Дисертації з теми "Energy Payback Time (EPT)"
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Olsson, Lovisa. "Faktorer som bör vägas in vid investering av solceller : Miljöanalys av de vanligaste solcellerna på marknaden." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-74501.
Повний текст джерелаFelderer, Astrid, Roman Brandtweiner, and Andrea Hoeltl. "Ranking of Energy Saving Devices for Smart Homes according to their Payback Time." WITPress, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6759/1/SDP18035FU1.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаTorosian, Rojé, and Elin Elmehag. "Life Cycle Assessment of an Ocean Energy Power Plant : Evaluation and Analysis of the Energy Payback Time with Comparison Between Sweden and Tanzania." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-7253.
Повний текст джерелаEnergy is an essential asset in the present society. It is needed for transportation, electricity and heating. Fossil fuels, being a limited reserve, are presently the dominating resource from which energy is being used. As indus-tries and consumers around the world use more energy for each passing day it becomes vital to shed some light on how important it is to decrease the global energy demand. Fossil fuels are needed to be replaced by renewa-ble energy sources, such as solar and wind power, in order to obtain a more sustainable development.When a new product is being developed it is usually important to analyze the potential environmental impact, suggestively by conducting a life cycle analysis, prior to manufacturing. Deep Green, being a tidal energy device for generation of electricity, is a product in its initial developing stage. In this thesis a lifecycle assessment has been conducted of the complete product with the purpose of achieving an analysis of how different choices of materials affect the energy usage, CO2 footprint and the energy payback time. Identifications by comparison have been taken into account to determine which component of Deep Green that contributes mostly to the energy usage and CO2 footprint. In addition to the Life Cycle Assessment, LCA, a digital model, created in an Excel workbook, has been developed to simplify calculations of the energy usage, CO2 footprint and energy payback time. The digital model, namely ENCO©, provides the possibility to interchange choice of materials for each component in order to evaluate the potential environmental impact and the energy payback time. Deep Green consist of 34 different components which are included in the LCA but an initial analysis shows that only twelve specific parts contribute largely to the energy usage and the CO2 footprint. The foundation and the wing structure account for 78 % and 15 % respectively of the energy usage along with ten other parts which together stand for an additional 6 %. Remaining 27 parts share the final percentile. Given the materials provided by the company of Minesto the total energy usage and CO2 footprint for the complete product corresponds to approx-imately 4500 GJ and 342 tonne respectively. The foundation is the part of Deep Green that contributes most to the total environmental impact.Depending on the defined materials for each component the energy payback time varies between 220 to 260 days which is to say that a production of Deep Green would be profitable. Nevertheless the conducted LCA has several delimitations which should be reflected upon prior a final decision is made.The resulted Energy Payback time, EP, should be carefully used and presented with the system boundaries, since they affect the EP very much. The outcome of energy consumption and CO2 footprint, depend highly on the choice of end of life management. Based on the result it is recommended that the foundation is left on the sea-bed at the end of its lifecycle to obtain the best EP.An investigation of whether it is possible to position the complete supply-chain within the boundaries of a de-veloping country, namely Tanzania, has also been conducted along with the LCA. It is believed that most of the raw materials, which are necessary for the manufacturing of Deep Green, are mined in Tanzania. It is however possible to import those materials which are not available within the country. When considering Tanzania, as a point of implementation for Deep Green, the energy payback time will become higher compared to Sweden or England since more components need to be imported which in turn generates an increase of transportation.It is recommended that a new calculation of the EP and the carbon footprint are done when Deep Green is fully developed. ENCO© can advantageously be used for this. It is also recommended that the distribution cables and the installation are included.
Samett, Amelia. "Sustainable Manufacturing of CIGS Solar Cells for Implementation on Electric Vehicles." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1591380591637557.
Повний текст джерелаCaballero, Sandra Catalina. "Architectural variations in residences and their effects on energy generation by photovoltaics." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41204.
Повний текст джерелаRaouz, Khalid. "Environmental Impact Assessment of aPhotovoltaic Power Station in Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209911.
