Дисертації з теми "Enrichissement de document"
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Decourselle, Joffrey. "Migration et enrichissement sémantique d’entités culturelles." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1183/document.
Many efforts have been done these last two decades to facilitate the management and representation of cultural heritage data. However, many systems used in cultural institutions are still based on flat models and are generally isolated which prevents any reuse or validation of information. This Ph.D. aims at proposing new solutions for enhancing the representation and enrichment of cultural entities using the Semantic Web technologies. This work consists in two major steps to reach this objective. On the one hand, the research is focused on the metadata migration process to transform the schema of existing knowledge catalogs to new semantic models. This study is based on a real-world case study using the concepts from the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) which allows to generate graph-based knowledge bases. Yet, the quality of such a migration is the cornerstone for a successful adoption. Thus, several challenges related to the tuning and the evaluation of such a process must be faced. On the other hand, the research aims at taking advantage of these semantic models to facilitate the linkage of information with external and structured sources (e.g., Linked Open Data) and extracting additional information from other sources (e.g., microblogging) to build a new generation of thematic knowledge bases according to the user needs. However, in this case, the aggregation of information from heterogeneous sources requires additional steps to match and merge both correspondences at schema and instance level
Veillet, Sébastien. "Enrichissement nutritionnel de l’huile d’olive : entre tradition et innovation." Thesis, Avignon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AVIG0237/document.
Olive oil is an ancestral product widely known for its benefic effects on human health. Its processing has changed a lot through centuries, especially these past few years with the increasing automation of the production lines. The first part of this manuscript describes these evolutions while the second part gives details on the influence of each processing step on the nutritional composition of the olive oil. We have studied the influence of the crushing systems, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid separations. The optimization of each of these steps allows the endogenous enrichment of the oil with nutrients extracted from the olive fruit. Then, we have also developed exogenous olive oil enrichment methods by bioactive compounds issued from plants and vegetables. In order to restrain the number of extraction steps and avoid the use of petroleum solvents, the olive oil is used as the extraction solvent so the enrichment is directly performed in the oil. To accelerate extraction kinetics that could be very long we developed ultrasound accelerated extraction techniques. The results obtained in this work are very promising and extensions of olive oil available product ranges are possible
Leny, Marc. "Analyse et enrichissement de flux compressés : application à la vidéo surveillance." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TELE0031/document.
The increasing deployment of civil and military videosurveillance networks brings both scientific and technological challenges regarding analysis and content recognition over compressed streams. In this context, the contributions of this thesis focus on: - an autonomous method to segment in the compressed domain mobile objects (pedestrians, vehicles, animals …), - the coverage of the various compression standards commonly used in surveillance (MPEG-2, MPEG-4 Part 2, MPEG-4 Part 10 / H.264 AVC), - an optimised multi-stream processing chain from the objects segmentation up to their tracking and description. The developed demonstrator made it possible to bench the performances of the methodological approaches chosen for a tool dedicated to help investigations. It identifies vehicles from a witness description in databases of tens of hours of video. Moreover, while dealing with corpus covering the different kind of content expected from surveillance (subway stations, crossroads, areas in countryside or border surveillance …), the system provided the following results: - simultaneous real time analysis of up to 14 MPEG-2 streams, 8 MPEG-4 Part 2 streams or 3 AVC streams on a single core (2.66 GHz; 720x576 video, 25 fps), - 100% vehicles detected over the length of traffic surveillance footages, with a image per image detection near 95%, - a segmentation spreading over 80 to 150% of the object area (under or over-segmentation linked with the compressed domain). These researches led to 9 patents linked with new services and applications that were made possible thanks to the suggested approaches. Among these lie tools for Unequal Error Protection, Visual Cryptography, Watermarking or Steganography
Risch, Jean-Charles. "Enrichissement des Modèles de Classification de Textes Représentés par des Concepts." Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMS012/document.
Most of text-classification methods use the ``bag of words” paradigm to represent texts. However Bloahdom and Hortho have identified four limits to this representation: (1) some words are polysemics, (2) others can be synonyms and yet differentiated in the analysis, (3) some words are strongly semantically linked without being taken into account in the representation as such and (4) certain words lose their meaning if they are extracted from their nominal group. To overcome these problems, some methods no longer represent texts with words but with concepts extracted from a domain ontology (Bag of Concept), integrating the notion of meaning into the model. Models integrating the bag of concepts remain less used because of the unsatisfactory results, thus several methods have been proposed to enrich text features using new concepts extracted from knowledge bases. My work follows these approaches by proposing a model-enrichment step using a domain ontology, I proposed two measures to estimate to belong to the categories of these new concepts. Using the naive Bayes classifier algorithm, I tested and compared my contributions on the Ohsumed corpus using the domain ontology ``Disease Ontology”. The satisfactory results led me to analyse more precisely the role of semantic relations in the enrichment step. These new works have been the subject of a second experiment in which we evaluate the contributions of the hierarchical relations of hypernymy and hyponymy
Oudni, Amal. "Fouille de données par extraction de motifs graduels : contextualisation et enrichissement." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066437/document.
This thesis's works belongs to the framework of knowledge extraction and data mining applied to numerical or fuzzy data in order to extract linguistic summaries in the form of gradual itemsets: the latter express correlation between attribute values of the form « the more the temperature increases, the more the pressure increases ». Our goal is to contextualize and enrich these gradual itemsets by proposing different types of additional information so as to increase their quality and provide a better interpretation. We propose four types of new itemsets: first of all, reinforced gradual itemsets, in the case of fuzzy data, perform a contextualization by integrating additional attributes linguistically introduced by the expression « all the more ». They can be illustrated by the example « the more the temperature decreases, the more the volume of air decreases, all the more its density increases ». Reinforcement is interpreted as increased validity of the gradual itemset. In addition, we study the extension of the concept of reinforcement to association rules, discussing their possible interpretations and showing their limited contribution. We then propose to process the contradictory itemsets that arise for example in the case of simultaneous extraction of « the more the temperature increases, the more the humidity increases » and « the more the temperature increases, the less the humidity decreases ». To manage these contradictions, we define a constrained variant of the gradual itemset support, which, in particular, does not only depend on the considered itemset, but also on its potential contradictors. We also propose two extraction methods: the first one consists in filtering, after all itemsets have been generated, and the second one integrates the filtering process within the generation step. We introduce characterized gradual itemsets, defined by adding a clause linguistically introduced by the expression « especially if » that can be illustrated by a sentence such as « the more the temperature decreases, the more the humidity decreases, especially if the temperature varies in [0, 10] °C »: the additional clause precise value ranges on which the validity of the itemset is increased. We formalize the quality of this enrichment as a trade-off between two constraints imposed to identified interval, namely a high validity and a high size, as well as an extension taking into account the data density. We propose a method to automatically extract characterized gradual based on appropriate mathematical morphology tools and the definition of an appropriate filter and transcription
Ayoub, Oussama. "Enrichissement sémantique non supervisé de longs documents spécialisés pour la recherche d’information." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, HESAM, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023HESAC039.
Faced with the incessant growth of textual data that needs processing, Information Retrieval (IR) systems are confronted with the urgent need to adopt effective mechanisms for efficiently selecting document sets that are best suited to specific queries. A predominant difficulty lies in the terminological divergence between the terms used in queries and those present in relevant documents. This semantic disparity, particularly pronounced for terms with similar meanings in large-scale documents from specialized domains, poses a significant challenge for IR systems.In addressing these challenges, many studies have been limited to query enrichment via supervised models, an approach that proves inadequate for industrial application and lacks flexibility. This thesis proposes LoGE an innovative alternative with an unsupervised search system based on advanced Deep Learning methods. This system uses a masked language model to extrapolate associated terms, thereby enriching the textual representation of documents. The Deep Learning models used, pre-trained on extensive textual corpora, incorporate general or domain-specific knowledge, thus optimizing the document representation.The analysis of the generated extensions revealed an imbalance between the signal (relevant terms added) and the noise (irrelevant terms). To address this issue, we developed SummVD, an innovative extractive automatic summarization approach, using singular value decomposition to synthesize the information contained in documents and identify the most pertinent phrases. This method has been adapted to filter the terms of the extensions based on the local context of each document, thereby maintaining the relevance of the information while minimizing noise
Durighello, Emie. "Nouvelles approches combinant protéomique, immuno-enrichissement et bioinformatique pour la détection de microorganismes." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13514/document.
The rapid identification of pathogenic microorganisms in environmental samples is a major issue in the biodefense field. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry can offer a fast, straightforward and inexpensive answer. In the framework of the Franco-German ANR project GEFREASE, the purpose of the thesis was to develop methodologies allowing identification of pathogenic microorganisms and particularly to set up targeted approaches using antibodies for sample preparation beforehand mass spectrometry. First of all, the proteome study of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica LVS, responsible for tularemia, allowed us to identify the most abundant proteins and peptides, and for which the most intense signals are observed when using mass spectrometry. The proteogenomic study of twelve of these proteins enable us to choose three biomarkers for which the masses monitored by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (top down approach) allow deciphering the Francisella species and subspecies. The interest of this work is being able to conclude on a strain virulence based on the knowledge of the subspecies it belongs. The finalized test is easy and fast. Secondly, the development of a magnetic immunocapture of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica LVS allowed us to show that it is possible to concentrate bacteria using magnetic beads coupled to antibodies raised against the entire bacterium. This approach has been experimented in the case of bacterial mixtures where the model bacterium was largely in minority and for samples containing various food matrices such as mineral water or milk. The methodology has been validated on a class 3 agent, Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis
Hadj, salah Marwa. "Désambiguïsation lexicale de l'arabe pour et par la traduction automatique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAM089/document.
