Дисертації з теми "Environment violations"

This thesis addresses the problem of environmental degradation and human rights abuses by Multinational Corporations (MNCs) operating in developing markets, which has been attributed to the difficulty in regulating modern MNCs. Three main factors that create the environment for corporate impunity for human rights and environmental abuse in developing markets as identified by current scholarship are the mismatch between the modern corporate structure and the rules of corporate law, the insensitivity of the governments of developing markets to the plight of human rights victims, and the general lack of access to judicial and administrative remedies. However, even though the current corporate legal architecture is one of the factors that contribute to corporate human rights and environmental regulatory challenge, emerging regulatory initiatives that seek to address the problem do not consider corporate law reform as one of the options that could resolve the challenge. This thesis challenges the current scholarship and regulatory focus on remedial solution to the problem and investigates existing regimes. This investigation focuses on two areas. First, it focuses on international human rights law and international environmental law, and, secondly, on the legal and regulatory regimes concerned with the corporation, human rights and the environment in Nigeria and selected major developed market jurisdictions. The thesis identifies the current procedures for applying international norms to MNCs as the major problem with the international regimes, and the weak and inefficient enforcement infrastructure in Nigeria and other developing markets as the major problem with holding MNCs accountable for human rights and environmental abuses in developing markets. As a result, the thesis argues that the regulatory challenge could be addressed by focusing on MNC activities at the national level, and suggests a shift from the remedial focus of the current regimes to a preventative approach. The thesis proposes a review of the corporate legal architecture to incorporate the group that is most affected by corporate externalities into corporate boards because that is where the decisions that generate the abuses are made. The thesis concludes with a blueprint for the proposed structure which is aimed at promoting responsible human rights and environmental friendly decision-making as a means of injecting human rights responsibility into corporate decision making, and addressing the problem of corporate human rights and environmental abuses, especially in developing markets.

This thesis uses an ethnographic approach to investigate the microprocesses of a peace operation to understand whether peacekeepers on the ground can make a difference to their security environment. I examine the work of UNIFIL in South Lebanon since the implementation of Resolution 1701 in 2006 and describe the work of local actors in the UNIFIL mission and their engagement at three levels: the local, the national and the international. This thesis asked the following research questions: (1) How do peace operations influence their security environment? and; (2) What factors effect UNIFIL local engagement? This research has found that at the subnational or local level, UNIFIL is able to influence its security environment and thus contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security. It does this by sustaining local connections that serve to alert the mission to small incidents that it prevents from developing into bigger conflicts. The area of operations has experienced peace for almost eight years and this would suggest that these activities at the micro level have helped to provide an environment conducive to peace. On a practical level, the UNIFIL mission has achieved this in three main ways: first by monitoring, reporting and intervening in Blue Line violations as part of a response mechanism, to avoid escalation. Second, through the preventative mechanisms of liaising between the IDF and the LAF to encourage local level cooperation and produce micro security agreements to prevent misunderstandings. Third, UNIFIL has a very comprehensive local engagement mechanism that enables the mission to maintain local consent and avoid being affected by intrastate conflict.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Discovering the associations between genetic variables and disease status can help reduce the burden of disease on society. This thesis focuses on the methods required to detect maternal genetic effects (an effect where the genes of the mother affect the disease risk of the child) and interaction effects between these maternal genes and environmental variables in trio data consisting of parents and an affected child. A simulation study was conducted to determine the extent to which testing for these effects is affected by violations to the mating symmetry assumption required for two current methods when control parents are not available.. This study showed that methods for maternal effect estimation are not robust to these violations; however, the interaction test is robust to the violation. Finally, a candidate gene study on orofacial clefts was conducted to evaluate maternal gene-environment interactions in international consortium data. Significant effects were found but the large magnitude of the effect estimates raises concerns about the validity of the results. This thesis tries also discusses the lack of methods and software available to estimate maternal gene environment interactions.

The objective of this study was to examine the educational intervention that restaurant employees received to see if it reduced the number of food violations in Orange County, California, U.S.. The class, which began in 2007, is known as the Food Employee Education and Sanitation Training (FEEST). This study revealed that the post-test results from FEEST demonstrated a significant improvement in food safety knowledge, and almost all of the participants showed a significant improvement in food safety knowledge. A comparison of inspection reports immediately before and after participation in FEEST showed that food establishments greatly reduced the number of major violations, but the reduction in minor violations was minimal. Further results showed that overall, post-class inspections were not helpful in reducing the number of violations. Moreover, results showed that out of the participating restaurants, those that received a fee and formal letter requiring correction of the violations, known as a Notice of Violation (NOV) or Notice of Decision (NOD), do well on inspection reports in reducing major violations than those who did not receive one, but both types of restaurants were not able to significantly reduce the number of minor violations. These results might be associated with the knowledge and commitment of the restaurant employees. Restaurant employees are not using the food safety knowledge they gained during the educational intervention. Therefore, further training is required to educate restaurant employees, and more should be done to encourage the practice of safe food handling and sanitation.

In the US transportation system, environmental justice (EJ) issues are regulated by a variety of laws to ensure that all have fair treatment with respect to implementation of policies. If State Departments of Transportation adhere to all regulations properly but unconsciously, then an underlying negative impact on a community may still exist as a result of a newly implemented project. Since the implementation of High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes are fairly new, and since there have been numerous concerns from the public about their discriminatory nature, a decision support system is needed to identify potential EJ violations and issues when implementing a new or converted HOT lane. No prior model exists. The goal of this research is to assist state's Department of Transportation (DOT) in the early stages of the development of an HOT lane by developing a Potential Environmental Justice Violation Model that will help state agencies predict potential EJ violations before additional resources are invested into a project. By developing a model, this study identifies and classifies characteristic drivers of potential EJ violations related to communities' economic, social, or health and safety status. The Potential Environmental Justice Violation Model (PEJVM) allows state DOTs employees to define and evaluate the distribution of impacts in the relevant categories. The model provides a method for transforming complex qualitative and quantitative data about a project into a user-friendly format where the results can then be visualized using a spider radar diagram to determine the level of impact of each identified variable. The PEJVM was validated using two previous anonymous HOT case studies and demonstrated using the Interstate 85 Case Study in Atlanta, Georgia. This model offers a uniform method of identifying potential environmental justice violations when implementing a HOT lane. The model will also help inform state agencies of potential violations early in the planning stages of HOT lane projects so that the agency can solve any potential EJ issues before additional resources are invested.

