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Статті в журналах з теми "Environmental flow"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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1

Kaleniuk, Maksym, Oleg Furman, and Taras Postranskyy. "Influence of traffic flow intensity on environmental noise pollution." Transport technologies 2021, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/tt2021.01.039.

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Анотація:

The modern urban environment, with the development of industry, the growth of the vehicle's number on the roads, and the increase in the density of buildings, is increasingly capable of negatively affect the health and well-being of the city's population. Among the factors influencing the environment is noise pollution, namely man-made noise - unwanted and harmful sounds created as a result of human activities. Today, noise is one of the most common factors of pollution among all others. The most common source of noise pollution is transport, including cars and trucks, buses, railways, airplanes, etc. The negative phenomenon of traffic noise is that almost everyone is greatly affected. This can often be accompanied by other harmful factors, such as vibration. According to scientific researches, noise can cause irritation under constant acoustic exposure. As a result, there are sleep disorders, decreased mental capacity, and the development of stress, and stress development in humans. Traffic noise is created from the operation of engines, the friction of wheels with the road surface, brakes, and aerodynamic features of vehicles, etc. In general, the level of traffic noise depends on such basic indicators as the intensity, speed, and composition of the traffic flow. Therefore, an important task is the study of traffic noise, its measurement, the establishment of appropriate dependencies, and further evaluation of the results. Knowing the level of noise generated by vehicles, further measures to reduce it are possible, such as redistribution of traffic flows on the road network, speed limits, improving the quality of the road surface, the use of basic means of reducing noise pollution, the use of noise protection devices, etc. Based on this, the negative impact of this phenomenon on the human body and the environment, in general, can be reduced.

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2

Growns, Ivor, and Ivars Reinfelds. "Environmental flow management using transparency and translucency rules." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 8 (2014): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13192.

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River flow regimes and their variability are considered by many authors to be the most important factor structuring their physical and ecological environment. In regulated rivers, environmental or instream flows are the main management technique used to ameliorate the ecological effects of flow alteration. We highlight two concepts that are not commonly used in a managed flow regime but help return natural flow variability to a managed river, namely, transparent and translucent flow rules. Transparency flows target lower flows up to a defined threshold so that all inflows are released from a dam or are protected from abstraction. Translucency flows form a percentage of inflows greater than the transparency threshold that are released to maintain a proportion of flow pulses in the river system. The main ecological concept underlying transparency and translucency flows is that riverine biota are adapted to the historical flow regime. Although the loss of small to moderate flood events may arise from implementation of translucency and/or transparency flow regimes, we advocate that these rule types would, nonetheless, be beneficial in many managed flow regimes and present two case studies where they have been defined and implemented.

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3

Opdyke, Daniel R., Edmund L. Oborny, Samuel K. Vaugh, and Kevin B. Mayes. "Texas environmental flow standards and the hydrology-based environmental flow regime methodology." Hydrological Sciences Journal 59, no. 3-4 (April 3, 2014): 820–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.892600.

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4

Chen, Ang, Miao Wu, and Michael E. McClain. "Classifying Dams for Environmental Flow Implementation in China." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010107.

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The implementation of environmental flows is of the utmost importance for ecosystem protection and restoration in dammed rivers. A key challenge in optimizing dam regulation is the uncertainty of the ecohydrology relationship between flow release and ecological response. In the present paper, we develop a framework of dam classification to organize the categories of the ecohydrology relationship for implementing environmental flows. Dams are classified from three major categories that differ in dam properties, hydrological alteration, and downstream hydrobiological diversities based on the relationship of hydrology and ecology. Finally, 773 dams in China are screened and ranked into four classes involving a great diversity of environmental flow components. A classification of dams that utilizes the implementation of environmental flows is presented. (1) Class 1 includes dams with rare and endangered fish species in the downstream. It is the category with the highest priority for environmental flow releases and regulation, requiring continuous flow and flood pulse components for fish spawning and migration. (2) Class 2 includes dams with significant hydrological alteration in the downstream. It is the category with second priority for environmental flow releases and regulation, requiring natural hydrological regimes simulation or complete flow component recovery for optimizing the flow duration curve and mitigating adverse impacts of dam operation. (3) Class 3 includes dams with a high degree of regulation where there is urgency for environmental flow releases and regulation, requiring that minimum flow is guaranteed by cascade reservoir regulation. (4) Class 4 includes dams with a low degree of regulation where there is less urgency for environmental flow releases and regulation. This classification method is important for future research, including environmental flow release regulation and the effectiveness evaluation of environmental flow adaptive management. It will be useful for guiding the implementation of environmental flows.

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5

Gimbert, Laura J., Kevin N. Andrew, Philip M. Haygarth, and Paul J. Worsfold. "Environmental applications of flow field-flow fractionation (FIFFF)." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 22, no. 9 (October 2003): 615–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-9936(03)01103-8.

