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Статті в журналах з теми "Enod40"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

Flemetakis, Emmanouil, Nektarios Kavroulakis, Nicolette E. M. Quaedvlieg, Herman P. Spaink, Maria Dimou, Andreas Roussis, and Panagiotis Katinakis. "Lotus japonicus Contains Two Distinct ENOD40 Genes That Are Expressed in Symbiotic, Nonsymbiotic, and Embryonic Tissues." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 13, no. 9 (September 2000): 987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.9.987.

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Анотація:

ENOD40, an early nodulin gene, has been postulated to play a significant role in legume root nodule ontogenesis. We have isolated two distinct ENOD40 genes from Lotus japonicus. The transcribed regions of the two ENOD40 genes share 65% homology, while the two promoters showed no significant homology. Both transcripts encode a putative dodecapeptide similar to that identified in other legumes forming determinate nodules. Both ENOD40 genes are coordinately expressed following inoculation of roots with Mesorhizobium loti or treatment with purified Nod factors. In the former case, mRNA accumulation could be detected up to 10 days following inoculation while in the latter case the accumulation was transient. High levels of both ENOD40 gene transcripts were found in nonsymbiotic tissues such as stems, fully developed flowers, green seed pods, and hypocotyls. A relatively lower level of both transcripts was observed in leaves, roots, and cotyledons. In situ hybridization studies revealed that, in mature nodules, transcripts of both ENOD40 genes accumulate in the nodule vascular system; additionally, in young seed pods strong signal is observed in the ovule, particularly in the phloem and epithelium, as well as in globular stage embryos.

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2

Mathesius, Ulrike, Celine Charon, Barry G. Rolfe, Adam Kondorosi, and Martin Crespi. "Temporal and Spatial Order of Events During the Induction of Cortical Cell Divisions in White Clover by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii Inoculation or Localized Cytokinin Addition." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 13, no. 6 (June 2000): 617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.6.617.

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We examined the timing and location of several early root responses to Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii infection, compared with a localized addition of cytokinin in white clover, to study the role of cytokinin in early signaling during nodule initiation. Induction of ENOD40 expression by either rhizobia or cytokinin was similar in timing and location and occurred in nodule progenitor cells in the inner cortex. Inoculation of rhizobia in the mature root failed to induce ENOD40 expression and cortical cell divisions (ccd). Nitrate addition at levels repressing nodule formation inhibited ENOD40 induction by rhizobia but not by cytokinin. ENOD40 expression was not induced by auxin, an auxin transport inhibitor, or an ethylene precursor. In contrast to rhizobia, cytokinin addition was not sufficient to induce a modulation of the auxin flow, the induction of specific chalcone synthase genes, and the accumulation of fluorescent compounds associated with nodule initiation. However, cytokinin addition was sufficient for the localized induction of auxin-induced GH3 gene expression and the initiation of ccd. Our results suggest that rhizobia induce cytokinin-mediated events in parallel to changes in auxin-related responses during nodule initiation and support a role of ENOD40 in regulating ccd. We propose a model for the interactions of cytokinin with auxin, ENOD40, flavonoids, and nitrate during nodulation.

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3

Santi, Carole, Uritza von Groll, Ana Ribeiro, Maurizio Chiurazzi, Florence Auguy, Didier Bogusz, Claudine Franche, and Katharina Pawlowski. "Comparison of Nodule Induction in Legume and Actinorhizal Symbioses: The Induction of Actinorhizal Nodules Does Not Involve ENOD40." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 16, no. 9 (September 2003): 808–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.9.808.

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Two types of root nodule symbioses are known for higher plants, legume and actinorhizal symbioses. In legume symbioses, bacterial signal factors induce the expression of ENOD40 genes. We isolated an ENOD40 promoter from an actinorhizal plant, Casuarina glauca, and compared its expression pattern in a legume (Lotus japonicus) and an actinorhizal plant (Allocasuarina verticillata) with that of an ENOD40 promoter from the legume soybean (GmENOD402). In the actinorhizal Allocasuarina sp., CgENOD40-GUS and GmENOD40-2-GUS showed similar expression patterns in both vegetative and symbiotic development, and neither promoter was active during nodule induction. The nonsymbiotic expression pattern of CgENOD40-GUS in the legume genus Lotus resembled the nonsymbiotic expression patterns of legume ENOD40 genes however, in contrast to GmENOD40-2-GUS, CgENOD40-GUS was not active during nodule induction. The fact that only legume, not actinorhizal, ENOD40 genes are induced during legume nodule induction can be linked to the phloem unloading mechanisms established in the zones of nodule induction in the roots of both types of host plants.

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4

Giordano, Walter F., Michelle R. Lum, and Ann M. Hirsch. "Effects of a Nod-factor-overproducing strain of Sinorhizobium meliloti on the expression of the ENOD40 gene in Melilotus alba." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 907–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-076.

