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Статті в журналах з теми "Environmental decline"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Innes, John L. "Forest decline." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 16, no. 1 (March 1992): 1–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339201600101.

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Forest decline is a major environmental issue today. However, there are numerous examples of past declines in the condition of individual species within forests or of the entire forests themselves. Many of these declines are natural, being brought about by a variety of factors, including stand dynamics, pests and diseases. The emphasis that has been placed on air pollution in recent declines does not appear to be justified, although air pollution has undoubtedly brought about the decline of forests at some locations. Much of the literature exaggerates the extent of the decline in forest health in Europe. The overestimation of its extent has occurred because of the assessment techniques that are used: these are unable to distinguish trees that have recently declined from those that have always been in poor condition. In addition, the techniques that are most frequently used are nonspecific and no cause can be readily attributed to the defoliation that has been observed.

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2

Muldoon, M. "Environmental Decline and Christian Contemplation." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2003): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/10.2.75.

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3

Mol, Arthur P. J. "The environmental nation state in decline." Environmental Politics 25, no. 1 (August 17, 2015): 48–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2015.1074385.

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4

Ehrenfeld, David. "Environmental Control and the Decline of Reality." Modern Churchman 32, no. 2 (January 1990): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/mc.32.2.5.

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5

Bukharin, Irina. "Environmental Multilateralism: Climate Change and American Decline." Swarthmore International Relations Journal, no. 2 (2017): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24968/2574-0113.2.7.

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6

Orr, Matthew. "Environmental Decline and the Rise of Religion." Zygon® 38, no. 4 (December 2003): 895–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2003.00545.x.

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7

van der Sluijs, Jeroen P. "Insect decline, an emerging global environmental risk." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 46 (October 2020): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2020.08.012.

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8

Kim, Natalie, Bjørn Walseng, and Norman David Yan. "Will environmental calcium declines hinder Bythotrephes establishment success in Canadian Shield lakes?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 5 (May 2012): 810–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2012-024.

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Recently, calcium-rich daphniids have declined on the Canadian Shield in response to falling lake-water calcium concentrations, or [Ca]. Meanwhile the invader Bythotrephes longimanus , a predator that feeds on Daphnia , continues to spread. Our goal was to determine if ongoing calcium declines might directly or indirectly affect Bythotrephes ’ establishment success. To address direct effects, we provide the first quantification of Bythotrephes’ calcium content, which is very low (0.03% as dry mass) compared with other Cladocera. We also examined the effects of differing [Ca] (0.1–2.6 mg·L–1) on Bythotrephes’ performance in the laboratory. For all [Ca], population growth rates remained positive, indicating that Bythotrephes has great tolerance of low [Ca]. Finally, we examined Bythotrephes’ distribution in relation to [Ca] on the Shield where is it relatively new, alongside its distribution in Norway where it is endemic and found that Bythotrephes inhabits very low calcium environments in Norway (minimum = 0.2 mg·L–1). These results suggest that Bythotrephes establishment in Canada is currently not — and in the future will likely not — be limited by falling calcium. Rather, as Bythotrephes is more tolerant of low [Ca] than are its daphniid prey, we propose that both calcium decline and Bythotrephes invasions may contribute to Daphnia decline.

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9

Gray, Richard A. "Theological responses to environmental decline: An annotated bibliography." Reference Services Review 22, no. 3 (March 1994): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb049224.

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10

Winocur, Gordon. "Environmental influences on cognitive decline in aged rats." Neurobiology of Aging 19, no. 6 (November 1998): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(98)00107-9.

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11

Liu, Zhen. "Empirical Examinations of Whether Rural Population Decline Improves the Rural Eco-Environmental Quality in a Chinese Context." Remote Sensing 14, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 5217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205217.

