Дисертації з теми "Entrepreneurial outcome"

Abstract. The outcome of youth entrepreneurship in developing economies is impacted by something much more acute than the lack of entrepreneurial competence and finance: The legitimacy of the state policy framework and its compatibility with the entrepreneur’s expectations. This study investigates youth entrepreneur’s legitimacy judgments about the current state policy framework in Sierra Leone. The purpose of this study is to understand the legitimacy of the state policy framework and its implication on youth entrepreneurship through an empirical study; and to propose an adapted framework of the linkage between state policy, legitimacy, and entrepreneurial outcome. The study adopts a qualitative approach in evaluating the congruence between the state policy and entrepreneurial outlook in Sierra Leone. Data were obtained through extensive interviews with participants from three groups: The Ministry of Youth Affairs and its Commission, Sierra Leone Opportunity for Business Operation, and devoted youth entrepreneurs. The data were coded manually and analyzed using the Gioia method to complement a comprehensive literature review of entrepreneurship and legitimacy. The findings of this study show that youth entrepreneurs perceived the current state policy as non-legitimate, due to lack of awareness about the functions of various policy organizations, political commitments to specific communities, and limited access to existing entrepreneurial resources. However, it also provides suggestions on how to ensure that policy actions and activities are legitimate and compatible with the entrepreneur’s expectations. The country already has a suitable policy framework designed to support the actions and activities of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and its Commission that must be compatible with the entrepreneur’s expectations. There are also extensive entrepreneurial resources that must be easily attainable and accessible to all youth entrepreneurs. Sierra Leone also needs a policy that affects the entrepreneur’s attitude towards policymakers to reduce the stigma of apprehensive youth attitude. The result of this study provides a suitable angle to evaluate entrepreneurship and identify other factors that strengthen the effectiveness of entrepreneurship research in developing economies.

