Дисертації: "Environmental aspects of aeronautics"

1

May, Murray, University of Western Sydney, of Arts Education and Social Sciences College, and School of Social Ecology and Lifelong Learning. "Unpacking aviation futures : an ecological perspective on consumption, sustainability and air transport." THESIS_CAESS_SELL_May_M.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/645.

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This inquiry examines aviation futures, within the broad context of sustainable consumption and ecological sustainability. Increasing mobility and rapid growth of road and air transport have been identified as key consumption issues, especially in relation to calls for deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Economics and globalisation concerns have dominated recent academic studies of air transport. There is a growing critique, however, of growth-based aviation futures on a range of ecological, resource, security and health grounds. This inquiry adds to that critique. Its primary research aim is to identify and articulate visions and policies for aviation futures within an ecological framework. Analysis of relevant literatures, including those on sustainable consumption, transport and tourism, is complemented by an analysis of aviation and tourism growth trends worldwide, with specific reference to Asia-Pacific and Australian data. A case study of the privatisation and expansion of Canberra International Airport in the Australian Capital Territory is used to provide a global-local link and to address the airport aspects of aviation. The range of visions and policy measures are finally considered within broad consciousness and frameworks strategies for the transition to sustainability. An important conclusion is the strong need for independent institutions such as policy bodies and think tanks - working in conjunction with community groups- to develop and promote policy discourses and futures visions that challenge the prevailing hegemony of the business-political nexus. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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2

De, Serres Martine. "Environmental policymaking for air transportation : toward an emissions trading system." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112600.

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Aviation is at a turning point. Considerable improvements in aircraft emissions efficiencies are expected through technological improvements, air traffic management, and managerial strategies. But global demand for air travel is increasing at an even faster rate. Mostly for political reasons, aviation has been left behind in international efforts to tackle climate change. However, increasing pressure is on the industry for immediate action, thus making further delays impossible. This thesis is an attempt to determine the best possible course of action for the industry. To this end, it begins by assessing contemporary understanding of aviation's impact on the environment, and provides an overview of efforts being made toward reducing aircraft emissions. It then examines various policymaking tools available to best address the issue, concluding with an emissions trading system. Finally, design characteristics of such a system are suggested, and used to provide an analysis of the European attempt to include aviation into its own emissions trading system.

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3

Thomas, Peter W. 1969. "The effects of low-level flying military aircraft on the reproductive output of osprey in Labrador and northeastern Québec /." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21654.

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The objective of this study was to determine whether low-level flying military aircraft affected the reproductive success of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), and if so, to determine the optimal avoidance distance to minimize these effects. I studied 49 nests in 1995, and 68 nests in 1996 within the military low-level flying zone. Nest occupancy, clutch size, number of hatchlings, and number of young at 41 days of age were assessed at each nest. GIS flight track records provided frequency of aircraft at given distances and altitudes from the nest. Logistic regression analysis assessed the impact of flight frequency in four distance categories and four altitude categories on Osprey reproduction. The frequency of flights within each category were not accurate predictors of Osprey reproductive output. Nests were then randomly assigned to a buffer-zone radius of either 0, 1.85, 3.7, or to a control of 7.4 km, and reproductive output was compared among treatments, and between years. No significant differences were discovered among the reproductive parameters within either 1995 or 1996, but reproductive output was significantly higher in 1995, likely due to adverse weather conditions experienced in 1996.

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4

Anger-Kraavi, Annela. "Emissions trading for regulating climate change impacts of aviation : a case study of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610211.

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5

May, Murray. "Unpacking aviation futures : an ecological perspective on consumption, sustainability and air transport." Thesis, View thesis, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/645.

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Анотація:

This inquiry examines aviation futures, within the broad context of sustainable consumption and ecological sustainability. Increasing mobility and rapid growth of road and air transport have been identified as key consumption issues, especially in relation to calls for deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Economics and globalisation concerns have dominated recent academic studies of air transport. There is a growing critique, however, of growth-based aviation futures on a range of ecological, resource, security and health grounds. This inquiry adds to that critique. Its primary research aim is to identify and articulate visions and policies for aviation futures within an ecological framework. Analysis of relevant literatures, including those on sustainable consumption, transport and tourism, is complemented by an analysis of aviation and tourism growth trends worldwide, with specific reference to Asia-Pacific and Australian data. A case study of the privatisation and expansion of Canberra International Airport in the Australian Capital Territory is used to provide a global-local link and to address the airport aspects of aviation. The range of visions and policy measures are finally considered within broad consciousness and frameworks strategies for the transition to sustainability. An important conclusion is the strong need for independent institutions such as policy bodies and think tanks - working in conjunction with community groups- to develop and promote policy discourses and futures visions that challenge the prevailing hegemony of the business-political nexus.

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6

Harris, Jemma M. "Testing a mechanism for the assessment of operators' cognitive skills in advanced technology environments." Thesis, View thesis, 2009. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/46219.

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Early childhood curriculum is limited when early multiliteracies are insufficiently understood. The purpose of this doctorate is to investigate and document children’s early multiliteracies. Children actively learn multiliteracies, including critical dialogue, through their relationships and interactions within family and community. My goal is to influence early childhood policy-makers and educators to reconceptualise early multiliteracies through examining family practices, children’s agency and critical dialogue, subsequently strengthening pedagogical practice. This reconceptualisation is crucial to ensure engaging curriculum and equitable multiliteracies learning opportunities for all children. The challenge lies in deepening the integration of these distinctive themes within a broad curriculum. Papers contained in this portfolio examine young children’s multiliteracies, at home and in educational settings from theoretical, practice and philosophical perspectives. They present findings from four research projects which respectively focus on early literacy and social justice, internet services, play and literacy, and critical dialogue. These projects primarily draw on qualitative strategies of inquiry located within the constructivist-interpretative paradigm. Three projects involved participants from largely metropolitan and coastal New South Wales in Australia, whilst one took a national perspective by engaging a small number of participants across Australia. My research strategies emerging from an educational ethnographic stance included grounded theory, case study and practitioner research. Methods of collecting and analysing evidence drew on literature, observations, individual and group interviews, focus groups and artifacts. The portfolio brings together the major themes of family practices, children’s agency and critical dialogue. My papers argue for educators and policy makers to reconceptualise early multiliteracies from children’s lived experiences, to strengthen relationships with families and so expand possibilities for all children’s multiliteracies learning and critical dialogue, especially enabling children to critique their social worlds. This portfolio comprises an Introduction, an Overarching Statement, a Record of Research Participation, Evidence of Scholarly Activity containing 11 portfolio papers and Appendices and References. The Overarching Statement outlines themes within this doctorate in relation to literature and examines the directions which shape the portfolio papers. Next this statement identifies and rationalises the four research projects and research events. The strategies of inquiry as well as methods of collecting and analysing evidence are then explained. Next, the contribution of the research projects towards my personal and professional development, and the field of scholarship are given. Finally my future directions are outlined.

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7

Baldock, Geoffrey Clive. "Some legal aspects of an." University of Western Australia. Law School, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0119.

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[Truncated abstract] “Open Skies” is the term given to a relatively recent (1992) policy initiative of the United States in its pursuit of the deregulation of international air transportation. It represents the latest in a long line of similar initiatives which the U.S. has been pursuing almost since the inception of the aviation industry. Essentially “Open Skies” is little more than a specific type of bilateral aviation agreement between two nations (and often between more than two nations) which typically provides for open entry on routes, unrestricted capacity and frequency on routes, and unrestricted air traffic rights. The significance of Open Skies agreements is that they appear to encapsulate general world-wide trends towards open economies characterised by a minimum of government interference and a maximum reliance on market forces to allocate scarce resources ... Australia however is not one of the nations seeking to become a party to such an agreement with the U.S. despite attempts by that nation to persuade Australia to do so and the question is: Can or should Australia resist attempts by the United States to bring it within the expanding umbrella of Open Skies, or are there other practical alternatives open to Australia? After examining the history of the development of Open Skies agreements and their international legal foundation, this thesis argues that there are strong considerations of policy and economics why Australia should embrace Open Skies initially at least on a regional basis centred in the Asia Pacific region, rather than with the United States. Implicit in that proposal is the fact that in terms of its constitutional and legal system, Australia has the legal capacity to enter into Open Skies agreements. The parties to such a regional Open Skies agreement might at a later date choose to enter into a multilateral Open Skies agreement with the United States, if economic and political conditions are suitable for them to do so. On the assumption that a form of Open Skies policy will eventually be adopted by Australia this thesis examines the constitutional and domestic legal regulatory framework for aviation within Australia, and the changes if any which would be required to it, if Australia was to embrace such a policy.

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8

Barcellos, João Alfredo. "Aeroporto e meio urbano: uma análise das legislações aeronáutica e urbanística em relação aos municípios de Campinas e Ribeirão Preto." reponame:Repositório Institucional do BNDES, 2001. https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/handle/1408/10334.