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Rural population has continually declined in response to the rapid urbanization process occurring in China, and the related negative socioeconomic impacts on rural development have attracted considerable attention from scholars. Currently, few studies have investigated the eco-environmental impact of rural population decline. By employing remote-sensing data, including land-use and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, this study proposed a method based on the eco-environmental quality index (EQI) to measure the changes in the rural eco-environmental quality (REQ) at the prefectural level from 2000 to 2020. Then, we examined the impacts of rural population decline on REQ variations. We found that (1) most of the research units experienced continuous rural population decline during the research period, with the rural population density declining more than 25% from 2010 to 2020 in approximately half of the research units; (2) the REQ improved in most of the units, especially in the western region, but there were still many units that experienced a decline in the REQ, which were primarily concentrated in the coastal and central regions; (3) rural population decline improved the REQ, but its impacts varied regionally; and (4) rural population density, natural factors, and eco-environmental protection programs had significant influences on REQ variations. These findings may provide a reference for sustainable-development policies in rural China and other developing countries.

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12

Caro, Camille. "Oceans in Decline." Natural Resources Forum 44, no. 2 (May 2020): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12195.

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13

Franke, Jasper. "Unprecedented decline." Nature Climate Change 12, no. 3 (March 2022): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01319-3.

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14

James, William H. "Recent secular trends in dizygotic twinning rates in Europe." Journal of Biosocial Science 18, no. 4 (October 1986): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000016515.

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SummaryIn all European countries for which data exist, there was a maternal-age-specific decline in dizygotic twinning rates during the 1960s. For most of these countries, this decline continued through the 1970s, but in a few it apparently ceased. The causes of the declines and of their abatement are unknown. However, there were declines in sperm quality during the 1960s and 1970s in some parts of the world, including parts of Europe, and it is speculated here that this decline in sperm quality may be related to the decline in dizygotic twinning.

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15

Izak, Krzysztof. "Is there a decline in ecoterrorism?" Przegląd Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego 14, no. 26 (May 11, 2022): 394–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20801335pbw.21.046.15706.

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The purpose of the article is to briefly characterize ecoterrorism, which is based on a specific ideology. Some of the content proclaimed by its promoters might merit support were it not for their overly dehumanizing rhetoric, and especially the practice motivated by it. The phenomenon of ecoterrorism, or environmental terrorism, is associated with the use of violence by extremist pro-environment groups and radicalized individuals. Ecoterrorism is divided into pro-environmental terrorism and pro-animalism. Environmental terrorism can also be divided into terrorism by environmentalists and terrorism by animal rights activists. The greatest development of ecoterrorism has occurred in the United States. Animal Liberation Front, ALF was the most dangerous pro-environmental organization, while the group with the most members was Earth First, EF! Violence by eco-terrorists has occurred in many countries on our continent, most notably in the United Kingdom. The ideology of ecocentrism, which motivates the activities of many groups in the West, has penetrated Poland, but in our country it has not had much influence on the activities of organized groups of environmentalists and individuals. On the other hand, incidents of violence were recorded in a series of events directed against specific companies and institutions that threatened the environment. The research shows that there is a slow but steady decline in the number of ecoterrorism incidents worldwide. It is too early to predict its decline, but there is certainly evidence of declining violent activity. Several circumstances contribute to the downscaling of aggressive environmental activities. Above all, there has been an increase in the environmental awareness of societies and governments. A large impact on the decrease in the number of ecoterrorist events is also due to the tightening of legislation, as well as the activities of environmental organizations.

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16

Rosso, Andrea, Philippa Clarke, Stephanie L. Studenski, and Caterina L. Rosano. "COGNITIVE DECLINE ENHANCES VULNERABILITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF MOBILITY." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S413—S414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1541.