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We have initiated studies on the molecular biology and genetics of white sweetclover (Melilotus alba Desr.) and its responses to inoculation with the nitrogen-fixing symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Early nodulin genes such as ENOD40 serve as markers for the transition from root to nodule development even before visible stages of nodule formation are evident. Using Northern blot analysis, we found that the ENOD40 gene was expressed within 6 h after inoculation with two different strains of S. meliloti, one of which overproduces symbiotic Nod factors. Inoculation with this strain resulted in an additional increase in ENOD40 gene expression over a typical wild-type S. meliloti strain. Moreover, the increase in mRNA brought about by the Nod-factor-overproducing strain 24 h after inoculation was correlated with lateral root formation by using whole-mount in situ hybridization to localize ENOD40 transcripts in lateral root meristems and by counting lateral root initiation sites. Cortical cell divisions were not detected. We also found that nodulation occurred more rapidly on white sweetclover in response to the Nod-factor-overproducing strain, but ultimately there was no difference in nodulation efficiency in terms of nodule number or the number of roots nodulated by the two strains. Also, the two strains could effectively co-colonize the host when inoculated together, although a few host cells were occupied by both strains.Key words: ENOD40, Nod factor, Melilotus, Sinorhizobium, symbiosis.

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5

Grønlund, Mette, Andreas Roussis, Emmanouil Flemetakis, Nicolette E. M. Quaedvlieg, Helmi R. M. Schlaman, Yosuke Umehara, Panagiotis Katinakis, Jens Stougaard, and Herman P. Spaink. "Analysis of Promoter Activity of the Early Nodulin Enod40 in Lotus japonicus." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 18, no. 5 (May 2005): 414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-18-0414.

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Анотація:

Our comparative studies on the promoter (pr) activity of Enod40 in the model legume Lotus japonicus in stably transformed GusA reporter lines and in hairy roots of L. japonicus demonstrate a stringent regulation of the Enod40 promoter in the root cortex and root hairs in response to Nod factors. Interestingly, the L. japonicus Enod40-2 promoter fragment also shows symbiotic activity in the reverse orientation. Deletion analyses of the Glycine max (Gm) Enod40 promoter revealed the presence of a minimal region -185 bp upstream of the transcription start. Stable transgenic L. japonicus reporter lines were used in bioassays to test the effect of different compounds on early symbiotic signaling. The responses of prGmEnod40 reporter lines were compared with the responses of L. japonicus (Lj) reporter lines based on the LjNin promoter. Both reporter lines show very early activity postinoculation in root hairs of the responsive zone of the root and later in the dividing cells of nodule primordia. The LjNin promoter was found to be more responsive than the GmEnod40 promoter to Nod factors and related compounds. The use of prGmEnod40 reporter lines to analyze the effect of nodulin genes on the GmEnod40 promoter activity indicates that LJNIN has a positive effect on the regulation of the Enod40 promoter, whereas the latter is not influenced by ectopic overexpression of its own gene product. In addition to pointing to a difference in the regulation of the two nodulin genes Enod40 and Nin during early time points of symbiosis, the bioassays revealed a difference in the response to the synthetic cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) between alfalfa and clover and L. japonicus. In alfalfa and clover, Enod40 expression was induced upon BAP treatment, whereas this seems not to be the case in L. japonicus; these results correlate with effects at the cellular level because BAP can induce pseudonodules in alfalfa and clover but not in L. japonicus. In conclusion, we demonstrate the applicability of the described L. japonicus reporter lines in analyses of the specificity of compounds related to nodulation as well as for the dissection of the interplay between different nodulin genes.

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6

Wan, X., J. Hontelez, A. Lillo, C. Guarnerio, D. van de Peut, E. Fedorova, T. Bisseling, and H. Franssen. "Medicago truncatula ENOD40-1 and ENOD40-2 are both involved in nodule initiation and bacteroid development." Journal of Experimental Botany 58, no. 8 (April 23, 2007): 2033–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm072.

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7

Gultyaev, Alexander P., and Andreas Roussis. "Identification of conserved secondary structures and expansion segments in enod40 RNAs reveals new enod40 homologues in plants." Nucleic Acids Research 35, no. 9 (April 22, 2007): 3144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm173.

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8

Vleghels, Ingrid, Jan Hontelez, Ana Ribeiro, Paul Fransz, Ton Bisseling, and Henk Franssen. "Expression of ENOD40 during tomato plant development." Planta 218, no. 1 (November 1, 2003): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-003-1081-9.

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9

Lucero, Leandro, Jeremie Bazin, Johan Rodriguez Melo, Fernando Ibañez, Martín D. Crespi, and Federico Ariel. "Evolution of the Small Family of Alternative Splicing Modulators Nuclear Speckle RNA-Binding Proteins in Plants." Genes 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11020207.

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Анотація:

RNA-Binding Protein 1 (RBP1) was first identified as a protein partner of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) ENOD40 in Medicago truncatula, involved in symbiotic nodule development. RBP1 is localized in nuclear speckles and can be relocalized to the cytoplasm by the interaction with ENOD40. The two closest homologs to RBP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana were called Nuclear Speckle RNA-binding proteins (NSRs) and characterized as alternative splicing modulators of specific mRNAs. They can recognize in vivo the lncRNA ALTERNATIVE SPLICING COMPETITOR (ASCO) among other lncRNAs, regulating lateral root formation. Here, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of NSR/RBP proteins tracking the roots of the family to the Embryophytes. Strikingly, eudicots faced a reductive trend of NSR/RBP proteins in comparison with other groups of flowering plants. In Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, their expression profile during nodulation and in specific regions of the symbiotic nodule was compared to that of the lncRNA ENOD40, as well as to changes in alternative splicing. This hinted at distinct and specific roles of each member during nodulation, likely modulating the population of alternatively spliced transcripts. Our results establish the basis to guide future exploration of NSR/RBP function in alternative splicing regulation in different developmental contexts along the plant lineage.