Les entrepreneurs contribuent de manière significative aux activités économiques et à la création d'emplois. S'engager dans des activités entrepreneuriales exige que les entrepreneurs s'exposent à la forte probabilité d'échec, à des risques et à l'incertitude. Par conséquent, il est crucial de comprendre et d'identifier les facteurs qui contribuent à la création d'entreprise, à la poursuite de leurs activités et au développement des activités des entrepreneurs. Cette étude explore 1) un nouveau facteur qui détermine différents niveaux de la tendance à entreprendre à travers les pays et les cultures, et 2) la façon dont les entrepreneurs et les équipes entrepreneuriales choisissent leurs voies de développement et d'évolution.Le chapitre 1 illustre et utilise de manière inédite une caractéristique linguistique du temps futur, la morphologie flexionnelle (c'est à dire conjugaison) pour le temps futur (IF), afin de mesurer la perception de l'incertitude, et d'explorer son effet sur la tendance à entreprendre d'un pays. L'utilisation de la morphologie flexionnelle pour le futur est censée inciter les locuteurs à percevoir intensément l'incertitude. Par conséquent, ces pays et régions connaissent moins de nouvelles entreprises créées. Les preuves empiriques appuient la proposition en utilisant les données au niveau des pays dans 137 pays de 2010 à 2018. Les résultats impliquent que la caractéristique linguistique du futur peut servir comme un facteur institutionnel de la perception de l'incertitude par un individu et contribuer à l'hétérogénéité de la tendance à entreprendre nationale et régionale.Le chapitre 2 examine si la composition de l'équipe fondatrice des entrepreneurs novices aide à prédire s'ils deviennent des entrepreneurs à fort développement. Contrairement aux recherches précédentes, cette étude prend le point de vue de l'entrepreneur en suivant l'activité entrepreneuriale de 1000 entrepreneurs novices au cours de leurs dix premières années. Les résultats montrent que la composition de l'équipe de l'entreprise initiale est importante pour la probabilité que les entrepreneurs connaissent au final un statut de fort développement. Les résultats montrent en outre que les membres non familiaux qui participent en tant que partenaires commerciaux à la toute première entreprise des entrepreneurs les aident à réentreprendre. De plus, les entrepreneurs à fort développement sont plus souvent des entrepreneurs habituels. Lors de l'analyse au niveau de l'entreprise, différents résultats apparaissent, ce qui souligne la nécessité de bien choisir le niveau d'analyse lors de la comparaison des résultats de l'activité entrepreneuriale.Le chapitre 3 évalue l'évolution des équipes fondatrices entrepreneuriales. Les équipes sont des facteurs clés du succès des nouvelles entreprises, mais ils ne sont pas statiques dans le temps. Dans ce chapitre, la chronologie des changements des équipes est mise en évidence et démontrée pour faire des conséquences différentes. Cette enquête a été menée en suivant 1000 équipes britanniques au cours des dix premières années de leurs activités. Selon la chronologie du départ du fondateur et de l'entrée de nouveaux membres, l'éviction du fondateur et le remplacement sont deux types d'évolution nouvellement définis. Les résultats révèlent différents facteurs (propriété au capital, opportunité entrepreneuriale alternative et la disparité de la répartition de la propriété) pour le départ et l'éviction des fondateurs, ainsi que pour l'entrée de nouveaux membres et le remplacement. Des plus, la disparité de la répartition de la propriété après l'évolution de l'équipe est affectée différents évènements affectent différemment l'ampleur de. Ces résultats mettent en lumière l'importance de la chronologie des changements des équipes
Entrepreneurs contribute significantly to economic activities and job creation. Engaging in entrepreneurial activities requires entrepreneurs to face the high likelihood of failure, take risks, and bear a great deal of uncertainty. Hence, understanding and identifying factors that contribute to individuals starting a business, keeping engaging in and growing their entrepreneurial activities are crucial. This study explores 1) a novel factor that determines various levels of entrepreneurial propensity across countries and cultures and 2) how the entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial teams choose their development paths and evolvement.Chapter 1 illustrates and initiatively employs a linguistic feature of future tense, inflectional morphology (i.e., conjugation) for future tense (IF), to measure the perception of uncertainty, and explores its effect on a country's entrepreneurial propensity. Using inflectional morphology for future tense is argued to make speakers perceive uncertainty intensely. Therefore, their resident countries and regions experience fewer new ventures created. The empirical evidence supports the proposition by using the country-level data in 137 countries from 2010 to 2018. The finding implies that the linguistic feature of future tense can serve as the institutional factor of an individual's perception of uncertainty and contribute to the heterogeneity of nationwide and regional entrepreneurial propensity.Chapter 2 investigates whether the founding team composition of novice entrepreneurs help predict whether they become high-growth entrepreneurs. Unlike previous research, this study takes the entrepreneur's perspective by tracking 1000 novice entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial activity in their first ten years. The results show that team composition in the very first company matters for the likelihood that entrepreneurs ultimately experience high-growth status. The findings further indicate that non-family members participating as business partners in the very first company of the entrepreneurs help them become habitual. Moreover, high-growth entrepreneurs are more often habitual entrepreneurs. When running the analysis at the company level, different results appear, which highlights the need for choosing well the level of analysis when comparing the outcomes of entrepreneurial activity.Chapter 3 assesses the evolution of entrepreneurial founding teams (EFTs). EFTs are key drivers of new ventures' success, but they are not static over time. In this chapter, the temporality of EFT evolutionary events is highlighted and evidenced to make different consequences. This investigation was conducted by tracking 1,000 U.K. EFTs for the first ten years of their ventures. Based on the temporal sequence of founder departure and new member entry, founder crowd-out and replacement are two newly defined types of evolution. The results reveal different antecedents (equity ownership, alternative entrepreneurial opportunity and the disparity of ownership distribution) for founder departure and crowd-out, as well as for new member entry and replacement. Furthermore, the disparity of ownership after evolution is affected differently by evolutionary events in terms of magnitude. These findings shed light on the importance of the temporality of EFT evolutionary events

