in the United States suggest that mediators employ a number of techniques designed to resolve disputes over critical technical components of decisions. Some of these techniques, called ‘transformative mediator techniques’, both increase the knowledge base for decisions and enhance the abilities of resource-poor groups to protect and promote their interests. In this paper, elements of transformative and nontransformative mediator techniques are identified and discussed. Examples of mediator techniques are drawn from three cases: A regulatory negotiation to develop emission standards for wood stoves, a policy dialogue concerning a proposal to construct a solid-waste incinerator in New York City, and settlement negotiations in a fishery dispute involving three Native American tribes, the State of Michigan, and two federal agencies.

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17

Makuch, Karen E., and Miriam R. Aczel. "Eco-Citizen Science for Social Good: Promoting Child Well-Being, Environmental Justice, and Inclusion." Research on Social Work Practice 30, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731519890404.

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This article examines the benefits and challenges of engaging children in environmental citizen science, defined as science conducted by nonspecialists under the direction of professional scientists, to promote social good. Citizen science addresses two central elements of the social good model—environmental justice and inclusion with particular attention to diversity in age, gender, race/ethnicity, and social class in addressing environmental injustice that is more prevalent in underrepresented communities. This article evaluates how participation in citizen science projects focused on the environment (eco-citizen science) benefits the child’s development, contributes to science, and leads to commitment to environmental stewardship and justice as adults. Our work offers a novel contribution to the discourse on social good and social justice through explicitly calling for children to be included in environmental citizen science projects. We examine the benefits and challenges of involving children in scientific projects and discuss implications for policy, practice, and future research.

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18

Doherty, Bob, Yaadwinder Sidhu, Tony Heron, Chris West, Alice Seaton, Jane Gulec, Patricia Prado, and Paulina Flores Martinez. "Citizen participation in food systems policy making: A case study of a citizens’ assembly." Emerald Open Research 2 (May 7, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13609.1.

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In this article, we offer a contribution to the emerging debate on the role of citizen participation in food system policy making. A key driver is a recognition that solutions to complex challenges in the food system need the active participation of citizens to drive positive change. To achieve this, it is crucial to give citizens the agency in processes of designing policy interventions. This requires authentic and reflective engagement with citizens who are affected by collective decisions. One such participatory approach is citizen assemblies, which have been used to deliberate a number of key issues, including climate change by the UK Parliament’s House of Commons (House of Commons., 2019). Here, we have undertaken analysis of a citizen food assembly organized in the City of York (United Kingdom). This assembly was a way of hearing about a range of local food initiatives in Yorkshire, whose aim is to both relocalise food supply and production, and tackle food waste. These innovative community-based business models, known as ‘food hubs’, are increasing the diversity of food supply, particularly in disadvantaged communities. Among other things, the assembly found that the process of design and sortation of the assembly is aided by the involvement of local stakeholders in the planning of the assembly. It also identified the potential for public procurement at the city level, to drive a more sustainable sourcing of food provision in the region. Furthermore, this citizen assembly has resulted in a galvanizing of individual agency with participants proactively seeking opportunities to create prosocial and environmental change in the food system.

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19

Stewart, Ellen. "What is the point of citizen participation in health care?" Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 18, no. 2 (April 2013): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1355819613485670.

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20

Varumo, Liisa, Rositsa Yaneva, Tarmo Koppel, Iida-Maria Koskela, Mari Carmen Garcia, Sara Sozzo, Eugenio Morello, and Marie-Christine Dictor. "Perspectives on Citizen Engagement for the EU Post-2020 Biodiversity Strategy: An Empirical Study." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041532.

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The current European Union biodiversity strategy is failing to reach its targets aimed at halting biodiversity loss by 2020, and eyes are already set at the post-2020 strategy. The European Commission is encouraging the active role of citizens in achieving policy objectives in the coming years. In this paper, we explore ways citizens discuss their priorities regarding biodiversity and abilities to influence environmental problems at individual, collective and policy levels. We also examine how the citizen discussions resonate with scientific environmental priorities and how researchers see the role of citizens in policy processes and harmonising citizen and scientific knowledge. To pursue the citizen voices, an expert working group acting as knowledge brokers, facilitated a series of citizen workshops in seven European locations and a reflective researcher workshop in Belgium. Based on the results, participants identified many concrete and value-related measures to stop environmental degradation. The environmental priorities differed between citizens and scientists, but not irreconcilably; rather, they complemented one another. Both groups stressed environmentally minded attitudes in individuals and policy. Displaying diversity of perspectives was regarded as positive and adding legitimacy. Improving methods for balanced encounters among science and society is central for participation to become more than rhetoric in the EU.