Повний текст джерелаStudien tillhands presenterar miljöutvärderingen av en fotovoltaisk solcellsanläggning i Stockholm. Detta utfördes med hjälp av livscykelanalysverktyget. Analysen använder energiåterbetalningstiden och den globala uppvärmningspotentialen som indikatorer på anläggningens miljöinverkan. Både återbetalningstiden och den globala uppvärmningspotentialen beräknas för gruvarbetet, transporten, drift och underhåll samt avveckling och bortskaffning av anläggningen. Överföringsförluster beräknas också över anläggningens livscykel. Andra indikatorer som beräknas i denna studie är potentialen för försurning, övergödning, ozonnedbrytning och humantoxicitet. Dessa beräknas endast för modulens tillverkningskedja. Studiens resultat visar att den mest kritiska processen under solcellsanläggningens livscykel är kiselmetallens omvandling till solkisel, detta med avseende på energiförbrukningen och utsläpp av växthusgaser. Anläggningens globala uppvärmningspotential uttrycks i växthusgasutsläpp och jämförs med den nordiska elmixens utsläppsfaktor. Jämförelsen görs enligt dem gällande EU-direktiven. Resultaten för dem andraindikatorerna har visat på väsentliga avvikelser jämfört med tidigare studier. Detta beror enligt det internationella energirådet på databrist och på att dessa indikatorer saknar stöd inomLCA samfundet. Solcellsanläggningen beräknas bli energineutral efter 2,4 år samt eutralisera utsläpp på upp till 18 ton koldioxidekvivalenta per år.
Taylor, Stephen H. "Analytical Modeling and Optimization of a Thermoelectric Heat Conversion System Operating Betweeen Fluid Streams." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2813.
Повний текст джерелаAndoh-Appiah, Benjamin. "ComparativeExamination Of The Impacts Of Electricity Generation With Both Photovoltaic AndConventional Energies On Climate Change. The Case Of Mutanda Eco-CommunityCentre. (MECC)." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-35411.
Повний текст джерела2018-12-07
Frank, Jaromír. "Analýza zhodnocení stavebního objektu při snížení jeho energetické náročnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225968.
Повний текст джерелаDanielsson, Ellinor, and Jenny Ekman. "Skogliga biobränslens roll i Stockholm Exergis framtida strategi." Thesis, KTH, Energisystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298048.
Повний текст джерелаThe study aimed to give a recommendation regarding how the district heating company Stockholm Exergi should design their future strategy concerning unprocessed solid woody biofuels. Through literature studies and interviews, the competitiveness of the fuels has been assessed based on climate neutrality, political directives and instruments, security of supply as well as profitability. Among other things, the results showed that the use of tree branches and tops can imply positive climate effects. Furthermore, the implementation of EU's new renewable energy directive will only have a marginal impact on Stockholm Exergi's future use of woody biofuels. Regarding the security of supply and profitability,an increased future demand of forest residues in other sectors have been identified. However, the study concludes that, under certain circumstances, woody biofuels have an important role in Stockholm Exergi's future district heating production.
Nilsson, Amanda, and Nora Orrenius. "How to reduce the total environmental, economic and social impact of Solar Cell Panels." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298239.
