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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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1

Moss, Patrick T., Ian Thomas, and Michael Macphail. "Late Holocene vegetation and environments of the Mersey Valley, Tasmania." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 1 (2007): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06010.

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A record of vegetation and environmental change over the past 3000 years was obtained through pollen and charcoal analysis of sediments from a grassy plain in the Mersey Valley, Tasmania. The results tentatively suggest that Aborigines had an impact on the environment of the Mersey Valley, although the scale of the impact is difficult to quantify owing to complexities associated with the fire history and sedimentary processes. In addition, a strong regional climate signal (drier late Holocene environments) was observed, suggesting that both anthropogenic and climatic factors are required to explain pre-European environments. The study also showed the dramatic impact European settlers had on the Australian environment, with massive land clearance, introduction of exotic plant types and increased sedimentation rates.

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2

Magierowski, Regina H., Peter E. Davies, Steve M. Read, and Nelli Horrigan. "Impacts of land use on the structure of river macroinvertebrate communities across Tasmania, Australia: spatial scales and thresholds." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 9 (2012): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11267.

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The formulation of scientifically justified guidelines for management of anthropogenic impacts on river health requires better understanding of the quantitative linkages among river-system parameters. The present study examines relationships between land use and biological metrics of river health in Tasmania, in the context of a variety of environmental drivers. An extensive dataset (103 sites) of macroinvertebrate assemblages was collected between 1999 and 2006. We hypothesised that grazing by domestic livestock would have the greatest impact on community structure of the land-use types investigated because grazing is a dominant land-use type in Tasmania (and can cover a large proportion of catchment area), because land clearance for grazing is rarely followed by regeneration and because historically riparian vegetation has not been protected. Multivariate and correlation analysis showed that community structure responded strongly to land use and confirmed that the strongest relationships were observed for grazing land use and environmental variables associated with grazing, such as e.g. water abstraction and/or regulation and riparian vegetation. Analyses accounting for hydrological region and location confirmed the generality of this relationship. We conclude that catchment-wide management actions would be required to mitigate these impacts of grazing because land use and riparian vegetation condition were generally stronger determinants of community structure at catchment rather than local scales.

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3

Woo, Heesung, Mauricio Acuna, Martin Moroni, Mohammad Taskhiri, and Paul Turner. "Optimizing the Location of Biomass Energy Facilities by Integrating Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS)." Forests 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100585.

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Internationally forest biomass is considered to be a valuable renewable energy feedstock. However, utilization of forest harvesting residues is challenging because they are highly varied, generally of low quality and usually widely distributed across timber harvesting sites. Factors related to the collection, processing and transport impose constraints on the economic viability of residue utilization operations and impact their supply from dispersed feedstock locations. To optimize decision-making about suitable locations for biomass energy plants intending to use forest residues, it is essential to factor in these supply chain considerations. This study conducted in Tasmania, Australia presents an investigation into the integration of Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and Geographical Information systems (GIS) to identify optimal locations for prospective biomass power plants. The amount of forest harvesting biomass residues was estimated based on a non-industrial private native resource model in Tasmania (NIPNF). The integration of MCA and a GIS model, including a supply chain cost analysis, allowed the identification and analysis of optimal candidate locations that balanced economic, environmental, and social criteria within the biomass supply. The study results confirm that resource availability, land use and supply chain cost data can be integrated and mapped using GIS to facilitate the determination of different sustainable criteria weightings, and to ultimately generate optimal candidate locations for biomass energy plants. It is anticipated that this paper will make a contribution to current scientific knowledge by presenting innovative approaches for the sustainable utilization of forest harvest residues as a resource for the generation of bioenergy in Tasmania.

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4

Seen, Andrew, Ashley Townsend, Bonnie Atkinson, Joanna Ellison, Jennifer Harrison, and Henk Heijnis. "Determining the History and Sources of Contaminants in Sediments in the Tamar Estuary, Tasmania, Using 210Pb Dating and Stable Pb Isotope Analyses." Environmental Chemistry 1, no. 1 (2004): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en04011.

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Environmental Context.Dating estuary sediments provides insights into the materials entering the estuary and can pinpoint when the contamination occurred. Heavy metal contamination is a known health risk but attributing it to a source can be contentious. For a sample sourced downstream of a city and a mining region, lead-210 dating and stable lead isotope analyses uncovered the sources of lead inputs. These methods quantified the extent that upstream mining activities and, for the first time, the extent that non-mining inputs (vehicles, industry) contributed to the estuary’s pollution. Abstract.210Pb dating and heavy metal analyses (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) have been combined to establish an historical profile of pollutant levels in sediments in the Tamar Estuary (Tasmania, Australia) over the past century. Heavy metal profiles through the core show a strong correlation with mining activities and industrialization during the past century, reflecting catchment disturbance in one of Australia’s earliest settled areas. A source apportionment of Pb in the sediment core using stable Pb isotope ratios (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb) shows that mine pollution has been contributing 10–25 mg kg–1 to Tamar Estuary sediments since the start of mining in the early 1890s, whilst non-mining inputs were not significant until post-1930 and became increasingly significant post-World War II. Since the 1950s–1960s, non-mining anthropogenic Pb inputs have become as significant as Pb from mining activities, although there does appear to be a decline in non-mining inputs during the past 20 years, which is consistent with findings elsewhere where reductions in atmospheric Pb levels have been observed and are attributed to the phasing-out of leaded gasoline. The source apportionment does, however, suggest that Pb from mine pollution at Storys and Aberfoyle Creeks continues to impact upon upper Tamar Estuary sediment quality.