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Llewellyn-Jones, Lorraine, and David Harvey. "The development of a Health Promotion Community Participation Framework." Australian Journal of Primary Health 11, no. 2 (2005): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py05032.

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This paper reports on research conducted through Monash University located in the state of Victoria, Australia. The outcome of the research was the development of a Health Promotion Community Participation Framework, providing guidelines for health professionals in community health centres and services to assist them with facilitating community participation in health promotion. A literature review was conducted and information collected from health professionals working in metropolitan and rural community health centres and services across the state of Victoria, Australia. The Framework does not emphasise levels of community participation as a hierarchy, but instead proposes using the levels or types of participation across a continuum. This has been done to encourage the use of appropriate transparent strategies that will enable both individual community members and different sections of communities to participate in health promotion activities. This is particularly important where government policies dictate the direction of health promotion, as this "top down" approach can lead to the community being excluded for health promotion processes. The use of a continuum promotes the concept that participation can be effective at different levels, even when the issue to be addressed has already been identified. The Framework also proposes that in order for community participation strategies to take place, there needs to be capacity building at both the organisational level and the community level.

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Beard, Victoria A. "Individual Determinants of Participation in Community Development in Indonesia." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 23, no. 1 (February 2005): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c36m.

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Given the new decentralization legislation in Indonesia, citizen participation is an increasingly important factor in planning and development policies. Yet policymakers have inadequate information about the types of individuals likely to contribute their knowledge, time, and economic resources to the development process. This paper provides a background and conceptual framework for understanding citizen participation in community development as well as the related components of civil society and social capital in Indonesia. A series of logistic and ordinary least squares regression models are used to analyze the effect of individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics on the likelihood of participation in community development. I conclude that participatory community development (1) restricts women's participation beyond the role of family caretaker, and (2) has a limited capacity to help the poor.

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23

Vasiliades, Michalis A., Andreas Ch Hadjichambis, Demetra Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, Anastasia Adamou, and Yiannis Georgiou. "A Systematic Literature Review on the Participation Aspects of Environmental and Nature-Based Citizen Science Initiatives." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (July 3, 2021): 7457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137457.

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It is commonly argued that, despite the tremendous resonance Citizen Science (CS) has shown in recent years, there is still lack of understanding of important aspects defining citizens’ participation and engagement in CS initiatives. While CS initiatives could provide a vehicle to foster forms of participation contributing to the democratization of science, there is still limited attention paid to the “Citizen” component of the Citizen Science term. For the purpose of this work, we systematically reviewed the available literature for empirical studies in respect to citizens’ participation in environmental and nature-based CS initiatives established during the last two decades, using the PRISMA methodology. The participatory facet of the retrieved 119 CS initiatives was analysed on the basis of: (a) exclusion and inclusion demographic factors, (b) CS models and practices, (c) facilitators and constraints of citizen’s participation, and (d) environmental citizenship. Our findings show that the majority of the CS initiatives did not place restrictions on gender participation; however, we have identified that mostly highly educated adults participated in the reviewed initiatives. In addition, most of the CS initiatives reported in the literature were situated in the EU and USA, were mostly limited to the local scale, and primarily followed the contributory model. Academic institutions were found to coordinate the majority of the CS initiatives examined. By using digital technologies, academic scientists were able to control and increase data quality, as well as to engage a broader audience, even though they were mostly treating volunteers as “data collectors”, desiring their long-term engagement. Therefore, it will be of CS benefit to be better aligned with the mentality and needs of citizens. In this direction CS initiatives should trigger citizens’ learning gains and interpersonal/social benefits and personal, environmental, and social motivations, but also to shift their goals towards contributing to science and citizens’ connection with nature. On the other hand, there is a need to overcome any design and implementation barriers, and to enhance democratization through a more participative engagement of active and aware citizens, thus promoting environmental citizenship.