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O trabalho busca conhecer a forma como Campinas e Ribeirão Preto trataram o aeroporto em suas legislações municipais. Visa a proposição de medidas que possam minimizar as interferências do aeroporto no seu entorno. Avalia o processo de desenvolvimento da legislação aeronáutica, do aeroporto e seus impactos no meio urbano e do urbanismo, no país e no exterior. Aponta para a incompreensão, por parte dos municípios estudados, em relação às especificidades do aeroporto, bem como a não incorporação da legislação aeronáutica nos seus processos de planejamento urbano. Sugere um aprimoramento técnico dos profissionais que atuam nas prefeituras, a incorporação na legislação aeronáutica de medidas compensatórias dos impactos gerados pelo aeroporto, bem como a constituição de comissões para o gerenciamento das interferências entre o aeroporto e o município. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Campinas, 2001. Bibliografia: p. 100-113. Inclui notas de rodapé.

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9

Leloudas, Georgios. "Legal aspects of aviation risk management." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80937.

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The thesis in the first part examines the notion of risk and describes the process of risk management with emphasis on the identification of emerging threats to civil aviation and on the adoption of new risk handling techniques. In the second part, the role of law into the airlines' management regime is examined especially in the light of two prima facie conflicting trends: liberalization of market access and increased State involvement in war risk, safety and security issues. Furthermore, the contractual and tortious/delictual exposures of airlines are being scrutinized and the ways to handle them are being analyzed. The main objectives are (i) to demonstrate that risk management is not restricted to insurance, but involves a number of techniques and procedures that have the potential not only to minimize risk but also to turn risk into opportunity and value and (ii) to identify the role of law as a management tool in the oncoming liberalized aviation environment.

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10

Mahashabde, Anuja (Anuja Anil). "Assessing environmental benefits and economic costs of aviation environmental policy measures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62967.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-169). Despite the recent global economic downturn, longer term growth is anticipated for aviation with an increasing environmental impact, specifically in the areas of noise, air quality, and climate change. To ensure sustainable growth for aviation, decision-makers and stake-holders need to be armed with information on balancing environmental and economic interests. The main objective of this thesis is to address key shortcomings in current decision-making practices for aviation environmental policies. This work demonstrates how the inclusion of environmental impact assessment and quantification of modeling uncertainties can enable a more comprehensive evaluation of aviation environmental policy measures. A comparison is presented between the conventional cost-effectiveness analysis and an illustrative cost-benefit analysis focused on assessing a subset of the engine NO, emissions certification stringency options under consideration for the upcoming eighth meeting of the International Civil Aviation Organization's Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection. The Aviation environmental Portfolio Management Tool (APMT) is employed to conduct the aforementioned policy assessments. Monte Carlo methods are adopted to explicitly quantify uncertainties in the modeling process. To enable the aviation climate impact assessment required by the policy analysis, a separate component of this work focuses on advancing the climate impact modeling capabilities within APMT. Major contributions towards assessing aviation climate impacts in APMT include: improved characterization of uncertainty for NO1-related effects and for aviation climate damages, introduction of a reduced-order methodology for assessing climate impacts of methane emissions from the processing of alternative jet fuels, and comparison and validation of APMT results with external sources. This work also discusses the importance of uncertainty assessment for understanding the sensitivity of policy analysis outcomes to input and model parameter variability and identifying areas of future work. An uncertainty analysis for the APMT Climate Module is presented. Radiative forcing from short-lived effects, climate sensitivity, damage function, and discount rate are identified to be the model parameters with the greatest contribution to output variability for the Climate Module for any given aviation scenario. Key contributors to uncertainty in the difference between policy and baseline scenarios are determined by the nature of the policy. For the NO, stringency analysis, the NO. radiative forcing and associated efficacies are significant contributors to uncertainty in analysis outcomes. Information based on model uncertainty assessment is also used for distilling and communicating key analysis results to the relevant stake-holders and policy-makers through the development of the lens concept. The lens, defined as a combination of inputs and model parameters representing a particular perspective for conducting policy analysis, is applied in conducting the engine NO, stringency policy assessment. by Anuja Mahashabde. Ph.D.

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11

Geoffroy, Marion. "La securite du transport aerien europeen : aspects institutionnels et juridiques." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33064.

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Recently, air transportation has been increasing considerably. If that trend continues, there could be a major accident once a week by the year 2010. European States first joined their aviation policies for geographical and economical reasons. To that end, following the American deregulation, they started liberalizing their air transport. Today, they also work on the safety aspects of this activity. Together with the European Community and the DGCA's, three organisations have a relevant function in the regulation of safety: they help States to coordinate new preventive actions. Furthermore, in order to unify the measures that are currently implemented, a discussion on a single European aviation safety authority has been raised in the last few years. In the course of this thesis, the above-mentioned topics will be studied, whereby a preliminary chapter will focus on the origin of the unification of European air transport and the liberalization aspects, and the three following chapters will review the institutional and legal aspects of the safety of European air transport.

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12

Spindler, Phillip Michael. "Environmental Design Space model assessment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39710.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-86). The Environmental Design Space (EDS) is a multi-disciplinary design tool used to explore trade-offs among aircraft fuel burn, emissions, and noise. This thesis uses multiple metrics to assess an EDS model of a Boeing 777 aircraft. Starting from a detailed description of the EDS framework, a description of EDS model creation is outlined. The aircraft and engine model is assessed by a comparison to an industry-developed model and changes to the EDS model are explored to improve the model's predictive ability. The model is assessed by sensitivity studies on the inputs, component performance maps, and constraints. An alternate method of applying additional constraints to EDS results is also investigated. Finally, the model uncertainty is quantified using Monte Carlo simulations. This includes a study where all the inputs are varied and a study which investigates the implications of model uncertainty on trade study results. The comparison to the industry model shows that optimization around three design points is required to develop a model of acceptable accuracy. (cont.) The input sensitivity study shows that there are only a few key drivers to the EDS model, but the direction of the trends with some of these variables is counterintuitive due to the typical practice constraint of holding the aircraft thrust to weight ratio constant. The constraint sensitivity study reveals there are only a handful of constraints implemented in EDS and the current method for applying additional constraints can increase the resultant errors due to the response surfaces generated. The uncertainty studies reveal the implications of attempting to correct cases which would otherwise fail and how fixes can skew results and increase uncertainty. Finally, the trade study uncertainty analysis shows that EDS is capable of answering questions with higher confidence than one would assume from the results of the input uncertainty study since the uncertainty due to variables which are not changing in a trade study are not significant. by Phillip Michael Spindler. S.M.

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13

Reynante, Brandon M. "Probabilistic aspects of progressive damage in composite structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68410.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 261-272). The effects and importance of incorporating probabilistic aspects of the progression of damage in the analysis of composite structures are assessed. Two specific cases of graphite/epoxy with centrally-located holes are considered: a [0/90/±45], laminate subjected to equal biaxial tension, and a [±15/0],, laminate subjected to uniaxial tension. The variation in the basic composite material strength values are used with the maximum stress criteria to assess the probability of occurrence of various damage modes by evaluating the cumulative distribution functions of the corresponding material strength parameters at various locations in the structure for a given state of damage and applied load. An average stress approach is used in assessing the occurrence of both in-plane damage and delamination. Two-dimensional and threedimensional finite element models are used to obtain stress fields. In-plane damage is simulated by setting in-plane elastic constants of damaged elements effectively to zero. Out-of-plane damage is simulated by setting out-of-plane elastic constants of elements in adjacent plies effectively to zero. The results demonstrate that consideration of probabilistic characteristics of damage progression allows for the possibility of many different damage progression scenarios for a single laminate configuration, including the possibility of damage initiation and propagation via different damage modes (both in-plane and out-of-plane, as well as coupling between the two) and in numerous different geometric locations. Four key items that affect the probabilistic progressive damage behavior of the structure are identified: the particular details of the material strength distributions, the redistribution of stresses caused by the occurrence of damage, the damage history of the laminate including the modes and locations of all previous damage, and the nonlinear nature of failure probability as a function of stress. Recommendations are given to address some key issues in expanding the work. These include nonsymmetry of damage initiation and progression, use of strain energy release rate in assessing delamination, use of various material property degradation models to simulate damage, and consideration of probabilistic aspects of other material properties. by Brandon M. Reynante. S.M.