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5

Kirkpatrick, Jamie B., Lorne K. Kriwoken, and Jennifer Styger. "The reverse precautionary principle: science, the environment and the salmon aquaculture industry in Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 1 (2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17014.

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Science is frequently used by opposing sides in environment–development debates. Scientific input from an environmental perspective can be inhibited if those in favour of development control research funding. We test whether such a situation can result in outcomes desired by neither of the protagonists, and seek to identify how negative outcomes can be avoided, using the example of fish farming in Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania. A marked decline in dissolved oxygen (DO) at 19–21m depth in Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania, occurred between 2009 and 2011. DO continues to be low. DO change was associated with changes in the benthic biota, with effects extending from fish farms into the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area and threatening a Tasmanian endemic fish. The reverse precautionary response of industry and government was to undertake further research because the causes of the changes were not fully understood. We present simple graphs and analyses that suggest that the only substantial predictor of benthic DO reduction is fish production from marine farms, with variability in discharge, catchment rainfall, wind speed, sea surface temperatures and sea level pressure having no effect. Adaptive management of fish farming in Macquarie Harbour seems to require an estuary-wide approach rather than the current attention to the effects of single pens. The broader implications of the case study are that the science related to the environmental impacts of an industry needs to be undertaken by scientists in secure positions funded independently of industry and government.

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6

Ozaki, Mitsuhiro, Rebecca M. B. Harris, Peter T. Love, Jagannath Aryal, Paul Fox-Hughes, and Grant J. Williamson. "Impact of Vertical Atmospheric Structure on an Atypical Fire in a Mountain Valley." Fire 5, no. 4 (July 20, 2022): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5040104.

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Wildfires are not only a natural part of many ecosystems, but they can also have disastrous consequences for humans, including in Australia. Rugged terrain adds to the difficulty of predicting fire behavior and fire spread, as fires often propagate contrary to expectations. Even though fire models generally incorporate weather, fuels, and topography, which are important factors affecting fire behavior, they usually only consider the surface wind; however, the more elevated winds should also be accounted for, in addition to surface winds, when predicting fire spread in rugged terrain because valley winds are often dynamically altered by the interaction of a layered atmosphere and the topography. Here, fire spread in rugged terrain was examined in a case study of the Riveaux Road Fire, which was ignited by multiple lightning strikes in January 2019 in southern Tasmania, Australia and burnt approximately 637.19 km2. Firstly, the number of conducive wind structures, which are defined as the combination of wind and temperature layers likely to result in enhanced surface wind, were counted by examining the vertical wind structure of the atmosphere, and the potential for above-surface winds to affect fire propagation was identified. Then, the multiple fire propagations were simulated using a new fire simulator (Prototype 2) motivated by the draft specification of the forthcoming new fire danger rating system, the Australian Fire Danger Rating System (AFDRS). Simulations were performed with one experiment group utilizing wind fields that included upper-air interactions, and two control groups that utilized downscaled wind from a model that only incorporated surface winds, to identify the impact of upper air interactions. Consequently, a detailed analysis showed that more conducive structures were commonly observed in the rugged terrain than in the other topography. In addition, the simulation of the experiment group performed better in predicting fire spread than those of the control groups in rugged terrain. In contrast, the control groups based on the downscaled surface wind model performed well in less rugged terrain. These results suggest that not only surface winds but also the higher altitude winds above the surface are required to be considered, especially in rugged terrain.

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7

E. Fluck, Andrew, Olawale Surajudeen Adebayo, and Shafi'i Muhammad Abdulhamid. "Secure E-Examination Systems Compared: Case Studies from Two Countries." Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice 16 (2017): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3705.