This thesis concerns a study of Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), which is a central task in natural language processing and that can improve applications such as machine translation or information extraction. Researches in word sense disambiguation predominantly concern the English language, because the majority of other languages lacks a standard lexical reference for the annotation of corpora, and also lacks sense annotated corpora for the evaluation, and more importantly for the construction of word sense disambiguation systems. In English, the lexical database wordnet is a long-standing de-facto standard used in most sense annotated corpora and in most WSD evaluation campaigns.Our contribution to this thesis focuses on several areas:first of all, we present a method for the automatic creation of sense annotated corpora for any language, by taking advantage of the large amount of wordnet sense annotated English corpora, and by using a machine translation system. This method is applied on Arabic and is evaluated, to our knowledge, on the only Arabic manually sense annotated corpus with wordnet: the Arabic OntoNotes 5.0, which we have semi-automatically enriched.Its evaluation is performed thanks to an implementation of two supervised word sense disambiguation systems that are trained on the corpora produced using our method. We hence propose a solid baseline for the evaluation of future Arabic word sense disambiguation systems, in addition to sense annotated Arabic corpora that we provide as a freely available resource.Secondly, we propose an in vivo evaluation of our Arabic word sense disambiguation system by measuring its contribution to the performance of the machine translation task
Alec, Céline. "Enrichissement et peuplement d’ontologie à partir de textes et de données du LOD : Application à l’annotation automatique de documents." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS228/document.
This thesis deals with an approach, guided by an ontology, designed to annotate documents from a corpus where each document describes an entity of the same type. In our context, all documents have to be annotated with concepts that are usually too specific to be explicitly mentioned in the texts. In addition, the annotation concepts are represented initially only by their name, without any semantic information connected to them. Finally, the characteristics of the entities described in the documents are incomplete. To accomplish this particular process of annotation of documents, we propose an approach called SAUPODOC (Semantic Annotation of Population Using Ontology and Definitions of Concepts) which combines several tasks to (1) populate and (2) enrich a domain ontology. The population step (1) adds to the ontology information from the documents in the corpus but also from the Web of Data (Linked Open Data or LOD). The LOD represents today a promising source for many applications of the Semantic Web, provided that appropriate techniques of data acquisition are developed. In the settings of SAUPODOC, the ontology population has to take into account the diversity of the data in the LOD: multiple, equivalent, multi-valued or absent properties. The correspondences to be established, between the vocabulary of the ontology to be populated and that of the LOD, are complex, thus we propose a model to facilitate their specification. Then, we show how this model is used to automatically generate SPARQL queries and facilitate the interrogation of the LOD and the population of the ontology. The latter, once populated, is then enriched (2) with the annotation concepts and definitions that are learned through examples of annotated documents. Reasoning on these definitions finally provides the desired annotations. Experiments have been conducted in two areas of application, and the results, compared with the annotations obtained with classifiers, show the interest of the approach
Lunion, Steeve. "Enrichissement environnemental, performances cognitives et neurogenèse hippocampique adulte chez un modèle murin du syndrome de Coffin-Lowry." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T034/document.
The Coffin-Lowry Syndrome is a rare syndromic form of X-linked intellectual disability. This syndrome is caused by mutations of the Rsk2 gene that encodes a protein kinase, RSK2, in the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Characterization of the behavioural phenotype of Rsk2-KO mice mainly showed that they display delayed acquisition and long-term deficits in a spatial reference memory task, suggesting an alteration in hippocampal function. Here, we show that Rsk2-KO mice are also deficient in a learning and memory task that involves dentate gyrus-dependent pattern separation function. Several studies showed the formation of new neurons in the adult dentate gyrus by neurogenesis is a form of plasticity that plays a significant role in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, in particular for spatial learning and memory and pattern separation. As these functions are altered in Rsk2-KO mice, we studied hippocampal adult neurogenesis in these mice. No difference in proliferation, survival and maturation of newborn neurons was found in the dentate gyrus of the mutant mice in basal conditions, nor after a pattern separation task. However, we found a deficit in the survival of newborn cells in Rsk2-KO mice submitted to spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze task. According to several studies, environmental enrichment in rodents has beneficial effects on cognitive performance and is associated with an enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Thus, we assessed the potential effect of environmental enrichment on spatial learning and memory performance and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Rsk2-KO mice. Our results show that an environmental enrichment protocol of 3h per day during 24 days can rescue or ameliorate spatial learning and memory performance and pattern separation function in Rsk2-KO mice and increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis
El, Makoudi Ikram. "Étude et fabrication de transistors à enrichissement de la filière InAlAs/InGaAs pour applications millimétriques faible bruit." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10069/document.
The increasing needs of high frequency electronic systems combined with constant efforts in miniaturization require low noise and high frequency Field Effect Transistor with high operation voltage. For digital applications, enhancement mode HEMT is needed. The enhancement-mode metamorphic AlInAs/GaInAs HEMT on GaAs substrate developed in OMMIC in 2007 meet these requirements and it represents the starting point of our study. The aim of our work is to provide AlInAs/InGaAs E-HEMTs for low noise applications, on InP substrate in order to take advantage of its high electronic mobility, while maintaining high static and dynamic performances. We first optimized the structure, then we realized and characterized E-HEMTs which reach high cutoff frequencies, such as 204 GHz for FT and 327 GHz for FMAX, combined with a low noise figure of 0.96 dB and an associated gain of 13.2 dB at 30 GHz. These structures also show high static performances such as a 30 mV threshold voltage, a gate-to-drain breakdown voltage of –7 V, and a high transconductance of 1040 mS/mm. These results make this pseudomorphic E-HEMT on InP substrate at the state of the art of the enhancement mode HEMTs, and it even competes with the best low noise applications depletion mode HEMTs
Bhattarai, Gautam Susma. "Enrichissement d'une communauté microbienne anaérobie oxydante du méthane à partir de sédiments marins : évaluation des performances en bioréacteurs." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1090/document.
Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to sulfate reduction (AOM-SR) is a biological process mediated by anaerobic methanotrophs (ANME) and sulfate reducing bacteria. Due to its relevance in regulating the global carbon cycle and potential biotechnological application for treating sulfate-rich wastewater, AOM-SR has drawn attention from the scientific community. However, the detailed knowledge on ANME community, its physiology and metabolic pathway are scarcely available, presumably due to the lack of either pure cultures or the difficulty to enrich the biomass. To enhance the recent knowledge on ANME distribution and enrichment conditions, this research investigated AOM-SR with the following objectives: (i) characterize the microbial communities responsible for AOM in marine sediment, (ii) enrich ANME in different bioreactor configurations, i.e. membrane bioreactor (MBR), biotrickling filter (BTF) and high pressure bioreactor (HPB), and (iii) assess the AOM-SR activity under different pressure and temperature conditions.The microbes inhabiting coastal sediments from Marine Lake Grevelingen (the Netherlands) was characterized and the ability of the microorganisms to carry out AOM-SR was assessed. By performing batch activity tests for over 250 days, AOM-SR was evidenced by sulfide production and the concomitant consumption of sulfate and methane at approximately equimolar ratios and a sulfate reduction rate of 5 µmol sulfate per gram dry weight per day was attained. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed the presence of ANME-3 in the Marine Lake Grevelingen sediment.Two bioreactor configurations, i.e. MBR and BTF were operated under ambient conditions for 726 days and 380 days, respectively, to enrich the microorganisms from Ginsburg Mud Volcano performing AOM. The reactors were operated in fed-batch mode for the liquid phase with a continuous supply of gaseous methane. In the MBR, an external ultra-filtration membrane was used to retain the biomass, whereas, in the BTF, biomass retention was achieved via biomass attachment to the packing material. AOM-SR was recorded only after ~ 200 days in both bioreactor configurations. The BTF operation showed the enrichment of ANME in the biofilm by Illumina Miseq method, especially ANME-1 (40%) and ANME-2 (10%). Interestingly, in the MBR, aggregates of ANME-2 and Desulfosarcina were visualized by CARD-FISH. Acetate production was observed in the MBR, indicating that acetate was a possible intermediate of AOM. Although both bioreactor configurations showed good performance and resilience capacities for AOM enrichment, the sulfate reduction rate was slightly higher and faster in the BTF (1.3 mM day-1 at day 280) than the MBR (0.5 mM day-1 at day 380).In order to simulate cold seep conditions and differentiate the impact of environmental conditions on AOM activities, sediment highly enriched with the ANME-2a clade was incubated in HPB at different temperature (4, 15 and 25 oC at 100 bar) and pressure (20, 100, 200 and 300 bar at 15 oC) conditions. The incubation at 100 bar pressure and 15 oC was observed to be the most suitable condition for the ANME-2a phylotype, which is similar to in-situ conditions where the biomass was sampled, i.e. Captain Aryutinov Mud Volcano, Gulf of Cadiz. The incubations at 200 and 300 bar pressures showed the depletion in activities after 30 days of incubation. Incubation of AOM hosting sediment at in-situ condition could be a preferred option for achieving high AOM activities and sulfate reduction rates.In this thesis, it has been experimentally demonstrated that biomass retention and the continuous supply of methane can favor the growth of the slow growing anaerobic methane oxidizing community in bioreactors even under ambient conditions. Therefore, locating ANME habitats in shallow environments and enriching them at ambient conditions can be advantageous for future environmental biotechnology applications
Chamssedine, Fadel. "Contribution à l'étude de la fonctionnalisation et de l'intercalation des nanotubes de carbone." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011692/document.