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14

Wolfe, Philip J. (Philip James). "Aviation environmental policy and issues of timescale." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101493.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 203-219). Every operational, technological, and policy decision affecting aviation represents a potential tradeoff among economic efficiency and impacts to climate, air quality, and community noise. Furthermore, effects in these domains occur over different temporal and spatial scales and with different aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty. Thus, robust, fast, and flexible tools that value these impacts on a common scale such as monetized changes in net welfare are needed along with methodologically sound and appropriate analysis frameworks to inform decisionmaking. The objectives of this thesis are threefold: 1) to advance the modeling tools used to calculate and value aviation's impact on the environment; 2) to analyze realworld aviation environmental policies and advance policy decision-making support; and 3) to explore the underlying issues of timescales in policy modeling, to develop and make explicit the treatment of these timescales, and thereby to improve policy support best-practices. In support of the first objective, a model is presented for calculating the health impacts of aviation noise, particularly hypertension, myocardial infarction, and stroke to complement current modeling approaches of the willingness-to-pay for noise abatement. Also, advances are made to an existing simplified climate model for aviation by improving the representation of uncertainty, updating modeling components for both long- and short-lived forcing agents, and developing a module to consistently model the life-cycle impacts of alternative fuels. Finally, a method for modeling the social costs of aviation lead emissions is developed. In support of the second thesis objective, three policy case studies are presented: aircraft noise certification, residential soundproofing and land acquisition, and general aviation lead emissions. The costs and benefits of different policies are evaluated for each case. Results are calculated with explicit accounting for scientific, modeling, and economic uncertainty and are presented considering a range of policy-maker preferences for near- or long-term benefits. The thesis finds that aircraft certification stringency increases up to -5 dB from prior noise limits are cost-beneficial for all discount rates and for the entire range of scientific and economic assumptions and that a -7 dB stringency is cost beneficial when environmental costs are high or are discounted at a lower rate than market costs. The benefits of these policies are less than $5 billion USD over the lifetime of the policy. Further, this thesis finds that noise impacts on health cause an additional 40%-60% of welfare damages compared to considering annoyance costs alone. Noise insulation projects for homes in the vicinity of an airport are found to be on average cost beneficial only when aircraft related noise levels are above 75dB Day-Night Level, and that residential land acquisition projects are not cost-beneficial when considering environmental benefits alone. Finally, the work estimates the average environmental cost of leaded fuel emissions from general aviation at $1.06 billion USD per annum, with the environmental costs of aviation lead being sensitive to background atmospheric lead concentrations. To support the third thesis objective, a framework is introduced for explicitly considering appropriate timescales in environmental policy analysis. This thesis identifies a modeling framework consisting of three timescales: the policy influence period, the environmental lifetime, and valuation timescale. Focusing on the policy influence period, this framework is tested using the noise stringency certification policy as a test case. Failure to account for the full policy lifetime leads to an undercounting of environmental benefits. Furthermore, not considering the full timescale of policy costs or the impact of exogenous technological improvement on cost projections can impact the apparent appropriateness of a potential policy. In the case of noise stringency certification, a -7 EPNdB stringency increase appears to have net costs when a static policy time period from 2006 to 2036 is considered, but is cost beneficial over a more appropriate timescale that covers the full costs and benefits of the policy. by Philip J. Wolfe. Ph. D.

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15

Gilmore, Christopher K. (Christopher Kenneth). "Benefit-cost assessment of aviation environmental policies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76166.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-105). This thesis aids in the development of a framework in which to conduct global benefit-cost assessments of aviation policies. Current policy analysis tools, such as the aviation environmental portfolio management tool (APMT), only consider climate and air quality impacts derived from aircraft emissions within the US. In addition, only landing and takeoff (LTO) emissions are considered. Barrett et al., however, has shown that aircraft cruise emissions have a significant impact on ground-level air quality. Given the time-scale and atmospheric lifetimes of species derived from aircraft emissions at these higher altitudes, a global framework for assessment is required. This thesis specifically investigates the global as well as regional implementation of an ultra-low sulfur jet fuel (ULSJ). The expected result from this policy is a reduction in aircraft SOx emissions, which in turn would reduce the atmospheric burden of primary and secondary sulfate aerosols. Sulfate aerosols have both climate and air quality impacts as they reflect incoming solar radiation (and thus provide atmospheric cooling) and are a type of ground-level pollutant that have generally been correlated to premature mortalities resulting from cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. Benefit-cost techniques are applied in this analysis. The framework developed within this thesis includes the ability to calculate expected avoided premature mortalities outside of the US. In addition, a monetization approach is used in which different values of statistical lives (VSLs) are applied depending on the country in which a premature mortality occurs. Also, the economic impact of increased fuel processing to reduce the FSC is estimated. This analysis is performed using Monte Carlo techniques to capture uncertainty, and a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is utilized to determine the primary sources of uncertainty. The benefit-cost analysis results show that for US and global implementation, there is -80% chance of ULSJ implementation having a not cost beneficial outcome when climate, air quality, and economic impacts are included. On average, however, the air quality benefits do exceed the climate disbenefits. In addition, the GSA reveals that the largest contributor to the uncertainty in this analysis is the assumed US VSL distribution, where approximately 60% of the variance in the final output distribution can be attributed to this uncertainty. In addition, a fast policy tool approach is investigated using sensitivity values calculated from an adjoint model built-in to the global chemical transport model (GCTM) used for the atmospheric modeling within this analysis. From this fast policy tool, first order estimates of the impact of ULSJ on premature mortality are calculated. by Christopher K. Gilmore. S.M.

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16

De, Waal Louise Christina. "Environmental aspects of river management." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247784.

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This work consists of two distinct and separate sections with differing aims and outcomes. Section A is the critical review, which provides a context for the published work presented in Section B. Section A, the critical review, summarises the current literature in the subject area of environmental aspects of river management and sets the research portfolio in context. The physical landscape has been increasingly influenced by a variety of economic and social changes in recent history. During these approximately 6,000 years, human impact on river systems has been substantial and widespread. The environmental changes, that have stressed river systems, have also damaged their value for both human use and environmental functions. Some of these stresses include changes in water quality and quantity, morphological modifications of the channel and/or floodplain, decline of native species and the introduction of alien species. This has led to changes in current river management philosophy, issues and techniques. Section n, the research portfolio of published work submitted as part of this thesis, focuses on the management of some aspects of environmental change within river systems, particularly problems relating to river rehabilitation and the introduction of invasive riparian plant species. Each published paper has its own individual abstract, summarising the key finding of the research. The research portfolio can be divided into three broad sections. The first section, the main published work, includes those papers approved by the University Research Committee as part of the Registration for the degree of PhD by Published Work in May 2000. These papers form the key part of the thesis. They are introduced in the critical review in the blue text boxes, in order of significance to the text discussed and not in chronological order. They are presented in full in the appendices (numbers as shown below) printed on light blue paper. The next section relates to additional relevant published work. These papers are also submitted as part of this thesis, but are considered to be secondary as a result of their date of publication, i.e. prior to 1995. In order to distinguish these papers clearly from the key papers, they are introduced in the critical review in green text boxes and presented in full in the appendices (numbers as shown below), printed on light green paper. The candidate's approximate contribution and the nature of this contribution to each joint paper have been indicated as a percentage and are shown on the title page of each appendix. The third part is other supporting material and is referred to in the critical review through inclusion of orange-brown text boxes. Since these publications consist mainly of consultancy reports and edited books, they are NOT submitted as part of this thesis and are not presented in full in the appendices. If necessary, this material can be made available to the internal and/or external examiners before or during the viva.

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17

Harding, Andrew W. "Environmental aspects of coal combustion." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360331.

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18

Батальцев, Євген Володимирович, Евгений Владимирович Батальцев, and Yevhen Volodymyrovych Bataltsev. "Environmental aspects of coal gasification." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33522.

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Consumption of solid fuels increases with the development of industry. Working with them is more difficult in terms of hardware and technical supply than with gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons. In addition, coal mining, its transportation, drying, grinding and burning in boilers, accompanied by the formation of solid waste (ash and slag) and significant air emissions of oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur are taken into account. This requires the creation of new technology of solid fuels using to reduce the anthropogenic impact on the environment. This technology is called coal gasification. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33522

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Loshak, O., and K. Bondarenko. "Economic aspects in environmental education." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8543.

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20

Мельник, Леонід Григорович, Леонид Григорьевич Мельник, Leonid Hryhorovych Melnyk, and T. V. Ivashchenko. "Some aspects of environmental risk." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/22966.