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6

Pastor, A. V., F. Ludwig, H. Biemans, H. Hoff, and P. Kabat. "Accounting for environmental flow requirements in global water assessments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 12 (December 11, 2014): 5041–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5041-2014.

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Abstract. As the water requirement for food production and other human needs grows, quantification of environmental flow requirements (EFRs) is necessary to assess the amount of water needed to sustain freshwater ecosystems. EFRs are the result of the quantification of water necessary to sustain the riverine ecosystem, which is calculated from the mean of an environmental flow (EF) method. In this study, five EF methods for calculating EFRs were compared with 11 case studies of locally assessed EFRs. We used three existing methods (Smakhtin, Tennant, and Tessmann) and two newly developed methods (the variable monthly flow method (VMF) and the Q90_Q50 method). All methods were compared globally and validated at local scales while mimicking the natural flow regime. The VMF and the Tessmann methods use algorithms to classify the flow regime into high, intermediate, and low-flow months and they take into account intra-annual variability by allocating EFRs with a percentage of mean monthly flow (MMF). The Q90_Q50 method allocates annual flow quantiles (Q90 and Q50) depending on the flow season. The results showed that, on average, 37% of annual discharge was required to sustain environmental flow requirement. More water is needed for environmental flows during low-flow periods (46–71% of average low-flows) compared to high-flow periods (17–45% of average high-flows). Environmental flow requirements estimates from the Tennant, Q90_Q50, and Smakhtin methods were higher than the locally calculated EFRs for river systems with relatively stable flows and were lower than the locally calculated EFRs for rivers with variable flows. The VMF and Tessmann methods showed the highest correlation with the locally calculated EFRs (R2=0.91). The main difference between the Tessmann and VMF methods is that the Tessmann method allocates all water to EFRs in low-flow periods while the VMF method allocates 60% of the flow in low-flow periods. Thus, other water sectors such as irrigation can withdraw up to 40% of the flow during the low-flow season and freshwater ecosystems can still be kept in reasonable ecological condition. The global applicability of the five methods was tested using the global vegetation and the Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed land (LPJmL) hydrological model. The calculated global annual EFRs for fair ecological conditions represent between 25 and 46% of mean annual flow (MAF). Variable flow regimes, such as the Nile, have lower EFRs (ranging from 12 to 48% of MAF) than stable tropical regimes such as the Amazon (which has EFRs ranging from 30 to 67% of MAF).

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7

Suwal, Naresh, Alban Kuriqi, Xianfeng Huang, João Delgado, Dariusz Młyński, and Andrzej Walega. "Environmental Flows Assessment in Nepal: The Case of Kaligandaki River." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 8766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218766.

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Анотація:

Environmental flow assessments (e-flows) are relatively new practices, especially in developing countries such as Nepal. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the influence of hydrologically based e-flow methods in the natural flow regime. The study used different hydrological-based methods, namely, the Global Environmental Flow Calculator, the Tennant method, the flow duration curve method, the dynamic method, the mean annual flow method, and the annual distribution method to allocate e-flows in the Kaligandaki River. The most common practice for setting e-flows consists of allocating a specific percentage of mean annual flow or portion of flow derived from specific percentiles of the flow duration curve. However, e-flow releases should mimic the river’s intra-annual variability to meet the specific ecological function at different river trophic levels and in different periods over a year covering biotas life stages. The suitability of the methods was analyzed using the Indicators of Hydrological Alterations and e-flows components. The annual distribution method and the 30%Q-D (30% of daily discharge) methods showed a low alteration at the five global indexes for each group of Indicators of Hydrological Alterations and e-flows components, which allowed us to conclude that these methods are superior to the other methods. Hence, the study results concluded that 30%Q-D and annual distribution methods are more suitable for the e-flows implementation to meet the riverine ecosystem’s annual dynamic demand to maintain the river’s health. This case study can be used as a guideline to allocate e-flows in the Kaligandaki River, particularly for small hydropower plants.

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8

Williams, John G. "Sampling for Environmental Flow Assessments." Fisheries 35, no. 9 (September 2010): 434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446-35.9.434.

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9

Giusti, Serena, Daniele Mazzei, Ludovica Cacopardo, Giorgio Mattei, Claudio Domenici, and Arti Ahluwalia. "Environmental Control in Flow Bioreactors." Processes 5, no. 4 (April 7, 2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr5020016.

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10

Wang, Xi-kun, and Soon Keat Tan. "Environmental fluid dynamics-jet flow." Journal of Hydrodynamics 22, S1 (October 2010): 962–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-6058(10)60067-4.