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Aim/Purpose: Electronic examinations have some inherent problems. Students have expressed negative opinions about electronic examinations (e-examinations) due to a fear of, or unfamiliarity with, the technology of assessment, and a lack of knowledge about the methods of e-examinations. Background: Electronic examinations are now a viable alternative method of assessing student learning. They provide freedom of choice, in terms of the location of the examination, and can provide immediate feedback; students and institutions can be assured of the integrity of knowledge testing. This in turn motivates students to strive for deeper learning and better results, in a higher quality and more rigorous educational process. Methodology : This paper compares an e-examination system at FUT Minna Nigeria with one in Australia, at the University of Tasmania, using case study analysis. The functions supported, or inhibited, by each of the two e-examination systems, with different approaches to question types, cohort size, technology used, and security features, are compared. Contribution: The researchers’ aim is to assist stakeholders (including lecturers, invigilators, candidates, computer instructors, and server operators) to identify ways of improving the process. The relative convenience for students, administrators, and lecturer/assessors and the reliability and security of the two systems are considered. Challenges in conducting e-examinations in both countries are revealed by juxtaposing the systems. The authors propose ways of developing more effective e-examination systems. Findings: The comparison of the two institutions in Nigeria and Australia shows e-examinations have been implemented for the purpose of selecting students for university courses, and for their assessment once enrolled. In Nigeria, there is widespread systemic adoption for university entrance merit selection. In Australia this has been limited to one subject in one state, rather than being adopted nationally. Within undergraduate courses, the Nigerian scenario is quite extensive; in Australia this adoption has been slower, but has penetrated a wide variety of disciplines. Recommendations for Practitioners: Assessment integrity and equipment reliability were common issues across the two case studies, although the delivery of e-examinations is different in each country. As with any procedural process, a particular solution is only as good as its weakest attribute. Technical differences highlight the link between e-examination system approaches and pedagogical implications. It is clear that social, cultural, and environmental factors affect the success of e-examinations. For example, an interrupted electrical power supply and limited technical know-how are two of the challenges affecting the conduct of e-examinations in Nigeria. In Tasmania, the challenge with the “bring your own device” (BYOD) is to make the system operate on an increasing variety of user equipment, including tablets. Recommendation for Researchers: The comparisons between the two universities indicate there will be a productive convergence of the approaches in future. One key proposal, which arose from the analysis of the existing e-examination systems in Nigeria and Australia, is to design a form of “live” operating system that is deployable over the Internet. This method would use public key cryptography for lecturers to encrypt their questions online. Impact on Society : If institutions are to transition to e-examinations, one way of facilitating this move is by using computers to imitate other assessment techniques. However, higher order thinking is usually demonstrated through open-ended or creative tasks. In this respect the Australian system shows promise by providing the same full operating system and software application suite to all candidates, thereby supporting assessment of such creative higher order thinking. The two cases illustrate the potential tension between “online” or networked reticulation of questions and answers, as opposed to “offline” methods. Future Research: A future design proposition is a web-based strategy for a virtual machine, which is launched into candidates’ computers at the start of each e-examination. The new system is a form of BYOD externally booted e-examination (as in Australia) that is deployable over the Internet with encryption and decryption features using public key cryptography (Nigeria). This will allow lecturers to encrypt their questions and post them online while the questions are decrypted by the administrator or students are given the key. The system will support both objective and open-ended questions (possibly essays and creative design tasks). The authors believe this can re-define e-examinations as the “gold standard” of assessment.

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8

Chalil, Diana, Riantri Barus, Ester Sorta Mauli Nababan, Pramio Garson Sembiring, Hasanuddin, Rudy Sofyan, and Tulus. "The Environmental Impact of Palm Oil: Introduction for Students of Tasmania University, Australia." Journal of Saintech Transfer 3, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jst.v3i2.3953.

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Palm oil is one of the most demanded commodities globally, which has led to a significant increase in its production and raised issues regarding its environmental impact. However, many of these issues are not based on substantial evidence. To provide a proportional picture on the oil palm industry, Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU), the University of Tasmania (UTAS) and the Association of Indonesian Palm Oil Entrepreneurs (GAPKI) have collaborated to carry out this program. The program was conducted for seven days through classroom lectures and field trip activities, involving 14 students and two supervisors from UTAS and four USU students. Pre and post-tests were conducted to evaluate the impact of the program. The results showed changes in participants' knowledge and perception regarding the environmental, social, and economic effects of the oil palm industry. Therefore, this program could be considered an effective counter to misleading Indonesian palm oil industry issues.

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9

Chalil, Diana, Riantri Barus, Ester Sorta Mauli Nababan, Pramio Garson Sembiring, Hasanuddin, Rudy Sofyan, and Tulus. "The Environmental Impact of Palm Oil: Introduction for Students of Tasmania University, Australia." Journal of Saintech Transfer 3, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jst.v3i2.3953.

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Palm oil is one of the most demanded commodities globally, which has led to a significant increase in its production and raised issues regarding its environmental impact. However, many of these issues are not based on substantial evidence. To provide a proportional picture on the oil palm industry, Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU), the University of Tasmania (UTAS) and the Association of Indonesian Palm Oil Entrepreneurs (GAPKI) have collaborated to carry out this program. The program was conducted for seven days through classroom lectures and field trip activities, involving 14 students and two supervisors from UTAS and four USU students. Pre and post-tests were conducted to evaluate the impact of the program. The results showed changes in participants' knowledge and perception regarding the environmental, social, and economic effects of the oil palm industry. Therefore, this program could be considered an effective counter to misleading Indonesian palm oil industry issues.

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10

Piekutowski, Marian, Andrew Halley, and Stephen Denholm. "The Future Role of Hydro Plant in Maximising the Integration of Wind Generation." Wind Engineering 36, no. 1 (February 2012): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0309-524x.36.1.19.

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This paper describes the changing role of hydro-electric generation in Tasmania in the presence of expanding wind energy developments. Whereas hydro generators have traditionally been dispatched on the premise of satisfying energy requirements, with other power system security functions including voltage control, frequency control, fault current contribution, inertia etc largely satisfied by default, analysis suggests that hydro generators will need to be utilised more deliberately for their ancillary service capabilities if high levels of wind penetration are to be realised in Tasmania. This paper presents a selection of design modifications currently being investigated for existing hydro plant which are aimed at extending certain ancillary service capabilities, while minimising impacts on water storage strategies. Discussions include trade-offs that exist under such operational regimes, as well as the need for revised market arrangements necessary to adequately compensate generators for their role as renewable energy facilitators.