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10

Favery, Bruno, Arnaud Complainville, Jose Maria Vinardell, Philippe Lecomte, Daniàle Vaubert, Peter Mergaert, Adam Kondorosi, Eva Kondorosi, Martin Crespi, and Pierre Abad. "The Endosymbiosis-Induced Genes ENOD40 and CCS52a Are Involved in Endoparasitic-Nematode Interactions in Medicago truncatula." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, no. 10 (October 2002): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.10.1008.

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Анотація:

Plants associate with a wide range of mutualistic and parasitic biotrophic organisms. Here, we investigated whether beneficial plant symbionts and biotrophic pathogens induce distinct or overlapping regulatory pathways in Medicago truncatula. The symbiosis between Sinorhizobium meliloti and this plant results in the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules requiring the activation of specific genes in the host plant. We studied expression patterns of nodule-expressed genes after infection with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Two regulators induced during nodule organogenesis, the early nodulin gene ENOD40 involved in primordium formation and the cell cycle gene CCS52a required for cell differentiation and en-doreduplication, are expressed in galls of the host plant. Expression analysis of promoter-uidA fusions indicates an accumulation of CCS52a transcripts in giant cells undergoing endoreduplication, while ENOD40 expression is localized in surrounding cell layers. Transgenic plants overexpressing ENOD40 show a significantly higher number of galls. In addition, out of the 192 nodule-expressed genes tested, 38 genes were upregulated in nodules at least threefold compared with control roots, but only two genes, nodulin 26 and cyclin D3, were found to be induced in galls. Taken together, these results suggest that certain events, such as endoreduplication, cell-to-cell communication with vascular tissues, or water transport, might be common between giant cell formation and nodule development.

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11

Guzzo, F. "Reduction of cell size induced by enod40 in Arabidopsis thaliana." Journal of Experimental Botany 56, no. 412 (January 10, 2005): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eri028.

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12

Rohrig, H., J. Schmidt, E. Miklashevichs, J. Schell, and M. John. "Soybean ENOD40 encodes two peptides that bind to sucrose synthase." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 4 (February 12, 2002): 1915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.022664799.

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13

Sousa, Carolina, Christina Johansson, Celine Charon, Hamid Manyani, Christof Sautter, Adam Kondorosi, and Martin Crespi. "Translational and Structural Requirements of the Early Nodulin Gene enod40, a Short-Open Reading Frame-Containing RNA, for Elicitation of a Cell-Specific Growth Response in the Alfalfa Root Cortex." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 354–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.1.354-366.2001.

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ABSTRACT A diversity of mRNAs containing only short open reading frames (sORF-RNAs; encoding less than 30 amino acids) have been shown to be induced in growth and differentiation processes. The early nodulin geneenod40, coding for a 0.7-kb sORF-RNA, is expressed in the nodule primordium developing in the root cortex of leguminous plants after infection by symbiotic bacteria. Ballistic microtargeting of this gene into Medicago roots induced division of cortical cells. Translation of two sORFs (I and II, 13 and 27 amino acids, respectively) present in the conserved 5′ and 3′ regions ofenod40 was required for this biological activity. These sORFs may be translated in roots via a reinitiation mechanism. In vitro translation products starting from the ATG of sORF I were detectable by mutating enod40 to yield peptides larger than 38 amino acids. Deletion of a Medicago truncatula enod40 region between the sORFs, spanning a predicted RNA structure, did not affect their translation but resulted in significantly decreased biological activity. Our data reveal a complex regulation of enod40action, pointing to a role of sORF-encoded peptides and structured RNA signals in developmental processes involving sORF-RNAs.

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14

Dey, Moul, Arnaud Complainville, Celine Charon, Lina Torrizo, Adam Kondorosi, Martin Crespi, and Swapan Datta. "Phytohormonal responses in enod40-overexpressing plants of Medicago truncatula and rice." Physiologia Plantarum 120, no. 1 (January 2004): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0208.x.

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15

Charon, C., C. Johansson, E. Kondorosi, A. Kondorosi, and M. Crespi. "enod40 induces dedifferentiation and division of root cortical cells in legumes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94, no. 16 (August 5, 1997): 8901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.16.8901.

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16

Röhrig, Horst, Michael John, and Jürgen Schmidt. "Modification of soybean sucrose synthase by S-thiolation with ENOD40 peptide A." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 325, no. 3 (December 2004): 864–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.100.

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17

Jiménez-Zurdo, José I., Florian Frugier, Martín D. Crespi, and Adam Kondorosi. "Expression Profiles of 22 Novel Molecular Markers for Organogenetic Pathways Acting in Alfalfa Nodule Development." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 13, no. 1 (January 2000): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.1.96.