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11

Halwatura, D., and MMM Najim. "Environmental Flow Assessment – An Analysis." Journal of Environmental Professionals Sri Lanka 3, no. 2 (December 24, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jepsl.v3i2.7842.

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12

Jain, Sharad K. "Assessment of environmental flow requirements." Hydrological Processes 26, no. 22 (July 18, 2012): 3472–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9455.

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13

Zeng, L., G. Q. Chen, H. S. Tang, and Z. Wu. "Environmental dispersion in wetland flow." Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 16, no. 1 (January 2011): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2010.02.019.

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14

Davies, Peter M., Robert J. Naiman, Danielle M. Warfe, Neil E. Pettit, Angela H. Arthington, and Stuart E. Bunn. "Flow–ecology relationships: closing the loop on effective environmental flows." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 2 (2014): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13110.

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Анотація:

Providing flows for biota and environmental processes is a challenging water management issue. For society the ability and willingness to allocate water to sustain the environment is increasingly competitive due to escalating demand and as a consequence of climate change. In response, an array of environmental flow (E-flow) methods have developed. Our view is that few E-flows have been implemented and even fewer evaluated in a research and management context. Much of our science effort in E-flows has been directed primarily at method development, with less attention being given to monitoring, evaluation and subsequent revision of E-flow strategies. Our objectives are to highlight the lack of connection between current trends in E-flow literature and theory with assessment of the efficacy and practical application of these methods. Specifically, effective E-flows need to be explicit about flow-ecology relationships to adequately determine the amount and timing of water required. We briefly outline the historical development of E-flows and discuss how serial development of methods and techniques has restricted implementation, evaluation and revision. We highlight areas where methods are lacking, such as incorporation of data on flow-ecology relationships into operational use of E-flow methods. We suggest four initial steps that will improve the applicability, implementation and ultimate success of E-flows.

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15

Koster, W. M., F. Amtstaetter, D. R. Dawson, P. Reich, and J. R. Morrongiello. "Provision of environmental flows promotes spawning of a nationally threatened diadromous fish." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 1 (2017): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15398.

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Анотація:

Detailed understanding of flow-ecology requirements for aquatic biota underpins the use of environmental flows as an effective restoration tool in regulated rivers. However, flow recommendations are often overly simplistic and insufficient to provide the necessary environmental requirements for these biota. This is often due to failure to gain and integrate information on individual species ecology and, by using coarse generalisations, about flow-ecology responses. To inform more effective delivery of environmental flows, we investigated spawning responses of the threatened Australian grayling (Prototroctes maraena) to environmental flows over 2 years in three coastal rivers. Spawning activity was highest during within-channel flow pulses, especially during periods of environmental flow delivery. Peak spawning occurred in late autumn and was positively related to flow duration. This result has important implications for environmental flows management in regions where water is scarce and there is potential conflict among multiple users because, for Australian grayling, it is not necessarily the volume of water released that is important, but how the flow is delivered. Our study demonstrated the importance of quantifying flow-ecology relationships via targeted monitoring and research so as to develop appropriate flow regimes, and should encourage managers to examine more critically the logic behind generalised environmental flow objectives.

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16

de Jalón, Diego García, Martina Bussettini, Massimo Rinaldi, Gordon Grant, Nikolai Friberg, Ian G. Cowx, Fernando Magdaleno, and Tom Buijse. "Linking environmental flows to sediment dynamics." Water Policy 19, no. 2 (December 5, 2016): 358–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.106.

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This is a policy discussion paper aimed at addressing possible alternative approaches for environmental flows (e-Flows) assessment and identification within the context of best strategies for fluvial restoration. We focus on dammed rivers in Mediterranean regions. Fluvial species and their ecological integrity are the result of their evolutionary adaptation to river habitats. Flowing water is the main driver for development and maintenance of these habitats, which is why e-Flows are needed where societal demands are depleting water resources. Fluvial habitats are also shaped by the combined interaction of water, sediments, woody/organic material, and riparian vegetation. Water abstraction, flow regulation by dams, gravel pits or siltation by fine sediments eroded from hillslopes are pressures that can disturb interactions among water, sediments, and other constituents that create the habitats needed by fluvial communities. Present e-Flow design criteria are based only on water flow requirements. Here we argue that sediment dynamics need to be considered when specifying instream flows, thereby expanding the environmental objectives and definition of e-Flows to include sediments (extended e-Flows). To this aim, a hydromorphological framework for e-Flows assessment and identification of best strategies for fluvial restoration, including the context of rivers regulated by large dams, is presented.

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17

Stewardson, Michael J., and Christopher J. Gippel. "Incorporating flow variability into environmental flow regimes using the flow events method." River Research and Applications 19, no. 5-6 (2003): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.732.