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21

Withers, Mitch Russell. "Environmental and economic assessment of alternative transportation fuels." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90808.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 56-63). Alternative fuels have the potential to mitigate transportation's impact on the environment and enhance energy security. In this work, we investigate two alternative fuels: liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an aviation fuel, and middle distillate fuel derived from woody biomass for use in aviation or road transport. The use of LNG as a supplemental aircraft fuel is considered in the context of the Lockheed Martin C- 1 30H and C-130J transport aircraft. We estimate the cost of retrofitting these aircraft to use LNG and the savings from reduced fuel expenses. We evaluate the societal impacts of LNG within a cost-benefit framework, taking into account resource consumption, human health impacts related to air quality, and climate damage. We find that aircraft operators can save up to 14% on fuel expenses (retrofit costs included) by employing LNG retrofits, with a 95% confidence interval of 2-23%. Society can also benefit by 12% (3-20%) from LNG use as a result of improved surface air quality, lower resource consumption, and climate neutrality relative to conventional fuel. These results are highly dependent on fuel prices, the quantity and cost of the LNG retrofits, and the frequency and length of missions. Woody biomass harvested from old-growth forests produces a large carbon debt when used as a feedstock for transportation fuel. Managed forests are an attractive alternative for inexpensive biomass production with the potential to reduce this carbon debt. We study the effect of forest management practices on the carbon debt payback time resulting from harvesting woody biomass from managed forests for middle distillate fuel production. We also calculate the breakeven time in terms of radiative forcing, temperature change, and economic damages. We find that biofuels produced over a period of 30 years have higher CO 2 emissions than fossil fuels for 59 years, higher radiative forcing for 42 years, higher temperature change for 48 years, and higher cumulative discounted (1-2%) economic damages for more than 100 years. These damages never break even at discount rates above 2%. Payback times can be reduced by increasing the age at which biomass is harvested. When biofuel production is sustained indefinitely, greater climate benefits are achieved over the next 100 years by instead producing long-lived wood products like lumber. by Mitch Russell Withers. S.M.

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22

Reynolds, Tom George 1972. "Accelerated tests of environmental degradation in composite materials." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28202.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-147). High temperature polymer matrix composites are key candidates for the structural components of proposed supersonic transport aircraft. The operational environment of these vehicles exposes the airframe to harsh conditions, including temperature extremes and moisture. These environments have been seen to cause visible damage in polymer matrix composites in timescales much less than the lifetime of the vehicle. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for accelerated testing of the key components of the environment. A first step to this goal is to identify the components of the environment responsible for the damage. The effects of a realistic moisture and thermal environment on two high temperature polymer matrix composites (PETI-5 and PIXA-M) have been investigated in this work. An extensive test program was developed to test the response of the materials to this baseline environment and its individual components: time at moisture, moisture cycling, time at temperature and thermal cycling. Mechanism-based models were used to design accelerated moisture cycles and accelerated thermal cycles in an attempt to speed up the response to these environmental factors. These accelerated cycles were also used in the test program. The results showed visible damage in the form of cracking in both retrials. The PIXA-M material was found to show more damage than the PETI-5. Cracking was confined to a thin layer of material next to the exposed edge. This suggests that the environmental exposure is reducing the effective fracture toughness of the material in this layer more than in the interior. Analysis suggests that this layer is exposed to more of the environmental components and fluctuations than the material in the interior. The individual components of time at moisture and thermal cycling were seen to cause cracking, while time at temperature did not, and moisture cycling did not appear to accelerate moisture damage. The combined environments in the baseline cycle caused more damage than any one component of the cycle on its own. Evidence points to the combined effects of time at moisture and thermal cycling as being the dominant parameters causing damage, while moisture cycling controls the extent of the damaged region. Although the designed accelerated cycles were not successful in accelerating the damage from the baseline cycle, they were instrumental in establishing what were the dominant parameters. It is suggested that a promising way of accelerating the damage observed under the realistic conditions is by combining an iso moisture environment with a cyclical stress environment, which can be achieved either thermally or mechanically. by Tom George Reynolds. S.M.

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23

Carlton, Ashley Kelly. "Fault detection algorithms for spacecraft monitoring and environmental sensing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105607.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 103-116). Constellations of hundreds of low-Earth orbiting small satellites are currently being designed and built. Operators plan to provide data and media distribution services as well as imaging and weather observations. As our society increases its dependence on satellite services for communication and navigation, there is a growing need for efficient spacecraft systems monitoring and space situational awareness to avoid service interruptions due to hazards such as space weather. Particularly for large constellations, satellites need greater autonomy to improve responsivity and reduce the load on human operators. In this thesis, we present the development of algorithms that identify unusual behavior in satellite health telemetry. Once these events have been identified, we collect and analyze them, along with assessing space weather observations and operational environment factors. Our approach uses transient event detection and change-point event detection techniques, statistically evaluating the telemetry stream compared to a local norm. This approach allows us to apply our algorithms to any spacecraft platform, since there is no reliance on satellite- or component-specific parameters, and it does not require a priori knowledge about the data distribution. We apply these techniques to individual telemetry data streams on geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) communications satellites (ComSats), and consider the results, a compiled list of unusual events for each satellite. Results include being able to identify events that affect many telemetry streams at once, indicative of a spacecraft system-level event. With data from multiple satellites, we can use these methods to better determine whether external factors played a role. We compare event dates to known operational activities and to known space weather events to assess the use of event detection algorithms for spacecraft monitoring and for environmental sensing. by Ashley Kelly Carlton. S.M.

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24

Carter, Nicholas Aaron. "Environmental and economic assessment of microalgae-derived jet fuel." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76099.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-149). Significant efforts must be undertaken to quantitatively assess various alternative jet fuel pathways when working towards achieving environmental and economic United States commercial and military alternative aviation fuel goals within the next decade. This thesis provides lifecycle assessments (LCAs) of the environmental and economic impacts of cultivating and harvesting phototrophic microalgae; extracting, transporting, and processing algal oils to hydrocarbon fuels; and distributing and combusting the processed renewable jet fuel for a pilot scale facility. Specifically, lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, production costs, freshwater consumption, and land use were quantified for four cultivation and two extraction technology sets. For each cultivation and extraction type, low, baseline, and high scenarios were used to assess the variability of each performance metric. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses were used to gain insights as to where efforts towards improving certain technologies could have the largest impact on improving the lifecycle metrics. The four cultivation technologies include open raceway ponds, horizontal serpentine tubular photobioreactors (PBRs), vertical serpentine tubular PBRs, and vertical flat panel PBRs. Open raceway ponds were modeled from previous literature, while the PBRs were modeled, validated and optimized for specific constraints and growth inputs. The algal oil extraction techniques include conventional dewatering, drying, and extraction using hexane in a similar process to seed oil extraction (termed dry extraction in this study) as well as algal cell lysing with steam and potassium hydroxide as well as fluid separation and washing processes (termed wet extraction). Overall, open raceway pond cultivation with wet extraction performed most favorably when compared with the other scenarios for GHG emissions, production costs, freshwater consumption, and areal productivity (including the entire cultivation and extraction facility), yielding 31.3 g-CO2e/MJHEFA-J, 0.078 $/MJHEFA-J (9.86 $/galHEFA-J), 0.38 Lfreshwater/MJHEFA-J and 17,600 LTAG/ha/yr for the baseline cases with brackish water makeup. The lifecycle GHG emissions and production cost metrics for the open raceway pond with wet extraction low scenario were both lower than that of conventional jet fuel baselines. For all cases, the inputs most sensitive to the lifecycle metrics were the cultivation system biomass areal productivity, algal extractable lipid weight fraction, and downstream harvesting system choices. by Nicholas Aaron Carter. S.M.

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Peters, Andreas Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Assessment of propfan propulsion systems for reduced environmental impact." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58080.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-138). Current aircraft engine designs tend towards higher bypass ratio, low-speed fan designs for improved fuel burn, reduced emissions and noise. Alternative propulsion concepts include counter-rotating propfans (CRPs) which have been investigated intensively in the 1970s and 1980s and demonstrated significant reductions in fuel burn. Currently, propfans are being studied again due to their inherent noise challenge and the potential for reduced environmental impact. A newly developed, integrated noise and performance assessment methodology for advanced propfan powered aircraft configurations is introduced. The approach is based on first principles and combines a coupled aircraft and propulsion system performance analysis with 3-D unsteady, full-wheel CRP CFD computations and aero-acoustic simulations. Special emphasis is put on computing CRP interaction tones. The method is capable of dealing with parametric studies and exploring noise reduction technologies. An aircraft performance and mission analysis was first conducted on a candidate CRP powered configuration. In addition, a comparable aircraft with advanced turbofan engines was defined for performance and noise comparisons. (cont.) Guided by data available in the literature, a detailed aerodynamic design of a pusher CRP was carried out using vortex-lattice methods and 3-D steady RANS computations of the counter-rotating stage. Full-wheel unsteady 3-D RANS simulations were then used to determine the time varying blade surface pressures and unsteady flow features necessary to define the acoustic source terms. A frequency domain approach based on Goldstein's formulation of the acoustic analogy for moving media and Hanson's single rotor noise method was extended to counter-rotating configurations. The far field noise predictions were compared to experimental data and demonstrated good agreement between the computed and measured interaction tones. The underlying noise source mechanisms due to front-rotor wake interaction, aft-rotor upstream influence, hub-endwall secondary flows and front-rotor tip vortices were dissected and quantified. Based on this investigation, the CRP was re-designed for reduced noise incorporating a clipped rear-rotor and an increased rotor-rotor spacing to reduce upstream influence, tip vortex, and wake interaction effects. Maintaining the thrust and propulsive efficiency at takeoff conditions, the noise was calculated for both designs. At the interaction tone frequencies, the re-designed CRP exhibited an average reduction of 7.25 dB in mean SPL computed over the forward and aft polar angle arcs. On the engine/aircraft system level, the re-designed CRP demonstrated a reduction of 9.2 EPNdB and 8.6 EPNdB at the FAR 36 flyover and sideline observer locations, respectively. The results suggest that advanced open rotor designs can possibly meet Stage 4 noise requirements. by Andreas Peters. S.M.