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During symbiotic nodule development, a variety of molecular signals of rhizobia and plant origin are likely to be involved in the control of the expression of specific genes in the legume Medicago sativa (alfalfa). Twenty-two new, nodule-associated expressed sequence tags (ESTs, MsNod clones) as well as 16 clones for previously reported alfalfa nodulins were identified by cold-plaque screening. Protein homologs were found for 10 of the 22 MsNod-encoded polypeptides, revealing putative novel functions associated with this symbiosis. Expression of these MsNod genes was investigated in spontaneous nodules (generated in the absence of bacteria), in nodules induced by a Sinorhizobium meliloti wild-type strain and Eps- and Bac- mutant derivatives, as well as in roots inoculated with a Nod- mutant strain. This analysis enabled us to correlate plant gene expression with the different stages of nodule ontogeny and invasion. The effect of phytohormones on MsNod gene expression was analyzed in cytokinin- and auxin-treated alfalfa roots. Cytokinin induced the accumulation of seven MsNod transcripts, four of them were also regulated by the synthetic auxin 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). Comparison of MsNod expression profiles in wild-type and transgenic M. truncatula roots overexpressing the early nodulin Enod40 suggested that one clone, the M. sativa L3 ribosomal protein homolog (MsNod377), is a putative component of an Enod40-dependent pathway acting during nodule development. These novel molecular markers may help in the investigation of gene networks and regulatory circuits controlling nodule organogenesis.

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18

Ghassemi, Farshid, and Peter M. Gresshoff. "The Early enod2 and the Leghemoglobin (lbc3) Genes Segregate Independently from Other Known Soybean Symbiotic Genes." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, no. 1 (January 1998): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.1.6.

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Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) as well as an F2 segregating population of soybean Glycine max facilitated the mapping of two expressed sequence tags involved in early nodulation and subsequent nitrogen fixation in soybean. For the early nodulin gene enod2, the parents of RILs, Minsoy and Noir1, showed a polymorphism (5.5 vs 5.9 kb) after EcoRV digestion. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of 42 RILs were analyzed with the MAPMAKER program, linking enod2 to the seed coat color gene, I, with a distance of 11.1 cM on linkage group U3 of RIL map. enod2 and I are located close to Rhg4, a soybean cyst nematode resistance gene, and a locus for seed coat hardness. The molecular marker pA-110 and seed coat color were used to integrate enod2 on an F2 segregating population (72 plants) generated from a cross between cv. Bragg and G. soja PI468.397. enod2 was mapped in the same order as on the RIL map but 18.5 cM from the I locus on the TN map. A microsatellite from the 5′ region of enod2b was mapped in the same position, demonstrating that enod2b and not enod2a was mapped. An RFLP for lbc3 (leghemoglobin) segregated independently from enod2 and the nts-1 supernodulating locus suggesting that in soybean symbiotically significant loci (including rj1, Rj2, and rj6) are not clustered.

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19

Kouchi, Hiroshi, Ken-ichi Takane, Rollando B. So, Jagdish K. Ladha, and Pallavolu M. Reddy. "Rice ENOD40: isolation and expression analysis in rice and transgenic soybean root nodules." Plant Journal 18, no. 2 (April 1999): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00432.x.

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20

Charon, Celine, Carolina Sousa, Martin Crespi, and Adam Kondorosi. "Alteration of enod40 Expression Modifies Medicago truncatulaRoot Nodule Development Induced by Sinorhizobium meliloti." Plant Cell 11, no. 10 (October 1999): 1953–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.11.10.1953.

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21

Compaan, Bert, Tom Ruttink, Cathy Albrecht, Robert Meeley, Ton Bisseling, and Henk Franssen. "Identification and characterization of a Zea mays line carrying a transposon-tagged ENOD40." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression 1629, no. 1-3 (October 2003): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbaexp.2003.08.004.

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22

Charon, Celine, Carolina Sousa, Martin Crespi, and Adam Kondorosi. "Alteration of enod40 Expression Modifies Medicago truncatual Root Nodule Development Induced by Sinorhizobium meliloti." Plant Cell 11, no. 10 (October 1999): 1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3871090.

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23

Girard, G. "Structural motifs in the RNA encoded by the early nodulation gene enod40 of soybean." Nucleic Acids Research 31, no. 17 (September 1, 2003): 5003–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkg721.

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24

Larsen, Knud. "Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a ryegrass (Lolium perenne) ENOD40 homologue." Journal of Plant Physiology 160, no. 6 (January 2003): 675–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0176-1617-00962.

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25

Sinvany, G., Y. Kapulnik, S. Wininger, H. Badani, and E. Jurkevitch. "The early nodulin enod40 is induced by, and also promotes arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 60, no. 3 (March 2002): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmpp.2002.0381.

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26

van de Sande, K., K. Pawlowski, I. Czaja, U. Wieneke, J. Schell, J. Schmidt, R. Walden, et al. "Modification of Phytohormone Response by a Peptide Encoded by ENOD40 of Legumes and a Nonlegume." Science 273, no. 5273 (July 19, 1996): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5273.370.

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27

Niwa, Shinobu, Masayoshi Kawaguchi, Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku, Svetlana A. Chechetka, Masumi Ishizaka, Akira Ikuta, and Hiroshi Kouchi. "Responses of a Model Legume Lotus japonicus to Lipochitin Oligosaccharide Nodulation Factors Purified from Mesorhizobium loti JRL501." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, no. 7 (July 2001): 848–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.7.848.