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18

Pastor, A. V., F. Ludwig, H. Biemans, H. Hoff, and P. Kabat. "Accounting for environmental flow requirements in global water assessments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2013): 14987–5032. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-14987-2013.

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Анотація:

Abstract. With growing water needs for food production, it is necessary to improve the quantification of "Environmental Flow Requirements (EFRs)" to secure enough water for the freshwater ecosystems. In this study, five methods for calculating EFRs were compared to 11 case studies of locally-calculated EFRs. Three of the methods already existed (Smakhtin, Tennant and Tessmann) and two were developed in this study (the Variable Monthly Flow method and the Q90_Q50 method). The Variable Monthly Flow (VFM) method mimics for the first time the natural flow regimes while being "validated" at global and local scales. The VFM uses algorithms to classify flow regime into high, intermediate and low-flow months to take into account intra-annual variability by allocating EFRs with a percentage of mean monthly flow (MMF). The Q90_Q50 method allocates annual flow quantiles (Q50 and Q90) depending on the flow season. The results showed that, over all methods, 37% of annual discharge was allocated to "Nature" with a higher pressure on low flow requirements (LFR = 46% to 71% of average low flows) than on high flow requirements (HFR = 17% to 45% of average high flows). Environmental flow methods using fixed annual thresholds such as Tennant, Q90_Q50 and Smakhtin seemed to overestimate EFRs of stable flow regimes and underestimate EFRs of variable flow regimes. VFM and Tessmann methods showed the highest correlation with the locally-calculated EFRs (R2 = 0.91). The main difference between the Tessmann and VFM methods is that Tessmann method does not allow any water withdrawals during the low-flow season. Those five methods were tested within the global vegetation and hydrological model LPJml. The calculated global annual EFRs for "fair" ecological conditions represent between 25 to 46% of mean annual flow (MAF). Variable flow regimes such as the Nile have lower EFRs (ranging from 12 to 48% of MAF) than stable tropical regimes such as the Amazon (EFRs ranging from 30 to 67% of MAF).

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19

Dubey, Alpna, Omkar Singh, Shashank Shekhar, and Chwadaka Pohshna. "Assessment of Environmental Flow Requirement using Environmental Management Classes-Flow Duration Curve for Narmada River." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 01 (January 10, 2019): 891–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.801.096.

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20

Grela, Jerzy, and Paweł Madej. "ASSESSMENT OF THE POSSIBILITIES FOR DETERMINING THE CHANNEL ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW BASED ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS OF ICHTHYOFAUNA AND MACROZOOBENTOS." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Formatio Circumiectus 18, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/asp.fc/2019.18.4.59.

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21

Tonkin, Jonathan D., Sonja C. Jähnig, and Peter Haase. "The Rise of Riverine Flow-ecology and Environmental Flow Research." Environmental Processes 1, no. 3 (June 28, 2014): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40710-014-0024-8.

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22

Yang, Han-Chung, Jian-Ping Suen, and Shih-Kai Chou. "Estimating the Ungauged Natural Flow Regimes for Environmental Flow Management." Water Resources Management 30, no. 13 (July 14, 2016): 4571–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1437-0.

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23

Fletcher, T. D., V. G. Mitchell, A. Deletic, T. R. Ladson, and A. Séven. "Is stormwater harvesting beneficial to urban waterway environmental flows?" Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.117.

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Анотація:

Urbanization degrades the hydrology and water quality of waterways. Changes to flow regimes include increased frequency of surface runoff, increased peak flows and an increase in total runoff. At the same time, water use in many cities is approaching, and in some cases exceeding, sustainable limits. Stormwater harvesting has the potential to mitigate a number of these detrimental impacts. However, excessive harvesting of stormwater could also be detrimental to stream health. Therefore, a study was undertaken to test whether typical stormwater harvesting scenarios could meet the dual objectives of (i) supplying urban water requirements, and (ii) restoring the flow regime as close as possible to ‘natural’ (pre-developed). Melbourne and Brisbane, which have different climates, were used along with three land use scenarios (low, medium and high density). Modelling was undertaken for a range of flow and water quality indicators. The results show that using these typical harvesting scenarios helped to bring flow and water quality back towards their pre-developed levels. In some cases, however, harvesting resulted in an over-extraction of flow, demonstrating the need for optimizing the harvesting strategy to meet both supply and environmental flow objectives. The results show that urban stormwater harvesting is a potential strategy for achieving both water conservation and environmental flows.

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24

Adilah, A. Kadir, Yusop Zulkifli, Z. Noor Zainura, and Baharim N. Bakhiah. "Environmental Flow for Sungai Johor Estuary." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 02041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183402041.