Do firms face reputational penalties for committing environmental violations? This paper replicates the work of a previous empirical study to confirm the relationship between abnormal returns and legal penalties following the announcement of a violation. It then goes on to extend the study using more recent data to assess how reputational costs change over time. Across both sets of data, firms suffer abnormal stock price decreases following the announcement of an environmental crime. The size of prospective legal penalties is on average larger than the decrease in market value, indicating that investors base their reaction to violations off the present value of legal costs faced by the firm. Average abnormal returns decreased in size between the two studies, indicating that over time as investors started paying more attention to environmental responsibility, they became less surprised by new violations. The results of the studies taken together have public policy implications, indicating that at present investors face immediate penalties following a violation in the form of regulatory costs, but in the long term may also face reputational penalties due to increased investor attention to environmental performance.

This dissertation considers the entire process originated by corporate events that impact the environment and the society (ES events). Using a rich hand-collected dataset with 1139 chronological incidents originating from negative corporate social responsibility (CSR)-related events, it explores stock market reactions to each stage within a chain of successive events triggered by negative ES events, including the recurrent, follow-up (either favorable or unfavorable), as well as companies’ response events. We find that the investors respond strongly negatively to negative events (origin, negative subsequent, and negative responses) and strongly positively to positive events (positive subsequent and positive responses). We also find that investors react more negatively to the negative subsequent and recurrent events, as well as company negative responses when they occur sooner after the origin events, whereas promptness of positive subsequent events and positive responses heighten the favorable market reaction. The study also reveals the presence of expectancy violation as investors of high-CSR firm react more negatively to the negative events. In addition, it provides observations suggesting that: (1) investors do not regard positive responses as agency-motivated events, instead they are more concerned about the availability of financial resources when a firm makes remedial responses to a negative ES event; and (2) the market cares about CSR events not solely due to their financial implications, but also because it considers socially responsible operations as a value-enhancing corporate duty.

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O presente trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa realizada com os acadêmicos do curso de Ciências Biológicas – Licenciatura durante a disciplina de Educação Ambiental sobre suas concepções a respeito do ambiente e das infrações ambientais. A pesquisa procurou trazer dados de uma realidade para investigar essas concepções ambientais de forma sistêmica, além de analisar a metodologia dos projetos didáticos e sua relação com os problemas ambientais. O processo de investigação foi dividido em três etapas. Na primeira etapa, foi realizado um levantamento das infrações ambientais ocorridas na região de Bauru/SP, durante um período de cinco anos. Segundo o levantamento, foram encontrados 22 tipos de infrações com alto índice de ocorrência: animais silvestres em cativeiro (26,75%), pesca irregular (17,72%), intervenções em área de floresta (13,37%) e intervenções em área de preservação permanente (11,74%). Essas infrações ambientais foram analisadas segundo a metodologia da Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin (1977) e agrupadas em seis temáticas para elaboração de projetos didáticos pelos acadêmicos da graduação em Biologia: 1) causar danos a qualquer tipo de animal; 2) causar prejuízos ecológicos devido à retirada de animais silvestres da natureza; 3) atividade poluidora; 4) pesca irregular; 5) intervenção em Área de Preservação Permanente (APP); e 6) intervenção em árvores isoladas e área florestal. Na segunda etapa, os acadêmicos se dividiram em seis grupos e cada grupo apresentou um seminário e na terceira etapa, eles elaboraram um projeto ambiental e desenvolveram material didático que pudesse ser utilizado por professores de Ciências/Biologia na Educação Básica. Segundo a análise dos seminários, os acadêmicos apresentaram dificuldade em buscar novos conhecimentos. Apenas um grupo sugeriu novas fontes de informação para ampliar o artigo estudado para a apresentação do seminário. Apesar de a maioria dos acadêmicos terem se posicionado quanto ao assunto abordado e proposto formas pautáveis para a melhoria da qualidade ambiental, esse comportamento somente ocorreu após serem estimulados pela professora da disciplina. Os projetos desenvolvidos pelos acadêmicos constituíram ferramentas eficazes no processo de aprendizagem. Os acadêmicos partiram de um problema real, pois utilizaram dados de infrações ambientais da Secretaria Estadual do Meio Ambiente, e construíram um saber ambiental, envolvendo as questões ecológicas, sociais e éticas. Todas as equipes realizaram entrevistas com grupos sociais específicos, o que auxiliou na reflexão sobre o assunto. Durante a análise dos projetos, concluiu-se que apenas os grupos 4 e 5 não aprofundaram o conteúdo da pesquisa, ao passo que o grupo 2 não elaborou um material didático eficiente para ser utilizado pelos professores da Educação Básica.
The purpose of this work is to present a research conducted with students taking a licentiate course in Biological Sciences. The meetings were held in the Environmental Education classes. The objective was to investigate the students’ conceptions of the environment and the environmental violations. The research aimed at collecting actual data to investigate these environmental conceptions on a systemic basis, in addition to reviewing the methodology of educational projects and their relationship with the environmental problems. The investigational process was divided into three phases. First, the information on environmental violations occurring in the region of Bauru/SP, within five years, was gathered. According with the information collected, 22 types of violations happening very often were found, namely: wild animals in captivity (26.75%), irregular fishing (17.72%), intervention in forest areas (13.37%) and intervention in permanent preservation area (11.74%). Secondly, these environmental violations were reviewed following Bardin Content Analysis methodology (1977) and grouped into six theme areas, so the undergraduate Biology students could propose their educational projects: 1) causing damages to any kind of animals; 2) causing ecological losses for removing the wild animals from nature; 3) polluting activity; 4) irregular fishing; 5) intervention in Permanent Preservation Area (PPA); and 6) intervention in isolate trees and forest area. In the second phase, the students were divided into six groups and each group made a presentation and in the third phase, they designed an environmental project and developed a teaching material to be used by Sciences/Biology teachers in Elementary Schools. By reviewing the presentations given, the students had difficulties to look for new knowledge sources. Only one group suggested new information sources to complement the article studied for the presentation. Although most of them have made their position on the matter discussed and proposed feasible ways to improve the environmental quality, they only had this behavior after being encouraged by their professor. Projects developed by the students became efficient tools in the learning process. The students started from an actual problem, as they used data on environmental violations provided by the State Secretariat for the Environment, and built an environmental knowledge, involving ecological, social and ethical issues. All the teams interviewed specific social groups, which helped thinking on the matter. While reviewing the projects, it was concluded that only groups 4 and 5 could not deepen the research content, while group 2 did not create an efficient teaching material to be used by the Elementary School teachers.