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Leng, Xuan, Shihu Zhong, and Yankun Kang. "Citizen participation and urban air pollution abatement: Evidence from environmental whistle-blowing platform policy in Sichuan China." Science of The Total Environment 816 (April 2022): 151521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151521.

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25

Wu, Jiannan, Mengmeng Xu, and Pan Zhang. "The impacts of governmental performance assessment policy and citizen participation on improving environmental performance across Chinese provinces." Journal of Cleaner Production 184 (May 2018): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.056.

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Song, Myungkeun, Won Seok Lee, and Joonho Moon. "Exploration of Antecedents of Quality of Life and Perceived Healthiness for Senior Citizen at Chungbuk Province." Institute of Management and Economy Research 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32599/apjb.13.3.202209.417.

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Purpose - The purpose of current study is to investigate the determinants of quality of life in Chungbuk province using Korean longitudinal study aging data. Design/methodology/approach - This study used quality of life and perceived healthiness as the dependent variables. This study selected perceived healthiness, economic participation, annual travel frequency, religion, and fellowship as the independent variables to account for quality of life. For the data analysis, this study implemented econometric analysis, which includes ordinary least square, one-way fixed effect, and feasible generalized least square. Findings - Perceived healthiness positively affected quality of life. Also, quality of life is positively influenced by economic participation and annual travel frequency. However, religion and fellowship appeared as non-significant attribute to account for quality of life. The results also present that perceived healthiness is positively influenced by economic participation, annual travel frequency, and fellowship. Research implications or Originality - Given the results, this offers the implication for the senior citizen welfare policy. This study also produced policy implication for local community.

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Yetano, Ana, Sonia Royo, and Basilio Acerete. "What is Driving the Increasing Presence of Citizen Participation Initiatives?" Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 28, no. 5 (October 2010): 783–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c09110.

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Schleicher, Katharina, and Constanze Schmidt. "Citizen Science in Germany as Research and Sustainability Education: Analysis of the Main Forms and Foci and Its Relation to the Sustainable Development Goals." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 6044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156044.

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Many citizen science projects are in the thematic area of species observation and natural environment monitoring but, in recent years, projects in other areas and disciplines have increasingly been using citizen science approaches. It is assumed that citizen science could potentially contribute to an increase in environmental awareness and to advancing knowledge about environmental change and sustainability issues. In this article, we present a review of 127 citizen science projects listed on the German platform, “Bürger schaffen Wissen”, with the aim of analysing whether the main focus of most projects is on the scientific results or on educational aspects and how citizen science projects are connected to the SDGs. The results show that many citizen science projects overlap with SDG 4 Quality Education. Of these projects, a larger proportion entail higher levels of involvement than those projects with a stronger focus on the scientific results, in which the participation of the citizen scientists is mainly standardised and at low levels. An even greater number of projects in the sample are linked to SDG 15 Life on Land and, thereby, are in line with the traditional focus of citizen science. Additionally, the analysis reveals that forms of education used in citizen science projects are much more diverse than those included in SDG 4.

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Kothari, Ashish, and Sunita Rao. "HOW ARE WE MANAGING? Saving Delhi’s Natural Ecosystems: A Model of Citizen Participation." Ecosystem Health 3, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-0992.1997.00718.pp.x.

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Medrano-Pérez, Ojilve Ramón, Luzma Fabiola Nava, and Antonio Cáñez-Cota. "The Visibility of Citizen Participation and the Invisibility of Groundwater in Mexico." Water 14, no. 9 (April 19, 2022): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091321.

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The aim of this study is to assess the social responses to protect and prevent conflict over groundwater resources. By means of a qualitative method and a study of the Valles Centrales and Valle de Mexicali aquifers in Mexico, we found that centralized water management, citizens’ socio-environmental awareness, an asymmetry of power between stakeholders, an imposition of government policies, and economic interests are all contributory factors to emerging conflicts over groundwater. However, citizen participation has developed to provide organized individuals with an opportunity to influence public decisions through the recognition of their rights with respect to water inequalities. However, a limitation of the study is the illustration of conflictual events through the interpretation of qualitative data and of the opinions of the actors studied. However, the construction of hydrosocial territory in these aquifers is concretized in the potentiality and significance of citizen participation in promoting sustainable and socially responsible public groundwater policy at the regional level.