Повний текст джерелаFör att kunna lindra klimatförändringar och de medföljande katastroferna och säkerställa den ekonomiska tillväxten finns det ett stort behov av förändring. En bra start är att använda mer förnybar energi och som bidrar till färre skadliga utsläpp. Det är känt att solenergi är hållbart med bränsle från en oändlig källa, solen. Det är emellertid inte känt hur stor påverkan solcellspanelerna har under hela dess livscykel, från utvinning av råvaror till dess panelens liv är över. Denna studie har undersökt solcellspanelernas hela livscykel för att se hur hållbara de egentligen är. Studien har även studerat var de största möjligheterna för förbättring av miljömässig, finansiell och social hållbarhet inom värdekedjan finns. Resultaten har erhållits genom att genomföra en litteraturstudie, intervjuer av personer med expertis inom olika delar av värdekedjan och slutligen har beräkningar gjorts för att jämföra och visualisera resultaten. Två huvudsakliga sätt att förbättra solpanelernas negativa påverkan när det gäller miljömässig, ekonomisk och social hållbarhet har identifierats. För det första föreslår studien vikten av att implementera avancerad återvinning inom värdekedjan. Återvinning av en hög andel material i solcellspanelen och återanvändning av det återvunna materialet i produktionen kommer att minska energiförbrukningen och skadliga utsläpp avsevärt samt förbättra cirkuläriteten av kritiska material och medföra både ekonomiska och sociala fördelar. För det andra skulle förflyttning av den större delen av produktionen till Europa från Kina också minska de negativa effekterna av solcellspaneler, särskilt de miljömässiga och sociala effekterna, studien kunde dock inte hitta tillräckligt med goda argument för att en förflyttning av produktionen till Europa skulle leda till en ekonomisk förbättring. För att detta ska vara avgörande skulle detta ämne behöva ytterligare studier.
Šošolíková, Jana. "Analýza efektivity VZT systémů rodinných domů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240309.
Повний текст джерелаSobola, Martin. "Navržení a posouzení ekonomické efektivnosti kontaktního zateplovacího systému rodinného domu s využitím státní dotace v rámci ČR a SR." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265305.
Повний текст джерелаNavickaitė, Agnė. "Pastato aprūpinimo energija galimybių tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080627_150018-40963.
Повний текст джерелаSolutions of decentralized (distributed) production and application of renewable energy sources in the case of different energy - like heating, cooling, hot water, electricity - supply for a building were analyzed in the final master thesis work. Energy supply sources are cogenerator, compressor and absorption cooling machines, solar collectors, gas boiler. Selected devices, their principles of work, characteristics, their advantages and disadvantages were described. Three schemes of principal energy system alternative were described, using combinations of devices mentioned above. Power and energy amount indexes of different energy generating alternatives were specified. The optimal combinations of new technologies were selected. After the optimal combination of energy generating system was done, economical validity of alternatives were estimated taking into account their total payback time. After theory and received results were summarized, the conclusions and suggestions were presented in the end of the final master work. Work consists of 6 parts: introduction, theory, analysis part, economical part, conclusions and suggestions, literature source. Size of Work: 61 pages of text excluding the appendixes, 34 pictures, 11 tables, 46 literature sources. Appendixes of the work are attached separately.
Rudenko, Yulia. "Reglering av pumpar: En fallstudie med jämförelseanalys mellan stryp- och frekvensreglering." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448335.
Повний текст джерелаToday's need for energy efficiency places high demands on the industrial sector, which is considered to be the largest energy consumer. Holmen AB is a pulp and paper producer. Pulp and paper production is an energy-intensive branch where pump applications consume large amounts of energy while playing a crucial role in the production process. This study was conducted to help the company investigate what energy and cost savings can be expected if the existing pump control method is changed. The purpose of the study was to develop an approach for estimating pump energy consumption, which would produce a basis for comparative analysis of energy consumption for different control methods. The study focuses mainly on centrifugal pumps, which dominate the industrial environment due to their robust construction, high efficiency, and relatively low maintenance needs. However, this study's approach can be used to assess different types of pumps and control modes as it is based on the fundamental fluid mechanics laws. At the beginning of the study, the key parameters that affect energy consumption in centrifugal pumps were identified to be later used in calculations. Pump control methods were discussed based on the existing literature and research. Estimation of energy consumption and costs was performed for two different control methods, throttle control, and frequency control. In the last stage of the study, two control methods were compared based on the energy consumption calculation to determine whether there is a potential for energy and cost savings when switching from throttle control to frequency control. The results show that usage of frequency control would lead to energy savings and, therefore, to savings in annual operating costs and LCC costs. The amount of the savings depends on the reduction in the rotational speed of the motor. The frequency control is most advantageous when there is a significant difference between the desired flow and the nominal flow in the system. But the potential reduction of motor and pump efficiency must be taken into consideration. A more detailed analysis of energy consumption for different flows and different types of pulp is recommended, with practically measured energy consumption values.