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11

Potts, J. M., N. J. Beeton, D. M. J. S. Bowman, G. J. Williamson, E. C. Lefroy, and C. N. Johnson. "Predicting the future range and abundance of fallow deer in Tasmania, Australia." Wildlife Research 41, no. 8 (2014): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13206.

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Context Since the introduction of fallow deer (Dama dama) to Tasmania in the early 1830s, the management of the species has been conflicted; the species is partially protected as a recreational hunting resource, yet simultaneously recognised as an invasive species because of its environmental impact and the biosecurity risk that it poses. The range and abundance of fallow deer in Tasmania has evidently increased over the past three decades. In the 1970s, it was estimated that ~7000–8000 deer were distributed in three distinct subpopulations occupying a region of ~400 000 ha (generally centred around the original introduction sites). By the early 2000s, the estimated population size had more than tripled to ~20 000–30 000 deer occupying 2.1 million ha. No study has attempted to predict what further growth in this population is likely. Aims The purpose of our study was to provide a preliminary estimate of the future population range and abundance of fallow deer in Tasmania under different management scenarios. Methods We developed a spatially explicit, deterministic population model for fallow deer in Tasmania, based on estimates of demographic parameters linked to a species distribution model. Spatial variation in abundance was incorporated into the model by setting carrying capacity as a function of climate suitability. Key results On the basis of a conservative estimate of population growth for the species, and without active management beyond the current policy of hunting and crop protection permits, abundance of fallow deer is estimated to increase substantially in the next 10 years. Uncontrolled, the population could exceed 1 million animals by the middle of the 21st century. This potential increase is a function both of local increase in abundance and extension of range. Conclusions Our results identify areas at high risk of impact from fallow deer in the near future, including ecologically sensitive areas of Tasmania (e.g. the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area). Implications The research approach and results are presented as a contribution to debate and decisions about the management of fallow deer in Tasmania. In particular, they provide a considered basis for anticipating future impacts of deer in Tasmania and prioritising management to mitigate impact in ecologically sensitive areas.

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12

Campbell, Sharon L., Tomas Remenyi, Grant J. Williamson, Dean Rollins, Christopher J. White, and Fay H. Johnston. "Ambulance dispatches and heatwaves in Tasmania, Australia: A case-crossover analysis." Environmental Research 202 (November 2021): 111655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111655.

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13

Boyce, J. "Canine Revolution: The Social and Environmental Impact of the Introduction of the Dog to Tasmania." Environmental History 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 102–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/11.1.102.

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14

Campbell, Sharon L., Tomas A. Remenyi, Grant J. Williamson, Christopher J. White, and Fay H. Johnston. "The Value of Local Heatwave Impact Assessment: A Case-Crossover Analysis of Hospital Emergency Department Presentations in Tasmania, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (October 2, 2019): 3715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193715.

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Heatwaves have been identified as a threat to human health, with this impact projected to rise in a warming climate. Gaps in local knowledge can potentially undermine appropriate policy and preparedness actions. Using a case-crossover methodology, we examined the impact of heatwave events on hospital emergency department (ED) presentations in the two most populous regions of Tasmania, Australia, from 2008–2016. Using conditional logistic regression, we analyzed the relationship between ED presentations and severe/extreme heatwaves for the whole population, specific demographics including age, gender and socio-economic advantage, and diagnostic conditions that are known to be impacted in high temperatures. ED presentations increased by 5% (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01–1.09) across the whole population, by 13% (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03–1.24) for children 15 years and under, and by 19% (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.04–1.36) for children 5 years and under. A less precise association in the same direction was found for those over 65 years. For diagnostic subgroups, non-significant increases in ED presentations were observed for asthma, diabetes, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. These findings may assist ED surge capacity planning and public health preparedness and response activities for heatwave events in Tasmania, highlighting the importance of using local research to inform local practice.

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15

Lisé-Pronovost, Agathe, Michael-Shawn Fletcher, Tom Mallett, Michela Mariani, Richard Lewis, Patricia S. Gadd, Andy I. R. Herries, et al. "Scientific drilling of sediments at Darwin Crater, Tasmania." Scientific Drilling 25 (June 12, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-25-1-2019.

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Abstract. A 70 m long continental sediment record was recovered at Darwin Crater in western Tasmania, Australia. The sediment succession includes a pre-lake silty sand deposit overlain by lacustrine silts that have accumulated in the ∼816 ka meteorite impact crater. A total of 160 m of overlapping sediment cores were drilled from three closely spaced holes. Here we report on the drilling operations at Darwin Crater and present the first results from petrophysical whole core logging, lithological core description, and multi-proxy pilot analysis of core end samples. The multi-proxy dataset includes spectrophotometry, grain size, natural gamma rays, paleo- and rock magnetism, loss on ignition, and pollen analyses. The results provide clear signatures of alternating, distinctly different lithologies likely representing glacial and interglacial sediment facies. Initial paleomagnetic analysis indicate normal magnetic polarity in the deepest core at Hole B. If acquired at the time of deposition, this result indicates that the sediment 1 m below commencement of lacustrine deposition post-date the Matuyama–Brunhes geomagnetic reversal ∼773 ka.