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Popa, Cristina L., Simona I. Dontu, Dan Savastru, and Elfrida M. Carstea. "Role of Citizen Scientists in Environmental Plastic Litter Research—A Systematic Review." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 13265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013265.

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In recent years, citizen science has proven to be an effective means of monitoring plastic litter, bring potential benefits to professional researchers and authorities, and create awareness on plastic pollution at a society level. This paper aims to review the advances of employing the citizen science approach for plastic litter evaluation and explore the research contributions of these initiatives and their impact at the society and environmental levels. A systematic search was undertaken using the main scientific paper databases and back-referencing from reviewed papers over a period of 10 years. Out of 221 papers found, only 94 papers that discussed plastic litter/waste and citizen science remained in the analysis. Geographically, 66% of the studies were concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere (mostly in USA). The majority were related to clean-up activities that analysed litter density, types, and potential sources. The results showed that citizens can provide data over large geographical regions and can be essential to researchers and authorities in implementing litter management policies. Citizen science programs are effective in creating awareness and increasing education regarding plastic litter pollution and impact. However, it is not clear if they can enhance behavioural changes after participation in field survey programs.

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Wang, Huishihan. "China’s Public Interest Environmental Litigation and the U.S. Citizen Suit Model." Chinese Journal of Environmental Law 6, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 17–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24686042-12340076.

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Abstract China’s economy has boomed as various industries have continued to develop, but this activity has been at the expense of environmental quality and public health that have resulted in severe problems for several decades. In addition to the establishment and adoption of mainstream environmental governance tools, Chinese attorneys and environmental NGO s (ENGO s) have consciously conducted Chinese-style citizen suit experiments since 2010 based on the fruitful private enforcement experience of ENGO s in the United States. These initiatives are known as the environmental public interest litigation (EPIL) mechanism in China. The ENGO EPIL mechanism was officially established in 2015 as a significant legal breakthrough that authorises ENGO s to file lawsuits to complement and improve environmental law enforcement. However, this article argues that the Chinese EPIL provisions include some unnecessarily stringent procedural requirements and lack some of the essential procedures compared with the United States archetype. Chinese ENGO s have not been authorised to take action to ensure that oversight by government agencies in their administrative actions is adequately undertaken. China’s forward-looking ENGO s have struggled to survive and have recently slowed down in their activities. Public participation and private enforcement have also become effectively powerless. Overall, it is argued that the Chinese ENGO EPIL system has created more problems than it has solved. After comparing the theoretical and procedural distinctions between China’s ENGO EPIL and the United States citizen suits in detail, the article presents some recommendations for specific legislation and implementation for the Chinese legislature. These include a comprehensive Environmental Public Interest Relief Law that integrates and compiles various applicable regulatory instruments. The recommendations are intended to assist in systematically realizing and regulating ENGO EPIL actions while at the same time promoting the primary role of the government in environmental administrative enforcement.

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Martins, M. R. "Size of Municipalities, Efficiency, and Citizen Participation: A Cross-European Perspective." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 13, no. 4 (December 1995): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c130441.

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Municipalities in Europe vary enormously in size both between and within individual countries. There is no conclusive evidence, however, that these differences have a significant impact on the efficiency of local public service provision or on the levels of citizen participation in local public life. In this paper it is suggested that flexible and problem-oriented legislative, institutional, and managerial innovation provide meaningful alternatives to local government boundary reform.

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Čapek, Stella M. "Environmental Justice, Regulation, and the Local Community." International Journal of Health Services 22, no. 4 (October 1992): 729–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/vv58-y1c6-veym-kemk.