Singh, Vivek Kumar. "Assessing energy-efficiency market transformation: the case study of a developing Asian country." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/87648.
Повний текст джерелаTraditionally, energy planning in developing Asian countries has neglected the structure of energy demand and how it is likely to evolve as development takes its path. Furthermore, the lack of concern with the conservation of energy and the limited availability of energy consumption data have made it very difficult to assess in a reasonable manner the potential for energy savings in the major energy end-use sectors. Energy planning is thus a challenging task, in particular with the continuous growth of agricultural and industrial activities. Henceforth, an up-to-date review of the main issues at stake regarding the choice of energy efficient technologies in India’s residential sector, bringing to light the main challenges that have to be faced in the design of energy efficiency policies and programs in this country, has been first conducted based on extensive literature research. Since energy efficiency and energy security have a prominent role in the economic and social development of all countries, the formulation of a proper modelling framework that supports decision-makers with the definition of energy policies without compromising future energy needs becomes timely and relevant. From the different approaches available, Input – Output (IO) models are especially useful, since they allow considering different impacts that can be consistent with different energy policy options. In order to assist energy decision-makers of India on the appraisal of the future effects of the replacement of the current business as usual technologies (BAU) with energy efficient best available technologies (BAT), a novel IO modelling framework has been designed by introducing a bottom-up approach into an IO model which is combined with technical data for the holistic assessment of nine energy efficient technologies previously identified. A large size platform of real data has also been gathered considering different data sources, namely the household building stock characterization, the number of operating days according to the climatic regions of India, the lifetime and the investment cost of each equipment. The trade-offs involved in the multi perspective assessment of the technologies under analysis were then evaluated by both considering the economic IO modelling framework developed and an economic analysis specifically addressing the net present value, the savings to investment ratio and the cost of conserved energy (also incorporating the private investor’s concerns). Finally, two modelling formulations were suggested which combine the use of the Economic IO Lifecycle (EIO-LCA) assessment with multiobjective interval portfolio theory to support public decision-makers on the design of programs to foster the investment on energy efficient technologies. Each model considers two objective functions: the maximization of the savings to investment ratio as a surrogate measure of return and the maximization of the minimum deviation of GHG avoided emissions/energy savings of the portfolio during its lifetime from the expected GHG emitted/energy embodied in its manufacture, as a proxy of risk minimization. In order to ensure a certain diversification level of the technologies to be subsidized, constraints were imposed on the maximal amount assigned to the energy efficient technologies under consideration, also assuring a given energy payback time (EPBT)/GHG payback time (GPBT). In this last case, the originality of this work is twofold: on one hand, the energy embodied in each energy efficient technology (EET) under scrutiny has been obtained through national I-O data avoiding the truncation problems usually found in traditional lifecycle inventories; on the other hand, besides the traditional EPBT/GPBT which only accounts for direct energy saving/GHG avoided emission effects, new EPBT/GPBT concepts are introduced which consider indirect and induced energy saving/GHG avoided emission effects. The first and second formulations might be more suitable for countries with higher and lower emission factors regarding their electricity mix, respectively. In addition, a proposal for obtaining the efficient portfolio solutions was also suggested, which allows considering three types of investment strategies, i.e., a conservative strategy (leading to a lower number of subsidized devices), an aggressive strategy (leading to a higher number of subsidized devices) and a combined strategy. Finally, the anticipated economic, energy, environmental and social impacts (E3S) obtained in each solution previously computed are projected.