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26

Newman, Dava Jean. "Human mental workload & performance in space : engineering development and policy aspects." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41233.

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27

Dorbian, Christopher S. (Christopher Salvatore). "Estimating the environmental benefits of aviation fuel and emissions reductions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59668.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-103). With commercial aviation continuing to grow and environmental policymaking activity intensifying, it is becoming increasingly necessary to assess the environmental impact of measures that result in changes in aviation fuel bum levels. For estimating air quality and climate impacts, it is important to employ a multi-gas approach that accounts for the effects of all emitted species, not just carbon dioxide (CO₂). The main objective of this thesis is to develop a simplified framework for monetizing the CO₂ and non-CO₂ co-benefits of aviation fuel and emissions reductions. The approach is based on two main pieces, both of which are derived using the Aviation environmental Portfolio Management Tool (APMT). First, the air quality marginal damage cost of a unit of fuel is estimated using an air quality response surface model. Second, a simplified probabilistic impulse response function model for climate is employed to derive a non-CO₂/CO₂ impact ratio that can be multiplied by a social cost of carbon to estimate the additional benefits of fuel bum reductions from aviation beyond those associated with CO2 alone. The sensitivity of the non-CO₂/CO₂ climate ratio to metric choice, scientific assumptions, background scenarios, and other policymaker choices is explored. Notably, it is found that given the large uncertainties in short-lived effects, the choice of metric is not particularly influential on the overall ratio value (that is, similar results-within the range of uncertainty-are found for the different metrics considered). This thesis also validates the use of the climate ratios and air quality marginal damages through two sample applications. The first study explores the impact of various aviation growth scenarios and demonstrates the applicability of this framework to a multi-year analysis. The second study concerns the introduction of an advanced aircraft concept into the present-day aviation fleet and demonstrates the ability of the climate ratios to capture scientific and valuation-based uncertainties. In both cases, the derived ratios and air quality damage costs are found to be a good surrogate for a full impact analysis in APMT, relative to the overall uncertainty in estimating impacts. by Christopher S. Dorbian. S.M.

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Caiazzo, Fabio. "Non-CO₂ environmental impacts of transportation fuel use and production." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101491.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 154-165). Transportation represents one of the largest contributors to anthropogenic air pollution and global climate change. This thesis aims to quantify three specific environmental impacts from transportation fuel combustion and production: 1) Health impacts from transportation combustion emissions in the United States. A multiscale air quality model is applied to assess health impacts from PM 2.5 and ozone concentrations attributable to different transportation modes and other sectors in the U.S. Road transportation is found to be the largest contributor for both pollutant-related mortalities, causing overall 58,000 (90% Cl: 22,800 107,100) early deaths per year. Shipping accounts for 8,800 (90% Cl: 3,700 - 16,100) premature mortalities per year, and rail transportation for 5,000 (90% Cl: 1,900 - 9,300) early deaths. Aviation emissions are responsible for 2,500 (90% Cl: 1,400 - 3,700) early deaths per year in the U.S. 2) Climate effects of albedo changes due to biofuel production. An augmented lifecycle framework is developed to quantify the effects of albedo variations induced by biomass cultivation, and applied to eleven land-use change (LUC) scenarios. Two scenarios are found to have a warming effect, the largest of which is for replacement of desert land with salicornia cultivation. This corresponds to 222 gCO₂e/MJ, equivalent to 3890% and 247% of the lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of fuels derived from salicornia and crude oil, respectively. Nine LUC scenarios exhibit a cooling effect, the largest of which is for the replacement of tropical rainforest with soybean cultivation. This corresponds to -161 gCO₂e/MJ, or -28% and -178% of the lifecycle GHG emissions of fuels derived from soybean and crude oil. 3) Climate impacts from changes in radiative forcing (RF) generated by contrails and contrail cirrus in the scenario of a widespread use of alternative jet fuels in the U.S. The Contrail Evolution and Radiation Model (CERM) is developed to simulate contrail and contrail cirrus cover, properties and radiative forcing over the United States. The results show that the use of alternative jet fuels in the U.S. generates 8% more contrails with respect to conventional jet fuels, due to the enhanced engine water vapor emissions. Contrails from alternative fuels are optically thinner (-35% in optical depth), and formed by larger and fewer ice crystals (+58% in diameter and -73% in number concentration), due to the lower emissions. These differences are responsible for a lower albedo (-36%) from contrails forming as a consequence of alternative fuels emissions. The cooling impact of having optically thinner contrails and is contrasted by the warming effects of having contrails less reflective of the incoming sunlight and in larger number, thus determining a small difference (+0.6%) in the net RF by contrails and contrail cirrus in case of alternative fuels use with respect to conventional jet use. CERM simulations are also performed to quantify for the first time impacts on contrails and contrail cirrus radiative impacts of both combustor technology and ambient conditions, in terms of available concentrations ice nuclei (IN). The results of this thesis offer new insights into the environmental impacts of transportation. The air quality and climate impacts of this sector can be potentially reduced by fostering the use of alternative fuels, but only when previously overlooked effects (such as changes in surface albedo for biofuel production, or ambient concentrations of ice nuclei affecting contrail properties) are taken into account. by Fabio Caiazzo. Ph. D.

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Keller, Klaus. "Regulatory aspects of airline alliances : a case study of Star Alliance." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/364628227.pdf.

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30

Egeröd, Jens, and Emma Nordling. "Strategic Supplier Evaluation - Considering environmental aspects." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Logistik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-63197.

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This study aims at presenting a strategic supplier evaluation model that can assist Cederroth in strategic supplier selection and give indications on potential areas for strategic supplier development. The evaluation model aims at assessing supplier performance also with respect to environmental aspects. The final model has been developed through five steps, five models, with starting point in a theoretical review and basic empirical data. Following the model was developed through four iterations of workshops, interviews, weighting and case studies. The final model includes 7 criteria categories and 41 criteria whereas one category including 7 criteria assesses a supplier’s environmental performance.

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31

Miltz, David. "Economic aspects of targeting environmental policy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235914.

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This thesis is composed of two parts; the first addresses theoretical aspects of the economics of targeting pollution control policy, whilst the second is an illustrative case study designed to embellish the more abstract insights of the first section.

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32

Kharlamova, G. "Environmental security: economic and social aspects." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10022.

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Ecology – is complex problem, so complex decisions are needed. Preservation of environment and acceptance of administrative decisions, recreational use of natural resources of natural-resources fund territories demand certain regulating actions. These actions have to be based on exact basis of complex interdisciplinary approach to environment security. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10022

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Pisarew, Roman. "Environmental aspects of industrial Zaporozhya region." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31704.

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For the Zaporozhya region, as one of the most industrialized loaded, environmental issues are important. According to the National Cancer Institute, Zaporozhya region is included in the five regions of Ukraine with the highest cancer. Therefore are relevant issues related to the environmental aspects of the work and the development of industry in the region. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31704

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Lukachko, Stephen P. (Stephen Paul). "Environmental impact assessment of commercial aircraft operations in the United States." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54607.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 313-365). The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the environmental trade-offs inherent in multi-criteria objectives of an integrated environmental policy. A probabilistic multi-attribute impact pathway analysis (MAIPA) was formulated to assess the environmental damages of US commercial aircraft operations from 1991-2003. The initial contribution of this work was demonstrating the feasibility of, and identifying requirements for, the FAA Aviation-environmental Portfolio Management Tool (APMT), an integrated assessment capability for US regulatory decision-making. Non-aircraft sources have been found to dictate marginal emissions costs. The implication is that aviation emissions reductions influence neither the magnitudes nor trends in per-unit marginal damages. In contrast, noise mitigation is the dominant influence on the value of per-unit marginal damages. Trends in sum damages were found to depend on the growth rates of air transport relative to other source emissions. Growth in air transport emissions outpaced non-aircraft sources from 1991-2003. Because growth in marginal costs is nonlinear over this period, aviation emissions damages grow faster than inventories. Applying methods similar to MAIPA to estimate damages for future scenarios suggests that stemming climate impacts is fast becoming the priority. A reassessment of the environmental benefits derived from mandated phase-outs of noisy aircraft during the 1990's has been carried out. Previous studies estimated a -80% reduction in population exposure. In contrast, the reassessment estimates a ~2% reduction, providing benefits 17-20 times lower than published estimates of abatement costs. (cont.) The primary environmental benefit of the noise phase-outs was found to be related to reductions in particulate matter inventories. One way to avoid trade-off inefficiencies is to identify options that bundle benefits. This action provides such an example, where the phase-outs led to reductions in both noise and air quality emissions. Other contributions in the thesis include the following: a treatment of air transport particulate matter emissions, environmental fate, and health impacts of particulate matter; identification that the major source of reducible uncertainty in emissions damages stems from the assumed extent of ozone and particulate matter production in the engine exhaust plume; and quantification of the environmental tradeoffs in decisions specifying aircraft performance for the technology in the US commercial fleet from 1991-2003. by Stephen P. Lukachko. Ph.D.