Sulfur dioxide is a primary pollutant and a known respiratory irritant. While there is a small level of background SO2, elevated concentrations are caused by industrial emissions. Muscatine, IA was designated as an area of nonattainment due to the persistent elevated levels of SO2 in the area. There are currently no available methods for predicting potential SO2 violations in Muscatine, and very little research was found investigating predictive modeling efforts. This thesis examines atmospheric conditions in Muscatine caused by SO2 emissions from facilities near the city. The main goals were to examine the plume dispersion model AERMOD for its ability to accurately map pollution levels, and to determine whether AERMOD could be used to predict SO2 concentrations when using meteorological forecast models as weather inputs. An historical analysis was performed using meteorological records from 2007 and AERMOD. The maximum emission limit was used in AERMOD. The resulting predicted concentrations were compared with concentrations reported at a monitoring site within the city. A forecasting analysis was also completed using two weather model forecasts (WRF and NAM) from March 2012 as meteorological input for AERMOD. Accurate daily SO2 emissions were obtained from each facility, and the corresponding rates were used in AERMOD. The resulting predicted concentrations were compared with monitored concentrations during the same time period. Overall, the historical analysis showed AERMOD's tendency to overestimate SO2 concentrations, particularly on days that also resulted in high monitored levels. The forecasting analysis resulted in favorable results with respect to the WRF weather forecast, but the NAM forecast created concentrations in AERMOD that were poorly correlated with monitored values. AERMOD still was likely to overestimate concentrations, but these overestimations were lessened due to more accurate emission information. Further research will be needed to further advance the prediction of pollution levels.

Darbe įvertinti Raseinių rajono aplinkos apsaugos kontrolės ir priežiūros rezultatai. Analizei pasirinkti 2005 – 2009 metai, analizuotos aplinkos apsaugos agentūros ataskaitos, įvertinti pagrindiniai įstatymų ir reikalavimų pažeidimai. Darbo objektas – Lietuvos Respublikos aplinkos ministerijos Kauno regiono aplinkos apsaugos departamento Raseinių rajono agentūra. Jos vykdomų darbų apžvalga, protokolai, metinės ataskaitos, bylos. Darbo tikslas – Įvertinti aplinkos apsaugos būklę ir parodyti pagrindines jos raidos tendencijas. Išanalizuoti per paskutiniuosius penkerius metus padarytus aplinkos apsaugos administracinius pažeidimus, jų priežastis, nustatyti būdingiausius pažeidimus ir pasiūlyti pažeidimų mažinimo priemones. Darbo metodika – Išanalizuotos metinės veiklos ataskaitos nuo 2005 iki 2009 m, sugretintos tarpusavyje, ir remiantis gautais analizės rezultatais padarytos išvados. Detaliai analizuotos 2007 – 2009 metų ataskaitos, agentūros patikrinimų planų sėkmių ir nesėkmių įvertinimai, agentūros darbuotojų sustatyti aktai dėl nustatytos neteisėtos veiklos ir kitų administracinių pažeidimų. Taip pat išanalizuoti skundai dėl padarytos žalos ar nusikalstamos veiklos užfiksuoti agentūros vedamose knygose. Remiantis atlikta analize nustatyti dažniausiai padaromi prasižengimai, prasižengimų priežastys, pažeidėjų požiūris į savo neteisėtą veiklą. Darbo rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad pažeidimų skaičius nuolat mažėja. 2005 metais bendras nustatytas prasižengimų skaičius buvo 394, o... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The thesis estimates the results of environmental protection control and monitoring in Raseiniai district. To be precise, the peculiarities of Environmental Protection Agency reports as well as the main violations of environmental laws and regulations are analysed and measured. Analysis is based on data of 2005-2009. Object of the thesis is the review of operations, cases, protocols and annual reports carried out in Raseiniai Environmental Protection Agency of Kaunas Regional Environmental Protection Department controlled by Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania. The aim of the thesis is to assess the condition of environment protection and expose its essential development trends. The thesis also aims at evaluation of the main causes of violations in environmental protection during the last five-year period and measures against them. Method used in the thesis is the comparative analysis of annual reports during the period of 2005-2009. To be precise, an explicit analysis is made on the annual reports, overview of successes and failures control schedule, acts for illegal actions and other administrative violations performed by Agency personnel. Moreover, claims for damages and other types of offence recorded in Agency registers are defined too. The obtained data indicates causes of frequently occurring violations and offenders’ treatment of their own illegal activities. The results of the survey reveal that the number of environmental violations is gradually... [to full text]

Consent orders are issued by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (GA EPD). Consent orders require facilities to comply with environmental rules and regulations. The effectiveness of the consent order process has recently been questioned. Several facilities were cited with multiple consent orders, suggesting possible implementation weaknesses, i.e., monitoring and enforcement. There is a need to examine trends among facilities issued multiple consent orders and the content of those consent orders. Such an analysis can help determine the efficacy of the process as a tool of compliance and recommendations to improve it. The present assessment covered a span of fourteen years, 1993-2006. The data analysis reflected the strengths and limitations of this enforcement tool as well as the existing resources and powers of the state agencies.