Rivière, Arnaud. "Les effets des stratégies d'enrichissement de produits sur la valeur perçue d'un bien complexe : une application au secteur automobile." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR1006/document.
In order to increase the perceived value of their offerings, companies can implement product enhancement strategies, consisting in adding new attributes to existing products. However, a literature review and an exploratory qualitative survey highlight that these marketing strategies are not always effective to improve the attractiveness of a complex product. To clarify the consequences of these innovation policies on perceived value of a product, an experiment has been carried out in the car industry. According to the results, a new attribute can only generate an additional emotional value. In contrast to this value creation, it may cause, in some cases, a decrease of the social or economic product value. Some of these effects can be explained by the perceived price and the perceived functional advantage of the added attribute. However, the perceived learning costs of the new feature don’t seem to be able to act, on the whole, on the process of enhanced complex product valuation
Taleb, Rabih. "Enrichissement d’une classification supervisée par l’ajout d’attributs issus d’observateurs d’état : application au diagnostic de défaillances d’un siège d’avion robotisé." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080085/document.
This study was supported by Zodiac Actuation Systems within the framework of a ``CIFRE'' project which aims to design a Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) approach for actuation systems of passengers seats in commercial aircrafts. First of all, the industrial context as well as the motivations of our project have been explained. Then, a state of the art on FDD methods is presented. Among them, hybridization of FDD methods can be found and seems interesting to our application. In a first step, the supervised classification method for the FDD has been considered. To do this, the process measurements and the concept of databases construction are presented. Then, different types of classification algorithms are explained. From experimental measurements, the classification results for FDD purpose on the recline of the seat are given. In a second step, an enhanced classification approach is proposed. It consists in estimating non-measurable variables by the state observers. These variables are then added, as estimated attributes, to the measured database. The aim is to enrich the knowledge used by the classifier and thus to improve the rate of FDD. Three types of state observers are considered: linear, then Takagi-Sugeno (TS) and Unknown Input Takagi-Sugeno (UITS) observers. It appears that the UITS observer-based results are more accurate for our application. Finally, the proposed FDD approach is extended to the hole of the seat by considering a decentralized approach. In this context, decentralized UITS are proposed for each segment of the seat by taking into account their interconnexions. It is shown that these decentralized observers improve the FDD results of the considered aircraft seat
Gómez, Carpio Guillermo Valente. "Enrichissement de requêtes et visualisation sémantique dans une coopération de systèmes d'information : méthodes et outils d'aide à la recherche d'information." Thesis, Dijon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DIJOS042/document.
This thesis presents approaches and tools for information retrieval. Our work is part of a cooperation system based on ontologies called OWSCIS (Ontology and Web Service based Cooperation of Information Sources). We treat the problem of information retrieval by providing an enrichment method called QUEXME (QUery EXpansion MEthod) of queries based on analysis of user behavior and using the concept importance notion with regards to query. We also discussed the problem of visualization in the OWSCIS system offering a architecture of service visualization. It is composed of three modules: the request, enrichment and results. The approaches proposed in this thesis have been prototyped and the testing of the QUEXME method was performed using the information base (ontology) developed in the Euro-Mediterranean Information System on know-how in the Water sector (EMWIS)
Akel, Ibrahim. "Ahmad al-Rabbât al-Halabî : sa bibliothèque et son rôle dans la réception, diffusion et enrichissement des Mille et une nuits." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCF016/document.
The aim of this thesis is to bring to light the unknown figure of Ahmad al-Rabbât al-Halabî, a Syrian bookseller, who lived between the second half of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century, to catalog and present his manuscripts and to investigate the users « readers » of this cultural archive: it can provide concrete answers to questions raised in the Arabic literature, the creation and circulation of texts. The research led to identify about 240 volumes, scattered around the world, from the initial library of al-Rabbât. The margins of these manuscripts contain a large number of reading certificates written by many generations of readers.The work on the manuscript sources also presented an opportunity to create a database of the copyists, the owners and the readers of manuscripts, and to determine the role played by Western travelers and consular agents in the production and the history of the manuscripts
Zaag, Rim. "Enrichissement de profils transcriptomiques par intégration de données hétérogènes : annotation fonctionnelle de gènes d'Arabidopsis thaliana impliqués dans la réponse aux stress." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE013/document.
In the era of computational biology, functional annotation remains a major challenge. Recent annotation methods are based on the guilt by association assumption and rely on data integration to identify functional partners. However, most of these methods suffer from data heterogeneity and a lack of biological context specificity which would probably explain the high rate of false positives among predictions. This thesis develops an approach of molecular data integration controlling their heterogeneity in order to annotate Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in stress response. The major contributions of this thesis are: (1) functional annotation of groups of co-expressed genes by omics data integration (2) the construction of a coregulatory gene network through a cross-analysis of the coexpressed groups strengthening the functional links between genes (3) the development of a supervised learning method for the inference of gene function centered on the GO Slim terms with a control of the FDR. By identifying a decision rule by term, this method was used to predict the function of 47 orphan or partially annotated genes
Biacchi, Michael. "Développement du couplage électrophorèse capillaire-spectrométrie de masse à source MALDI : applications à la caractérisation de protéines." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAF033/document.
In this work, we developed a new interface CE/MALDI-MS automated, equipped with a UV/visible cell remote, and integrated automatic distribution of matrix. This new system has been evaluated on different mixtures of intact protein, digested protein and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The results obtained during this evaluation showed the complementarity of the new interface with conventional analytical systems. Furthermore, we have shown the first separation and analysis of mAbs by CE/MALDI-MS. In a second work, the new interface was used to perform the first Top Down analysis for intact protein and mAbs by fraction collection and enrichment. This strategy has shown the repeatability of the system for separating analytes and the enrichissment the MALDI deposits up to very high amounts compatible for Top Down approach. In the third work, the new system CE/MALDI-MS has been used in an original 2-dimensional strategy of separating and collecting intact mAbs isoforms or partially digested followed by infusions and analyzes with CESI nanosprayer. For this, we have developed electrophoretic condition so-called "asymmetric" allowing the separation of mAbs under very salty conditions but collected in a totally compatible solution with ESI-MS. This novel strategy allowed for the first separation and characterization of mAbs by CE-MS. Meanwhile, we have developed the first plasma level of ITPP by MALDI-TOF-MS and particularly the creation of CEToolbox as a Free Android application for smartphone and tablet enabling the calculation of the main mathematical quantities for characterization and optimization of CE separations
Mezghani, Manel. "Analyse des réseaux sociaux : vers une adaptation de la navigation sociale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30127/document.
The advent of Web 2.0, user-centered, has given rise to a significant amount of information (personal, collective, shared, "loved", etc.). This information is a way to help users and guide them to the information sought. However, this quantity makes access to shared information more and more difficult, given the diversity of content that may interest the user. Disorientation of the user is one of the main problems related to social media. To overcome such problem, adaptation is a standard solution that can be applied in a social context. With the evolution of these social networks, new concepts appear such as social navigation, which is a way to navigate while being influenced by other users in the network: Another important concept is that of "tag". This term is defined as social annotations created by users and associated to resources. Navigation can be therefore carried out by both links and tags. Adapting social navigation means making it more targeted for each user according to their interests. In practice, this can be done by recommending tags to each user, so he can follow or not. To adapt the social navigation, we must ensure proper detection of the user's interests and taking into account their evolution. However, we are faced with some problems: i) the detection of interest, since they can be derived from several social resources (friends, resources, tags, etc.). Their relevance is primordial to ensure adequate adaptation result. ii) updating the user profile. Indeed, the social user, is characterized by its great social activity, and therefore its interests should reflect its "real" interest each time period in order to achieve a reliable adaptation. To solve the problems affecting the quality of adaptation of social navigation quoted above, we first proposed a method for detecting the user's interests. This proposal aims to overcome the detection of irrelevant interests issues. This approach analyzes the user tags depending on the content of their respective resources. Unlike most research, who do not consider the accuracy of tags with the contents of resource, the accuracy reflects whether the user is really interested with the content or not. This is done by querying the user's network and analysis of the user annotation behavior. The approach is based on the assumption that a user annotates the resource by tags reflecting the content of this resource better reflects its "true" interests. Following the proposal of the interests of detection approach, we conducted second, the treatment of the problem of updating these interests. We were interested to the user profile enrichment techniques, performed by adding interests deemed relevant at a given time. The enrichment in a social context is performed according to social information such as neighbours who share the user behaviors in common, according to the user annotation behavior, and according to the metadata annotated resources. The choice of such information shall follow the study of their influence on the changing interests of the user. The approach we used enrichment propose recommendations (tags) according to the new tags added to the user profile. Both contributions were tested on the social database Delicious. They showed a sizeable accuracy rate. They have also proven their efficiency compared to conventional methods. In addition, the rate of ambiguity associated with the tags has been greatly reduced, thanks to the implicit filtering of irrelevant tags relative to resource content
Radany, Nakhla Irinie Hassoun Mohamed Dumas Dominique. "Le fonds sur l'Egypte de la Bibliothèque du Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon indexation et enrichissement par échanges /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque-numerique/document-2027.