Research on entrepreneurship focuses on success which ignores the high failure rate of new ventures. Many new ventures fail so how entrepreneurs deal with it when their venture fails? Successful entrepreneurs praising the advantages of failure as a valuable teacher. The result of failure is regularly filled with economic, social, psychological, and physical health disorder. The aim of this research is to assessment venture failure experiences for entrepreneurs, from the instant result through to recovery for coping with entrepreneurial failure and exit for impact of the closed venture. In this research, aspects of life affected by entrepreneurial failure examine economically, socially and psychologically in highlighting factors that may influence the amount of costs of failure. Next, the research describes how entrepreneurs learn from failure. It presents on the outcomes of venture failure, including coping with failure and recovery together with cognitive and behavioral outcomes. The main objective of the research study is to understand the failure from entrepreneurs who have experienced it and also to make a theoretical framework of failure based on entrepreneurial venture failure experiences. Every entrepreneur starts up a venture with high expectations of achieving success. Failure can be emotionally disturbing, devastating, painful, distressing and costly for the entrepreneur who may have to aspect the stigma of failure and the loss of reputation. The entrepreneur can get involved in grief, heartache, anxiety, depression, shame, rejection and discouragement (Politis & Gabrielsson, 2009). The purpose of the research is to investigate how entrepreneurs realize and react to venture failure. Moreover, entrepreneurs are looking for positive aspects of failure as enhancing experiences that help their coping with entrepreneurial failure, learning from failure, the willingness to begin a new venture and also trigger changes in upcoming decision-making. The purpose of the research is to take a view of the existed experience of failure, taking into consideration impact from the entrepreneurship.
Forskning om entreprenörskap fokuserar på framgång som ignorerar den höga felfrekvensen av nya företag. Många nya företag misslyckas så hur entreprenörer hantera det när deras företag misslyckas? Framgångsrika entreprenörer prisar fördelarna med misslyckande som en värdefull lärare. Resultatet av misslyckande regelbundet fylld med ekonomiska, sociala, psykologiska och fysiska hälsoproblem. Syftet med denna forskning är att bedöma företagets misslyckande upplevelser för företagare, från det ögonblick resultatet genom att återhämtningen för att hantera företagande fel och avsluta för påverkan av den slutna företag. I denna forskning aspekter av livet som påverkas av entreprenörs fel undersöka ekonomiskt, socialt och psykologiskt att belysa faktorer som kan påverka mängden av kostnaderna för ett misslyckande. Därefter beskriver forskningen hur entreprenörer lära av misslyckanden. Den presenterar på resultaten av företagets misslyckande, inklusive hantera fel och återhämtning tillsammans med kognitiva och beteendemässiga utfall.

Forskning om entreprenörskap fokuserar på framgång som ignorerar den höga felfrekvensen av Nya företag. Många nya företag misslyckas så hur entreprenörer hantera det när deras företag misslyckas? Framgångsrika entreprenörer prisar fördelarna med misslyckande som en värdefull lärare. Resultatet av misslyckande regelbundet fylld med ekonomiska, sociala, psykologiska och fysiska hälsoproblem. Syftet med denna forskning är att bedöma företagets misslyckande upplevelser för företagare, från det ögonblick resultatet genom att  återhämtningen för att hantera företagande fel och avsluta för påverkan av den slutna företag.  I denna forskning aspekter av livet som påverka av entreprenörs fel undersöka ekonomiskt, socialt och psykologiskt att belysa faktorer som kan påverka mängden av kostnaderna för ett misslyckande. Därefter beskriver forskningen hur entreprenörer lära av misslyckanden. Den presenterar på resultaten av företagets misslyckande, inklusive hantera fel och återhämtning tillsammans med kognitiva och beteendemässiga utfall.
Research on entrepreneurship focuses on success which ignores the high failure rate of new ventures. Many new ventures fail so how entrepreneurs deal with it when their venture    fails? Successful entrepreneurs praising the advantages of failure as a valuable teacher. The result of failure is regularly filled with economic, social, psychological, and physical health disorder. The aim of this research is to assessment venture failure experiences for entrepreneurs, from the instant result through to recovery for coping with entrepreneurial failure and exit for impact of the closed venture. In this research, aspects of life affected by entrepreneurial failure examine economically, socially and psychologically in highlighting factors that may influence the amount of costs of failure. Next, the research describes how entrepreneurs learn from failure. It presents on the outcomes of venture failure, including coping with failure and recovery together with cognitive and behavioral outcomes. The main objective of the research study is to understand the failure from entrepreneurs    who have experienced it and also to make a theoretical framework of failure based on entrepreneurial venture failure experiences. Every entrepreneur starts up a venture with high expectations of achieving success. Failure can be emotionally disturbing, devastating,  painful, distressing and costly for the entrepreneur who may have to aspect the stigma of failure and the loss of reputation. The entrepreneur can get involved in grief, heartache, anxiety, depression, shame, rejection and discouragement (Politis & Gabrielsson, 2009). The purpose of the research is to investigate how entrepreneurs realize and react to venture  failure. Moreover, entrepreneurs are looking for positive aspects of failure as enhancing experiences that help their coping with entrepreneurial failure, learning from failure, the willingness to begin a new venture and also trigger changes in upcoming decision-making. The purpose of the research is to take a view of the existed experience of failure, taking into consideration impact from the entrepreneurship.