First time name of certification were mentioned 1990s concerning a problems with bad forest practices, hard improvement of governmental regulations especial in tropics. Later this concern were growing to 1992 Rio de Janeiro conference. And so, need of strict forest system in 1993 established Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Main activities started later 1996 in Canada with small group of people which started developing countries regional standards (Claros, 2009). Now FSC program is one of the biggest forest certification and accreditation providing company providing wood and their products and certification service. This program supports LEED Lumber, IKEA, biggest companies buying wood in the world, non governamental organisations World wild Fund (WWF), Green peace (www.fsc.org). The curiosity of how FSC forest certification impact forest management in Lithuania and Russia and lack of FSC standard studies with national law encouraged to create such study. We want to analyze FSC certification annual public reports raised CAR’s (Corrective action request) from Forest Management Units (FMU) - enterprises, leaseholders in Lithuania and Russia. The first aim was to find, what main CAR’s in Lithuania, Russia and distribute CAR’s to environmental, economical, social type aspects. In later stages analyze Lithuanian and Russian FSC standards Smart Wood, SGS Qualifor and Russian national. In the last step to compare FSC standards with state law for each country. Analysis of... [to full text]
Pagal FSC standartus miškai pradėti sertifikuoti nuo 1993 metų. Patogi sertifikavimo sistema leido minėtam standartui išplisti visame pasaulyje. Bolivijoje, Brazilijoje, Indonezijoje FSC sertifikavimas vis dar plečiamas (Claros, 2009). Sertifikacijos dėka gerinama miškų valdymo kokybė, biologinės įvairovės apsauga, sprendžiamos darbuotojų saugos problemos. Šio standarto visapusišku naudingumu neabejoja daugelis FSC rėmėjų: LEED Lumber, IKEA, bei didžiausios miško produktus superkančios ar nevyriausybinės organizacijos, Pasaulio gamtos fondas (World wild Fund WWF), Green peace (www.fsc.org). Mokslinių darbų, nagrinėjančių miškų sertifikaciją objektyviai, yra nedaug ir miškų sertifikavimo tema nėra plačiai nagrinėjama palyginus su socialiniais, miško gyvosios ir negyvosios gamtos sąveikos tyrimais. Miškų sertifikavimo standartų palyginamųjų darbų taip pat yra negausu. Šio darbo sukūrimo pagrindas – galimybė išanalizuoti skirtumus tarp FSC sertifikuotų kaimyninių šalių (Lietuvos ir Rusijos) miškų tvarkymo vienetų ir naudojimo standartų (MTV – Lietuvoje valstybinių miškų įmonių urėdijų ir Rusijoje miškų ūkių ir miškų nuomotojų). Taip pat norima sužinoti, ar Lietuvoje ir Rusijoje susiduriama su skirtingais sertifikavimo pažeidimais. Šių pažeidimų koregavimo veiksmų reikalavimų (KVR) aspektų pagalba palyginti Lietuvos ir Rusijos FSC miškų valdymo sertifikacijos standartus bei su standartais susijusi šalių miškų teisė. Kita šio darbo dalis, skirta ištirti kokią įtaką ekonominės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

In this work, we show the mathematical reasons why parametric models fall short of providing correct estimates and define an approach that overcomes the causes of these shortfalls. The approach aims at improving parametric estimation models when any regression model assumption is violated for the data being analyzed. Violations can be that, the errors are x-correlated, the model is not linear, the sample is heteroscedastic, or the error probability distribution is not Gaussian. If data violates the regression assumptions and we do not deal with the consequences of these violations, we cannot improve the model and estimates will be incorrect forever. The novelty of this work is that we define and use a feed-forward multi-layer neural network for discrimination problems to calculate prediction intervals (i.e. evaluate uncertainty), make estimates, and detect improvement needs. The primary difference from traditional methodologies is that the proposed approach can deal with scope error, model error, and assumption error at the same time. The approach can be applied for prediction, inference, and model improvement over any situation and context without making specific assumptions. An important benefit of the approach is that, it can be completely automated as a stand-alone estimation methodology or used for supporting experts and organizations together with other estimation techniques (e.g., human judgment, parametric models). Unlike other methodologies, the proposed approach focuses on the model improvement by integrating the estimation activity into a wider process that we call the Estimation Improvement Process as an instantiation of the Quality Improvement Paradigm. This approach aids mature organizations in learning from their experience and improving their processes over time with respect to managing their estimation activities. To provide an exposition of the approach, we use an old NASA COCOMO data set to (1) build an evolvable neural network model and (2) show how a parametric model, e.g., a regression model, can be improved and evolved with the new project data.