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Анотація:

Lotus japonicus has been proposed as a model legume for molecular genetic studies of symbiotic plant-microbe interactions leading to the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Lipochitin oligosaccharides (LCOs), or Nod factors, were isolated from the culture of Mesorhizobium loti strain JRL501 (MAFF303099), an efficient microsymbiont of L. japonicus B-129 cv. Gifu. High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric analyses allowed us to identify at least five different structures of LCOs that were produced by JRL501. The major component was NodMl-V(C18:1, Me, Cb, AcFuc), an N-acetyl-glucosamine pentamer in which the nonreducing residue is N-acylated with a C18:1 acyl moiety, N-methylated, and carries a carbamoyl group and the reducing N-acetyl-glucosamine residue is substituted with 4-O-acetyl-fucose. Additional novel LCO structures bearing fucose instead of acetyl-fucose at the reducing end were identified. Mixtures of these LCOs could elicit abundant root hair deformation on L. japonicus roots at a concentration of 10-7 to 10-9 M. Spot inoculation of a few nanograms of LCOs on L. japonicus roots induced the formation of nodule primordia in which the early nodulin genes, ENOD40 and ENOD2, were expressed in a tissue-specific manner. We also observed the formation of a cytoplasmic bridge (preinfection thread) in the swollen outermost cortical cells. This is the first description of cytoplasmic bridge formation by purified LCOs alone in a legume-forming determinate nodules.

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28

Kumagai, Hirotaka, Eri Kinoshita, Robert W. Ridge, and Hiroshi Kouchi. "RNAi Knock-Down of ENOD40 s Leads to Significant Suppression of Nodule Formation in Lotus japonicus." Plant and Cell Physiology 47, no. 8 (August 2006): 1102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcj081.

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29

Ruttink, T. "ENOD40 affects elongation growth in tobacco Bright Yellow-2 cells by alteration of ethylene biosynthesis kinetics." Journal of Experimental Botany 57, no. 12 (August 7, 2006): 3271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl089.

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30

Fang, Yiwen, and Ann M. Hirsch. "Studying Early Nodulin Gene ENOD40 Expression and Induction by Nodulation Factor and Cytokinin in Transgenic Alfalfa." Plant Physiology 116, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.116.1.53.

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31

Minami, Eiichi, Hiroshi Kouchi, Jonathan R. Cohn, Tomoya Ogawa, and Gary Stacey. "Expression of the early nodulin, ENOD40, in soybean roots in response to various lipo-chitin signal molecules." Plant Journal 10, no. 1 (July 1996): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1996.10010023.x.

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32

Wang, Youning, Lixiang Wang, Yanmin Zou, Liang Chen, Zhaoming Cai, Senlei Zhang, Fang Zhao, et al. "Soybean miR172c Targets the Repressive AP2 Transcription Factor NNC1 to Activate ENOD40 Expression and Regulate Nodule Initiation." Plant Cell 26, no. 12 (December 2014): 4782–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.131607.

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33

Crespi, M. D., E. Jurkevitch, M. Poiret, Y. d'Aubenton-Carafa, G. Petrovics, E. Kondorosi, and A. Kondorosi. "enod40, a gene expressed during nodule organogenesis, codes for a non-translatable RNA involved in plant growth." EMBO Journal 13, no. 21 (November 1994): 5099–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06839.x.

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34

Staehelin, C., C. Charon, T. Boller, M. Crespi, and A. Kondorosi. "Medicago truncatula plants overexpressing the early nodulin gene enod40 exhibit accelerated mycorrhizal colonization and enhanced formation of arbuscules." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 26 (December 18, 2001): 15366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251491698.

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35

Papadopoulou, Kalliopi, Andreas Roussis, and Panagiotis Katinakis. "Phaseolus ENOD40 is involved in symbiotic and non-symbiotic organogenetic processes: expression during nodule and lateral root development." Plant Molecular Biology 30, no. 3 (February 1996): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00049320.

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36

Foster, Carol M., Faye M. Rosin, James A. Schrader, and William R. Graves. "Early Nodulin Genes are Not Markers of the Capacity of Woody Legumes to Nodulate." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 473a—473. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.473a.

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Knowing whether trees can develop nodules in which nitrogen is fixed is important for managing inputs during culture. Early nodulin genes, such as ENOD2 and ENOD12, could function as molecular markers for the capacity to nodulate if they are conserved only in species that nodulate. Several nodulating species are known to possess these genes; but, their occurrence has not been studied among non-nodulating taxa, including Cercis canadensis L. (redbud), Gleditsia triacanthos L. var. inermis Willd. (honey locust), and Gymnocladus dioica (L.) C. Koch (Kentucky coffee tree). Our objective was to determine the relationship between the capacity to nodulate and the occurrence of putative ENOD2 or ENOD12 genes by probing the genomes of these non-nodulating species and the genomes of two legumes that nodulate, Albizia julibrissin Durazz. (silk tree) and Laburnum alpinum (Mill.) Bercht. & J. Presl (Scotch laburnum). ENOD2 and ENOD12 cDNA clones from Glycine max (L.) Merill (soybean) and Pisum sativum L. (pea), respectively, and cloned ENOD2 PCR fragments from Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim. (Amur maackia) and Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott (Japanese pagodatree) were used as probes for Southern hybridizations. Sequences from genomes of silk tree, Scotch laburnum, honey locust, and Kentucky coffee tree hybridized to ENOD2 probes on Southern blots. Putative ENOD12 sequences were detected in the genomes of Scotch laburnum, redbud, and honey locust. Thus, we conclude that ENOD2 and ENOD12 can not be used as markers for the capacity to nodulate.