Most entrepreneurs have families that highly influence their business­ activities. However, scholars have paid limited attention to how the family as a specific social context impacts entrepreneurial outcomes, such as new venture creation, firm growth, and exit from entrepreneurship­. This thesis investigates how the family influences such outcomes at different levels of analysis: the individual level, the firm level, and the regional level.  The theoretical framework is developed by integrating the theory­ of social embeddedness with literature on family business and entrepreneurship­. Empirical evidence is based on a unique multi-level­ Swedish database combining individual-, firm-, and regional-level data. By providing an in-depth understanding of whether the family influence pertains to the whole entrepreneurial process or only to particular entrepreneurial outcomes, this thesis contributes to a new understanding of the family’s role in entrepreneurship.

Diss. Stockholm :  Stockholm School of Economics, 2014.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Kelley School of Business, 2007.
Title from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 24, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: A, page: 0660. Adviser: Dean A. Shepherd.

A private, nonprofit university in Mexico invested millions of U.S. dollars in a strategic initiative to build and operate technology-knowledge transfer parks (TKTP) with the mission of supporting the development of Mexican society's entrepreneurial capabilities. The university, however, lacked an assessment policy for gauging the effectiveness of the TKTP initiative. The purpose of this study was to explore stakeholder values about TKTP effectiveness in order to inform future assessment of TKTPs. The triple helix conceptual framework of collaboration between universities, business and industry, and government informed the design of this study. The central question for this study sought to clarify what stakeholders perceive to make TKTPs effective. The study employed stratified random sampling and cross-sectional stakeholder survey data (N = 129). Data analysis included descriptive statistics to present common themes about TKTP stakeholder values, as well as ANOVA to discern significant differences in TKTP valuations between the stakeholder groups. A key finding was that stakeholder groups lack enough information to assess whether the university achieved its original objectives by using the TKTP initiative. Other findings revealed that the stakeholder groups agreed on several criteria for TKTP assessment. A policy recommendation for TKTP assessment, based on the research findings, is provided as part of the project component of this study. This project study supports positive social change by encouraging the region's transformation into a more entrepreneurial, innovative, and knowledge-based economy through continued but more accountable use of TKTPs in Mexico.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Dec. 18, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology." Discipline: Sociology; Department/School: Sociology.

At the core of entrepreneurship is the debate surrounding whether an entrepreneur is born or can be created. The literature to date argues for and against both sides but acknowledges that entrepreneurial education plays a key role in assisting the development of entrepreneurs. While many aspects of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education are discussed in the literature, there is little discussion about the relationship the two have on the attitudes and motivations of the students taking entrepreneurial programs.The importance of entrepreneurship is shown by its economic importance and the fact that governments are actively trying to increase the level of entrepreneurship within their countries.By examining the existing literature we identify that there are four key characteristics of an entrepreneur. These are: motivation, opportunity identification, risk and uncertainty and the ability to network. From there we also analyse the role of education and in particular the relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurship. We identify how entrepreneurial education can be used to develop entrepreneurship both individually and within a region.This allows us to assess the effects on the attitudes of students undergoing entrepreneurial education by looking at their attitudes towards the characteristics of an entrepreneur, before and after the entrepreneurial program is complete.The research takes a qualitative approach with eight students of an entrepreneurial program at the Umeå University being interviewed and their responses being analysed. The program has been running from 2003, and respondents were chosen between 2003 and 2010. Semi-structured interviews were conducted based on the entrepreneurial characteristics outlined above however there was also scope to enable the respondent to speak freely about the entrepreneurial education they received to assess if other factors affected their attitudes and motivations. After conducting interviews and analysing the empirical data we find that entrepreneurship education has a positive effect on students‟ attitude and motivation, especially on areas such as opportunity identification and networking. The findings also show that there are aspects that the education fails to provide, which in effect have a negative impact on students attitude and motivation.