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Brazilian speleological patrimony is formed by a set of material and immaterial goods of invaluable natural and cultural values, and it`s preservation is essential to guarantee to present and future generations a healthy environment. Until recently, this environmental patrimony benefited from an efficient protection from the Brazilian substantive law. Nevertheless, this condition has been profoundly changed by Decree n. 6.640/2008, which modified the structure of Decree n. 99.556/1990, our most effective cave protection rule. This change had the purpose of introducing a new legal framework, that jeopardizes the integrity of most part of caves located in national territory, and, for that reason, demands efficient interpretations in order to minimize the noxious impacts on the environment. Answering that call, this work aimed to analyze not only the Decree in case, but also, in a general way, the Brazilian substantive law available to protect the natural underground cavities. To achieve such goal, law doctrine, case law, as well as deductive, inductive and analogical reasoning has been used. Federal Constitution and Federal rules have been examined: either those rules designed especially to protect the speleological patrimony or those which are useful for cave protection despite not being issued for that very reason. Some of the main State cave protection rules, especially the ones based on States Constitutions, have also been seen. At the end, an expressive range of the national rules available to protect the speleological patrimony has been explored. Concerning specifically to the changes in the Decree n. 99.556/1990, it has been shown that they couldn t have been made by another decree, which consisted violation of the Brazilian Constitution. Regarding the substantive aspects of the changes, an interpretation track has been chosen in order to, as much as possible, minimize the environmental losses and keep compatibility with the Federal Constitution
O patrimônio espeleológico brasileiro é formado por um conjunto de bens materais e imateriais de inestimável valor natural e cultural, e a sua preservação é fundamental para garantir às gerações presentes e futuras um meio ambiente saudável. Até rescentemente, esse patrimônio ambiental gozava de proteção eficiente no direito material brasileiro, mas esse status foi profundamente alterado com a edição do Decreto n. 6.640/2008, que modificou a estrutura da nossa principal norma especificamente dirigida à tutela de cavernas: o Dec. n. 99.556/1990. Essa mudança visou a implantar, no âmbito infraconstitucional, um novo regime jurídico, que ameaça por em risco a integridade da maior parte das cavernas sitas em território nacional, e, por tal razão, clama por interpretações que miniminizem os resultados nocivos ao meio ambiente. Atendendo a esse chamado, este trabalho visou a analisar não apenas o decreto em questão, como, de uma forma geral, as normas brasileiras de direito material à disposição do aplicador do direito para a proteção das cavidades naturais subterrâneas. Para tanto, valeu-se do estudo da doutrina e da jurisprudência, bem como se utilizaram os métodos dedutivo, indutivo e analógico. Examinaram-se a Constituição Federal, as normas federais e especificamente destinadas à proteção do patrimônio espeleológico ou aquelas que, mesmo não tendo esse propósito específico, podem ser utilizadas em seu proveito, bem como algumas das principais normas estaduais voltadas à tutela de cavernas, sobretudo as previstas nas respectivas Constituições. Ao final, conseguiu-se percorrer significativo espectro do instrumental normativo nacional disponível à proteção do patrimônio espeleológico, e, especificamente no que diz respeito às alterações no Decreto n. 99.556/1990, evidenciou-se sua inconstitucionalidade formal, e, no que diz respeito ao conteúdo material do decreto, apresentou-se uma linha de interpretação que, tanto quanto possível, minimizasse as perdas ao meio ambiente, e mantivesse compatibilidade com a Constituição Federal

Žemė visais laikais buvo vertinama kaip visuotinė vertybė, kurios pagrindinė socialinė funkcija – tarnauti tautos gerovei. Bet kokia fizinė veikla keičia natūralią žemės būklę ir funkcijas, todėl atsižvelgiant į visuomeninių santykių, valstybės ekonomikos dinamikos ir raidos procesus, ypač svarbu, kad žemė būtų racionaliai ir efektyviai naudojama. Tai pagrindžia objektyviai nepaneigiamą pareigą valstybei nuosavybės į žemę, taip pat žemės valdymo ir naudojimo santykius reguliuoti taip, kad būtų suderinti visų žemės teisinių santykių subjektų interesai ir užtikrinta pagrindinė žemės funkcija. Žemės naudojimo valstybine kontrole būtent ir siekiama užtikrinti, kad valdant ir naudojant žemę, būtų laikomasi Lietuvos Respublikos žemės įstatymo bei kitų įstatymų, susijusių su žemės naudojimo priežiūra, taip pat apsaugoti valstybinės žemės nuosavybės teises. Žemės naudojimo valstybinė kontrolė - įstatymais ir kitais teisės aktais reglamentuotas žemės savininkų ir naudotojų veiklos priežiūros priemonių įgyvendinimo procesas, kuriuo siekiama užtikrinti tinkamą žemės ir gamtos išteklių naudojimą bei jų teisinę apsaugą, taip pat nustatyti nukrypimus nuo nustatytų reikalavimų ir užfiksuoti teisės aktų pažeidimus, bei pagal kompetenciją imtis įstatymų numatytų priemonių pažeidėjams nubausti. Už žemės naudojimo valstybinės kontrolės vykdymą atsakinga Nacionalinė žemės tarnyba prie Žemės ūkio ministerijos, tiesiogiai kontrolę vykdo teritoriniai žemėtvarkos skyriai. Baigiamajame darbe... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In all times the land was seen as universal value, which main social function is to serve for the welfare of people. Any physical activity has impact on the natural state and functions of land, that is why the rational and effective use of land is so important. Public land use control has to ensure that the land administrators and land users respect and comply the laws regulating the land use and to protect the stateland ownership. Public land use control is the process of land administrators and land users activity supervision, which is regulated by laws, which is intended to ensure proper land and natural resources usage and legal protection, also identify deviation from the requirements and fixate violations, and under jurisdiction take legal actions to punish offenders. The Nacional Land Service under the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania and territorial Land divisions are responsable for the public land use control. The regulation and execution of public land use control in Širvintai municipality is rewieved and estimated in this thesis. There are literature source anglysis, comperative and assessment anglysis, and logical methods used in this final work. The laws regulating the land use control, the Nacional Land Service under the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania, Širvintai land division documentation on public land use control is analized. It is found that the public land use control in Širvintai municipality, also as in the... [to full text]