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This article examines the sociological significance of the concept of “environmental justice” for grassroots groups responding to toxic contamination in their local communities. Taking into account nationwide mobilization patterns in such communities, the author documents a precedent-setting episode in the city of Jacksonville, Arkansas, where citizen protests and support from national environmental groups led the Environmental Protection Agency to withdraw three Technical Assistance Grants inappropriately awarded to a group with links to a polluting industry, and subsequently to rewrite the rules for participation in such grants. As the first such challenge nationally, the Jacksonville scenario is an important “test case” and permits a theoretical and practical evaluation of the relationship between social groups, technology, and the governmental regulatory process. More particularly, it gives insight into the Technical Assistance Grants program, which was set up to enable citizens living close to contaminated sites to interpret and evaluate technical information relating to such sites, but which has been undercut by a weak EPA and cooptation efforts by industries. The article concludes with an exploration of the concept of community in relation to the new construction of environmental justice engaged in by grassroots groups fighting contamination locally and nationally.

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Ferreira, Vera, Ana Barreira, Luís Loures, Dulce Antunes, and Thomas Panagopoulos. "Stakeholders’ Engagement on Nature-Based Solutions: A Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020640.

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Cities are facing a broad range of social and environmental challenges due to the current pressure of global urbanization. Nature-based solutions aim to utilize green infrastructure to improve people’s health and wellbeing. The design of urban environments must embrace the individual ideals of citizens and stakeholders which can only be achieved if effective methods of communication, involvement, and feedback are ensured. Such a procedure creates trust during its implementation, helping to take ownership and stewardship of processes and sites. This systematic literature review explores the current state of the art regarding citizen and stakeholder participation in nature-based solutions (NBS). The search on the SCOPUS database identified 142 papers in total that met the inclusion criteria. The participation analysis was separated in two areas: (a) analysis of perceptions, preferences, and perspectives of citizens and stakeholders, and (b) analysis of the participation process, including challenges and opportunities, motivations, methods and frameworks, and collaborative governance. The results revealed that stakeholder and citizen participation or collaboration in nature-based solutions is increasingly recognized as promising; however, research in several related domains is still lacking.

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GONZÁLEZ, JUAN CARLOS TEJEDA, MA CATALINA ALFARO DE LA TORRE, and PEDRO MEDELLÍN MILÁN. "PRESENT STATUS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN MEXICO." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 16, no. 02 (June 2014): 1450021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333214500215.

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Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) has been recognised worldwide as a tool that helps to assure the inclusion of environmental aspects in the formulation of policies, plans and programmes (PPPs) and citizen participation into the higher levels of decision-making processes. Despite of its relevance, Mexico is to date one of the few Latin-American countries which do not have this tool inserted in its legal and institutional frameworks. In this paper we present the results of a literature review of the historical development of SEA in the world and its legal framework and current state in Mexico.

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Adams, Karen, and Merilyn Spratling. "Keepin Ya Mob Healthy: Aboriginal Community Participation and Aboriginal Health Worker Training in Victoria." Australian Journal of Primary Health 7, no. 1 (2001): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py01020.

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This article outlines the development of accredited Aboriginal Health Worker training in Victoria. The processes of community consultation are presented as the primary reason for the successful implementation of the training program in its first year of delivery. The most important community consultation processes involved the active input of Elders and Aboriginal Health Workers. The training was seen as more credible by other Koorie people because of the input of these groups. The supportive role played by both the State and Commonwealth governments as well as industry groups are also explored. The successful implementation of the Aboriginal Health Worker training program demonstrates that Aboriginal people know what is best for them and can effectively initiate, organise and deliver their own culturally appropriate training programs.

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Tan, Yi-Roe, Anurag Agrawal, Malebona Precious Matsoso, Rebecca Katz, Sara L. M. Davis, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Annalena Huber, et al. "A call for citizen science in pandemic preparedness and response: beyond data collection." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 6 (June 2022): e009389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009389.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the need to partner with the community in pandemic preparedness and response in order to enable trust-building among stakeholders, which is key in pandemic management. Citizen science, defined here as a practice of public participation and collaboration in all aspects of scientific research to increase knowledge and build trust with governments and researchers, is a crucial approach to promoting community engagement. By harnessing the potential of digitally enabled citizen science, one could translate data into accessible, comprehensible and actionable outputs at the population level. The application of citizen science in health has grown over the years, but most of these approaches remain at the level of participatory data collection. This narrative review examines citizen science approaches in participatory data generation, modelling and visualisation, and calls for truly participatory and co-creation approaches across all domains of pandemic preparedness and response. Further research is needed to identify approaches that optimally generate short-term and long-term value for communities participating in population health. Feasible, sustainable and contextualised citizen science approaches that meaningfully engage affected communities for the long-term will need to be inclusive of all populations and their cultures, comprehensive of all domains, digitally enabled and viewed as a key component to allow trust-building among the stakeholders. The impact of COVID-19 on people’s lives has created an opportune time to advance people’s agency in science, particularly in pandemic preparedness and response.