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Abstract Neighborhood and residential characteristics can potentially influence mobility of older adults but associations may differ based on cognitive function. We tested whether neighborhood and residential characteristics derived from audits of Google Streetview images were related to 4-year incident mobility disability and whether these associations differed by cognitive trajectories (maintainer vs decliner over 14 years). In 260 participants from the Health ABC (mean age=81.8 years, 57% female, 39% black), Cox proportional hazard models tested associations stratified by cognitive trajectory, adjusted for demographics. Mixed compared to residential land use was associated with greater risk of mobility disability among cognitive decliners (HR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.05-1.54) but not cognitive maintainers (HR=1.07, 95% CI: 0.90-1.28). Presence of slopes near the home and having a ramp at the home entrance were associated with lower mobility disability risk, again in decliners only. Lower cognitive function may increase vulnerability to poorer neighborhood and residential characteristics for mobility outcomes.

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17

Reinmann, Andrew B., Jessica R. Susser, Eleonora M. C. Demaria, and Pamela H. Templer. "Declines in northern forest tree growth following snowpack decline and soil freezing." Global Change Biology 25, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 420–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14420.

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18

Chamberlain, D. E., and G. M. Siriwardena. "The effects of agricultural intensification on Skylarks(Alauda arvensis): Evidence from monitoring studies in Great Britain." Environmental Reviews 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a00-007.

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Declines in a number of farmland bird species in northern Europe have been linked to agricultural intensification. In this paper, we review the evidence for the effects of agricultural intensification on farmland bird populations using monitoring studies on a single well-studied species, the Eurasian Skylark (Alauda arvensis). Between 1970 and 1998, the Skylark population declined by 44% and this decline was greatest on farmland compared to upland or coastal habitats, yet during that time, reproductive performance per individual nesting attempt improved significantly. Skylarks consistently prefer relatively sparse (spring cereals) or structurally complex (fallow "set-aside"') crops, particularly late in the breeding season when crops that are too tall or dense are abandoned. Outside the breeding season, cereal stubble is the most preferred foraging habitat. Intensification has been characterized by decreases in preferred crops (spring cereals and cereal stubble) and an increase in unfavourable habitats (winter cereals, oilseed rape, and intensively managed or grazed grass). Reduction in the number of breeding attempts due to rapid sward development of winter cereals and the lack of suitable alternative habitats is likely to have been an important factor in the Skylark decline. The decline may also have been driven by decreases in survival outside the breeding season. Management regimes that include spring cereals, cereal stubble, and low-intensity grazing are likely to increase Skylark abundance and will benefit a number of other farmland birds. This review highlights the great value of large-scale monitoring schemes in understanding population declines. However, the factors affecting the post-fledging survival of Skylarks and the effects of crop diversity on Skylark abundance remain to be resolved. Key words: agricultural management, cereals, habitat diversity, intensification, population trend, reproductive performance.

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19

Chase, Jo-Ana D., Alicia Lozano, Alexandra Hanlon, and Kathryn H. Bowles. "Identifying Factors Associated With Mobility Decline Among Hospitalized Older Adults." Clinical Nursing Research 27, no. 1 (November 8, 2016): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1054773816677063.

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Hospitalization can negatively affect mobility among older adults. Early detection of older patients most at risk for mobility decline can lead to early intervention and prevention of mobility loss. This study’s purpose was to identify factors from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health associated with mobility decline among hospitalized elders. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 959 hospitalized adults age 65 and older. We estimated the effects of health conditions and environmental and personal factors on mobility decline using logistic regression. Almost half of the sample declined in mobility function during hospitalization. Younger age, longer length of hospital stay, having a hearing impairment, and non-emergency admit type were associated with mobility decline, after adjusting for covariates. Findings may be used to develop an evidence-based, risk-determination tool for hospitalized elders. Future research should focus on individual, environmental, and policy-based interventions promoting physical activity in the hospital.

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20

Stanley, Erik. "Religious Conversion and the Decline of Environmental Ritual Narratives." Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 13, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 266–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.36277.

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21

Reed, Charles A. "Domestication: The Decline of Environmental Appreciation.Helmut Hemmer , Neil Beckhaus." Quarterly Review of Biology 66, no. 3 (September 1991): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/417293.

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22

Alger, Keith. "Human response to environmental decline at the forest frontier." Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy 2, no. 2 (October 2006): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2006.11907982.