Governments at the bottom of the pyramid are putting an increasing amount of trust inthe private sector to help build infrastructure and alleviate poverty. Therefore, finding better ways to support local entrepreneurial initiatives is crucial. Corporations and organisations alike are starting BoP initiatives to help with these challenges, yet knowledge of how these challenges can best be solved remains underdeveloped. It is suggested that creating shared value through partnerships between corporations and the BoP can help alleviate poverty as well as benefit the corporation. In sharing knowledge and resources with the BoP, corporations can also help develop the entrepreneurial ecosystem in BoP regions. Research regarding entrepreneurial ecosystems in the BoP or the workings of partnerships within BoP markets such as the Sub-Saharan African BoP is scarce. Through a thematic study of perspectives on entrepreneurship and partnerships from three different stakeholder groups active in the Sub-Saharan African BoP market, this study seeks to add to the existing body of literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems and partnerships in BoP markets. Our findings suggest that partnerships between entrepreneurs and corporations could help mitigate some ofthe challenges entrepreneurs face, provided the stakeholders have shared goals and commitment to achieve impactful and mutually beneficial results. Currently, these goals appear to be slightly misaligned.

Cette thèse porte sur une étude des aspects jusqu’à présent négligés concernant les ressources immédiatement accessibles aux entrepreneurs des jeunes et petites entreprises. En s’appuyant sur l’argument que les ressources immédiatement accessibles aux entrepreneurs sont leur capital humain et social, l’étude est d’abord centrée sur une lecture individuelle, qui met en exergue l’entrepreneur et son capital humain. Ensuite, elle tient compte explicitement de l'enracinement social des entrepreneurs et plus précisément de leur enracinement familial « family embeddedness ». Ainsi, l’étude s’ouvre à l'entrepreneur et son conjoint, donc au couple d’entrepreneurs. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans les domaines de recherche de l'entrepreneuriat et de l'entreprise familiale, et emprunte des concepts et des théories à l'économie et à la sociologie. Chacun des quatre articles qui constituent la thèse est une étude autonome destinée à la publication. Néanmoins, toutes les études se rapportent à une problématique centrale qui traite des aspects encore négligés concernant les liens entre les résultats des petites entreprises, l'entrepreneur et le couple d’entrepreneurs
This thesis focuses on a study of the hitherto neglected aspects of the resources immediately accessible to entrepreneurs of young and small businesses. Based on the argument that the resources immediately available to entrepreneurs are their human and social capital, the study is primarily centered on individual reading, which highlights the entrepreneur and his human capital. Then, it explicitly takes into account the social roots of entrepreneurs and more specifically their family-embeddedness. Thus, the study opens to the entrepreneur and his spouse, thus to the couple of entrepreneurs. This thesis is part of the research fields of entrepreneurship and the family business, and borrows concepts and theories from economics and sociology. Each of the four articles that make up the thesis is an independent study for publication. Nevertheless, all the studies relate to a central issue that deals with the still neglected aspects of the links between the results of small firms, the entrepreneur and the couple of entrepreneurs