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16

Luccisano, Sharon P., Heinrich C. Weber, Giuliana O. Murfet, Iain K. Robertson, Sarah J. Prior, and Andrew P. Hills. "An Audit of Pre-Pregnancy Maternal Obesity and Diabetes Screening in Rural Regional Tasmania and Its Impact on Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 12006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212006.

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Maternal obesity in pregnancy, a growing health problem in Australia, adversely affects both mothers and their offspring. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is similarly associated with adverse pregnancy and neonatal complications. A low-risk digital medical record audit of antenatal and postnatal data of 2132 pregnant mothers who gave birth between 2016–2018 residing in rural-regional Tasmania was undertaken. An expert advisory group guided the research and informed data collection. Fifty five percent of pregnant mothers were overweight or obese, 43.6% gained above the recommended standards for gestational weight gain and 35.8% did not have an oral glucose tolerance test. The audit identified a high prevalence of obesity among pregnant women and low screening rates for gestational diabetes mellitus associated with adverse maternal and neonatal pregnancy outcomes. We conclude that there is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among pregnant women in rural regional Tasmania. Further GDM screening rates are low, which require addressing.

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17

UEHARA, Ayumi, Hiroyuki NOZAWA, and Naoto MIFUNE. "Environmental impact analysis for environmental management system." Journal of Advanced Science 13, no. 3 (2001): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2978/jsas.13.211.

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18

Berry, Oliver, Stephen D. Sarre, Lachlan Farrington, and Nicola Aitken. "Faecal DNA detection of invasive species: the case of feral foxes in Tasmania." Wildlife Research 34, no. 1 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06082.

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Early detection of biological invasions is critical to reducing their impact, but because invading organisms are initially at low densities, detection and eradication can be challenging. Here, we demonstrate the utility of faecal DNA analysis for the detection of an elusive invasive species – the red fox, Vulpes vulpes, which was illegally introduced to the island of Tasmania in the late 1990s. Foxes are a devastating pest to both wildlife and agriculture on the Australian mainland, and would have a similarly serious impact in Tasmania if they became established. Attempts to eradicate foxes from Tasmania have been hampered by unreliable distribution data derived mostly from public sightings. In response, we developed a highly accurate and reliable DNA-based PCR-multiplex test that identifies foxes from field-collected faeces. We also developed a sexing test, but it was reliable only for faeces less than three weeks old. Faeces are a useful target for DNA-based diagnostics in foxes because they are deposited in prominent locations and are long-lasting. The species identification test formed a key component of a Tasmania-wide detection and eradication program. In all, 1160 geo-referenced carnivore scats were analysed; of these, 78% contained DNA of sufficient quality for species identification. A single scat from the north-east of the island was identified as belonging to fox, as was a nine-week-old roadkill carcass from the north coast, and a blood sample from near Hobart, triggering increased control and surveillance in these regions. The accuracy, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of non-invasive tests make them a critical adjunct to traditional tools for monitoring cryptic invasive species that are at low density in the early stages of invasion and when eradication is still an option.

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Julian, Roberta, Isabelle Bartkowiak-Théron, Jackie Hallam, and Clarissa Hughes. "Exploring law enforcement and public health as a collective impact initiative: lessons learned from Tasmania as a case study." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 3, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-03-2017-0014.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the potential benefits as well as some of the practical barriers to the implementation of a collective impact initiative in law enforcement and public health (LEPH) in Tasmania, Australia. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a review of programs, agencies and initiatives that are at the intersection of LEPH in Tasmania, through an analysis of the findings in evaluation reports, and the views of practitioners identified at a workshop on LEPH held at a national AOD conference and facilitated by the authors. Findings The strengths of collective impact initiatives, particularly in LEPH, are presented and some weaknesses identified. Some major obstacles to the consolidation of LEPH initiatives include siloed ways of working and budgets, lack of leadership and political will. Some progress has been made in addressing these weaknesses, although addressing complex social problems by moving beyond inter-agency collaboration toward an integrated model of service provision remains challenging. Practical implications The authors argue that there are practical benefits to the adoption of a collective impact model to address problems in Tasmania that lie at the nexus between LEPH. In reviewing existing collaborations, the authors demonstrate the value of a structural mapping process to identify ways forward for government and non-government agencies that are inclined to go further in merging the two disciplinary areas. The authors offer some suggestions with respect to identifying the preconditions for a collective impact model and how to build on these to initiate action. Originality/value A significant proportion of the literature on LEPH remains at a conceptual and theoretical level. This contribution highlights some practical issues while looking at existing examples of collaboration across LEPH at a state level in Australia, and starts mapping a way forward for constructing more integrative LEPH initiatives.

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20

DUNCAN, RONLYN, and PETE HAY. "A QUESTION OF BALANCE IN INTEGRATED IMPACT ASSESSMENT: NEGOTIATING AWAY THE ENVIRONMENTAL INTEREST IN AUSTRALIA'S BASSLINK PROJECT." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 09, no. 03 (September 2007): 273–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333207002792.