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35

Politis, Dimitrios. "An economic and environmental evaluation of aluminum designs for automotive structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11581.

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Suresh, Pooja. "Environmental and economic assessment of transportation fuels from municipal solid waste." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105567.

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Анотація:

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections. Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 76-86). Municipal solid waste (MSW), comprising food waste, residential rubbish and commercial waste, has been identified as a potential feedstock for the production of alternative fuels. Conversion of MSW to fuel could displace petroleum-derived fuels to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation, and also avoid the GHG emissions associated with existing waste management strategies such as landfilling. This thesis quantifies the lifecycle GHG emissions and economic feasibility of middle distillate (MD) fuel, including diesel and jet fuel, derived from MSW in the United States via three thermochemical conversion pathways: conventional gasification and Fischer-Tropsch (FT MD), plasma gasification and Fischer-Tropsch (Plasma FT MD) and, conventional gasification, catalytic alcohol synthesis and alcohol-to-jet upgrading (ATJ MD). Expanded system boundaries are used to capture the change in existing MSW use and disposal, and parameter uncertainty is accounted for with Monte Carlo simulations. The median lifecycle GHG emissions are calculated to be 32.9, 62.3 and 52.7 gCO2e/MJ with standard deviations of 7.2, 9.5 and 13.2 gCO2e/MJ for FT, Plasma FT and ATJ MD fuels, respectively, compared to a baseline of 90 gCO2e/MJ for conventional MD fuels. These results are found to be sensitive to MSW composition, the waste management strategy displaced, plant scale and associated fuel yield, feedstock transportation distance and the co-product allocation method. Median minimum selling prices are estimated at 0.99, 1.78 and 1.20 $ per litre and standard deviations of 0.14, 0.29 and 0.27 $ per litre with the probability of achieving a positive net present value of fuel production at market prices of 14%, 0.1% and 7% for FT, Plasma FT and ATJ MD fuels, respectively. The sensitivity of these results to the discount rate, income tax rate, implementation of carbon price, feedstock cost, scale and process efficiency indicate that policy measures, MSW tipping fees and technological advancements can improve the economic viability of MSW fuels. Considering a societal perspective (e.g. social opportunity cost of capital, social costs of GHG emissions) increases the probability of positive net present value of fuel production to 93%, 67% and 92.5% for the FT, Plasma FT, and ATJ MD fuels, respectively. by Pooja Suresh. S.M.

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Allaire, Douglas L. "Uncertainty assessment of complex models with application to aviation environmental systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50601.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-136). Numerical simulation models that support decision-making and policy-making processes are often complex, involving many disciplines, and long computation times. These models typically have many factors of different character, such as operational, design-based, technological, and economics-based. Such factors generally contain uncertainty, which leads to uncertainty in model outputs. For such models, it is critical to both the application of model results and the future development of the model that uncertainty be properly assessed. This thesis presents a comprehensive approach to the uncertainty assessment of complex models intended to support decision- and policy-making processes. The approach consists of seven steps, which are establishing assessment goals, documenting assumptions and limitations, documenting model factors and outputs, classifying and characterizing factor uncertainty, conducting uncertainty analysis, conducting sensitivity analysis, and presenting results. Factor uncertainty is represented probabilistically, characterized by the principle of maximum uncertainty, and propagated via Monte Carlo simulation. State-of-the-art methods of global sensitivity analysis are employed to apportion model output variance across model factors, and a fundamental extension of global sensitivity analysis, termed distributional sensitivity analysis, is developed to determine on which factors future research should focus to reduce output variability. (cont.) The complete approach is demonstrated on a real-world model intended to estimate the impacts of aviation on climate change in support of decision- and policy-making, where it is established that a systematic approach to uncertainty assessment is critical to the proper application and future development of complex models. A novel surrogate modeling methodology designed specifically for uncertainty assessment is also presented and demonstrated for an aircraft emissions prediction model that is being developed and applied to support aviation environmental policy-making. The results demonstrate how confidence intervals on surrogate model predictions can be used to balance the tradeoff between computation time and uncertainty in the estimation of statistical outputs of interest in uncertainty assessment. by Douglas Lawrence Allaire. Ph.D.

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King, Daniel J. S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Conceptual aircraft design for environmental impact : modeling operations for emissions assessment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34138.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-123). Decisions that guide technology investment and policy-making for the future of air transportation will be based in part on the tradeoffs between environmental performance and economics. The Environmental Design Space (EDS) project explores the tradeoffs between noise, emissions, and economics for conceptual design of future aircraft. A key component to EDS is modeling the emissions of aircraft in operation. Traditional design tools need more detailed mission analysis to calculate operational emissions in the landing and takeoff cycle (LTO), and in cruise. This thesis presents a methodology for modeling an aircraft flight profile and the corresponding aircraft and engine states required to calculate emissions over that mission. The methodology was implemented as an operations model in EDS. The development of the methodology and demonstrations of the model are presented in this thesis. The model takes user-input flight procedures, including mission range, and uses aerodynamic models and engine models from EDS to calculate flight profiles. The operations model can be used for analyzing the relationships between flight procedures, and emissions and fuel burn for a fixed design. Alternatively, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) with EDS and the operations model can be used to optimize the aircraft design for minimized emissions in the flight profile. (cont.) MDO with the new model enables exploration of a design space that includes operations along with design in evaluating tradeoffs between emissions, noise, and economics. In addition to the development and demonstration of the operations model, a detailed study of the effects of derated-thrust takeoffs on emissions and fuel burn for Boeing 777 flights is presented in this thesis. The emissions of airline flights are calculated from flight data and compared to International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) assumptions for the engines used. The results show that NOx emissions are significantly less than the ICAO assumed values for takeoff and climb-out. A second analysis compares the emissions of derated thrust; takeoffs to the emissions that would have resulted if the same aircraft had flown with full-power on the same day. The results show a relationship between percent derate and a change in the emissions produced in takeoff, and a tradeoff of increased fuel burn for a decrease in NOx production. by Daniel J. King. S.M.

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Liem, Rhea Patricia. "System level assessment of uncertainty in aviation environmental policy impact analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62318.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections. Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-93). This thesis demonstrates the assessment of uncertainty of a simulation model at the system level, which takes into account the interaction between the modules that comprise the system. Results from this system level assessment process aid policy-makers by identifying the key drivers of uncertainty in model outputs, among the input factors of the various modules that comprise the system. This knowledge can help direct resource allocation for research to reduce the uncertainty in policy outputs. The assessment results can also identify input factors that, when treated as deterministic variables, will not significantly affect the output variability. The system level assessment process is demonstrated on a model that estimates the air quality impacts of aviation. The model comprises two modules: the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT), which simulates aircraft operations to estimate performance and emissions inventories, and the Aviation environmental Portfolio Management Tool (APMT)- Impacts Air Quality module, which estimates the health and welfare impacts associated with aviation emissions. Global sensitivity analysis is employed to quantify the contribution of uncertainty in each input factor to the variability of system outputs, which here are adult mortality rates and total health cost. The assessment results show that none of the input factors of AEDT contribute significantly to the variability of system outputs. Therefore, if uncertainty reduction in the estimation of adult mortality and total health cost is desired, future research efforts should be directed towards gaining more knowledge on the input factors of the APMT-Impacts Air Quality module. This thesis also demonstrates the application of system level assessment in policy impact analysis, where policy impact is defined as the incremental change between baseline and policy outputs. In such an analysis, it is important to ensure that the uncertainty in policy impacts only accounts for the uncertainty corresponding to the difference between baseline and policy scenarios. Some input factors have a common source of uncertainty between scenarios, in which case the same representation of uncertainty must be used. Other input factors, on the other hand, are assumed to have independent variability between the different scenarios, and therefore need to have independent representation of uncertainty. This thesis demonstrates uncertainty assessment of a technology infusion policy analysis. by Rhea Patricia Liem. S.M.