Texte intégral. Résumé en français et en anglais. Bibliogr. f. 103-106.
Khoder, Natalia. "Enrichissement des poutres multifibres pour le calcul des contraintes transversales et la prise en compte du confinement dans les sections en béton armé." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI096/document.
In order to determine the seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete structures, effective and sufficiently accurate numerical methods are required. Two-dimensional or three-dimensional finite element methods, widely used, provide reliable results. However, these types of methods involve a large number of degrees of freedom and robust 3D behavioral laws for concrete and steel to accurately capture the non-linearities in slender reinforced concrete elements. Another more practical method, in the field of structural engineering, is the use of multifiber beam elements.By using multifiber beam elements, the structure can be discretized with linear elements that carry a section discretized in the transversal direction based on the kinematic assumption of Euler Bernoulli or Timoshenko. The discretization of the section makes it possible to simply use nonlinear behavior laws and to model composite sections such as reinforced concrete. Nevertheless, there are limitations to this kind of model. Therefore, several researches have been conducted in the past few years to enhance the kinematics of the beam elements in order to correctly reproduce the shearing effects, especially in the case of short beams where the latter effect is not negligible. Several approaches have been developed in this field, as the one proposed by [VEC 88] adequate for two-dimensional case studies but doesn’t reproduce the torsional effect, the approach presented by [LEC 12], but whose model can not be applied to reinforced concrete elements, and the formulation proposed by [MOH 10] which is suitable for reinforced concrete applications but works only in 2D. More recently ([CAP 16b]; [CAP 16a]) have developed an enhanced multifiber beam model adapted to reinforced concrete elements and takes into account the warping of the section. The combination of this beam element with a concrete behavior model such as the µ model [MAZ 13], provides robust results with interesting computational speed. However, as shown by some experimental tests [CUS 95], the amount of transverse reinforcement triggers significantly the behavior of the beam elements, especially under cyclic loading . In the previous works, these reinforcements are neglected or considered in an approximative manner.Based on the work of [LEC 12] and [CAP 16a], this thesis aims to model the effect of transversal reinforcement. The approach proposed herein is to enhance the multifiber beam elements in order to take into account the distortion of the section. For this purpose, additional transverse displacements are introduced. The application of the principle of virtual powers on the field of associated virtual velocity leads to project the equilibrium equations of the element and thus to obtain the classical equilibrium equation of the element as well as the equilibrium of the section. The latter one allows to take into account the effect of the transverse reinforcements and to correctly calculate the lateral stresses applied to each concrete fiber. Moreover, in order to be able to reproduce the confinement effect due to the presence of stirrups, a dilatant constitutive law has to be attributed to the concrete fibers at the section level. In this context, the Mu model has been chosen even though it’s not a dilatant model. For this reason, a method of introducing dilatancy at the level of the Poisson’s coefficient is presented in this work. The 2D and 3D enhanced multifiber displacement beam models are formulated based on the Caillerie beam element [CAI 15] with higher order interpolation functions. The performance of these two approaches is also demonstrated by comparing the numerical model response to different experimental results of the literature
Rivault, Yann. "Analyse de trajectoires de soins à partir de bases de données médico-administratives : apport d'un enrichissement par des connaissances biomédicales issues du Web des données." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B003/document.
Reusing healthcare administrative databases for public health research is relevant and opens new perspectives. In pharmacoepidemiology, it allows to study large scale diseases as well as care consumption for a population. Nevertheless, reusing these information systems that were initially designed for accounting purposes and whose interoperability is limited raises new challenges in terms of representation, integration, exploration and analysis. This thesis deals with the joint use of healthcare administrative databases and biomedical knowledge for the study of patient care trajectories. This includes both (1) exploration and identification through queries of relevant care pathways in voluminous flows, and (2) analysis of retained trajectories. Semantic Web technologies and biomedical ontologies from the Linked Data allowed to identify care trajectories containing a drug interaction or a potential contraindication between a prescribed drug and the patient’s state of health. In addition, we have developed the R queryMed package to enable public health researchers to carry out such studies by overcoming the difficulties of using Semantic Web technologies and ontologies. After identifying potentially interesting trajectories, knowledge from biomedical nomenclatures and ontologies has also enriched existing methods of analysing care trajectories to better take into account the complexity of data. This resulted notably in the integration of semantic similarities between medical concepts. Semantic Web technologies have also been used to explore obtained results
Faget, Julien. "Les lymphocytes T CD4 régulateurs dans le cancer du sein, recrutement, enrichissement par les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes et impact de l’axe de co-stimulation ICOS/ICOSL." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10310/document.
Tumor immunosbversion favors disease progression and is mediated by increased IL-10 secretion, reduced type-I IFN production and regulatory T cell (Treg) accumulation among CD4+ T cell in breast tumor. We showed that the presence of high number of both Treg and/or plasmacytoid DC (pDC) a subpopulation of antigen presenting celles correlates with poor prognosis in breast carcinoma. We previoously demonstrated that CCR4+ Treg are recruited from the periphery trough CCL22 production by breast tumor cells. Tumor-asssociated Treg (Ta-Treg) are highly activated (GITRhighHDLA-DRhighCD39high), show a selective expression of high levels of ICOS and proliferate in situ (Ki-67+). Tumor associated (Ta-) pDC express a partially activated phenotype but their type-1 interferon (IFN) production is strongly impaired in human tumors. pDc secretion of type-I IFN is linked to their capacity to induce anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity in mice models. We shown that 1) Ta-Treg and Ta-pDC colocalize in breast tumor section and 2) TapDC favor Ta-Treg proliferation and IL-10 secretion by CD4+ T cells in absence of type-I IFN. Ogf importance, targeting ICOS with a neutralizing antibody suppresses Ta-Treg proliferation as well as IL-10 secretion inpDC/CD4+ T cell co-culture, demonstrationg a riole of ICOS-ICOS-L interaction in Ta-Treg proliferation mediated by Ta-pDC. At the end, we report that high ICOS expression in breast tumor sections is associated with reduced patient's overall and disease free survival. Altogether these observations suggest that ICOS in breat cancer may represent a therapeutic target to restore anti-tumor immunity
Terrier, Claire. "L'enrichissement olfactif au cours du vieillissement : implication de la Noradrénaline et modèle de réserve cognitive." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1267/document.
Aging is an inevitable and complex biological phenomenon associated with a progressive decline of sensory, motor and cognitive functions with time, affecting life quality and health. Normal brain aging is accompanied by functional and structural changes, leading to cognitive decline. Among these changes, age-related alterations of the noradrenergic system seem to contribute significantly to cognitive deficits. Conversely, the integrity of the Locus Coeruleus seems to allow healthy cognitive aging. A potentially powerful tool to achieve successful brain aging is to boost the cognitive reserve, associated with higher level of brain stimulation and modulations in brain activation and connectivity in humans. In rodents, environmental enrichment, increasing sensory stimulations, motor activity and social interactions, mimics the conditions leading to constitution of the cognitive reserve in humans and has largely proven cognitive benefits.The goals of this thesis are, in the first place, to study the role of Noradrenaline in the maintenance of structural plasticity and olfactory discrimination abilities in aged mice, then secondly, to test the olfactory enrichment as a model of the cognitive reserve build-up.In the first study, we used the olfactory perceptual learning paradigm to investigate the contribution of Noradrenaline to the maintenance of structural plasticity and cognitive abilities during aging in mice. This learning consists in an improvement of the discrimination between perceptually close odorants after repeated exposure to these odorants. Our results suggest that the local release of Noradrenaline in the olfactory bulb, by optogenetic stimulation of Locus Coeruleus fibers allows the maintenance of discrimination abilities during aging. Our data also reveal a form of structural plasticity of the noradrenergic innervation in the aged olfactory bulb. The overall work supports a contribution of Noradrenaline to healthy brain aging.In a second study, we used a strategy based on repeated olfactory enrichment during the whole life of the animal in order to enable the cognitive reserve buildup. Such enrichment maintained olfactory discrimination performances at late ages. Interestingly, mice’s performances in spatial memory and cognitive flexibility improved too. This result indicates that the benefits of an odor-based enrichment extend beyond the olfactory sphere and include broader cognitive benefits on age-sensitive functions. We thus propose lifelong olfactory enrichment as model of the cognitive reserve build-up to further identify its cellular basis and test the contribution of Noradrenaline to cognitive reserve build-up and healthy brain aging
Edouard, Amosse. "Détection et analyse d’événement dans les messages courts." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4079/document.