Шумило А. М. Проблемы ответственности за нарушение водного законодательства : дис. ... канд. юрид. наук : 12.00.06 / Алексей Михайлович Шумило; Укр. юрид. акад. - Харьков, 1993. - 171 с.
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.06. – сільськогосподарське право; земельне, водне, лісове і гірниче право; екологічне право. – Українська юридична академія, Міністерство освіти України, Харків, 1993. Дисертацію присвячено аналізу відповідальності за водні правопорушення з точки зору захисту прав власників і користувачів водних об’єктів, а також додержання ними обов’язків щодо охорони вод. Відповідальність за порушення водного законодавства розглядається як невід’ємна складова частина охорони вод. Здійснено класифікацію водних правопорушень. Визначено зміст відповідальності за водні правопорушення; співвідношення майнової відповідальності та платежів за забруднення водоймищ; правові наслідки визнання недійсними угод щодо водойм в умовах різноманітних форм власності на землі водного фонду. Обґрунтовано поняття водного об’єкта, що відрізняється від водного ресурсу. Аргументовано новий підхід до поняття відповідальності за водні правопорушення через систему прав і обов’язків власників, користувачів водних об’єктів та інших осіб, що їх використовують.
Dissertation for obtaining the degree of Candidate of Legal Sciences on speciality 12.00.06. – Agricultural Law; Land Law, Water Law, Forest Law and Mining Law; Environmental Law. – Ukrainian Legal Academy, Ministry of Education of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 1993. The dissertation is devoted to the analysis of liability for violating the water regulations in the framework of defending the property rights and consumers of water objects, along with compliance of duties for water protection. Liability for violating legislation on water is considered as an essential element of water protection. The classification of water misdemeanors has been carried out. The author has defined the content of liability for violating the regulations on water; correlation of proprietor’s liability and payments for water contamination; the legal consequences for annihilating the agreements on water objects given the variety of property rights for the lands of water fund. The concept of water object, different from water resource, has been reasoned. A new approach has been proposed for defining the liability for violating water regulations through the system of rights and duties of the proprietors, consumers of water objects and other users.
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата юридических наук по специальности 12.00.06. − Сельскохозяйственное право, земельное, водное, лесное и горное право; экологическое право. − Украинская юридическая академия, Министерство образования Украины, Харьков, 1993. Диссертация посвящена анализу ответственности за водные правонарушения с точки зрения защиты прав собственников и пользователей водных объектов, а также соблюдения ими обязанностей по охране вод. Ответственность за нарушение водного законодательства рассматривается как неотъемлемая составная часть охраны вод. Осуществлена классификация водных правонарушений. Определено содержание ответственности за водные правонарушения; соотношение имущественной ответственности и платежей за загрязнение водоемов; правовые последствия признания ничтожными сделок относительно водоемов в условиях различных форм собственности на земли водного фонда. Обосновано понятие водного объекта, которое отличается от водного ресурса. Аргументировано новый подход к понятию ответственности за водные правонарушения через систему прав и обязанностей владельцев, пользователей водных объектов и других лиц, которые их используют.

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
資訊管理研究所
98
The purpose of this study is the integration of mobile communication technologies and a global positioning system (GPS) to construct an instant, convenient report of the mobile network service system, termed the Mobile Traffic Violation Reporting System (MTVRS), to explore the effects between mobile learning and traffic violations and then improve learners’ reflection level for traffic violations. Data were collected using a ‘‘usefulness of mobile learning systems” questionnaire and traffic violation reflection questions from a sample consisting of 32 learners in Taiwan. Learners voluntarily participated in a four-week program using mobile devices to transmit photographs of local traffic violations and exchange pictures and observations. Each learner had a convenient method to share personal learning experiences and obtain knowledge of traffic violations by interacting with peers. The experimental results revealed by the questionnaire were satisfactory and encouraging in terms of the effectiveness of the supported mobile learning environment. Moreover, the responses to the questionnaire showed significant differences in regard to both gender and grade. The study also found a positive improvement in reflection levels toward traffic violations among groups following the experiment. The implications derived from the findings were learners’ understanding of traffic violations improved as well as providing preliminary evidence demonstrating both MTVRS and the mobile devices were useful strategies in teaching learners about traffic violations.

碩士
國立聯合大學
經營管理學系碩士班
107
This study integrates person-environment fit theory and psychological contract theory. This research uses psychological contract violation as mediator and equity sensitivity as moderator to examine how person-environment fit affects job attitudes (job satisfaction, intentions to quit, and affective organizational commitment) and deviant workplace behaviors (supervisor-directed deviance and organizational deviance). This study uses two-wave survey with one month time lag between each wave to reduce common method bias. Person-environment fit and equity sensitivity were collected at time 1 and psychological contract violation, work attitudes, and deviant workplace behaviors were collected at time 2. The sample of this study was 229 employees nested in 15 organizations. HLM analysis results showed that person-environment fit is negatively related to psychological contract violation. Psychological contract violation partially mediated the relationships between person-environment fit and job satisfaction, intentions to quit, and affective organizational commitment. Besides, person-environment fit was directly and negatively related to supervisor-directed deviance and organizational deviance. Equity sensitivity moderated the relationship between person-environment fit and psychological contract violation. This relationship was stronger for individuals higher rather than lower in equity sensitivity. Theoretical and managerial implications were discussed.