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Gnadt, Albert Reuben. "Technical and environmental assessment of all-electric 180-passenger commercial aircraft." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122501.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018 Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 85-99). Aviation emissions contribute to climate change, and all-electric aircraft offer an opportunity for zero in-flight emissions. Over the past decade, more than 50 all-electric conceptual, experimental, and commercial aircraft have been researched, with a particular focus on light aircraft. These designs are reviewed, along with progress in battery technology. An all-electric aircraft design and optimization program, TASOPTe, has been developed from an existing version for conventionally-powered aircraft, TASOPT. Both programs are largely based on first-principles, enabling the design of aircraft with unusually short design ranges. A series of optimized 180-passenger aircraft based on the Airbus A320neo configuration are designed and evaluated at 200-1600 nmi design ranges with 2-10 propulsors and 400-2000 Wh/kg batteries. The performance of these all-electric aircraft is compared to advanced conventionally-powered aircraft optimized for the same design ranges. Optimized all-electric aircraft are found to use two or four propulsors, depending on the design range and specific energy assumed. The design range limits for each specific energy are determined, which are restricted by aircraft weight and performance penalties. A factor of four increase in battery pack specific energy from current values of 200 Wh/kg to 800 Wh/kg enables 500 nmi flights. However, a lower design range of 300 nmi provides improved energy and environmental performance. The required grid power generation circumstances for commercial all-electric aircraft to become net environmentally beneficial is determined for each specific energy assumption. The entire energy conversion chain, including charging, transport, and discharging of electrical energy, is considered. Despite the higher total energy use, narrow-body all-electric aircraft have the potential for lower equivalent CO₂ emissions if the electrical grid transitions toward renewable energy. This is largely enabled by the complete elimination of all high-altitude emissions, which would remove associated non-CO₂ warming. by Albert Reuben Gnadt. S.M. S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

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Acharya, Gautam. "Legal aspects of aviation security measures taken at airports." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98600.

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Aviation and the internet are two conveniences without which the modern world would almost grind to a halt given our current dependence levels (on them). If both were to suddenly vanish, mankind would be thrown back to the late 19th century reminiscent of a world which was once a smaller place. Aviation plays a critical role in our daily life transporting man and material over vast distances in a relatively short period of time. A vital cog in this wheel is the airport that 'facilitates' the safe loading, unloading, take-off and landing of aircraft. For some time now, aircraft have been the target of various terrorist groups and militant factions seeking to make a point to the world in the most dramatic fashion possible. To maintain the security of civil aviation, laws have been promulgated (both nationally and internationally) to ensure that the perpetrators (of the crime) when caught, will be adequately punished and in a manner that will deter others from committing crimes against civil aviation. However this law-making process (in large part initiated by the International Civil Aviation Organization) has not sufficiently addressed airports and the security therein. This paper seeks to examine---and in some cases suggest improvements to---aviation security laws at large, with a specific emphasis on airports. It is believed that a more comprehensive set of laws governing aviation security would result in greater efficacy of airport security procedures thus reducing the need for prospective judicial intervention and concomitant lengthy court proceedings.

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Berisset, Philippe. "Simulation of millimeter wave radar return from a three dimensional environmental scene." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49905.

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Varnham, Wendy Anne. "Psychoacoustical aspects of tinnitus." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/52290/.

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Trivedi, Parthsarathi. "Environmental and economic tradeoffs of feedstock usage for liquid fuels and power production." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90805.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 55-63). The thesis is divided into two parts - 1) assessing the energy return on investment for alternative jet fuels, and 2) quantifying the tradeoffs associated with the aviation and non-aviation use of agricultural residues. We quantify energy return on energy investment (EROI) as one metric for the sustainability of alternative jet fuel production. Lifecycle energy requirements are calculated and subsequently used for calculating three EROI variants. EROI₁ is defined as the ratio of the lower heating value (LHV) of the liquid fuel produced, to lifecycle (direct and indirect) process fossil fuel energy inputs and fossil feedstock losses during conversion. EROI₂ is defined as the ratio of fuel LHV to total fossil fuel energy input, inclusive of the fossil energy embedded in the fuel. EROI₃ is defined as the ratio of fuel LHV to the sum of renewable and non-renewable process fuel energy required and feedstock energy losses during conversion. We also define an approximation for EROI₁ using lifecycle CO₂ emissions. This approach agrees to within 20% of the actual EROI₁ and can be used as an alternative when necessary. Feedstock-to-fuel pathways considered include jet fuel from conventional crude oil; jet fuel production from Fischer-Tropsch (FT) processes using natural gas, coal and/or switchgrass; HEFA (hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids) jet fuel from soybean, palm, rapeseed and jatropha; and advanced fermentation jet (AF-J) fuel from sugarcane, corn grain and switchgrass. We find that ERO₁ 1 for conventional jet fuel from conventional crude oil ranges between 4.9-14.0. Among the alternative fuel pathways considered, FT-J fuel from switchgrass has the highest baseline EROI₁ of 9.8, followed by AF-J fuel from sugarcane at 6.7. Jet fuel from oily feedstocks has an EROI₁ between 1.6 (rapeseed) and 2.9 (palm). EROI₂ differs from EROI₁ only in the case of fossil-based jet fuels. Conventional jet from crude oil has a baseline EROI₂ of 0.9, and FT-J fuel from NG and coal have values of 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. EROI 3 values are on average 36% less than EROI₁ for HEFA pathways. EROI₃ for AF-J and FT-J fuels considered is 50% less than EROI₁ on average. All alternative fuels considered have a lower baseline EROI₃ than conventional jet fuel. Using corn stover, an abundant agricultural residue, as a feedstock for liquid fuel or power production has the potential to offset anthropogenic climate impacts associated with conventional utilities and transportation fuels. We quantify the environmental and economic opportunity costs associated with the usage of corn stover for different applications, of which we consider combined heat and power, ethanol, Fischer-Tropsch (FT) middle distillate (MD) fuels, and advanced fermentation (AF) MD. Societal costs comprise of the monetized attributional lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint and supply costs valued at the shadow price of resources. The sum of supply costs and monetized GHG footprint then provides the societal cost of production and use of corn stover for a certain application. The societal costs of conventional commodities, assumed to be displaced by renewable alternatives, are also calculated. We calculate the net societal cost or benefit of different corn stover usages by taking the difference in societal costs between corn stover derived fuels and their conventional counterparts, and normalize the results on a feedstock mass basis. Uncertainty associated with the analysis is captured using Monte-Carlo simulation. We find that corn stover derived electricity and fuels reduce GHG emissions compared to conventional fuels by 21-92%. The mean reduction is 89% for electricity in a CHP plant, displacing the U.S. grid-average, 70% for corn stover ethanol displacing U.S. gasoline and 85% and 55% for FT MD and AF MD displacing conventional U.S. MD, respectively. Using corn stover for power and CHP generation yields a net mean societal benefit of $48.79/t and $131.23/t of corn stover, respectively, while FT MD production presents a mean societal benefit of $27.70/t of corn stover. Ethanol and AF MD production from corn stover result in a mean societal cost of $24.86/t and $121.81/t of corn stover use, respectively, driven by higher supply costs than their conventional fuel counterparts. Finally, we note that for ethanol production, the societal cost of CO₂ that would need to be assumed to achieve a 50% likelihood of net zero societal cost of corn stover usage amounts to approximately -$100/tCO₂, and for AF MD production to ~$600/tCO₂. by Parthsarathi Trivedi. S.M.

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Comidy, Liam Jacob Frank First Lieutenant. "Technical, economic, and environmental assessment of liquid jet fuel production on aircraft carriers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122407.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019 Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 50-54). This work is a first order assessment of the technical feasibility and characteristics of technologies to produce fuel onboard aircraft carriers, which is of interested to the United States Navy. They are interested because the logistical burden and supply chain required for delivering fuel at sea is dangerous, expensive, and subject to changes in markets price for liquid fuels. This work is a first order assessment of the technical feasibility and characteristics of technologies to produce fuel onboard aircraft carriers. The plant is evaluated for three technology pathways: Alkaline electrolysis and the reverse water gas shift (AE+RWGS), solid oxide electrolysis and RWGS (SOEC+RWGS), and co-electrolysis of steam and CO₂. They are evaluated within two scenarios: a small infrequently operating plant leveraging excess nuclear power (Scenario A) and a large frequently operating plant with dedicated nuclear capacity. In addition, a parameter sweep of fuel production capacity and capacity factor is conducted to assess impacts on fuel production costs. In Scenario A, the energy requirements ranged from 152-22OMWe and fuel production cost ranged from 1.91-4.49$/L. In Scenario B, the energy requirements ranged in 1380-2066MWe and fuel production costs ranged from 3.25-4.23$/L. In both scenarios, AE+RWGS was the most cost effective and co-electrolysis was the most energy efficient. The fuel produced reduced lifecycle CO₂ equivalent emissions by 85.3-90.2%. The plant volume and weight were 50-67% and 432% of a current aircraft carrier design at large scales. The results of the parameter sweep indicate that generally a larger more frequently operating plant is more cost effective, but dedicated nuclear capacity requirements diminishes this benefit. The overall results indicate that a fuel production plant on an aircraft carrier is technically feasible and has the potential to be cost effective, though research into cost, weight, and volume reduction are still necessary. by Liam Jacob Frank Comidy. S.M. S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

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Lee, Yee Mun. "Cognitive aspects of driving in Malaysia : perception and judgement." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33781/.