In the latest years, the Web has shifted from a read-only medium where most users could only consume information to an interactive medium allowing every user to create, share and comment information. The downside of social media as an information source is that often the texts are short, informal and lack contextual information. On the other hand, the Web also contains structured Knowledge Bases (KBs) that could be used to enrich the user-generated content. This dissertation investigates the potential of exploiting information from the Linked Open Data KBs to detect, classify and track events on social media, in particular Twitter. More specifically, we address 3 research questions: i) How to extract and classify messages related to events? ii) How to cluster events into fine-grained categories? and 3) Given an event, to what extent user-generated contents on social medias can contribute in the creation of a timeline of sub-events? We provide methods that rely on Linked Open Data KBs to enrich the context of social media content; we show that supervised models can achieve good generalisation capabilities through semantic linking, thus mitigating overfitting; we rely on graph theory to model the relationships between NEs and the other terms in tweets in order to cluster fine-grained events. Finally, we use in-domain ontologies and local gazetteers to identify relationships between actors involved in the same event, to create a timeline of sub-events. We show that enriching the NEs in the text with information provided by LOD KBs improves the performance of both supervised and unsupervised machine learning models
Douniama-Lonn, Gré Véronique. "Fractionnement par cristallisation extractive à froid des acides gras libres et des triglycérides de l'huile de Nephelium Lappaceum L. (Ramboutan) : oxygénation et enrichissement en acides gras particuliers." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0129/document.
In this study, the fruits of Nephelium Lappaceum L. (Rambutan) were harvested in Boko, in the southern area of the Republic of Congo. Oilseed plant with an oil-rich core (36 %), particularly composed of long chain fatty acids: C16:0 4.84 %, C18:0 5.48 %, C18:1 45.62 %, C18:2 2.70 %, C20:0 26.53 %, C20:1 9.27 % and C22:0 2.64 %. Rambutan oil was hydrolyzed enzymatically in the presence of lipase Candida rugosa, the free fatty acids are obtained with a ratio of saturated fatty acids (AGS)/monounsaturated (AGI) of 0.67. The availability of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids of the C20 and C22 families stimulated our investigations towards the development of shortenings and biotensioactives with a high melting point. Two strategies have been implemented using free fatty acid concentrates derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of rambutan oil in the presence of Candida rugosa lipase. The first was to achieve the cold crystallization of saturated fatty acids by gelation / defrosting technology. At the end of this process, a physical separation of the fatty acid mixture into two fractions is observed. A thermal study of the solid and fluid fractions was carried out and showed that the AGS (To = 15, 86 °C, Tf = 18.49 °C) cool faster, but melt slower than the AGI (To = -19 46 °C, mp = 3.87 °C). The contents go from 55.6% after hydrolysis to 63.53 % of AGI in the fluid fraction and 39.1 % after hydrolysis to 45.13 % of AGS. The results of the SFC indicate an AGS content of 25.98 % in the fluid fraction but of 38.24 % in the solid fraction ; And the mass yield of 16 % to 55 % and 84 % to 45 % respectively of the fluid fraction (enriched in AGI, in particular in MUFA) and the solid fraction (enriched with AGS). The second strategy was to perform the allyl insertion of singlet oxygen in long-chain monounsaturated free fatty acids C18:1 and C20:1, carried out in an emulsified medium consisting of a multiphase NaOH / H2O2/Na2MoO4 system. The reaction product, using GC, shows the presence of unconventional fatty acids, two isomers of respective fatty acid hydroperoxides of each trans-conforming MUFA (C18:1 and C20:1) and an increase in saturated fatty acids content with long chain C20:0 (26.21 % to 56.46 %) and C22:0 (2.48 % to 3.77 %). The product of this reaction has an AGS/AGT ratio of 0.82. The sequential evaluation of the fatty acids of the Ramboutan core oil makes it possible to propose two platforms of biomolecules shortenings with a high melting point: A platform with a well defined composition of saturated fatty acids C20:0 and C22:0 and another constituted by a bulk of C20:0-C22:0 saturated fatty acids and transmonohydroxyperoxide trans unsaturated fatty acids. Investigations on the hydroperoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids have revealed a particular interest on the impact of hydroxyperoxide radical on the movement of the trans and cis configuration in these fatty acids modified in the presence of glycidol in monoesters of glycerol and hydroxyperoxide fatty acids unsaturated cis. This is another novel synthesis platform of new cis-unsaturated hydroxyperoxyd biotensiatives offered by the sequenced recovery of unsaturated fatty acid concentrates from rambutan oil
Krust, Arnaud. "Méthodes d'enrichissement pour les problèmes de type Navier-Stokes." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14599/document.
We are interested in fluid dynamics problems with a boundary layer. We investigate enriched finite elements methods for this kind of problems. A point of interest is the new adaptive enrichment algorithm that we propose, where enrichment functions are built without a priori knowledge on the solution. This approach is compared to both p-adaptivity and h-adaptivity. We show that it can replace the former with profit, and is a good complement to the latter. Numerical experiments are shown on scalar problems (advection-diffusion) and Navier-Stokes equations
Mandjeka, Jean-Christian Amédée. "Optimisation d’une bouillie infantile et son enrichissement en protéines et vitamines en vue de son utilisation comme aliment de complément chez le nourrisson et le jeune enfant en Centrafrique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10024/document.
From birth, infant's nutritional requirements are covered by daily intake of breast milk or substitutes in case of unavailability or risk. Complementary food intake is necessary to cover growth needs that increase four months later. Usually, at this moment occur metabolic disturbances in many developing countries including Central African Republic, resulting in serious eating disorders. Among causes scientifically established of these metabolic disorders, inadequate dietary quality of complementary foods was noted as causing multiple deficiencies that lead to nutritional deficiency states such as moderate acute malnutrition. This hidden hunger is responsible for high morbidity and under – five mortality and poses a public health problem. This doctoral project aims a preventive approach as solution for optimizing a child gruel using local products from the Central African Republic. Indeed, to supplement breast milk, gruel based of sprouted corn dough and / or cassava flour remains the primary intake for infants and young children at the beginning and during breast withdrawal in Central African Republic. This contribution does not help to cover the growth and regulation needs provided by proteins and vitamins. Caterpillars of genus Imbrasia were been shown as better sources of dietary protein of the country not only for taste, but also for their low cost and therapeutic benefits. Local sources of vitamins are seasonal fruits. Thus, we obtained, using experimental designs method of HADAMARD, an infant gruel formula based on seven (7) various ingredients including pulp germinated maize, flour cassava, peanut paste, mango, orange albedo, sweet banana, and powder of caterpillars genus Imbrasia. This optimized formula for infants and young children has been analyzed and could offer up additional 600kcal per day. In addition, a specific research on proteins has identified an interesting mineral profile in Calcium, Iron, Magnesium and Zinc. Peptides extracts used for antimicrobial tests showed positive results on Micrococcus luteus. Ultimately, this optimized formula provides nutritional and therapeutic asset, guarantees better growth of the infant and young child
Giraudeau, Fabien. "Construction de courbes de fragilité sismique par la représentation de Karhunen-Loève." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22540/document.
The failure probability of a structure under earthquake is represented with « fragility curves ». To estimate them, we propose to enrich a pre-existing data basis using the model of the article Stochastic model construction of natural hazards given experimental data, written by F. Poirion et I. Zentner, which is based on the Karhunen-Loeve expansion. The generated signals are sorted by seismic indicator classes using a data partitioning algorithm. Despite the resemblance between some simulated signals, and the consequences we draw from this problem, the structure is submitted to them. The resulting response signals are also enriched, taking into account uncertainties to construct an interval around the curve. The method works for any seismic indicator, and overcomes several common simplifying assumptions. The characteristics of the seismic scenario are preserved during the enrichment, and the process modeling the ground motion retains its generality. Our approach is first validated on a simple case, then on an industrial case
Sion, Delphine. "De l'apport de l'enrichissement sans cause au droit des contrats administratifs : contribution au règlement indemnitaire des situations péri-contractuelles." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1062/document.
The situations peri-contract are characterized by the fact that a third person realizes services for the benefit of a public person in the absence of valid contract. The person receiving benefits cannot demand the payment of the service provided in the community by calling upon the obligations resulting from an agreement spent with the Administration. The public person does'nt benefit from any contractual guarantee, or post-contractual, in conformance for the faults affecting the delivered work. To guarantee the diverse interests in presence, the administrative judge gradually developes a legal solution which enables to adjust the imbalance between the financial situations of the parts by combining the foundations of quasi-contractual or quasi-delictual responsibility. The compensation of enrichment without cause will in that way allows to cover the total expense that the person receiving benefits usefully exposed for the benefit of the public person and a complementary compensation can be granted to him to compensate for the loss of income which he suffered because of the absence of contract. More the damage resulting for the public person, of the delivery of a work not in compliance with its destination, to have been built in misunderstanding of the rules of the art, opens straight ahead to repair on the foundation of the quasi-delictual responsibility of companies
Idoudi, Rihab. "Fouille de connaissances en diagnostic mammographique par ontologie et règles d'association." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0005/document.