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23

Schuyler, David. "Environmental Politics and the Decline of the Progressive Synthesis." Journal of Urban History 20, no. 2 (February 1994): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614429402000207.

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24

van Breemen, Nico. "Environmental science: Acidification and decline of Central European forests." Nature 315, no. 6014 (May 1985): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/315016a0.

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25

Chalmers, D. "Community Policy on Waste Management--Managing Environmental Decline Gently." Yearbook of European Law 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 257–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yel/14.1.257.

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26

Harrison, Adrian P., Ilenia Cattani, and Jean M. Turfa. "Metallurgy, environmental pollution and the decline of Etruscan civilisation." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-009-0141-5.

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27

Laing, John E., Robert A. Hackenberg, and Henry F. Magalit. "Whence the Decline?" Family Planning Perspectives 18, no. 5 (September 1986): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2134994.

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28

Newton, Alicia. "Arctic arch decline." Nature Climate Change 1, no. 1004 (March 18, 2010): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/climate.2010.21.

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29

Schlichting, Kara M. "The Decline of Nature." Environmental Ethics 33, no. 3 (2011): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics201133332.

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30

Bandyopadhyay, Sanghamitra, and Elliott Green. "Urbanization and mortality decline." Journal of Regional Science 58, no. 2 (January 5, 2018): 483–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jors.12375.

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31

Klein, Richard M. "Causation in forest decline." Environmental Science & Technology 22, no. 2 (February 1988): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00167a602.

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32

Collen, Ben, Louise McRae, Stefanie Deinet, Adriana De Palma, Tharsila Carranza, Natalie Cooper, Jonathan Loh, and Jonathan E. M. Baillie. "Predicting how populations decline to extinction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1577 (September 12, 2011): 2577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0015.

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Global species extinction typically represents the endpoint in a long sequence of population declines and local extinctions. In comparative studies of extinction risk of contemporary mammalian species, there appear to be some universal traits that may predispose taxa to an elevated risk of extinction. In local population-level studies, there are limited insights into the process of population decline and extinction. Moreover, there is still little appreciation of how local processes scale up to global patterns. Advancing the understanding of factors which predispose populations to rapid declines will benefit proactive conservation and may allow us to target at-risk populations as well as at-risk species. Here, we take mammalian population trend data from the largest repository of population abundance trends, and combine it with the PanTHERIA database on mammal traits to answer the question: what factors can be used to predict decline in mammalian abundance? We find in general that environmental variables are better determinants of cross-species population-level decline than intrinsic biological traits. For effective conservation, we must not only describe which species are at risk and why, but also prescribe ways to counteract this.

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33

Skelly, John M. "Forest decline versus tree decline-the pathological considerations." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 12, no. 1 (April 1989): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00396725.

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34

Zatoński, Mateusz, Aleksandra Herbeć, Witold Zatoński, Kinga Janik-Koncewicz, Pete Driezen, Tibor Demjén, Esteve Fernández, et al. "Cessation behaviours among smokers of menthol and flavoured cigarettes following the implementation of the EU Tobacco Products Directive: findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_3 (July 1, 2020): iii34—iii37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa050.

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Abstract The European Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) introduced a ban on characterizing flavours in cigarettes (2016), including menthol (2020). The longitudinal data analysis of the EUREST-PLUS International Tobacco Control (ITC) Project Europe Surveys (n = 16 534; Wave 1 in 2016 and Wave 2 in 2018) found significant but small declines in the weighted prevalence of menthol (by 0.94%; P = 0.041) and other flavoured cigarette use (by 1.32%; P < 0.001) following the 2016 TPD. The declines tended to be driven primarily by the menthol and flavoured cigarette (MFC) smokers switching to unflavoured tobacco. Cigarette consumption declined between waves, but there were no statistically significant difference in decline between MFC and unflavoured tobacco smokers on smoking and cessation behaviours between the waves.