碩士
國立成功大學
財務金融研究所碩士在職專班
103
In recent years, there are more and more disasters in Taiwan, like Kaohsiung gas explosion, dirty recycled waste oil events and food security crisis in 2014, ASE wastewater pollution tainted starch storms in 2013, and so on. Everyone is getting well aware of the importance of Corporate Social Responsibility. In this study, I use the 2011 Taiwan Stock Exchange companies as the research samples to discuss about the impact of corporate political connections on the penalties for environmental violations and public safety. The member of Board of directors has the experience of government’s important position, Legislator, or councillor, and have at least one politician on company’s board of directors. Politicians are defined as mayor, county magistrate, in-service Legislator or councilor that may have influence on business activities. The result is the higher political connections, the penalties is lower. It meet our hypotheses, under-table lobbying and tunnelling through the political connections. However, in higher risk of illegal companies, They has have the positive correlation. It means that all public figures are closely watched by all and the medias. Regardless how carefully they behave, one misstep, small and otherwise, will invite merciless criticism. So they will enhance the reputation by penalties for environmental violations and public safety.

碩士
國立中興大學
法律學系碩士在職專班
103
According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines to determine and application administrative fines on environmental crime, one of the key principles of fine design is to remove perpetrayor''s benefits from violation.In recent years, the environmental enforcement, citing Administrative Penalty Act Article 18, Article 20 removal of the perpetrator''s "illegal benefits",the purpose of law enforcement innovation is to curb illegal effectively, and protect the environment and public health. Though there are legal basis of removal illegal benefits on Administrative Law, but still much controversy in practical operation. In order to understand the system in detail, this research marshal the basic theory of removal illegal benefits. This research also introduce system design and case study of removal illegal benefits in Germany and USA. Referring to enforcement method of these two countries, try to make the system maturely. Countering current controversy of removal illegal benefits system, including the stipulation of removal illegal benefits meets the Principle of Law Reservation, whether the administrative organizations could be standing of plaintiff, as well as the relationship between the illegal benefits and fines, such as calculation problems. This research analyzes on the legal perspective, theory and opinions of practice, hoping to clarify the concepts of removal illegal benefits, and make recommendations on enforcement and Legislative. The system of removal illegal benefits has been applied to environmental enforcement in Taiwan, and it''s effective. It can be recommend as one of the main means of enforcement. Besides, refer to German system, calculation method and principle of illegal benefits could be expressly provided by law amendment. Furthermore, we could make penalty framework of Taiwan, Administrative discretion standard that issued by USA in 1984 could be reference. In addition, Supplemental environmental project in USA is also worth reference, it can be carried out in Administative contract form in Taiwan, but should pay attention to the principle of improper connection forbidden.

博士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
99
Building violation is one of the main subjects for governments of different counties and cities of Taiwan during the implementation of building management at present. Based on reported building violation cases in Tainan City, this study has classified the cases by time and space dimensions to analyze and compare the features of each type of building violation, analyzed the locations and generation types of building violations as well as the environmental load（CO2 emission）, and discussed the gap between “legal building usage” defined by related laws and “practical building usage” in users’ view with the externality theory and questionnaire survey. Furthermore, the study took townhouse home buildings newly built by developers as a sample and employed empirical observations and a questionnaire survey of real estate developers. And a Binomial Logit Model and a Ordered Logit Model were employed to analyze the relationship between the control of statutory Building Coverage Ratio（BCR）and the Floor Area Ratio（FAR）and the induction of building violation. In addition, the study has summarized significant factors for building fires with materials about building fire as well as relevant documents and laws and built the forecast model about fire hazards with a regression model to analyze the relationship between building violations and proper losses due to building fires. Finally, a hedonic price model for illegal buildings was established using the hedonic price method to examine the substantial effects of different building management strategies and find future directions for handling building violations.

碩士
淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
92
The Public Nuisance Reporting case is the most common issue for citizens'' contacting with the environmental agencies. As a result, its processing quality has huge affection on the citizens'' impression towarding governmental efficiency for environmental protection, as well as the confidence on governmental policy. This research is focusing on the Environmental Violation Reporting System of the Environmental Protection Administration, to analyze around 500,000 reporting cases in the last 5 years, by the following factors of population, pollution types, origins of public nuisance, channels for reporting, processing results and public satisfaction. In the respect of pollution types, noise related issues have been found to be increased by the past 5 years and even stands on the most important type by passing the decreasing air quality issues. In the respect of the origins of public nuisance, industry (factory), citizens and commercial activities are the top three items. Among the three, industry was used to be the number one item but now it is the number three; citizens now stands the number one item and the number two item of commercial activities is increasing as well. In the respect of the channels for reporting, "telephone" has over 90% in the total cases during the years. However, E-Mail and internet system reporting are increasing rapidly. In the respect of processing results, "nothing illegal" and "minor case or testified not violating the regulations" are the highest two items in percentage. So public satisfaction is only 20% although most of the citizens are satisfied with the hotline accepters. This research suggested that to adjust the related noise control standards by counting into the "frequency" factor, to enact the "vibration control act" ASAP, to strengthen the citizens'' knowledge towarding environmental protection, to control the different land areas'' usage, to strengthen the training for hotline accepters, to conduct the SOP for hotline acceptation, to encourage the citizens using internet reporting, to strengthen the auditing mechanism, to built the training system for the auditing team, to revise the environmental laws properly, to strengthen the personnel qualification assessment, to make indicators for outer assessment and inner management.....and so on. This research wish to contribute for the public nuisance reporting work, and help to increase the citizens'' satisfaction by meeting their needs.