Facing the significant complexity of the mammography area and the massive changes in its data, the need to contextualize knowledge in a formal and comprehensive modeling is becoming increasingly urgent for experts. It is within this framework that our thesis work focuses on unifying different sources of knowledge related to the domain within a target ontological modeling. On the one hand, there is, nowadays, several mammographic ontological modeling, where each resource has a distinct perspective area of interest. On the other hand, the implementation of mammography acquisition systems makes available a large volume of information providing a decisive competitive knowledge. However, these fragments of knowledge are not interoperable and they require knowledge management methodologies for being comprehensive. In this context, we are interested on the enrichment of an existing domain ontology through the extraction and the management of new knowledge (concepts and relations) derived from two scientific currents: ontological resources and databases holding with past experiences. Our approach integrates two knowledge mining levels: The first module is the conceptual target mammographic ontology enrichment with new concepts extracting from source ontologies. This step includes three main stages: First, the stage of pre-alignment. The latter consists on building for each input ontology a hierarchy of fuzzy conceptual clusters. The goal is to reduce the alignment task from two full ontologies to two reduced conceptual clusters. The second stage consists on aligning the two hierarchical structures of both source and target ontologies. Thirdly, the validated alignments are used to enrich the reference ontology with new concepts in order to increase the granularity of the knowledge base. The second level of management is interested in the target mammographic ontology relational enrichment by novel relations deducted from domain database. The latter includes medical records of mammograms collected from radiology services. This section includes four main steps: i) the preprocessing of textual data ii) the application of techniques for data mining (or knowledge extraction) to extract new associations from past experience in the form of rules, iii) the post-processing of the generated rules. The latter is to filter and classify the rules in order to facilitate their interpretation and validation by expert, vi) The enrichment of the ontology by new associations between concepts. This approach has been implemented and validated on real mammographic ontologies and patient data provided by Taher Sfar and Ben Arous hospitals. The research work presented in this manuscript relates to knowledge using and merging from heterogeneous sources in order to improve the knowledge management process
Laillou, Arnaud. "Vitamins and minerals deficiencies - From epidemiology to food fortification strategy : Vietnam case study." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20041/document.
Background: Food fortification is an effective strategy to combat micronutrient deficiencies. However, there are many critical steps, such as assessing the population's needs, obtaining support from the government and industries, choosing the food vehicle, selecting the right micronutrient(s) and the dosage and finally monitoring. Objective: The overall objective of this thesis is to assess and discuss the challenges of food fortification in Vietnam. Methodology: The following methods were used: a cross-sectional study, a consumption survey, an impact study, a stability study, a cost-implication study, two literature reviews, a validation study, and lessons learned from GAIN funded fortification programs. Results: Micronutrient deficiencies in women and children in Vietnam are still widespread and often overlap. Although there is no consensus on which indicator is best to use to determine zinc status, zinc deficiency prevalence seems to be high. Numerous fortification initiatives have shown that the support from the government and the industry is essential in order to be successful. The Vietnamese government has recognized the need to fight micronutrient deficiencies. Suitable food vehicles for fortification in Vietnam are vegetable oil and rice, as well as fish sauce, soy sauce, wheat flour and possibly flavoring powders and complementary foods. However, there are issues that need to be carefully studied, such as the peroxide level in the oil, the presence of absorption inhibitors in the flour, or the risk of sedimentation in sauces. When adding micronutrients to foods, factors such as costs, quality and safety need to be considered. Finally, fortification needs to be carefully monitored to assure quality and to supervise the effect on the population's health. Conclusion: Before food fortification can be implemented and be effective in Vietnam, a series of challenges will need to be overcome
Bénard, Pierre. "Analyse et amélioration d'une chambre de combustion centimétrique par simulations aux grandes échelles." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAM0018/document.
Designing a meso-scale combustion system remains a challenging scientific and technological issue. Increasing the surface-to-volume ratio promotes wall heat losses, reduces the residence time and turbulence intensity. The main objective of this thesis is to understand the physical phenomena involved in the centimetre-sized asymmetric whirl cubic burner of 8 x 10 x 8 mm3 (millimètre cube) and develop specific adapted numerical tools. The methane/air reactive flow is studied using detailed LES. While fuel and air are injected separately, combustion takes place in the premixed regime. However combustion is far from being complete, causing low combustion efficiency and significant emissions of pollutants. The second objective is to adapt in the best possible way the performances of this burner. Hydrogen enrichment of the fuel mixture showed significant efficiency enhancement and reduced pollutant emissions. Several other combustor geometries are also studied, paving the way for future improvement
Amarger, Fabien. "Vers un système intelligent de capitalisation de connaissances pour l'agriculture durable : construction d'ontologies agricoles par transformation de sources existantes." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20138/document.
The data available on the Web are generally of two kinds: (1) non structured data or semi structured data, which are difficult to exploit automatically; or (2) structured data, dedicated to a specific usage, which are difficult to reuse for a different application. The Linked Open Data is a Semantic Web application facilitating access, share ability and alignment of data. There are many data available on the Web, but these are not always published using the Linked Open Data theory and thus need to be transformed into knowledge bases. An innovative methodology is proposed in this work: one that transforms several sources simultaneously, not sequentially. This methodology merges several data sources oriented by domain design patterns and defines the expected domain representation using the upper part of an ontological module. A process chain enriches this module with elements from the sources: syntactic transformation of the sources, alignment, identification of equivalent elements for the construction of candidates, computation of the candidates’ trust scores and candidate filtering. This work is based on the following hypothesis: if an element appears in several sources then the possibility that it belongs to the studied domain is increased. Several functions were defined in order to compute the consensual trust score of a specific candidate by bringing out such characteristics as the consensus between the sources or the connectivity between the elements within a given candidate. A second hypothesis is put forward: to obtain a valid design, an element must be part of one candidate only. This hypothesis resulted in the definition of the notion of incompatibility between the candidates. The extraction of the candidates that do not share elements can then be considered, which made the experts’ validation task easier. To evaluate the proposals, three experiments were conducted. The first one dealt with the taxonomic classification of wheat. With the assistance of three experts, this experiment made for the analysis of the validation of the generated candidates. The second experiment, still in the same domain, lead to the evaluation of the time an expert saved using the notion of incompatibility during the validation of the candidates. As for the last experiment, the data from an evaluation campaign of alignment systems were used. These data had to be adapted to evaluate the generation of the candidates and the definition of the consensual trust score on a large data set. These three proposals were implemented in a new reusable and configurable tool: Muskca. This tool allows a multi-source fusion for the generation of a consensual knowledge base. This methodology was applied to agriculture, which allowed the creation of a knowledge base on plant taxonomy. The knowledge base will be used to represent the observations of pest attacks on crops along with pest treatment techniques. Not only will this knowledge base help the publication of the available data but it will also allow the annotation of the various documents that will be used, so as to improve agricultural practices
Gros, Frédérique. "Lien entre satisfaction professionnelle et interface travail-famille chez des marins en situation de célibat géographique." Thesis, Artois, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ARTO0004/document.
This research studies the experience of geographical celibacy in French Navy. The aim of this study is, on the one hand, to understand their perception of work-family conflict and enrichment and job satisfaction, and, on the other hand, to analyze the link between these two variables and the relationship they have with voluntary turnover. We hypothesized that geographical celibates feel more work-family conflict et job dissatisfaction than sailors that weren’t in that situation. Moreover, job satisfaction was considered as an antecedent of the experience of work-family interface. Finally, we hypothesized that the link between satisfaction and work-family interface would cause voluntary turnover. To test these different hypotheses, one qualitative and three quantitative studies were realized on 5 787 sailors. There are differences between geographical celibates and non-geographical celibates. In addition, job satisfaction reduces the appearance of conflict and increases enrichment. Independently of marital situation, job dissatisfaction and work-family conflict raise the risk of voluntary turnover of the sailor. The link between job dissatisfaction and voluntary turnover is mediated by work-family conflict
Akoum, Rafah. "Essai de modélisation des choix individuels de mobilité intra-organisationnelle." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR1005/document.
When an employee has to choose among various types of intra-organizational mobility, which factors intervene to explain his choice? Our dissertation explores this question. This research study utilizes the individual’s interaction with the work environment perspective. Our work relies on the theory of expectations, developed by Vroom (1964). This theory assumes that an employee’s beliefs about Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence provide a model for the proximal antecedents of the intra-organizational mobility intention. This dissertation relies on two research studies: an exploratory study, conducted among 102 employees of a high technology company, and a quantitative study, conducted arnong 391 IAE student Alumni. The main result of this study is to elaborate a research model enables to explain and predict why employees choose a particular type of intra-organizational mobility. Another result in the research confirms the multiplicity of career anchors
Mrabet, Yassine. "Approches hybrides pour la recherche sémantique de l'information : intégration des bases de connaissances et des ressources semi-structurées." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00737282.
Guzun-Cojocaru, Tatiana. "Peroxydation des lipides émulsionnés et transfert d'ions fer à l'interface huile / eau stabilisée par des protéines de lait : influence des résidus phosphates et de la stabilité du chélate de fer." Thesis, Dijon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DIJOS012/document.