Face aux enjeux aussi bien collectifs ; en termes de développement économique et social des territoires et du pays ; qu’individuels pour les créateurs, les systèmes d’appui se sont progressivement imposés constituant, depuis les années 80, une réalité générale en Europe et plus particulièrement en France.Parmi les pratiques d’appui à la création d’entreprises, notre intérêt dans ce travail de recherche est porté sur le phénomène d’accompagnement entrepreneurial. D’abord abordé selon une approche plutôt technique collective axé sur le résultat, l’accompagnement entrepreneurial se transforme en une pratique d’aide à la création d’entreprise qui est fondée sur une relation d’influence interpersonnelle qui s’établit entre un porteur et un acteur externe au projet de création et sur un processus d’action fondé sur des apprentissages multiples et le développement des compétences.Si à l’état actuel de la recherche en entrepreneuriat l’ensemble des apports de l’accompagnement par la structure contribue à une meilleure réussite des porteurs accompagnés, nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement, dans notre travail de recherche, à l’autre « facette cachée » de la relation d’accompagnement qui est les accompagnateurs et à cette problématique de ce qu’apprennent ces acteurs professionnels dans leurs pratiques d’accompagnement au sein des structures d’accompagnement. Nous nous sommes, donc, posées la question de savoir : Dans quelle mesure les expériences d’accompagnement entrepreneurial affectent-elles les résultats d’apprentissage expérientiel et les comportements individuels et organisationnels des accompagnateurs dans Réseau Entreprendre ® ?Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous avons mobilisé la théorie de l’apprentissage expérientiel (Kolb, 1985) comme modèle de référence de notre recherche. La rencontre entre les deux concepts de base de notre recherche, à savoir, l’accompagnement entrepreneurial et plus particulièrement, l’accompagnateur et la théorie de l’apprentissage expérientiel de Kolb (1984 nous a permis de constituer notre modèle conceptuel mettant en relation quatre variables principales. Ces variables sont associées aux expériences d’accompagnement entrepreneurial, les caractéristiques individuelles des accompagnateurs, les résultats d’apprentissage expérientiel et, enfin, le changement des comportements individuels et organisationnels des accompagnateurs.En adoptant une méthodologie quantitative nous avons administré un questionnaire à un échantillon de 205 accompagnateurs de projet de création d’entreprise dans 38 associations Réseau Entreprendre en France. Les résultats de nos analyses quantitatives sont obtenus à partir de SPSS et apportent une meilleure compréhension du cycle d’apprentissage de l’accompagnateur dans les structures d’accompagnement en général et dans Réseau Entreprendre, en particulier. Les implications et contributions de notre travail de recherche aussi bien théoriques, méthodologiques que pratiques
Faced with both the collective challenges, in terms of economic and social development of communities and countries; and individual challenges to the business creators, support systems have gradually imposed representing, since the 80s, a general reality in Europe and particularly in France.Among the practices of business support systems, our interest in this research is focused on the entrepreneurial support phenomenon. First approached from a more technical and collective approach focused on results, entrepreneurial support becomes a practical support to business creation which is based on an interpersonal influence relationship established between an entrepreneur and an external actor to the creation project and on an action process based on multiple learning and skills development.If all support contributions in the current state of entrepreneurship research help to a better entrepreneur’s success, in our research we are particularly interested in the other "hidden facet" of the support relationship whish are accompanists themselves and the problematic of what is learned by these professional actors from their practices in business support structures. We, therefore, asked the question: To what extent the entrepreneurial support experiences of accompanists affect their experiential learning outcomes and individual and organizational behaviors in “Réseau Entreprendre” (Entrepreneurship Network) ®?To address this problem, we mobilized the experiential learning theory (Kolb, 1985) as a reference model of our research. The meeting between the two fundamental concepts of our research, namely, entrepreneurial support and more specifically, the accompanist and Kolb's experiential learning theory (1984) enabled us to build our conceptual model relating four main variables. These variables are associated with entrepreneurial support experiences, individual characteristics of accompanists, the experiential learning outcomes and, finally, individual and organizational behavior changes.By adopting a quantitative methodology we administered a questionnaire to a sample of 205 entrepreneurs of creation project in 38 Entrepreneurship Network associations in France. The results of our quantitative analyzes are obtained from SPSS software and provide a better understanding of the accompanist learning cycle in general and in “Entrepreneurship Network” structures in particular. The implications and contributions of our research are theoretical, methodological and practical