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Kaewhanam, Kathanyoo, Phimlikid Kaewhanam, Ariya Pongsiri, Jariya Intanin, Sirinada Kamolkat, and Noppakun Thongmual. "Citizen engagement and collaboration: The key to promoting learning city." Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn) 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v17i1.20650.

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The urban development of learning is a key goal of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). However, the drive to achieve urban learning requires several key points. Citizenship and cooperation are associated with developing the city of learning. This research studies the relationship between citizenship and cooperation in driving the learning city. The study uses the methodology of the structure-equation model (SEM) to study citizenship relationships. Cooperation and learning cities are based on civic data analysis of 500 samples. The result showed that the two observed variables were public participation and The four observed variables are: policy collaboration's positive effect on cooperation; citizen-subjectivity, citizen-intersubjectivity, citizen-sub politics, and citizen-globality's positive effect on citizenship; Furthermore, the six observed variables are: inclusive learning in the education system; revitalized learning in families and communities; effective learning for and in the workplace; expanded use of modern learning technologies; improved learning quality; and a vibrant culture of lifelong learning. In part of the regression between latent variables, we found that cooperation has a positive effect on learning cities (b=0.882), and citizenship has a positive effect on learning cities (b=0.056) and cooperation (b=0.217).

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Stevenson, G. W., and Richard M. Klemme. "Advisory/oversight councils: An alternative approach to farmer/citizen participation in agenda setting at land-grant universities." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 7, no. 3 (September 1992): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300004616.

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AbstractReviews of historical and organizational literature provide the backdrop for a general discussion of citizen input into land-grant universities and for a specific case study: the Citizens Advisory/Oversight Council of the Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems (CIAS) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. This strong citizens' council, established in 1989, took its form in response to institutionally structured fears among university personnel, on one hand, and farmers and citizen groups on the other. Each group's recognition that the other's concerns were legitimate led to an acceptable resolution. We describe the principal characteristics of the resulting successful CIAS Council that is composed of farmers and representatives of the state's environmental community. Such councils facilitate new approaches to integrating the craft and science of farming, and for linking the production side of agricultural systems with policy issues.

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Peter, Maria, Tim Diekötter, and Kerstin Kremer. "Participant Outcomes of Biodiversity Citizen Science Projects: A Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 15, 2019): 2780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102780.

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Citizen science is becoming increasingly popular as a format in environmental and sustainability education. Citizen science not only allows researchers to gather large amounts of biodiversity-related data, it also has the potential to engage the public in biodiversity research. Numerous citizen science projects have emerged that assume that participation in the project affects participants’ knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. We investigated what evidence really exists about the outcomes of biodiversity citizen science projects on the side of the individual participants. For this purpose, we conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed research articles published up to and including 2017. We found evidence for various individual participant outcomes. The outcome reported most often was a gain in knowledge. Other outcomes, found in several articles, referred to changes in behavior or attitudes. Outcomes reported less often were new skills, increased self-efficacy and interest, and a variety of other personal outcomes. We discuss the research design and methods used in the reviewed studies und formulate specific recommendations for future research. We conclude that citizen science is a promising option for environmental and sustainability education focusing on biodiversity. Partnerships between natural and social scientists in the design and evaluation of projects would allow future biodiversity citizen science projects to utilize their full educational potential.

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Bäckstrand, Karin. "Civic Science for Sustainability: Reframing the Role of Experts, Policy-Makers and Citizens in Environmental Governance." Global Environmental Politics 3, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152638003322757916.

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The essay reviews the notion of “civic science” in global environmental governance and how it is articulated in international relations, science studies, democratic theory and sustainability science. Civic science is used interchangeably with participatory, citizen, stakeholder and democratic science, which are all catch words that signify various attempts to increase public participation in the production and use of scientific knowledge. Three rationales for civic science are identified: restoring public trust in science, re-orienting science towards coping with the complexity of environmental problems and installing democratic governance of science. A central proposition is that the promotion of civic science needs to be coupled with a theoretical understanding of its institutional, normative and epistemological challenges. The science-politics interface needs to be reframed to include the triangular interaction between scientific experts, policy-makers and citizens.