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Sungai Johor estuary is a vital water body in the south of Johor and greatly affects the water quality in the Johor Straits. In the development of the hydrodynamic and water quality models for Sungai Johor estuary, the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model was selected. In this application, the EFDC hydrodynamic model was configured to simulate time varying surface elevation, velocity, salinity, and water temperature. The EFDC water quality model was configured to simulate dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), phosphate (PO4), and Chlorophyll a. The hydrodynamic and water quality model calibration was performed utilizing a set of site specific data acquired in January 2008. The simulated water temperature, salinity and DO showed good and fairly good agreement with observations. The calculated correlation coefficients between computed and observed temperature and salinity were lower compared with the water level. Sensitivity analysis was performed on hydrodynamic and water quality models input parameters to quantify their impact on modeling results such as water surface elevation, salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration. It is anticipated and recommended that the development of this model be continued to synthesize additional field data into the modeling process.

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25

Stewardson, Michael, and Ian Rutherfurd. "Quantifying uncertainty in environmental flow assessments." Australasian Journal of Water Resources 10, no. 2 (January 2006): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2006.11465288.

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26

Krijnen, Gijs, Harmen Droogendijk, Jerome Casas, and Ahmad Dagamseh. "Biomimetic flow sensors for environmental awareness." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (May 2013): 3316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4805526.

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27

Worsfold, Paul J. "Environmental monitoring — a flow–injection approach." Journal of Automatic Chemistry 16, no. 5 (1994): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1463924694000180.

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28

SHIRAKAWA, Naoki, Hironori MATSUZAKI, and Nobuyuki TAMAI. "Environmental Flow and its Economic Evaluation." ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 25 (1997): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proer1988.25.629.

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29

Sun, Tao, Heyue Zhang, Zhifeng Yang, and Wei Yang. "Environmental flow assessments for transformed estuaries." Journal of Hydrology 520 (January 2015): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.11.015.

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30

SMAKHTIN, VLADIMIR. "Basin Closure and Environmental Flow Requirements." International Journal of Water Resources Development 24, no. 2 (March 3, 2008): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900620701723729.

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31

Stulík, K. "Electrochemical flow measurements in environmental analysis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 59, no. 4 (January 1, 1987): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac198759040521.

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32

Goguen, Gabriel, Daniel Caissie, and Nassir El‐Jabi. "Uncertainties associated with environmental flow metrics." River Research and Applications 36, no. 9 (September 13, 2020): 1879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.3716.

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33

McLean, Errol, and Jon Hinwood. "SALINITY RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW RELEASE IN ESTUARIES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 31, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.papers.60.

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The Snowy River in southern Australia has been impacted by flow diversion since the construction of a dam in the upper catchment, constructed between 1955 and 1967. As part of a monitoring program the effects of two flow releases were studied in 2010 and 2011. The estuarine component of the monitoring and the estuarine modelling phase of the Snowy River Increased Flows Program has been presented. The impact on the estuarine salinity distribution for the selected flow releases is reported and a subsequent modelling exercise outlined. A simple numerical model has been used to simulate about 100 events in a mature barrier estuary, from which a sequence of response types has been identified. The occurrence of each response type has been related to the duration, inflow volume and peak flow rate of the inflow event and to relevant parameters of the estuary. It has been found that the salinity changes may be classified in terms of a dimensionless "estuary flushing parameter" E, which represents the ratio of the direct flushing by the river inflow to the tidal exchange.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/76fefltUCro

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34

Gippel, C. J. "Australia's Environmental Flow Initiative: filling some knowledge gaps and exposing others." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 9 (May 1, 2001): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0512.

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Many of Australia's river systems have been seriously degraded by inappropriate management of regulated flows. Other systems are facing threats from future water resources developments. There is a lack of information available to aid in allocation of environmental flows to rivers in order that they are managed in an ecologically sustainable manner. The Environmental Flows Initiative (EFI) is a major Australia-wide R&D program into environmental flows, funded through the Natural Heritage Trust (NHT), and administered by Environment Australia (EA). The program aims to identify environmental values, undertake targeted research to identify risks to river systems and flow requirements to sustain environmental values, to trial flow management options, and to evaluate these trials. The NHT relies on matching funding provided by the State and Territory authorities, and supports integrative approaches with emphasis on works on-the-ground where possible. While the EFI will close significant knowledge gaps, other gaps remain. Some of these relate to development and validation of rapid assessment techniques, understanding the importance of flow variability and how to define it, manipulation of flows to control alien species, developing a system of prioritising rivers for environmental flows, and enhancing flows with other catchment, channel and floodplain rehabilitation measures.

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Tang, Jian, Xinan Yin, ChunXue Yu, and Zhifeng Yang. "Suitable Environmental Flow Release Criteria for Both Human and Riverine Ecosystems: Accounting for the Uncertainty of Flows." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/704989.