Our world is not equal, and women are in a greater extent affected by the inequalities. Extra vulnerable for the inequalities are women in developing countries. In order to empower women and strive towards gender equality, female entrepreneurship has shown positive effects for women in developing countries. Entrepreneurial development programmers are implemented by both organizations and governments, with the aim of engaging women into business. In order to study the entrepreneurial motivations and outcomes of women in a developing country, a field study was conducted in Zambia. Organizations, working with entrepreneurial business training, as well as female entrepreneurs who took part in an entrepreneurial business training programme, were interviewed during a ten-week stay in Zambia. A comparison between women with a low level of education and a high level of education was done, in order to see whether their entrepreneurial motivations and outcomes deviate or correlates. From the findings of this study, it was concluded that women with different educational background have different motivations for entering entrepreneurial activities. Women with a higher level of education had personal motivations for entering, such as personal fulfilment, the wish to actualize an idea and the wish to leave a legacy. On the other hand, women with a low level of education were forced into entrepreneurship, in order to support for their family and mainly their children. However, regarding the entrepreneurial outcomes, they correlate, showing that entrepreneurship and business training has given Zambian women self-confidence and a business-mind.
Vi lever i en ojämlik värld. Världens ojämlikheter påverkar kvinnor i större utsträckning än män, och extra utsatta är kvinnor i utvecklingsländer. I arbetet för att sträva mot jämlikhet och kvinnors uppnådda egenmakt har kvinnligt företagande visat positiva effekter för kvinnor i utvecklingsländer. För att vidare studera kvinnors motivationer och uppnådda effekter utav kvinnligt företagande i utvecklingsländer har en fältstudie utförts i Zambia. Organisationer som arbetar med utbildning inom företagande, i kombination med kvinnliga entreprenörer som tagit del av ett sådant utbildningsprogram har under tio veckor intervjuats på plats i Zambia. En jämförelse mellan kvinnor med hög respektive låg utbildningsnivå hargenomförts för att ta reda på om utbildningsbakgrund har påverkat deras motivationer och effekter av entreprenörskap. Resultaten av studien visar att kvinnor med olika utbildningsnivåhar olika motivationer för att starta företag. Kvinnor med högre utbildning startar företag av personliga skäl, så som önskan om självförverkligande, viljan att göra en idé till verklighet och viljan att lämna något efter sig. Kvinnor med lägre utbildningsnivå, startar å andra sidan företag på grund av att det är deras enda val. De tvingas in i entreprenörskap för att kunna försörja sina familjer, främst sina barn. Däremot visar effekterna av entreprenörskap likheter mellan kvinnorna, trots ojämn utbildningsnivå. Effekterna av entreprenörskap och företagsutbildning har gett zambiska kvinnor självförtroende och har hos dem utvecklat ett nytt företagstänk. Hädanefter kommer uppsatsen att presenteras på engelska.

The Department of Education in South Africa altered the concept of teaching and learning from a traditional method to a new outcome based approach. The new curriculum prescribes certain outcomes that the learners must successfully master. One of the outcomes Grade 9 learners must manage is to become an entrepreneur and to be able to administer the small business as a profitable unit. The school managers, educators, parents and learners of the primary schools are eager participants in Market or Entrepreneur days. However, in the secondary schools, the enthusiasm and commitment to such an event, does not exist. The teaching and learning environment between the two institutions are worlds apart and launching such a day in secondary schools, is basically impossible. As a result learners, including the Grade 9 learners, have limited opportunities, to practise their entrepreneurial skills. Despite the various attempts made by the school managers and educators to compromise, secondary school learners are deprived of chances to exercise their skills within the school's safe environment.
Educational Studies
M. Ed. (Education Management)

碩士
元智大學
企業管理與服務科學學程
99
There is a growing interest of entrepreneurial behavior. The entrepreneurial behavior represents a SBU executive team manager’s actions of recognizing opportunities and taking advantages of resources for achieving extraordinary outcomes in the marketplace. This research explores this notion at the SBU level because it is critical for a firm to exploit objectives and actions toward their customers and rivals directly. Fallowing on the current stream, this study explores the antecedents and outcomes of entrepreneurial behavior in the SBUs. For instance, the effects of strategic orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on the SBU’s entrepreneurial behavior are discussed. Besides, we not only study on the relationship between the SBU’s entrepreneurial behavior and the SBU’s market related performance, but also investigate the possible influences of environment mediators on such connection. Consequently, the findings offer integrated knowledge and managerial implications in both academic and practical fields.

Lo, Wai Yu Olivine.
Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 318-332).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on 05, January, 2017).