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Mason, Michael. "Information Disclosure and Environmental Rights: The Aarhus Convention." Global Environmental Politics 10, no. 3 (August 2010): 10–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00012.

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Access to information is the first “pillar” of the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (1998). This article examines how the information disclosure obligations on states within the Aarhus Convention express a particular blend of human environmental rights, conjoining procedural entitlements (and duties) with a substantive right to an environment adequate to human health and well-being. “Aarhus environmental rights” have been lauded for increasing citizen access to environmental information, helping to secure more transparent and accountable regulatory processes. However, the information rights are rendered inconsistent in practice by three properties: 1) the discretion accorded to Convention Parties in interpreting Aarhus rights; 2) the exclusion of private entities from mandatory information disclosure duties; and 3) the indeterminate coupling of procedural and substantive rights. These tensions reflect a structural imbalance in the articulation of Aarhus rights between social welfare and market liberal perspectives.

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Kimura, Aya H., and Abby Kinchy. "Citizen Science: Probing the Virtues and Contexts of Participatory Research." Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 2 (December 4, 2016): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2016.99.

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Citizen science is an increasingly popular activity, from bird counts to amateur water sample collection to air quality monitoring. Researchers and theorists in the field of science and technology studies (STS) have typically applauded these efforts because they make science more participatory, providing an example of the democratization of science, or, at least, more equitable engagement between experts and the lay public. However, a broader review of the literature on citizen science suggests that participation is but one of many virtues that practitioners and observers find in the practices of citizen science. This literature review makes two interventions. First, we discuss the dimensions of citizen science that do not easily fit in a typology or spectrum of participatory practices. We identify seven different virtues claimed of citizen science: increasing scientific data; increasing citizens' scientific literacy and awareness; building community capacity for environmental protection; building more equal relationship between scientists and citizens; filling knowledge gaps and challenging official accounts; driving policy change; and catching polluters. Second, we consider the social and political contexts that often create contradictory situations or dilemmas for citizen scientists. Going forward, a robust framework for the analysis of citizen science would not only address the ways scientific data is collected and put to a particular use, but also situate the project in relation to broader structural forces of scientization, neocolonialism, globalization, and neoliberalization.

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Owusu, Victor Lord. "The Politics of Development and Participatory Planning. From Top Down to Top Down." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (January 26, 2016): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n1p202.

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This paper measures the level of participation in Ghana’s four most recent development policy and planning documents, from the Vision 2020 to the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda. Using Systematic Review and a developed modified version of Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation, the paper concludes that development planning in Ghana is top down and non participatory. The paper further uncovered that civilian and military governments before and after independence in 1957 adopted the top down approach and planned from the centre with no traces of citizens’ participation in the planning processes. It was further determined that this top down and non participatory mode of planning is deeply enshrined in Ghana’s current and past development planning culture and history, a legacy bequeathed to colonies by colonialists.

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Ramírez, Naydú Acosta, Jennifer Pollard Ruiz, Román Vega Romero, and Ronald Labonté. "Comprehensive Primary Health Care in South America: contexts, achievements and policy implications." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 27, no. 10 (October 2011): 1875–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2011001000002.

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This article summarizes an extensive review of South American experiences with primary health care since the Declaration of Alma-Ata. It aims to address the following specific questions: What are the enabling and constraining historical and structural conditions for primary health care policies and practices? How has health care reform supported or undermined primary health care? What evidence exists on the effectiveness of primary health care? What strategies are common to best practices? What evidence exists on the roles of citizen participation and intersectoral action? And finally, what are the policy lessons to be learned from these experiences? Narrative synthesis was used to identify and examine patterns in the data consistent with these questions. Conditions that were found to promote successful implementation of primary health care are outlined, together with features of effective primary health care systems that help create more equitable health services and health outcomes.

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Cárdenas, Macarena L., Vanessa Wilde, Alex Hagen-Zanker, Isabel Seifert-Dähnn, Michael G. Hutchins, and Steven Loiselle. "The Circular Benefits of Participation in Nature-Based Solutions." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 4344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084344.