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35

Amin, R., A. Ahmed, J. Chowdhury, M. Kabir, and R. Hill. "Recent evidence on trends and differentials in Bangladesh fertility: an update." Journal of Biosocial Science 26, no. 2 (April 1994): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200002126x.

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SummaryA comparison of contraceptive and fertility data for 1985–91 with data for 1983 shows that fertility has continued to decline in Bangladesh, in all segments of society. The magnitude of decline varied according to educational level, region and urban–rural locality. The percentage decline in total marital fertility rate was somewhat higher among urban than rural residents; educated women showed greater declines than uneducated, increas-ing the overall educational differences in total fertility by 1991. Factors contributing to the recent decline in fertility are discussed.

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36

Barnes, Trevor J. "Decline and fall?" Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50, no. 7 (June 7, 2018): 1496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18781087.

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37

Walsh, Ann T., Christine Domegan, and Declan J. Fleming. "Marketing's response to environmental decline and the call for sustainability." Social Business 2, no. 2 (July 30, 2012): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1362/204440812x13420905778838.

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38

Junker, Jessica, Stephen Blake, Christophe Boesch, Geneviève Campbell, Louwrens du Toit, Chris Duvall, Atanga Ekobo, et al. "Recent decline in suitable environmental conditions for African great apes." Diversity and Distributions 18, no. 11 (September 23, 2012): 1077–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12005.

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39

Ramburan, S., T. Wettergreen, S. D. Berry, and B. Shongwe. "Genetic, environmental and management contributions to ratoon decline in sugarcane." Field Crops Research 146 (May 2013): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.03.011.

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40

Gilliland, Ted E., James N. Sanchirico, and J. Edward Taylor. "An integrated bioeconomic local economy-wide assessment of the environmental impacts of poverty programs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 14 (March 15, 2019): 6737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816093116.

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A new generation of poverty programs around the globe provides cash payments to poor and vulnerable households. Studies show that these social cash transfer programs create income and welfare benefits for poor households and the local economies where they live. However, this may come at the cost of damaging local environments if cash payments stimulate food production that conflicts with natural resource conservation. Evaluations of the economic impacts of poverty programs do not account for the welfare consequences of environmental impacts, which are potentially large for poor communities closely tied to natural resources. We use an ex-ante policy simulation tool, a bioeconomic local computable general equilibrium model parameterized with microsurvey data, to analyze the expected welfare consequences of environmental degradation caused by a cash transfer program. For a Philippine fishing community that is a net importer of fish, we show that a government cash transfer program initially increases real incomes for all households. However, increased demand for fish leads to a decline in the local fish stock that reduces program benefits. Household groups experience declines in real income benefits of 2–63%, with fishing households suffering the largest declines. Impacts on local fish stocks depend on the extent to which markets link fishing communities to outside regions through trade. Greater market integration can mitigate the fish stock decline, but this reduces the local income benefits of cash transfers.

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41

Wei, Yu-Chen, and Carol Yeh-Yun Lin. "Intangible assets and decline: a population ecology perspective." Journal of Management & Organization 21, no. 6 (February 5, 2015): 755–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2014.83.

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AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of environmental pressure, human capital, and social capital on organizational effectiveness and decline using a population ecology perspective. Panel data with 1,553 observations from 398 companies spanning 4 years in Taiwan were used for analyses. Research results indicate that several environmental pressure indicators significantly affect organization effectiveness and decline. Although human capital and social capital did not predict our outcome variables, human capital plays a moderating role in explaining the variation of the relationship between environmental pressure and organizational effectiveness. This paper provides a new perspective that suggests that organizations should accumulate intangible assets to resist the threat of external environmental pressure. The leading consumer electronics company Samsung is a good example supporting our argument that investment in human capital can produce commercial benefits, especially in tough economic times.

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42

Beauregard, Robert A. "Representing Urban Decline." Urban Affairs Quarterly 29, no. 2 (December 1993): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004208169302900201.