This thesis presents a set of system algorithms and a feasibility analysis of an automated enforcement system that uses dedicated short-range communication with an emphasis on seatbelt and speed enforcement. The current seatbelt and speed enforcement limitations and disadvantages can be overcome because future vehicles will be equipped with devices that can be used to communicate with other vehicles or the traffic infrastructure. One limitation of the current seatbelt enforcement system is that it relies only on human vision. Today’s automated photo speed enforcement also has the following major limitations and disadvantages: fixed position enforcement, system installation and maintenance costs, enforcement based only on spot speed, sensitivity to lighting conditions, and vulnerability to sprays and obstructions that might block the license plates. This thesis proposes an automated enforcement system that uses wireless communication (IEEE 802.11p protocol), which can resolve all of the above-mentioned problems and is also more efficient, accurate, and cost effective.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia especialidade de Psicologia Educacional.
Este trabalho surge com o propósito de analisar o papel mediador do clima organizacional na relação entre a percepção de violação do contrato psicológico e a opção, do trabalhador, por comportamentos de saída, voz, lealdade e negligência. Os resultados obtidos, numa amostra constituída por trabalhadores de uma instituição de ensino superior (N=77), vêm evidenciar que perante a percepção de violação do contrato psicológico, os trabalhadores, contendem com intenções de saída, negligência e diminuição da lealdade, não se verificando comportamentos de voz. Porém, adicionando a variável clima organizacional ao modelo confirma-se o seu efeito mediador nas relações anteriormente observadas, sendo que, um clima organizacional positivo favorece comportamentos de lealdade e voz e sendo negativo fomenta comportamentos de negligência e saída. Do modelo proposto ressalva-se que os trabalhadores apenas recorrem a comportamentos de voz, como resposta à violação do contrato psicológico, quando percepcionam um clima organizacional positivo. No actual clima de insegurança e mudança laboral onde violações ao contrato psicológico são muitas vezes difíceis de evitar, estes resultados vêm mostrar que podem ser potenciadas respostas mais construtivas pela promoção de um clima organizacional mais atractivo. Limitações do presente estudo são apresentadas, assim como, discutidas sugestões para futuras investigações.
This study is intending to analyse the mediating role that an organizational environment can have between the perception of psychological contract violation, and the individual choices of the employee be it loyalty, voice, neglecting or resignation (exit). The results from this study, in a sample of employees of a high school (N=77), show that when faced with the psychological contract violation, the employees respond with resignation attempts, neglect and reduction of loyalty, however voice behaviours are not observed. When we introduce the organizational environment in the model it is confirmed the mediator effect in the observed relationships. A positive organizational environment generates an increase of loyalty and voice behaviours, however if it’s negative stimulates neglect behaviour and resignation. The exception, in this model, is related with the voice behaviours that seem to appear only when the employees sense a positive work environment. In present times, of insecurity and change, where the psychological contract violation is quite often difficult to avoid, these results show that it is possible to develop constructive behaviours, by the promotion of an organizational environment more attractive. Limitations of the present study are presented, as well as discussion suggestions for future inquiries.

Les agents des services correctionnels sont appelés à travailler et à intervenir quotidiennement auprès des individus incarcérés et se trouvent au cœur du fonctionnement des établissements de détention provinciaux du Québec. Leurs pratiques disciplinaires envers les individus incarcérés étaient auparavant considérées comme arbitraires et prenaient place dans un milieu défini comme autonome, autosuffisant, fermé sur l’extérieur et ne nécessitant pas le support de la société (Goffman, 1961). Les dernières décennies ont apporté de nombreux changements, tels la reconnaissance des droits des individus incarcérés, l’ouverture du milieu carcéral sur la société ou encore la normalisation des conditions de détention. A ceux-ci se sont ajoutés la Loi sur le système correctionnel du Québec et son Règlement d’application qui vient régir le processus disciplinaire. L’objet de cette recherche vise la compréhension des pratiques des agents correctionnels en matière de poursuites disciplinaires suite à ces changements. Cette étude vise également à comprendre les éléments venant influencer la décision, par un agent correctionnel, de dresser un rapport disciplinaire. Nos résultats se divisent en deux volets. Le premier suggère que le droit disciplinaire est une question d’équilibre carcéral. Les agents correctionnels, ayant la mission de maintenir la sécurité et l’ordre au sein du milieu carcéral, prennent également part à la mission de réinsertion sociale des individus incarcérés. Les agents doivent moduler leurs pratiques disciplinaires selon des éléments administratifs et institutionnels, tout en entretenant une relation avec les individus incarcérés basée sur la négociation et le marchandage. Le deuxième suggère que le droit disciplinaire est une question de pouvoir. En effet, malgré l’encadrement des établissements carcéraux par des textes légaux, les agents correctionnels détiennent un pouvoir discrétionnaire reconnu et accepté dans l’application de la discipline.
The correctional officers are at the hearth of the operation of provincial correctional facilities in Quebec as they are required to work and respond every day to individuals incarcerated in prisons. Their disciplinary practices towards incarcerated individuals were previously considered as arbitrary and took place in an environment defined as autonomous, self-sufficient, closed to the outside and that didn’t require the support of society (Gofmann, 1961). The last decades have brought many changes, such as the recognition of the rights of incarcerated individuals, the opening of the prison environment, the standardization of the detention conditions as well as the introduction of the Act respecting the Quebec Correctional System and the Regulations under the Act respecting the Quebec Correctional System, that regulate the disciplinary process. The interest of this research is the understanding of the practices of correctional officers in disciplinary proceedings following these changes. This study also aims the understanding of what influences the decision, by a correctional officer, to write a disciplinary report. Our results are divided in two aspects. The first suggests that the disciplinary practices are about power. Indeed, despite the supervision of prisons by legal texts, correctional officers have a discretionary power towards the application of discipline that is recognized and accepted. Secondly, the disciplinary practices are set in a certain balance of the prison regime. Correctional officers have the mission to maintain security and order within the prison. They also take part in the mission of social reintegration of incarcerated individuals. They must adjust their disciplinary practices according to administrative and institutional elements, while maintaining a relationship with incarcerated individuals based on negotiation and bargaining.