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Malaysia has a worrying road fatality rate compared to many other countries, and the high number of registered motorcycles (vulnerable road users) in the country is one of its most distinctive characteristics. However there has previously been limited experimental research on driving conducted in Malaysia. This thesis aimed to investigate Malaysian drivers’ ability to perceive other road users (cars and motorcycles) and how they make judgments about the safety of pulling out at junctions. Malaysian drivers’ performance in these tasks was compared with UK drivers (Chapter Two). Various studies were also conducted to investigate how different factors affect drivers’ perception and judgment, such as time of day and use of headlights (Chapter Three), a honking sound (Chapter Four), motion and speed (Chapter Five). Chapter Six went on to investigate drivers’ ability to judge the intention of other road users. This series of experiments has provided new insights about the perception and judgment of Malaysian drivers. Possibly due to the higher exposure to motorcycles, Malaysians have a better ability to detect approaching motorcycles than UK drivers though they are also more likely to judge that it was safe to pull out at junctions. In addition, the number of incorrect judgments made by Malaysian drivers about the safety of pulling out is a concern especially where a collision would happen based on the decision. Moreover, switching on headlights increased drivers’ ability to perceive other vehicles during night time but not necessarily during day time. However, switching on headlights decreased the likelihood of drivers judging that it was safe to pull out in front of motorcycles regardless of time of day. The results also suggested that a honking sound did not facilitate the ability to perceive other vehicles, but did decrease drivers’ tendency to judge that it was safe to pull out. Lastly, it was shown that it is important to provide reliable signals in order to improve road safety. In dynamic video stimuli, signalling is more informative for judging the intention of approaching cars than motorcycles, which could lead to poor judgment making about approaching motorcycles at junctions.

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Sørum, Lars. "Environmental aspects of municipal solid waste combustion." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1488.

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Malmqvist, Tove. "Methodological aspects of environmental assessment of buildings." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9742.

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The built environment contributes extensively to the overall environmental impact of society. An increasing number of tools have been developed worldwide for comprehensive environmental assessment and rating of buildings in order to make the building sector more sustainable. These tools are expected to drive and facilitate future environmental improvements and market transformation in the sector. This thesis explores different methodological aspects in tool development using experiences from two large Swedish projects, the EcoEffect and ByggaBo tools, which were developed with a high level of stakeholder participation in order to be of practical use in the building sector. The methodological aspects explored and discussed here include an approach for systematic selection of assessment aspects (energy use, indoor air quality, etc.) in tools (Paper 3), and a systematic procedure for selecting practical indicators using theoretical (e.g. validity/environmental relevance) and practical (e.g. costs) criteria (Papers 2 and 3). An approach for simple communication of complex results is presented with examples from 26 multi-family buildings (Paper 4). This approach allows a building’s ‘environmental efficiency’ to be presented in one diagram, without weighting the two distinct assessment areas energy use and indoor environmental quality. Paper 5 discusses the contextual issue of internal use of environmental indicators in property management organisations through reviews of environmental performance evaluation and organisation theory literature and comparisons with actual case studies. The EcoEffect (Paper 1) and the ByggaBo tools are also compared and summarised. The case studies of real buildings and experiences from the EcoEffect and ByggaBo projects allowed data collection, calculation procedures and different practical applications of such tools to be evaluated. Poor data availability sometimes limits assessments, and improved internal routines and database developments in the building sector would allow more reliable environmental assessments. Reviews of numerous indicators in Paper 3 (and 2) and literature revealed that environmental relevance was not a key aspect when current environmental performance indicators and building rating tools were constructed. This thesis suggests that environmental relevance and systematic procedures be prioritised in order to provide robust and trustworthy tools for environmental assessment of buildings. Recommendations, some of which are generally applicable to other environmental assessments, include selection of environmentally relevant indicators, systematic procedures for handling theoretical and practical considerations in tool development, aggregation and weighting methods, use of a life cycle perspective and inclusion of performance-based rather than feature-based indicators. Since it is likely that the information these tools provide will increasingly be used by authorities, building users, economic incentive providers such as banks, etc., the methodological developments suggested here to strengthen tool rigour are important for future tool development processes. Utvecklingen av verktyg för miljöbedömning av byggnader är ett område som expanderat kraftigt sedan 1990-talets början. Den ökande medvetenheten om den byggda miljöns omfattande bidrag till samhällets miljöpåverkan i stort har spelat stor roll för denna utveckling. Verktygen förväntas ha en betydelsefull roll i att driva på och underlätta miljöförbättringar och omdaning av marknaden i bygg- och fastighetssektorn. Denna avhandling utforskar olika metodaspekter för verktygsutveckling och bygger på erfarenheterna från två stora svenska metodutvecklingsprojekt för miljöbedömning av byggnader, EcoEffect och ByggaBo:s miljöklassning av byggnader. Båda dessa verktyg togs fram i samarbete med ett stort antal representanter från bygg- och fastighetssektorn, då verktygen syftade till praktisk användning. Ett antal metodaspekter utforskas och diskuteras i avhandlingen. I artikel 3 föreslås och testas ett angreppssätt för systematiskt urval av miljöaspekter som ska bedömas av ett verktyg och dessutom föreslås här och i artikel 2 ett systematiskt tillvägagångssätt för att välja indikatorer för praktiskt användning utifrån både teoretiska (t ex. validitet) och praktiska (t ex. kostnad) kriterier. Ett angreppssätt för att underlätta kommunikation av komplexa miljöbedömningsresultat presenteras genom exempel från 26 flerfamiljshus i artikel 4. Detta angreppssätt möjliggör att redovisa en byggnads ‘miljöeffektivitet’ i ett diagram utan att behöva vikta de två disparata miljöaspekterna energianvändning och innemiljö. Artikel 5 tar upp användning av miljöindikatorer för internt arbete i fastighetsförvaltande organisationer genom litteraturöversikter inom områdena utvärdering av miljöprestanda och organisationsteori samt genom jämförelser med praktiska fallstudier. Verktygen EcoEffect (artikel 1) och nuvarande version av ByggaBo:s miljöklassningssystem sammanfattas också och jämförs i avhandlingen. Genom ett antal fallstudier av verkliga byggnader och erfarenheterna från EcoEffect- och ByggaBo-projekten utvärderas frågor som insamling av indata, beräkningsmetoder och olika praktiska tillämpningar i avhandlingen. Dålig tillgång på indata begränsar ibland möjligheterna att göra miljöbedömningar. Förbättrade interna rutiner samt utveckling av nya typer av databaser inom bygg- och fastighetssektorn kommer med största sannolikhet att underlätta miljöbedömningar i framtiden. Granskning av ett stort antal miljöindikatorer i artikel 3 (och 2) och litteratur på området visade att när miljöindikatorer och miljöklassningsmetoder tagits fram, har miljörelevansen hos dessa sällan haft högsta prioritet. Ett övergripande mål för denna avhandling har därför varit att bidra med rekommendationer som kan stärka miljörelevansen och trovärdigheten hos liknande indikatorer och verktyg. Några av de angreppssätt som föreslås är tillämpliga mer generellt också för andra typer av miljöbedömningar; t ex. hur miljörelevanta miljöindikatorer kan väljas, hur både teoretiska och praktiska överväganden kan hanteras på ett systematiskt sätt vid liknande verktygsutveckling, angreppssätt för viktning och aggregering av resultat samt användning av ett livscykelperspektiv. Vid miljöbedömning av byggnader bör också funktionsbaserade indikatorer i första hand väljas snarare än sådana som baseras på specifika tekniska utföranden. En trolig utveckling är att nya typer av användare i större utsträckning kommer att efterfråga den information som miljöbedömningsverktyg för byggnader kan tillhandahålla. Det kan handla om t ex. myndigheter, husköpare och ekonomiska incitamentsgivare såsom banker. Av denna anledning är de frågor som rör metodutveckling och tas upp i avhandlingen, klart betydelsefulla för att stärka noggrannhet, robusthet och trovärdighet i framtida utveckling av miljöbedömningsverktyg för byggnader. QC 20100601 Miljöklassning av byggnader EcoEffect - miljövärdering av byggnader Miljöstyrning med miljöindikatorer i fastighetsförvaltning

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Stefani, Gianluca. "Economic aspects of information in environmental economics." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489205.

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Information may resolve uncertainty and uncertainty is pervasive. Thus, seeking, producing and trading of information are common economic activities. This is also true in the economics of the environment and for the different stakeholders therein involved. The central aim of this research is to investigate some theoretical aspects of the value and effects of information in environmental economics. Information is valuable either as a decision aid in contexts where either health and environmental characteristics of goods are uncertain or as the object of direct valuation under different provision rules. In a choice context three questions arise providing grounds for empirical investigations.

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杜景浩 and King-ho To. "Environmental management aspects of nuclear power system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252746.

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