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Nature-based solutions (NbS) provide direct benefits to people who live in areas where these approaches are present. The degree of direct benefits (thermal comfort, reduced flood risk, and mental health) varies across temporal and spatial scales, and it can be modelled and quantified. Less clear are the indirect benefits related to opportunities to learn about the environment and its influence on personal behaviour and action. The present study, based on survey data from 1955 participants across 17 cities worldwide, addressed whether participation in NbS through two types of interactions (a passive learning experience about NbS and a more active experience based on Citizen Science) stimulates motivation and willingness to be more environmentally sustainable. Over 75% of participants improved their understanding of environmental sustainability and were highly motivated and more confident in their ability to improve sustainability in their local environment/nature. Similar percentage improvements arose from both types of activity across all cities. Those NbS that had elements of both blue and green infrastructure rated higher than those that had predominantly green NbS. Interestingly, a large percentage of the participants did not live near the NbS that were the focus of these activities. This indicated that expected spatial limitations between benefit and recipient may be overcome when dedicated programmes involve people in learning or monitoring NbS. Therefore, opportunities have arisen to expand inclusion from the immediately local to the larger community through participation and Citizen Science, with potential benefits to social cohesion and urban sustainability.

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Fredriksson, Mio, Max Eriksson, and Jonathan Q. Tritter. "Involvement that makes an impact on healthcare: Perceptions of the Swedish public." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, no. 4 (November 1, 2017): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817738692.

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Aim: ‘Participation and influence in society’ is the first of 11 objective domains in Swedish public health policy. The aim of this article is to investigate the views of the Swedish general population on the impact of a range of health participation activities, and whether these views were associated with sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: The study utilizes a national representative survey of the Swedish population, aged 15 years and over ( n = 1500). Results: Apart from voting in regional elections – which most of the respondents believed to be an influential way to make improvements in healthcare (74%) – respondents believed more in individual patient activities than activities associated with adopting a citizen role and acting collectively. A majority of respondents believed in the impact of replying to patient surveys (67%), making a complaint (61%), talking directly to staff (58%) or changing their healthcare provider (54%). Fewer believed in the impact of joining a patient organization (46%), taking part in a citizen council (35%) or joining a political party (34%). Beliefs in impact increased with educational attainment and decreased with age. Conclusions: The results suggest people have more confidence in the impact of participating as individual patients rather than collectively and as citizens. To ensure that activities enable ‘participation and influence in society’, complementary opportunities for collective involvement that also take into account under-represented voices such as those with a low level of education need to be developed.

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Zhuang, Jie, Jeffrey G. Cox, Minwoong Chung, Joseph A. Hamm, Adam Zwickle, and Brad L. Upham. "Risk, Stigma, Trustworthiness, and Citizen Participation—A Multifaceted Analysis of Media Coverage of Dioxin Contamination in Midland, Michigan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 4165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214165.

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In the United States, more than 200 communities are designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as areas of concern for dioxins. Informing the public about potential risks associated with dioxins and delivering information about how to avoid such risks are essential activities. News coverage of environmental and health problems affects how members of the public assess those problems in terms of both severity and how they are understood, as well as the extent of attention given to the problem by policy-makers. To contextualize public and institutional responses to dioxin contamination and remediation in a dioxin-affected community, we assessed 176 newspaper articles published over 30 years concerning dioxin contamination in Midland, Michigan, in terms of risk, trust in institutions, environmental stigma, and citizen participation. Articles about dioxin contamination and remediation in Midland appeared in both domestic and international newspapers. Domestically, both national and local newspapers covered this issue. The risks for human health and the environment caused by exposure to dioxins were widely covered, with much less media attention given to the trustworthiness of the organizations responsible for managing the risk, environmental stigma, and citizen participation. News coverage of these four themes also changed significantly overtime. Overall, our findings highlight the important role of local news media in communicating risk information, guiding safe behaviors, and facilitating community-level decision-making.

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Dhillon, Carla May. "Using citizen science in environmental justice: participation and decision-making in a Southern California waste facility siting conflict." Local Environment 22, no. 12 (August 4, 2017): 1479–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2017.1360263.

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