Iron incorporated into food systems induces oxidation and precipitation. The consequences are a reduced bioavailability and a modification of other food flavor. The iron chelates such as Fe-bisglycinate and Fe-EDTA represent a possibility to avoid side effects, since the iron is protected. The inertety of Fe bisglycinate and NaFe EDTA for lipid peroxidation has been verified in oil-in-water emulsion models stabilized by sodium caseinate or by β lactoglobulin through the following studies: i/ increase of primary and secondary products of oxidation, ii/ change of the properties of the oil/water interface (tension and interfacial rheology), iii/ the stability of the chelate iron (Fe-bisglycinate) in the aqueous phase with β lactoglobulin at different pH (pH 2, 3.5 and 6.5). The oil/water interface stabilized by proteins with phosphate groups has induced peroxidation, which was not observed with proteins containing no phosphate residue. These results demonstrate also that the type of iron salts plays a crucial role in the oxidative stability of emulsions. The ability of the complex to retain iron ion and to avoid “free” ferrous ion is the first important factor to be controlled. The affinity of milk proteins to bind these free iron ions is the second factor that controls the transfer to oil/water interface. To sum up, the competition for iron ions between functional groups of protein and salt counter ions (glycinate, sulfate or EDTA) governs the oxidation state of the system in neutral conditions. In acidic medium, the oxidation is mainly governed by the stability of the complex and the possibility to free iron in bulk
Zaim, Yassine. "Approximation par éléments finis conformes et non conformes enrichis." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3001/document.
The enrichment of standard finite elements is a powerful tool to improve the quality of approximation. The main idea of this approach is to incorporate some additional functions on the set of basis functions. These latter are requested to improve the accuracy of the approximate solution. Their best choice is crucial and is based on the knowledge of some a priori information, such as the characteristics of the solution, the geometry of the problem to be solved, etc. The efficiency of such an approach for finding numerical solutions of partial differential equations using a fixed mesh, without recourse to refinement, was proved in numerous applications in the literature. However, the key to its success lies mainly on the best choice of the basis functions, and more particularly those of enrichment functions.An important question then arises: How to suitably choose them, in such a way that they generate a well-defined finite element ?In this thesis, we present a general approach that enables an enrichment of the finite element approximation. This was the subject of our first contribution, which was devoted to the enrichment of the classical Q_1 element, as a first step. As a second step, in our second contribution, we have developed a more general framework for enriching any finite element either P_k, Q_k or others, conforming or nonconforming. As an illustration of how to use this framework to build new enriched finite elements, we have introduced the extensions of some well-known nonconforming finite elements, notably, Han element, Rannacher-Turek element and Wilson element, which are now part of the main code of finite element methods. To establish these extensions, we have introduced a new family of multivariate versions of the classical trapezoidal, midpoint and Simpson rules. These latter, in addition to their numerical tests under MATLAB, version R2016a, have been the subject of our third contribution. They may be viewed as an extension of the well-known trapezoidal, midpoint and Simpson’s one-dimensional rules to higher dimensions. We particularly pay attention to the explicit expressions of the best possible constants appearing in the error estimates for these cubatute formulas. Finally, in the fourth contribution we apply our approach to numerically solving the linear elasticity problem based on a rectangular mesh. We carry out the numerical analysis of the approximation error and also for the consistency error, and show how the latter can be established to any order. This constitutes a generalization of some work already done in the field. In addition to our theoretical results, we have also made some numerical tests, which were achieved by using the GetFEM++ library, version 5.0. The aim of this contribution was not only to confirm our theoretical predictions, but also to show how the new developed framework allows us to expand the range of choices of enrichment functions. Furthermore, we have shown how this wide choices range can help us to improve some approximation properties and to get the optimal solutions for the particular problem of elasticity
Burlet, Mélanie. "Des cadres à l'organisation, de l'organisation aux cadres : le cas des ingénieurs et cadres techniques du secteur de la conception de Renault." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL12005/document.
Based on a microsociological research, this thesis points out the existence of a bilateral relationship between an organizational form and the characteristics of a professional group. The most recent organizational changes in the engineering department of a worldwide firm have noticeably altered the characteristics of the engineers' working situations. Although traditionally considered as impossible to rationalize, today the engineers' technical activities can be specialized, planned, affected by a strong process of standardization and controlled in several ways. These changes have occured in a context of a cross-functional organization, raising contradictions and uncertainty. Consequently, individuals adopt different ways to deal with opportunities and constraints provided by the context according to their position in the structure, but also according to their previous career paths and their social multi-positionning. Precisely, the feminization and the diversification of qualification inside the professional group are thus made decisive in the understanding of what is going on within the organization. The different ways of acting then play a part in strengthening some structural characteristics and developping weak social links within the organization like punctual commitments and a conditional and hypothetical solidarity between individuals. Actually, under such conditions, four types of working commitment are triggered: involvement, contribution, consent and withdrawal. They are the expression of several models of social success, which means that the relationships to time, work and organization are now the determining factors in the segmentation of the professional group
Guislain, Maximilien. "Traitement joint de nuage de points et d'images pour l'analyse et la visualisation des formes 3D." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1219/document.
Recent years saw a rapid development of city digitization technologies. Acquisition campaigns covering entire cities are now performed using LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) scanners embedded aboard mobile vehicles. These acquisition campaigns yield point clouds, composed of millions of points, representing the buildings and the streets, and may also contain a set of images of the scene. The subject developed here is the improvement of the point cloud using the information contained in the camera images. This thesis introduces several contributions to this joint improvement. The position and orientation of acquired images are usually estimated using devices embedded with the LiDAR scanner, even if this information is inaccurate. To obtain the precise registration of an image on a point cloud, we propose a two-step algorithm which uses both Mutual Information and Histograms of Oriented Gradients. The proposed method yields an accurate camera pose, even when the initial estimations are far from the real position and orientation. Once the images have been correctly registered, it is possible to use them to color each point of the cloud while using the variability of the point of view. This is done by minimizing an energy considering the different colors associated with a point and the potential colors of its neighbors. Illumination changes can also change the color assigned to a point. Notably, this color can be affected by cast shadows. These cast shadows are changing with the sun position, it is therefore necessary to detect and correct them. We propose a new method that analyzes the joint variation of the reflectance value obtained by the LiDAR and the color of the points. By detecting enough interfaces between shadow and light, we can characterize the luminance of the scene and to remove the cast shadows. The last point developed in this thesis is the densification of a point cloud. Indeed, the local density of a point cloud varies and is sometimes insufficient in certain areas. We propose a directly applicable approach to increase the density of a point cloud using multiple images
Rachpech, Vishnu. "Synthèse et caractérisations structurale, physicochimique et de résistance à l'oxydation à chaud de revêtements de nitrures de chrome enrichis en silicium obtenus par un procédé hybride arc-magnétron en condition réactive." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL052N/document.
IIn this study, Cr-Si-N coatings are synthesized by an arc-magnetron hybrid process. In spite of a lower hardness of Cr-Si-N coatings in comparison with Ti-Si-N ones synthesised in a preliminary study performed to validate the deposition device, Cr-Si-N coatings present a higher resistance to high temperature oxidation. The Cr2N-based coatings are softer than those based on CrN. Si addition yields an increase of the lattice constant attributed to the substitution of N by Si. In CrN-based coatings, the maximum hardness of about 50-60 GPa is obtained for 6-8 at. % Si. For Cr2N-based coatings, the hardness decreases linearly with the Si content. Si addition improves both hardness stability and oxidation resistance at high temperature for both coatings. Grains growth, CrN destabilisation into Cr2N and interdiffusion of Fe and Si are the main parameters which govern the loss of hardness after annealing at high temperature of the coatings
Fuchs, Fanny. "Impact des conditions d'hébergement sur le vieillissement cognitif chez le rat : études comportementales, électrophysiologiques et neurochimiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ077/document.
This thesis aimed to investigate in which extent environmental enrichment (EE) until or from an age at which cognitive decline is already apparent contributes to the maintenance of spatial memory observed in aged rats housed all their life in EE, and to study some neurobiological mechanisms likely underlying this preservation. We showed that housing in EE does not need to be maintained until the end of life to allow the preservation of cognitive function in aged rats. Moreover, late EE does not permit the recovery from already altered capabilities, but enables the preservation of some functions of subsequent alterations. The maintenance of spatial memory does not seem to be due to EE-related modification of sleep-wake cycle. But, exposure to EE induces a modification of hippocampal oscillatory activity, and could, by supporting local neuronal synchronization, promote information processing in more specialized networks. Finally, EE preserves the cholinergic system from age-related alteration in different cerebral areas, a mechanism that could participate to the maintenance of cognitive function in aged rats housed all their life in EE
Albitar, Shereen. "De l'usage de la sémantique dans la classification supervisée de textes : application au domaine médical." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4343/document.
The main interest of this research is the effect of using semantics in the process of supervised text classification. This effect is evaluated through an experimental study on documents related to the medical domain using the UMLS (Unified Medical Language System) as a semantic resource. This evaluation follows four scenarios involving semantics at different steps of the classification process: the first scenario incorporates the conceptualization step where text is enriched with corresponding concepts from UMLS; both the second and the third scenarios concern enriching vectors that represent text as Bag of Concepts (BOC) with similar concepts; the last scenario considers using semantics during class prediction, where concepts as well as the relations between them are involved in decision making. We test the first scenario using three popular classification techniques: Rocchio, NB and SVM. We choose Rocchio for the other scenarios for its extendibility with semantics. According to experiment, results demonstrated significant improvement in classification performance using conceptualization before indexing. Moderate improvements are reported using conceptualized text representation with semantic enrichment after indexing or with semantic text-to-text semantic similarity measures for prediction
Hassan, Mohsen. "Knowledge Discovery Considering Domain Literature and Ontologies : Application to Rare Diseases." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0092/document.