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Environmental flow (e-flow) release criteria are key parameters in water resources management and riverine ecosystem protection. The previous methods for e-flow criterion determination are based on the historical flow time series without the consideration of flow uncertainty. Due to low possibility of reoccurrence of the historical flows and the uncertainty of future flows, the flow uncertainty needs to be integrated in the process of determining e-flow release criteria. In this research, a new method is proposed to determine the optimal e-flow release criteria under flow uncertainty accounting for both the human and riverine ecosystem needs. In the new method, the scenario tree method is applied to generate the scenarios of flows, which can cover most of possible flow conditions and can effectively reflect the uncertainty of flows; the Range of Variability Approach (RVA), a most commonly used method to assess the flow regime alteration, is refined by incorporating the uncertainty of flows. The Tang River in Northern China is taken as a case study to test the effectiveness of the new method. The results show that the previous method obviously overestimates the optimal e-flow release criteria and the new method can get more suitable criteria that are suitable for both human and riverine ecosystems.

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Murgan, Irina, Florentina Bunea, Adrian Nedelcu, and Gabriel Dan Ciocan. "Experimental setup to study two phase flows for environmental applications." E3S Web of Conferences 85 (2019): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198507010.

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The air water mix is a major concern for the environmental application. This paper proposes an experimental method to accede simultaneously at the water flow velocity field and at the void fraction. Instantaneous and mean fields, as well as the evolution with the flow parameters variation are obtained in cavitation or aerated flows. This method allows a good accuracy for the flow velocity fields (2%) and void (vapours or air) contours (4%).

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Gottesfeld, Allen S., Rolf W. Mathewes, and Leslie M. Johnson Gottesfeld. "Holocene debris flows and environmental history, Hazelton area, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 1583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e91-142.

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Debris flow deposits of Chicago Creek and the sediment, pollen, and macrofossil records of Seeley Lake were studied to elucidate the Holocene history of the northwest flank of the Rocher Déboulé Range near Hazelton, British Columbia.The Chicago Creek drainage has experienced numerous rockfalls, debris slides, and debris flows. A large debris flow covering approximately 300 ha occurred about 3580 ± 150 BP. This flow was two to three orders of magnitude larger than historic debris flows in this drainage. It traveled about 3 km down Chicago Creek and dammed the outlet stream of Seeley Lake. A debris deposit along lower Chicago Creek is interpreted as the product of debris torrents that formed during or soon after the damming of Seeley Lake. Its surface exhibits soil development (rubification and profile development) comparable to that on the large debris flow, suggesting equivalent age.Pollen and plant macrofossils are described from a core taken in Seeley Lake. This core spans the period from ca. 9200 BP to the present. A disturbance event in 3380 ± 110 BP, correlative with the large Chicago Creek debris flow, is recorded by a clastic sediment layer and changes in the microfossil and macrofossil assemblages.The Chicago Creek debris flow and debris torrent ca. 3500 BP may be the catastrophic event recorded in the story of the Medeek, an oral history or "ada'ok" of the Gitksan people of Hazelton.

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Porter, Jonathan, Daniel Deere, Melanie Hardman, Clive Edwards, and Roger Pickup. "Go with the flow - use of flow cytometry in environmental microbiology." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 24, no. 2 (January 17, 2006): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00426.x.

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39

Porter, J. "Go with the flow – use of flow cytometry in environmental microbiology." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 24, no. 2 (October 1997): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-6496(97)00038-x.

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40

Padikkal, Sudheer, Kottekatt Surendran Sumam, and Neelakantan Sajikumar. "Environmental flow modelling of the Chalakkudi Sub-basin using ‘Flow Health’." Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 19, no. 1 (January 2019): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2018.07.007.

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41

Dubascoux, S., F. Von Der Kammer, I. Le Hécho, M. Potin Gautier, and G. Lespes. "Optimisation of asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation for environmental nanoparticles separation." Journal of Chromatography A 1206, no. 2 (October 2008): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.032.

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42

Palau, A., and J. Alcázar. "The basic flow method for incorporating flow variability in environmental flows." River Research and Applications 28, no. 1 (August 23, 2010): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1439.

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43

Gippel, C., T. Jacobs, and T. McLeod. "Environmental flows and water quality objectives for the River Murray." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0402.