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43

McLaughlin, Dave. "A decade of forest tree monitoring in Canada: evidence of air pollution effects." Environmental Reviews 6, no. 3-4 (September 1, 1998): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a98-008.

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In Canada, the eastern tolerant hardwood forest is potentially at risk from air pollution. Surveys indicate that, overall, the condition of hardwood forests has either not changed or has marginally improved. However, stands growing on shallow, poorly buffered soils have a higher frequency and severity of decline symptoms, and some of these stands have continued to decline, in contrast to the general trend. In Ontario on the most sensitive sites (<6 mequiv. exchangeable bases/100 g), decline symptoms increased coinciding with a decrease in B horizon pH and base saturation and with an exchangeable Al increase. On these sites the chemical analysis of foliage, root, xylem, and soils indicate that nutrient deficiencies, nutrient imbalances, or metal/nutrient antagonism are related to stand decline. There is a consistent spatial relationship between white birch decline in the Bay of Fundy area and acidic sea fog. Acid fog injures and leaches foliage and hastens soil acidification, leaving the stands weakened and making them more sensitive to stress, particularly drought. Some recent studies suggest that forest growth rates are declining and that the relationship with climate has deteriorated, implying that the forests are responding to a regional, nonclimatic, nonpathogenic stress. This could be a response to altered forest nutrient cycling associated with acidic deposition and chronic O3 exposure. A study of sugar maple in Ontario estimated that after the mid-1960s growth has declined between 0.66 and 0.96 m3·ha-1·year-1, and that the decline was greatest on poorly buffered soils. Without enhanced forest management and more stringent air pollution regulations, the sustainability of forest productivity in Eastern Canada is likely to be difficult because of air pollution and soil fertility losses.Key words: dendroecology, acid deposition, ozone, forest decline, sugar maple, climate change.

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Soliva, Reto. "Agricultural Decline, Landscape Change, and Outmigration." Mountain Research and Development 27, no. 2 (May 2007): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd.0907.

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45

Weiskel, Timothy C., and Richard A. Gray. "He Anthropology of Environmental Decline: Part 3 Post‐War Africa: A case study of underdevelopment and Ecological decline." Reference Services Review 18, no. 4 (April 1990): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb049104.

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46

Kulla, L., and R. Marušák. "Environmental risk assessment based on semi-quantitative analysis of forest management data." Journal of Forest Science 57, No. 3 (March 21, 2011): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/35/2010-jfs.

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The paper deals with environmental risk assessment in prevailingly unnatural spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) forests in three regions with different patterns of forest damage in the Slovak part of the West Carpathians. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of 7 site-related, 5 stand-related and 2 anthropogenic factors on the probability that critical forest damage will occur. The results show that regression models can describe cause-effect relationships in regions with different regimes of forest decline. Stand age, proportion of spruce, and distance from the focus of biotic agent activity predicted decline in two regions with generally lower elevation in northern Slovakia (Kysuce and Orava). In a mountain region (Low Tatras), the importance of factors contributing to the static stability of trees and position towards dangerous winds increased significantly. The quality of the derived models and prospects for their usefulness in risk assessment are discussed.

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D'Amen, Manuela, Biancamaria Pietrangeli, and Marco A. Bologna. "Human-provoked amphibian decline in central Italy and the efficacy of protected areas." Wildlife Research 37, no. 7 (2010): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr09167.