Even if they are uncommon, Rare Diseases (RDs) are numerous and generally sever, what makes their study important from a health-care point of view. Few databases provide information about RDs, such as Orphanet and Orphadata. Despite their laudable effort, they are incomplete and usually not up-to-date in comparison with what exists in the literature. Indeed, there are millions of scientific publications about these diseases, and the number of these publications is increasing in a continuous manner. This makes the manual extraction of this information painful and time consuming and thus motivates the development of semi-automatic approaches to extract information from texts and represent it in a format suitable for further applications. This thesis aims at extracting information from texts and using the result of the extraction to enrich existing ontologies of the considered domain. We studied three research directions (1) extracting relationships from text, i.e., extracting Disease-Phenotype (D-P) relationships; (2) identifying new complex entities, i.e., identifying phenotypes of a RD and (3) enriching an existing ontology on the basis of the relationship previously extracted, i.e., enriching a RD ontology. First, we mined a collection of abstracts of scientific articles that are represented as a collection of graphs for discovering relevant pieces of biomedical knowledge. We focused on the completion of RD description, by extracting D-P relationships. This could find applications in automating the update process of RD databases such as Orphanet. Accordingly, we developed an automatic approach named SPARE*, for extracting D-P relationships from PubMed abstracts, where phenotypes and RDs are annotated by a Named Entity Recognizer. SPARE* is a hybrid approach that combines a pattern-based method, called SPARE, and a machine learning method (SVM). It benefited both from the relatively good precision of SPARE and from the good recall of the SVM. Second, SPARE* has been used for identifying phenotype candidates from texts. We selected high-quality syntactic patterns that are specific for extracting D-P relationships only. Then, these patterns are relaxed on the phenotype constraint to enable extracting phenotype candidates that are not referenced in databases or ontologies. These candidates are verified and validated by the comparison with phenotype classes in a well-known phenotypic ontology (e.g., HPO). This comparison relies on a compositional semantic model and a set of manually-defined mapping rules for mapping an extracted phenotype candidate to a phenotype term in the ontology. This shows the ability of SPARE* to identify existing and potentially new RD phenotypes. We applied SPARE* on PubMed abstracts to extract RD phenotypes that we either map to the content of Orphanet encyclopedia and Orphadata; or suggest as novel to experts for completing these two resources. Finally, we applied pattern structures for classifying RDs and enriching an existing ontology. First, we used SPARE* to compute the phenotype description of RDs available in Orphadata. We propose comparing and grouping RDs in regard to their phenotypic descriptions, and this by using pattern structures. The pattern structures enable considering both domain knowledge, consisting in a RD ontology and a phenotype ontology, and D-P relationships from various origins. The lattice generated from this pattern structures suggests a new classification of RDs, which in turn suggests new RD classes that do not exist in the original RD ontology. As their number is large, we proposed different selection methods to select a reduced set of interesting RD classes that we suggest for experts for further analysis
Darolles, Carine. "Discrimination des effets chimiotoxiques et radiotoxiques de l'uranium : définition de marqueurs biologiques pour l'évaluation des risques professionnels dans l'industrie du nucléaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22593/document.
Uranium (U) is a heavy metal that is also considered as an alpha emitter. Thus the origin of U toxicity is both chemical and radiological. The identification of biomarkers to discriminate chemical and radiological toxicity for a given U compound is required to assess accurately the health effects of isotopic mixtures such as depleted U in 235U with a low specific activity. Data from the literature show that the best candidates are cytogenetic markers. In the present work, the assessment of biomarkers of U contamination was performed on three cellular models (mouse fibroblasts, rat lymphocytes and human lymphocytes) that were exposed to different isotopic mixtures of U. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (MN) centromere assay was performed to discriminate the chemotoxic and radiotoxic effects of U. This study showed that the evaluation of micronuclei in binucleated cells could not assess U genotoxicity accurately. Instead, the assessment of centromerenegative micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges correlated with the radiotoxic effects of U. The evaluation of centromere-positive micronuclei and micronuclei in mononucleated cells correlated with the chemotoxic effects of U. These cytogenetic markers should be validated on different biological models and could be proposed to discriminate radiological and chemical toxicity of a given isotopic mixture of U. These four cytogenetic markers could be a useful complement of the classical dosimetric biomarkers for the assessment of internal uranium contamination
Nguyen, Van Tien. "Méthode d’extraction d’informations géographiques à des fins d’enrichissement d’une ontologie de domaine." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3052/document.
This thesis is in the context of the ANR project GEONTO covering the constitution, alignment, comparison and exploitation of heterogeneous geographic ontologies. The goal is to automatically extract terms from topographic travelogues to enrich a geographical ontology originally designed by IGN. The proposed method allows identification and extraction of terms contained in a text with a topographical connotation. Our method is based on a model that relies on certain grammatical relations to locate these terms. The implementation of this model requires the use of methods or techniques of NLP (Processing of Language). Our model represents the relationships between terms to extract and other elements of the texts that can be identified by using external predefined resources, such as specific lexicons: verbs of travelogue (verbs of displacement, verbs of perceptions, topographical verbs), pre-positions (prepositions of place, adverbs, adjectives), place name, generic thesauri, ontologies of domain (in our case the geographical ontology originally designed by IGN). Once marked by linguistic patterns, the proposed relationships allow us to annotate and automatically retrieve terms. Then various indices help deduce whether the extracted terms evoke topographical concepts. It is through reasoning rules that deductions are made. These rules are based on intrinsic knowledge (evocation of space in the language) and external knowledge contained in external resources mentioned above, or their combination. The advantage of our approach is that the method can extract not only the terms related directly to place name but also those embedded in sentence structure in which other terms coexisted. Experiments on a corpus consisting of 12 travel stories (2419 pages, provided by the library of Pau) showed that our method is robust. As a result, it was used to extract 2173 distinct terms with 1191 valid terms, with a precision of 0.55. This demonstrates that the use of the proposed relationships is more effective than that of couples (term, place name) (which gives 733 distinct terms valid with an accuracy of 0.38). Our method can also be used for other applications such as geographic named entity recognition, spatial indexing of textual documents
Mai, Van Khanh. "Méthodes avancées de traitement de la parole et de réduction de bruit pour les terminaux mobiles." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0008/document.
This PhD thesis deals with one of the most challenging problem in speech enhancement for assisted listening where only one micro is available with the low computational cost, the low power usage and the lack out of the database. Based on the novel and recent results both in non-parametric and parametric statistical estimation and sparse representation, this thesis work proposes several techniques for not only improving speech quality and intelligibility and but also tackling the denoising problem of the other audio signal. In the first major part, our work addresses the problem of the noise power spectrum estimation, especially for non-stationary noise, that is the key part in the single channel speech enhancement. The proposed approach takes into account the weak-sparseness model of speech in the transformed model. Once the noise power spectrum has been estimated, a semantic road is exploited to take into consideration the presence or absence of speech in the second major part. By applying the joint of the Bayesian estimator and the Neyman-Pearson detection, some parametric estimators were developed and tested in the discrete Fourier transform domain. For further improve performance and robustness in audio denoising, a semi-parametric approach is considered. The joint detection and estimation can be interpreted by Smoothed Sigmoid-Based Shrinkage (SSBS). Thus, Block-SSBS is proposed to take into additionally account the neighborhood bins in the time-frequency domain. Moreover, in order to enhance fruitfully speech and audio, a Bayesian estimator is also derived and combined with Block-SSBS. The effectiveness and relevance of this strategy in the discrete Cosine transform for both speech and audio denoising are confirmed by experimental results
Nader, Joëlle. "Nouvelles stratégies pour prévenir les effets néfastes des psychostimulants : l'exposition à l'environnement enrichi et la stimulation du système cannabinoïde endogène." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2291/document.
Studies of the impact of environmental factors on the long-term effects of psychostimulants have shown that negative factors, such as stress, increase the risk of developing drug addiction, while positive factors, such as exposure to stimulating conditions, reduce it. The first aim of this thesis work was to look for the neurobiological and cellular mechanisms that underlie this environmental influence. We found that exposure of animals to stimulating enriched environments (EE) reduces anxiety levels, an effect that may be partly related to the regulation of genes belonging to the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) in regions involved in stress reactivity (Article 1). In addition, our work has highlighted some limitations of the exposure to EE since discontinuation of enrichment results not only in the loss of its beneficial effects but also in increased vulnerability to cocaine. This effect is associated with emotional distress associated and changes in the activity of the transcription factor CREB in the extended amygdala, an interface region between reward and stress processes (Article 2). We also investigated whether ECS, for which neuroprotective properties have already been suggested, could reduce the brain toxicity induced by methamphetamine. We found that pharmacological stimulation of ECS provides protection against the methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity (Article 3). Our results highlight the complex consequences of environmental conditions on brain and behavior and highlight the protective role of ECS against both addiction and neurotoxicity induced by psychostimulants