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37

Varkonyi-Gasic, Erika, and Derek William Richard White. "The White Clover enod40 Gene Family. Expression Patterns of Two Types of Genes Indicate a Role in Vascular Function." Plant Physiology 129, no. 3 (June 14, 2002): 1107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.010916.

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38

Campalans, Anna, Adam Kondorosi, and Martin Crespi. "Enod40, a Short Open Reading Frame–Containing mRNA, Induces Cytoplasmic Localization of a Nuclear RNA Binding Protein in Medicago truncatula." Plant Cell 16, no. 4 (March 22, 2004): 1047–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.019406.

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39

Matvienko, Martha, Karin Van De Sande, Wei-Cai Yang, Ab Van Kammen, Ton Bisseling, and Henk Franssen. "Comparison of soybean and pea ENOD40 cDNA clones representing genes expressed during both early and late stages of nodule development." Plant Molecular Biology 26, no. 1 (October 1994): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00039559.

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40

Koltai, Hinanit, Murali Dhandaydham, Charles Opperman, Judith Thomas, and David Bird. "Overlapping Plant Signal Transduction Pathways Induced by a Parasitic Nematode and a Rhizobial Endosymbiont." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, no. 10 (October 2001): 1168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.10.1168.

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Root-knot nematodes and rhizobia establish interactions with roots characterized by the de novo induction of host structures, termed giant cells and nodules, respectively. Two transcription regulators, PHAN and KNOX, required for the establishment of meristems were previously shown to be expressed in tomato giant cells. We isolated the orthologues of PHAN and KNOX (Mt-phan and Mt-knox-1) from the model legume Medicago truncatula, and established the spatial distribution of their expression in situ. We confirmed that Mt-phan and Mt-knox-1 are expressed in lateral root initials and in nematode-induced giant cells and showed that they are expressed in nodules induced by Sinorhizobium meliloti. Expression of both genes becomes spatially restricted as the nodules develop. We further examined nematode feeding sites for the expression of two genes involved in nodule formation, ccs52 (encodes a mitotic inhibitor) and ENOD40 (encodes an early, nodulation mitogen), and found transcripts of both genes to be present in and around giant cells induced in Medicago. Collectively, these results reveal common elements of host responses to mutualistic and parasitic plant endosymbionts and imply that overlapping regulatory pathways lead to giant cells and nodules. We discuss these pathways in the context of phytohormones and parallels between beneficial symbiosis and disease.

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41

Imaizumi-Anraku, H., H. Kouchi, K. Syono, S. Akao, and M. Kawaguchi. "Analysis of ENOD40 expression in alb1, a symbiotic mutant of Lotus japonicus that forms empty nodules with incompletely developed nodule vascular bundles." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 264, no. 4 (November 2000): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380000330.

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42

Graves, William R., Carol M. Foster, Faye M. Rosin, and James A. Schrader. "Two Early Nodulation Genes are not Markers for the Capacity of Leguminous Nursery Crops to Form Root Nodules." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 17, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-17.3.126.

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Abstract Little is known about mechanisms that permit or prevent formation of root nodules in which nitrogen gas (N2) is fixed by rhizobial bacteria in association with nursery crops in the legume family. We tested the hypothesis that two genes associated with the fixation of N2 could be used as markers of nodulation capacity among legumes because they occur only in species that can form functional nodules. The presence of ENOD2 and ENOD12 was tested in genomic DNA from three non-nodulating legumes [Cercis canadensis L. (eastern redbud), Gleditsia triacanthos L. var. inermis Willd. (thornless honeylocust), Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch (Kentucky coffeetree)] and two nodulating legumes [Albizia julibrissin Durazz. (silk-tree), Laburnum alpinum (Mill.) Bercht. & Presl. (Scotch laburnum)]. Southern analyses indicated that ENOD2 is present in thornless honeylocust, Kentucky coffeetree, and Scotch laburnum, and that ENOD12 is present in eastern redbud, thornless honeylocust, and Scotch laburnum. These results diversify the group of nodulating legumes in which ENOD2 and ENOD12 have been found and show these genes also occur in legumes considered incapable of nodulation. We conclude that neither gene can be used to screen existing or new leguminous nursery crops for the capacity to form N2-fixing nodules.

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43

Murakami, Y., H. Miwa, H. Imaizumi-Anraku, H. Kouchi, J. A. Downie, M. Kawaguchi, and S. Kawasaki. "Positional Cloning Identifies Lotus japonicus NSP2, A Putative Transcription Factor of the GRAS Family, Required for NIN and ENOD40 Gene Expression in Nodule Initiation." DNA Research 13, no. 6 (December 13, 2006): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/dnares/dsl017.

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44

Li, Xinxin, Huiwen Zhou, Ling Cheng, Niannian Ma, Baofeng Cui, Wenfei Wang, Yongjia Zhong, and Hong Liao. "Shoot-to-root translocated GmNN1/FT2a triggers nodulation and regulates soybean nitrogen nutrition." PLOS Biology 20, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): e3001739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001739.