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It is argued that under the guise of integrated impact assessment, environmental capacity and quality is being eroded rather than enhanced. This proposition is examined in the context of a World Heritage Area and an integrated impact assessment process for a major energy infrastructure project in Australia known as Basslink. The case study, which charts the negotiations that took place between a proponent, environmental researchers, consultants, regulators and decision-makers for an environmental flow for the iconic Gordon River in Tasmania, describes the 'balance' that was struck in the name of sustainable development. It demonstrates that, while social and economic benefits tend to be identified as one and the same, the environment is constituted as an oppositional "good". We argue that this outcome is the rule rather than the exception and caution that integrated assessments could serve to 'fast-track' the loss of environmental capacity and quality.

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21

KURIYAMA, Koichi. "Valuing Environmental Impact Using Conjoint Analysis." Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 7, no. 3 (2011): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3370/lca.7.222.

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22

Allett, E. J. "Environmental Impact Assessment and Decision Analysis." Journal of the Operational Research Society 37, no. 9 (September 1986): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2582808.

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23

Allett, E. J. "Environmental Impact Assessment and Decision Analysis." Journal of the Operational Research Society 37, no. 9 (November 1986): 901–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jors.1986.153.

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24

Vizayakumar, K., and Pratap K. J. Mohapatra. "Environmental impact analysis of a coalfield." Journal of Environmental Management 34, no. 2 (February 1992): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(06)80016-2.

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25

Agarwala, S. B. C., and Asit K. Biswas. "Environmental Impact Analysis for Developing Countries." Environmental Conservation 16, no. 1 (1989): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900008535.

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26

Reis, S., G. Morris, L. E. Fleming, S. Beck, T. Taylor, M. White, M. H. Depledge, et al. "Integrating health and environmental impact analysis." Public Health 129, no. 10 (October 2015): 1383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2013.07.006.

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27

Vizayakumar, K., and Pratap K. J. Mohapatra. "Environmental impact analysis: A synthetic approach." Long Range Planning 24, no. 6 (December 1991): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(91)90049-t.

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28

Whinam, J., and M. Comfort. "The Impact of Commercial Horse Riding on Sub-Alpine Environments at Cradle Mountain, Tasmania, Australia." Journal of Environmental Management 47, no. 1 (May 1996): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.1996.0035.

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29

Lal, A. "The economic impact of smoke-free legislation on sales turnover in restaurants and pubs in Tasmania." Tobacco Control 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 454–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.2003.005843.

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30

Hu, Ming. "Balance between energy conservation and environmental impact: Life-cycle energy analysis and life-cycle environmental impact analysis." Energy and Buildings 140 (April 2017): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.076.

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31

Lambourne, Melinda, and Kathleen H. Bowmer. "Investigating over-allocation of water using risk analysis: a case study in Tasmania, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 8 (2013): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12282.

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Анотація:

The determination of a sustainable level of extraction is a challenge to water reform and planning, especially where information on environmental assets is sparse, and where future flow regime is threatened by irrigation and climate change. Hamstead (2009) considered a catchment to be over-allocated and/or overused if projected changes in freshwater flow posed a medium or higher level of risk to key ecological assets. The present paper investigates Hamstead’s (2009) two-step risk analysis process by using the Coal Pitt Water Catchment in Tasmania, Australia, where the Ramsar-listed Pittwater–Orielton Lagoon was identified as the key ecological asset. Although Hamstead’s (2009) approach revealed over-allocation and/or overuse, several limitations emerged. In particular, setting the current condition as the baseline ecosystem condition, rather than that at the time of Ramsar listing, permits over-allocation and/or overuse to continue and contravenes international, national and state obligations. Projections could be improved by inclusion of a river condition index and hydrological indicators such as proportion of total natural flow retained, frequency of estuary flushing, and percentage of median annual flow impounded. Available ecological information and projected hydrological change should be included in determining the threat to environmental assets because statutory obligations require strategies to manage processes that threaten species and communities.

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32

Whinam, J., L. A. Barmuta, and N. Chilcott. "Floristic description and environmental relationships of Tasmanian Sphagnum communities and their conservation management." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 6 (2001): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00095.

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A floristic data set spanning 15 years was compiled from vegetation surveys of Sphagnum peatlands across Tasmania. The data were ordinated by hybrid multi-dimensional scaling and a three-dimensional solution was most satisfactory. The strongest floristic gradient corresponded to changes in altitude and moisture. Original data were included from Sphagnum peatlands outside their commonly recorded altitudinal, geologic and geographic ranges. Several new types of Sphagnum peatland are described. While many of Tasmania’s subalpine and alpine Sphagnum peatlands are protected within reserves, this is not the case for montane and lowland Sphagnum peatlands. During the past decade, the pressure on Sphagnum peatlands outside the Tasmanian reserve system has continued to increase. Threats such as Sphagnum-moss harvesting, peat mining, burning, grazing and forestry operations have an impact on both the number and condition of Sphagnum peatlands.