Tradicionalmente, o planeamento energético em países em vias desenvolvimento, em particular nos países asiáticos, tem negligenciado a estrutura da procura de energia e a sua evolução, num contexto de desenvolvimento económico crescente. Por outro lado, a falta de preocupação com a conservação de energia e a falta de disponibilidade de informação atualizada e detalhada, respeitante ao consumo de energia nestes países, têm dificultado a análise fundamentada do potencial efetivo de poupança energética nos sectores mais intensivos em energia. Neste âmbito, o planeamento energético apresenta diversos desafios, em particular com o crescimento contínuo dos setores de atividade agrícola e industrial. Por conseguinte, foi efetuada uma revisão crítica da literatura atualizada, respeitante às principais tecnologias eficientes de energia utilizadas no sector residencial da Índia, ressaltando os principais aspetos críticos que devem ser contemplados na elaboração de políticas e programas de eficiência energética neste país. Como a eficiência e a segurança energéticas desempenham um papel proeminente no desenvolvimento económico e social de todos os países, a formulação de modelos adequados, que permitam apoiar os decisores, de forma consistente, na definição de políticas energéticas, sem comprometer as necessidades energéticas futuras, torna-se oportuna e relevante. No que diz respeito às diferentes abordagens disponíveis na literatura científica, os modelos de Input – Output (IO) são especialmente úteis, pois permitem avaliar diferentes impactes que podem ser consentâneos com diferentes opções de política energética. Neste âmbito, de modo a apoiar os decisores de política energética da Índia na avaliação dos efeitos potenciais resultantes da adoção de medidas de política que incentivem a adoção de tecnologias energeticamente eficientes, foi proposta uma nova ferramenta metodológica assente em análise IO. O modelo IO foi então ajustado para efetuar a avaliação holística de nove tecnologias energeticamente eficientes previamente identificadas, através de uma abordagem bottom-up que combina dados técnicos com dados económicos. Neste contexto, foi construída uma plataforma de dados reais de dimensão considerável, tendo sido reunida informação proveniente de diferentes fontes de dados, tendo em conta, nomeadamente, a caracterização do parque habitacional, o número de dias em que as tecnologias operam, em média, de acordo com as regiões climáticas da Índia, a vida útil e o custo de investimento de cada equipamento. De modo a ser possível avaliar os trade-offs envolvidos na avaliação multidimensional de cada tecnologia analisada, foi utilizada a ferramenta metodológica anteriormente desenvolvida e foi encetada uma análise económica, contemplando especificamente o valor atualizado líquido, o rácio entre poupança e investimento e o custo da energia conservada de cada equipamento (incorporando também as preocupações do investidor privado). Finalmente, foram sugeridas duas formulações matemáticas que combinam o uso da Análise do Ciclo de Vida IO (ACV-IO) com modelos do portfolio multiobjectivo intervalares para apoiar os decisores públicos na proposta de programas para fomentar o investimento em tecnologias energeticamente eficientes. Cada modelo considera duas funções objetivo: a maximização da relação entre poupança e investimento, como medida de retorno, e a maximização do desvio mínimo entre as emissões de GEE evitadas/energia poupada durante a vida útil do equipamento e os GEE emitidos/energia incorporada nas fases de fabrico e instalação, como proxy de minimização do risco. Com o objetivo de garantir um certo nível de diversificação das tecnologias a serem subsidiadas, impuseram-se restrições ao montante máximo a afetar às tecnologias energeticamente eficientes, assegurando, simultaneamente, um determinado tempo de retorno energético (EPBT)/tempo de retorno carbónico (GPBT). Neste último caso, a originalidade deste trabalho é dupla: por um lado, a energia incorporada em cada tecnologia energeticamente eficiente sob escrutínio foi obtida através de dados IO, evitando os problemas de truncagem normalmente encontrados nos inventários de análise do ciclo de vida; por outro lado, além do tradicional EPBT/ GPBT, que apenas contabiliza os efeitos diretos da energia poupada/emissões evitadas de GEE, são introduzidos novos conceitos de EPBT/GPBT que consideram os efeitos indiretos e induzidos pela poupança energética/emissões evitadas de GEE. A primeira e a segunda formulações podem ser mais adequadas para países com maiores e menores fatores de emissão em relação ao seu mix de fontes energéticas utilizadas na produção de eletricidade, respetivamente. Adicionalmente, foi ainda sugerida uma proposta para obter soluções eficientes, considerando três tipos de estratégias de investimento, isto é, uma estratégia conservadora (conduzindo à subsidiação de um menor número de equipamentos), uma estratégia agressiva (conduzindo à subsidiação de um maior número de equipamentos) e uma estratégia combinada.