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Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) provides sufficient nitrogen (N) to meet most legume nutrition demands. In return, host plants feed symbionts carbohydrates produced in shoots. However, the molecular dialogue between shoots and symbionts remains largely mysterious. Here, we report the map-based cloning and characterization of a natural variation in GmNN1, the ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT2a) that simultaneously triggers nodulation in soybean and modulates leaf N nutrition. A 43-bp insertion in the promoter region of GmNN1/FT2a significantly decreased its transcription level and yielded N deficiency phenotypes. Manipulating GmNN1/GmFT2a significantly enhanced soybean nodulation, plant growth, and N nutrition. The near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying low mRNA abundance alleles of GmNN1/FT2a, along with stable transgenic soybeans with CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts of GmNN1/FT2a, had yellower leaves, lower N concentrations, and fewer nodules than wild-type control plants. Grafting together with split-root experiments demonstrated that only shoot GmNN1/FT2a was responsible for regulating nodulation and thereby N nutrition through shoot-to-root translocation, and this process depends on rhizobial infection. After translocating into roots, shoot-derived GmNN1/FT2a was found to interact with GmNFYA-C (nuclear factor-Y subunit A-C) to activate symbiotic signaling through the previously reported GmNFYA-C-ENOD40 module. In short, the description of the critical soybean nodulation regulatory pathway outlined herein sheds novel insights into the shoot-to-root signaling required for communications between host plants and root nodulating symbionts.

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45

Journet, Etienne-Pascal, Naima El-Gachtouli, Vanessa Vernoud, Françoise de Billy, Magalie Pichon, Annie Dedieu, Christine Arnould, Dominique Morandi, David G. Barker, and Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson. "Medicago truncatula ENOD11: A Novel RPRP-Encoding Early Nodulin Gene Expressed During Mycorrhization in Arbuscule-Containing Cells." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, no. 6 (June 2001): 737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.6.737.

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Leguminous plants establish endosymbiotic associations with both rhizobia (nitrogen fixation) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (phosphate uptake). These associations involve controlled entry of the soil microsymbiont into the root and the coordinated differentiation of the respective partners to generate the appropriate exchange interfaces. As part of a study to evaluate analogies at the molecular level between these two plant-microbe interactions, we focused on genes from Medicago truncatula encoding putative cell wall repetitive proline-rich proteins (RPRPs) expressed during the early stages of root nodulation. Here we report that a novel RPRP-encoding gene, MtENOD11, is transcribed during preinfection and infection stages of nodulation in root and nodule tissues. By means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and a promoter-reporter gene strategy, we demonstrate that this gene is also expressed during root colonization by endomycorrhizal fungi in inner cortical cells containing recently formed arbuscules. In contrast, no activation of MtENOD11 is observed during root colonization by a nonsymbiotic, biotrophic Rhizoctonia fungal species. Analysis of transgenic Medicago spp. plants expressing pMtENOD11-gusA also revealed that this gene is transcribed in a variety of nonsymbiotic specialized cell types in the root, shoot, and developing seed, either sharing high secretion/metabolite exchange activity or subject to regulated modifications in cell shape. The potential role of early nodulins with atypical RPRP structures such as ENOD11 and ENOD12 in symbiotic and nonsymbiotic cellular contexts is discussed.

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46

Prihatini, Anisari Mei, Sholeh Hadi P., and Rahmadwati. "Optimasi Penentuan Posisi Evolved Node B Long Term Evolution pada BTS GSM yang Terpasang Menggunakan Fuzzy Evolutionary Algorithm." Jurnal Elektronika dan Telekomunikasi 15, no. 2 (June 29, 2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jet.v15.39-44.

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LTE (Long Term Evolution) atau yang disebut dengan teknologi 4G merupakan suatu teknologi telekomunikasi bergerak yang dikeluarkan oleh 3GPP Release 8 dan merupakan pengembangan dari HSDPA. Untuk membangun sebuah jaringan LTE di suatu daerah, penyelenggara jasa jaringan telekomunikasi harus membangun infrastuktur sistem komunikasi seluler baru. Salah satu aspek yang sangat berperan dalam pembangunan infrastruktur adalah pembangunan Evolved NodeB (ENodeB). Meningkatnya pembangunan menara ENodeB baru memberikan dampak pada faktor keamanan lingkungan, kesehatan masyarakat dan estetika lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan optimasi untuk menempatkan ENodeB pada BTS yang telah terpasang menggunakan metode Fuzzy Evolutionary Algorithm (FEA). Hasil yang didapatkan adalah penempatan 58 ENodeB pada BTS yang telah terpasang. Performansi penempatan ENodeB menggunakan Fuzzy Evolutionary Algorithm sebesar 84%. Fuzzy Evolutionary Algorithm mencapai kestabilan pada nilai 84 dengan nilai optimalitas sebesar 100 dan trafik sebesar 68.

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47

Coque, Laurent, Purnima Neogi, Catalina Pislariu, Kimberly A. Wilson, Christina Catalano, Madhavi Avadhani, D. Janine Sherrier, and Rebecca Dickstein. "Transcription of ENOD8 in Medicago truncatula Nodules Directs ENOD8 Esterase to Developing and Mature Symbiosomes." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 4 (April 2008): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-4-0404.