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Over the past decade, there intense consideration of managing flows in the River Murray to provide environmental benefits. In 1990 the Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council adopted a water quality policy: To maintain and, where necessary, improve existing water quality in the rivers of the Murray-Darling Basin for all beneficial uses - agricultural, environmental, urban, industrial and recreational, and in 1994 a flow policy: To maintain and where necessary improve existing flow regimes in the waterways of the Murray-Darling Basin to protect and enhance the riverine environment. The Audit of Water Use followed in 1995, culminating in the decision of the Ministerial Council to implement an interim cap on new diversions for consumptive use (the “Cap”) in a bid to halt declining river health. In March 1999 the Environmental Flows and Water Quality Objectives for the River Murray Project (the Project) was set up, primarily to establish water quality and environmental flow objectives for the River Murray system. A Flow Management Plan will be developed that aims to achieve a sustainable river environment and water quality, in accordance with community needs, and including an adaptive approach to management and operation of the River. It will lead to objectives for water quality and environmental flows that are feasible, appropriate, have the support of the scientific, management and stakeholder communities, and carry acceptable levels of risk. This paper describes four key aspects of the process being undertaken to determine the objectives, and design the flow options that will meet those objectives: establishment of an appropriate technical, advisory and administrative framework; establishing clear evidence for regulation impacts; undergoing assessment of environmental flow needs; and filling knowledge gaps. A review of the impacts of flow regulation on the health of the River Murray revealed evidence for decline, but the case for flow regulation as the main cause is circumstantial or uncertain. This is to be expected, because the decline of the River Murray results from many factors acting over a long period. Also, the health of the river varies along its length, from highly degraded to reasonably healthy, so it is clear that different approaches will be needed in the various river zones, with some problems requiring reach or even point scale solutions. Environmental flow needs have been determined through two major Expert Panel reports that identified the ecological priorities for the river. The next step is to translate these needs into feasible flow management actions that will provide the necessary hydrological conditions. Several investigations are underway to recommend options for flow management. Two important investigations are described in this paper: how to enhance flows to wetlands of national and international significance, and how to physically alter or change the operation of structures (including a dam, weir, lock, regulator, barrage or causeway), to provide significant environmental benefits. Early modelling suggests that the only option which has a positive environmental effect in all zones of the River is a reduction in overall water consumption.

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44

Dong, Zhen-Hui, Xiao-Hua Yang, Ya-Nan Guo, Ying Mei, Yu-Qi Li, and Jian-Qiang Li. "Modified frequency computation method for optimal environmental flows." Thermal Science 16, no. 5 (2012): 1539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1205539d.

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The paper describes a modified frequency computation method to calculate the optimal environmental flows. This method was used to design monthly environmental flows in Lancang river. The environmental flows calculated by the method are compared with those by the ecological flow method and the Tennant method, revealing its effectiveness.

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45

Praskievicz, Sarah, Cehong Luo, Bennett Bearden, and Andrew Ernest. "Evaluation of low-flow metrics as environmental instream flow standards during long-term average and 2016 drought conditions: Tombigbee River Basin, Alabama and Mississippi, USA." Water Policy 20, no. 6 (July 16, 2018): 1240–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.023.

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Abstract Environmental instream flows are a common tool for maintaining river flows that are required to sustain both ecosystem and societal needs. Many of the most widely adopted environmental flow standards are based on historical flow, mainly because of the relative simplicity of these methods. Few previous studies, however, have examined the ability of historical flow standards to protect low flows. Here, the low-flow protective ability of five different historical flow methods, using 35 gaging stations in the Tombigbee River Basin of Alabama and Mississippi, was analyzed. The minimum environmental flow thresholds were calculated using the five indices, and the number of times in a recent 32-year period flows fell below each threshold was determined. The Tennant-based threshold was reached most frequently, followed by the modified Tennant. Although other low-flow metrics, such as 7Q10, were triggered infrequently (9% of the time) over the whole period, triggering rates increased to 46% for 7Q10 during the drought of 2016, suggesting that even minimal low-flow standards may provide some benefit during drought. Analyzing historical flow methods to see how often they would result in management actions if implemented is a useful way of developing guidance on the adoption of minimum environmental instream flow standards.

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Chen, Ang, and Miao Wu. "Managing for Sustainability: The Development of Environmental Flows Implementation in China." Water 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030433.

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Environmental flows (e-flows) are important for river protection and restoration under degraded ecological conditions. With increasing public desire for and pursuit of sustainable development, e-flows are widely used to reflect the hydrological regime requirements for sustaining freshwater ecosystems and human livelihoods. Over the past 40 years, e-flows implementation has shifted from static minimum flows to dynamic flow components. However, e-flows standards used to manage flow releases from dams are to a great extent based on expert judgement and government supervision. These attributes make it difficult to effectively implement e-flows in the non-stationary world. The primary focus of this paper is to review the history, management systems and scientific basis of e-flows in China. Firstly, the study classifies the development phases into four periods and then analyses the underpinning legal system for e-flows implementation in each period, including the laws, regulations, policies and responsible authorities. Finally, the scientific basis and methods for e-flows determination and assessment were analyzed. The study showed that: (1) e-flows have been officially regarded as ecological flow in China, which evolved from minimum flow, and the contents and connotations are still broadening; (2) currently, there are too many authorities related to e-flows and complicated legal documents in China which lead to ineffective implementation; (3) the scientific basis of e-flows is enriched from the relationship between hydrological alteration and ecological response, so that the practices will be more holistic in China. Despite the successful practices of e-flows implementation in large rivers, there are challenges for implementing future e-flows in small rivers. This study recommended that future e-flows implementation be integrated with sustainable water management by setting clear responsibilities for governments, ministries, and other stakeholders.