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33

Nicholson, D., P. Smith, G. A. Bowers, F. Cuceoglu, C. G. Olgun, J. S. McCartney, K. Henry, L. L. Meyer, and F. A. Loveridge. "Environmental impact calculations, life cycle cost analysis." DFI Journal - The Journal of the Deep Foundations Institute 8, no. 2 (October 2014): 130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1937525514y.0000000009.

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34

Kolokotroni, Maria, Syreeta Robinson-Gayle, Stephen Tanno, and Andrew Cripps. "Environmental impact analysis for typical office facades." Building Research & Information 32, no. 1 (January 2004): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0961321031000108807.

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35

Tuppen, C. G. "Energy and Telecommunications — An Environmental Impact Analysis." Energy & Environment 3, no. 1 (February 1992): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9200300104.

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Whole life, annual energy consumption figures have been compiled for the main UK telephone service. The total primary energy expenditure related to the provision of the national telephone service has been divided into network operations, the associated company infrastructure, equipment manufacturing, raw material processing and equipment disposal. A detailed analysis of telephone traffic statistics has been used to develop an empirical model of UK call volume as a function of call distance. The model is then used to provide a general expression for the operating energy required to power both intra-national and international telephone calls. The energy consumed by a number of typical telephone calls is compared with the energy requirements for equivalent journeys made by different modes of powered transport.

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36

Lumbers, Jeremy P. "Environmental impact analysis in water pollution control." International Journal of Environmental Studies 25, no. 3 (July 1985): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207238508710223.

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37

Manap, Norpadzlihatun, and Nikolaos Voulvoulis. "Data analysis for environmental impact of dredging." Journal of Cleaner Production 137 (November 2016): 394–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.109.

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38

Gong, J. Z. "Environmental impact analysis of mine tailing reservoir." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 39 (August 2016): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/39/1/012014.

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39

Marttunen, Mika, and Raimo P. Hämäläinen. "Decision analysis interviews in environmental impact assessment." European Journal of Operational Research 87, no. 3 (December 1995): 551–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(95)00229-4.

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40

Elliott, A. D., B. Sowerby, and B. D. Crittenden. "Quantitative environmental impact analysis for clean design." Computers & Chemical Engineering 20 (January 1996): S1377—S1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-1354(96)00236-0.

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41

Hundloe, Tor, Geoffrey T. McDonald, John Ware, and Leanne Wilks. "Cost-benefit analysis and environmental impact assessment." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 10, no. 1-2 (March 1990): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(90)90006-l.

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42

Looi, Jeffrey CL, Stephen Allison, Tarun Bastiampillai, and William Pring. "Private practice metropolitan telepsychiatry in smaller Australian jurisdictions during the COVID-19 pandemic: preliminary analysis of the introduction of new Medicare Benefits Schedule items." Australasian Psychiatry 28, no. 6 (October 5, 2020): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856220960381.

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Анотація:

Objective: To analyse the smaller Australian state/territory service impact of the introduction of new COVID-19 psychiatrist video and telephone telehealth Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) items. Method: MBS item service data were extracted for COVID-19 psychiatrist video and telephone telehealth item numbers corresponding to the pre-existing in-person consultations for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Northern Territory (NT), South Australia (SA) and Tasmania. Results: The overall rate of consultations (face-to-face and telehealth) increased during March and April 2020, compared to the monthly face-to-face consultation average, excepting Tasmania. Compared to an annual monthly average of in-person consultations for July 2018–June 2019, total telepsychiatry consultations were higher for April than May. For total video and telephone telehealth consultations combined, video consultations were lower in April and higher in May. As a percentage of combined telehealth and in-person consultations, telehealth was greater for April and lower for May compared to the monthly face-to-face consultation average. Conclusions: In the smaller states/territories, the private practice workforce rapidly adopted COVID-19 MBS telehealth items, with the majority of psychiatric consultation shifting to telehealth initially, and then returning to face-to-face. With a second wave of COVID-19 in Australia, telehealth is likely to remain a vital part of the national mental health strategy.

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43

Gendvilas, Vilius, Geoffrey M. Downes, Mark Neyland, Mark Hunt, Peter A. Harrison, Andrew Jacobs, Dean Williams, and Julianne O’Reilly-Wapstra. "Thinning Influences Wood Properties of Plantation-Grown Eucalyptus nitens at Three Sites in Tasmania." Forests 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101304.

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Анотація:

Thinning of forestry plantations is a common silviculture practice to increase growth rates and to produce larger dimension logs. The wood properties, basic density and stiffness, are key indicators of the suitability of timber for particular purposes and ultimately determine timber value. The impact of thinning operations on wood properties is, therefore, of considerable interest to forest growers and timber producers. To date, studies examining the impact of thinning on wood properties have produced variable results and understanding of the consistency of the effects of thinning treatments across various sites for important plantation species is limited. Two non-destructive assessment techniques, drilling resistance and acoustic wave velocity, were used to examine the impact of thinning on basic density and stiffness in 19–21-year-old plantation grown Eucalyptus nitens across three sites. Commercial thinning to 300 trees ha−1 decreased the stiffness of standing trees and this effect was consistent across the sites. Reduction in stiffness due to thinning ranged from 3.5% to 11.5%. There was no difference in wood properties between commercially and non-commercially thinned trees to 300 trees ha−1 and no difference in wood properties when thinned to 500 trees ha−1. Basic density was not affected by thinning. The site had significant effects on both basic density and stiffness, which were lowest at the highest precipitation and highest elevation site. The results indicate that wood properties are influenced both by silviculture and site environmental differences. This knowledge can be used for the better management of E. nitens resources for solid wood production.