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Context Today, more than 32% of amphibian species are threatened and more than 43% face a steep decline in numbers. Most species are being affected simultaneously by multiple stressors and habitat protection is often inadequate to prevent declines. Aims The main goal of the present research was to understand the consequences of alternative human land use in producing landscape disturbance for amphibians. At the same time, we also evaluated the effect of changing climatic conditions as additional potential drivers of population decline. Another goal was to determine whether and to what extent the existing nature reserves have been effective in protecting species in recent decades. Methods We used generalised additive models (GAMs) to investigate the association between the state (stable/decline) of amphibian populations in 5 × 5 km cells in central Italy and proxies of different typology of anthropogenic stressors, climatic variables and protection measures. Key results We found a significant association between anthropogenic landscape modifications and species decline. This negative relationship was revealed with agricultural predictors for the majority of the species, whereas urban fabrics had a slightly smaller impact. We found significant associations between amphibian declines and climatic variation, particularly the increasing number of dry days. Protected areas protected declines of two species only. Conclusions Our results showed that the status of amphibians in this region warrants greater attention than has been given previously. The detrimental effect of agricultural practices, combined with increasing aridity, makes amphibian populations particularly susceptible to extinction, and the conservation measures applied till now are inadequate for species protection in this region. Implications Our results should stimulate the implementation of environmental policies that focus not only on the protection of single habitats, but also on ensuring the environmental quality of the surrounding landscapes. Moreover, an adaptive management approach should be applied to take into account future modification of hydrology and climate.

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Tian, Fei, Yonghui Yang, and Shumin Han. "Using runoff slope-break to determine dominate factors of runoff decline in Hutuo River Basin, North China." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 8 (October 1, 2009): 2135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.578.

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Water resources in North China have declined sharply in recent years. Low runoff (especially in the mountain areas) has been identified as the main factor. Hutuo River Basin (HRB), a typical up-stream basin in North China with two subcatchments (Ye and Hutuo River Catchments), was investigated in this study. Mann-Kendall test was used to determine the general trend of precipitation and runoff for 1960–1999. Then Sequential Mann-Kendall test was used to establish runoff slope-break from which the beginning point of sharp decline in runoff was determined. Finally, regression analysis was done to illustrate runoff decline via comparison of precipitation-runoff correlation for the period prior to and after sharp runoff decline. This was further verified by analysis of rainy season peak runoff flows. The results are as follows: (1) annual runoff decline in the basin is significant while that of precipitation is insignificant at α=0.05 confidence level; (2) sharp decline in runoff in Ye River Catchment (YRC) occurred in 1968 while that in Hutuo River Catchment (HRC) occurred in 1978; (3) based on the regression analysis, human activity has the highest impact on runoff decline in the basin. As runoff slope-breaks in both Catchments strongly coincided with increase in agricultural activity, agricultural water use is considered the dominate factor of runoff decline in the study area.

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Brown, Alastair. "Bee-line for decline." Nature Climate Change 8, no. 8 (July 30, 2018): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0249-z.

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Motohiro, Atsushi, Takafumi Abe, Kenta Okuyama, Keiichi Onoda, Tomoko Ito, Minoru Isomura, Toru Nabika, and Shunichi Kumakura. "Environmental Factors Affecting Cognitive Function among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 8528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168528.

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Although neighborhood environmental factors have been found to be associated with cognitive decline, few longitudinal studies have focused on their effect on older adults living in rural areas. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the role of neighborhood environmental factors in cognitive decline among rural older adults. The data of 485 older adults aged ≥60 years who were living in Unnan City in Japan and had participated in two surveys conducted between 2014 and 2018 were analyzed. Cognitive function was assessed using the Cognitive Assessment for Dementia, iPad version 2. Elevation, hilliness, residential density, and proximity to a community center were determined using geographic information system. We applied a generalized estimating equation with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cognitive decline in the quartiles of neighborhood environmental factors. A total of 56 (11.6%) participants demonstrated a decrease in cognitive function at follow up. Elevation (adjusted OR 2.58, 95% CI (1.39, 4.77) for Q4 vs. Q1) and hilliness (adjusted OR 1.93, 95% CI (1.03, 3.63) for Q4 vs. Q1) were associated with a higher likelihood of cognitive decline. The second quartiles of residential density showed significantly lower likelihoods of cognitive decline compared with the first quartiles (adjusted OR 0.36, 95% CI (0.19, 0.71) for Q2 vs. Q1). Thus, an elevated hilly environment and residential density predicted cognitive decline among rural older adults.

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