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Yang, Z. F., T. Sun, and R. Zhao. "Environmental flow assessments in estuaries related to preference of phytoplankton." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 5 (May 15, 2014): 1785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1785-2014.

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Abstract. An approach to assess estuarine environmental flow based on phytoplankton preference, including the complex relationships between hydrological modifications and ecosystem biomass, was developed in this study. We initially established a relationship between biomass requirements for primary and higher nutritional level organisms based on the ecosystem nutritional energy flow principles. Subsequently, diagnostic pigments were employed to represent phytoplankton community biomass, which indicated competition between two groups of phytoplankton in the biochemistry process. Considering empirical relationships between diagnostic pigments and critical environmental factors, biomass responses to river discharge were established by simulating distributions of critical environmental factors under action of river discharges and tide currents. Consequently, environmental flows were recommended for different fish biomass requirements. We used the Yellow River estuary as a case study; and May and June were identified as critical months for maintaining environmental flow. Temporal variation in natural river flow dynamics, which was used as a proxy for environmental flow, should be carefully examined in artificial hydrological regulation strategies, particularly during high-amplitude flood pulses, which might result in negative effects on phytoplankton groups, and subsequently higher aquatic species biomass.

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Zhang, Liu, Buxian Yuan, Xinan Yin, and Yanwei Zhao. "The Influence of Channel Morphological Changes on Environmental Flow Requirements in Urban Rivers." Water 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091800.

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Previous research on environmental flows (e-flows) of urban rivers usually assumes that the channel morphology is fixed. However, due to the trapping of sediments by weirs, the channel morphology will undergo significant changes. In this research, the influence of channel morphological changes on e-flow requirements is explored in urban rivers. The hydrological connectivity is considered as a primary factor in e-flows, and three hydrological connectivity scenarios (i.e., high, medium, and low) are explored. The Shiwuli River is adopted as the case study. The results show that e-flows are significantly influenced by changes in river morphology. With an increase in siltation depth, the e-flow requirements will decrease. The sensitivity of e-flows to siltation varies among different river segments, especially in those with low weir heights. In addition, the change ratios of e-flows are different under different hydrological connectivity scenarios. Although siltation is beneficial to the satisfaction degree of e-flow supply, it also leads to a decrease in the flood control ability of rivers. The balance between e-flow and flood reduction is also discussed, and river segments are identified that should be the priority when adopting dredging measures.

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Shams, Shahriar, Md Sumon Reza, Abul Kalam Azad, Rozeana Binti Hj Md Juani, and Mohammad Abul Fazal. "Environmental Flow Estimation of Brunei River Based on Climate Change." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 12, no. 2 (September 2021): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09754253211047201.

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The concept of environmental flows and its application and enforcement is a main challenge in several developing countries. The services and benefits derived from the ecosystem are indispensable for sustaining the livelihood of people particularly living in coastal areas. Decision-makers often ignore ecosystems when referring to water allocation, as the supporters of ecosystems are less vocal as compared to other stakeholders. This study focuses on establishing guidelines for maintaining the minimum amount of flow known as environmental flow of Brunei River in Brunei Darussalam for the sustainability of its rich ecosystem. In this study, the flow of the river was simulated based on land use, climate change, and potential growth of industries using a Water Evaluation and Planning System as a computing tool. The study finds that the months of March and June (1.48 and 3.92 m3/s) are more vulnerable to low flow. It recommends a threshold value of 2.7 m3/s for the environmental flow of Brunei River essential to preserve its rich and diversified ecosystem.

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Kockelman, Kara Maria. "Changes in Flow-Density Relationship Due to Environmental, Vehicle, and Driver Characteristics." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1644, no. 1 (January 1998): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1644-06.

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The idea that weather conditions and driver- and vehicle-population characteristics affect a homogenous roadway segment’s flow-versus-density relationship is explored here. The interaction of third-order polynomial regressions of flow on powers of density with a variety of explanatory variables suggests that driver, vehicle, and environmental attributes significantly influence the flow-density relationship and conform in substantial part with intuitive expectations. For example, higher flows are predicted across most densities for more mature and more male traveler groups as well as for nonrainy conditions with fewer long vehicles and trucks. Moreover, under highly congested conditions, braking is associated with slightly higher flows than those predicted for accelerating vehicles.

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