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44

Whinam, J., E. J. Cannell, J. B. Kirkpatrick, and M. Comfort. "Studies on the Potential Impact of Recreational Horseriding on some Alpine Environments of the Central Plateau, Tasmania." Journal of Environmental Management 40, no. 2 (February 1994): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.1994.1007.

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45

Jones, Penelope J., Ian Thomas, and Michael-Shawn Fletcher. "Long-term environmental change in eastern Tasmania: Vegetation, climate and fire at Stoney Lagoon." Holocene 27, no. 9 (February 16, 2017): 1340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683617690591.

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Tasmania’s dry, inland east is ideally positioned to inform models of late Quaternary environmental change in southern Australasia. Despite this, it remains poorly represented in the palaeoecological record. Here, we seek to address this with a >13,000-year vegetation and fire history from Stoney Lagoon, a site at the eastern margin of Tasmania’s inland Midlands plains. Pollen and charcoal analysis indicates that here, a relatively moist early deglacial was followed by a dry later deglacial (ca. 14,000–12,000 cal. BP), when sclerophyll forests became well established and burning increased. This suggests that the Midlands’ vegetation responded to the climatic signals characterising Australia’s south-eastern coast rather than those governing developments in western Tasmania. Dry sclerophyll forest persisted throughout the Holocene; with a pronounced transition from more to less grassy understoreys between ca. 9000 and 7000 cal. BP. From the mid-Holocene, the sclerophyll community remains relatively stable. However, increased fire activity and trends in moisture-sensitive taxa suggest generally drier conditions coupled with greater hydroclimatic variability under the strengthening influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Overall, these results highlight the role of macro-scale climatic shifts in shaping vegetation development in Tasmania’s inland east, while hinting at the concurrent importance of local ecological drivers. This highlights the need for spatially diverse studies to understand interactions between drivers of long-term environmental change in sub-humid southern Australia. This research also supports conservation by strengthening understandings of pre-colonial baselines in this highly modified landscape.

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46

Zhang, Li Juan, Xian Zheng Gong, Ying Liang Tian, Zhi Hong Wang, Feng Gao, Yu Liu, and Xiao Qing Li. "Analysis of the Environmental Impact of Foam Glass." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.315.

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Foam glass was widely used as a green energy saving material with good performances of light, thermal insulation and sound absorption. Using waste glass as raw material for foam glass production, can not only turn waste into treasure and reduce resource consumption, but also protect the environment. In this article, the foam glass which produced in Jiaxing, China was studied based on the method of life cycle assessment (LCA), and the resources, the energy consumption and the emission of pollutants at the same time were evaluated. The results show that the characterization value of GWP is the largest. The foaming stage is the main contributor which accounts for 79.7%. Similarly, the foaming stage is the major contributor to AP, POCP, EP and HTP .The characterization value of ADP is the smallest. The foaming stage and annealing stage is the main contributor to ADP which account for 43.0%, 49.7% respectively. It has been found that the foaming stage makes the most contribution to the environmental impact. AP, GWP, POCP and EP of the foaming stage are extremely prominent compared to other stages. The authors used the methods of equal weight coefficient and AHP to weight the single indicator. The results show that the environment impact caused by the foaming stage is the largest, then grinding stage and cutting stage follow behind. The environment impact caused by the transportation stage is the smallest.

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47

Djukic, Veljko. "Analysis of process production in minimization environmental impact." Tehnika 73, no. 1 (2018): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika1801153d.

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48

Feng, Zuo Ju, Xian Zheng Gong, Yu Liu, and Xiao Qing Li. "Environmental Impact Analysis of Automobile Laminated Glass Production." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 1062–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.1062.

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Анотація:

The rapid development of China’s automobile industry has led to increased demand for automobile glass. Combined with the present situation of China’s automobile glass industry, life cycle assessment(LCA) method was adopted for this study, through investigating the energy consumption and emissions during the raw and auxiliary materials acquisition stage and product production stage for auto laminated glass. Then a life cycle inventory was worked out and the data was characterized and normalized by CML analysis method. The results showed that the most serious environmental impacts were Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential, abiotic depletion potential-fossil and global warming potential, whose proportion of total environmental impact was 92.2%, 2.41%, 1.75%, respectively. Further analysis showed that the influence of float glass was 36%,42% and 33.9% respectively.

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49

Hurets, Larysa, Anastasiia Kotolevets, Hanna Miakaieva, and Oleksandr Miakaiev. "Analysis of the Environmental Impact of Unsorted Cullet." Environmental Problems 4, no. 4 (2019): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2019.04.191.

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50

Papasavva, Stella, Sheila Kia, Joseph Claya, and Raymond Gunther. "Characterization of automotive paints: an environmental impact analysis." Progress in Organic Coatings 43, no. 1-3 (November 2001): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9440(01)00182-5.

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