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In Medicago truncatula nodules, the soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti reduces atmospheric dinitrogen into nitrogenous compounds that the legume uses for its own growth. In nitrogen-fixing nodules, each infected cell contains symbiosomes, which include the rhizobial cell, the symbiosome membrane surrounding it, and the matrix between the bacterium and the symbiosome membrane, termed the symbiosome space. Here, we describe the localization of ENOD8, a nodule-specific esterase. The onset of ENOD8 expression occurs at 4 to 5 days postinoculation, before the genes that support the nitrogen fixation capabilities of the nodule. Expression of an ENOD8 promoter–gusA fusion in nodulated hairy roots of composite transformed M. truncatula plants indicated that ENOD8 is expressed from the proximal end of interzone II to III to the proximal end of the nodules. Confocal immunomicroscopy using an ENOD8-specific antibody showed that the ENOD8 protein was detected in the same zones. ENOD8 protein was localized in the symbiosome membrane or symbiosome space around the bacteroids in the infected nodule cells. Immunoblot analysis of fractionated symbiosomes strongly suggested that ENOD8 protein was found in the symbiosome membrane and symbiosome space, but not in the bacteroid. Determining the localization of ENOD8 protein in the symbiosome is a first step in understanding its role in symbiosome membrane and space during nodule formation and function.

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48

RISTORTO, MARCELA ALEJANDRA, and SILVIA SUSANA REYES. "El himno a Enodia en el Ion de Eurípides." Cuadernos de Literatura, no. 16 (August 27, 2021): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.30972/clt.0165430.

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<p class="Normal1">El trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la función que desempeña el himno a Enodia en el tercer estásimo de <em>Ion</em> (1048-1105), tanto en la trama como a nivel extraficcional. Se busca refutar las posturas críticas que a menudo han considerado que los cantos corales en la tragedia de Eurípides son poco relevantes para la acción desarrollada en escena. Desde una perspectiva diferente, se busca resaltar la relevancia que posee para la comprensión de <em>Ión </em>el himno a Enodia, diosa que aparentemente no tiene relación con el μῦθος de la tragedia, puesto que Enodia-Hécate no se involucra con Erecteo ni con su descendencia. La oda coral, como un himno εὐκτικός, remite a dos aspectos esenciales de la tragedia. Por un lado, siendo Enodia protectora de los partos y de los niños recién nacidos, las peticiones del coro remiten a la supuesta realidad de Creúsa, a su carencia de un heredero para el trono de Atenas. Por otro lado, Enodia, como hija de Deméter, remite a los misterios eleusinos y órficos. Además, en este himno el coro describe los ritos eleusinos, lo que permite interpretarlo en relación con los cultos mistéricos. Cabe señalar que esta oda también puede ser considerada como una <em>defixio</em>, que busca perjudicar a Ion.</p>

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49

DE LIMA, SILVIO FELIPE B., and JOSÉ CARLOS N. DE BARROS. "Two new species of Cerithiella (Apogastropoda: Cerithiopsidae) for the continental slope of Pernambuco (northeast Brazil)." Zootaxa 1441, no. 1 (April 5, 2007): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1441.1.5.

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Two new species of Cerithiella Verrill, 1882 from the continental shelf of Pernambuco are described for northeast Brazil. Cerithiella cepene n. sp. and C. pernambucoensis n. sp. can be distinguished from C. amblytera (Watson, 1880) and C. enodis (Watson, 1880) based on conchological characters. Cerithiella amblytera and C. enodis are recorded for Brazil, but the soft parts are as yet unknown.

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50

Zhang, Man, Xingfen Wang, Jun Yang, Zhicheng Wang, Bin Chen, Xinyu Zhang, Dongmei Zhang, et al. "GhENODL6 Isoforms from the Phytocyanin Gene Family Regulated Verticillium Wilt Resistance in Cotton." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 2913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23062913.

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Verticillium wilt (VW), a fungal disease caused by Verticillium dahliae, currently devastates cotton fiber yield and quality seriously, yet few resistance germplasm resources have been discovered in Gossypium hirsutum. The cotton variety Nongda601 with suitable VW resistance and high yield was developed in our lab, which supplied elite resources for discovering resistant genes. Early nodulin-like protein (ENODL) is mainly related to nodule formation, and its role in regulating defense response has been seldom studied. Here, 41 conserved ENODLs in G. hirsutum were identified and characterized, which could divide into four subgroups. We found that GhENODL6 was upregulated under V. dahliae stress and hormonal signal and displayed higher transcript levels in resistant cottons than the susceptible. The GhENODL6 was proved to positively regulate VW resistance via overexpression and gene silencing experiments. Overexpression of GhENODL6 significantly enhanced the expressions of salicylic acid (SA) hormone-related transcription factors and pathogenicity-related (PR) protein genes, as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and SA contents, resulting in improved VW resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Correspondingly, in the GhENODL6 silenced cotton, the expression levels of both phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) genes significantly decreased, leading to the reduced SA content mediating by the phenylalanine ammonia lyase pathway. Taken together, GhENODL6 played a crucial role in VW resistance by inducing SA signaling pathway and regulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These findings broaden our understanding of the biological roles of GhENODL and the molecular mechanisms underlying cotton disease resistance.

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