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Статті в журналах з теми "Energy losse"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Daniel, Mburamatare, William K. Gboney, Hakizimana Jean de Dieu, Akumuntu Joseph, and Fidele Mutemberezi. "Empirical assessment of drivers of electricity prices in East Africa: Panel data experience of Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and Kenya." AIMS Energy 11, no. 1 (2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2023001.

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<abstract> <p>Sustainable electricity supply plays a key role in economic development. Cost recovery, profitability and affordability of electricity through power tariff regulation, have become a subject of conflict between private providers and regulators. Consequently, regulators need to balance the interests of all stakeholders. The objective of this study, is to measure to which extent, Electricity Net Consumption (EC), Electricity Net Generation (EG), electricity transmission and distribution losses (Losses), International Average Crude oil prices (FP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), Industry Value Added (IVA) could influence the Average Electricity Prices (EP) in East Africa, especially in Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and Kenya. The data are from World Bank Indicators and cover the period from 2000 to 2019. This study adopts a three-stage approach, consisting of panel unit root tests, panel cointegration tests and estimating the long run cointegration relationship of the variables in a panel context. We applied four different panel unit root tests including ADF-Fisher Chi-square, Levin, Lin and Chu (LLC); PP-Fisher Chi-square, and Im, Pesaran, and Shin, (IPS). The results reveal that the variables are non-stationary at "level", stationary at first-differences and integrated with order one denoted as I(1). The Pedroni, Kao and Johansen Fisher co-integration tests were performed. This study uses full modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) to estimate the long run relationship among the variables. We find that the increase in EG, FP, and CPI increase the Average Electricity Prices (EP); while the increase in Losses, EC, and IVA decreases EP. Therefore, we recommend the promotion of long-term investment policies in renewable sources and efficient policies to reduce technical and commercial losses. In addition, this study suggests that appropriate policies related to subsidized electricity prices would, however, prevent adverse effects related to inefficient over-consumption of electricity.</p> </abstract>

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2

Ha, Ji Soo. "A Study on the Heat Loss Improvement in a Refrigerator Ice Dispenser by Using Reverse Heat Loss Method." Journal of Energy Engineering 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2013.22.2.105.

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3

Song, Dong-Soo. "Analysis of Loss of HVAC for Nuclear Power Plant." Journal of Energy Engineering 23, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2014.23.1.090.

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4

Barnaföldi, G. G., G. Fai, P. Lévai, G. Papp, and B. A. Cole. "Where does the energy loss lose strength?" Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 35, no. 10 (September 17, 2008): 104066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/35/10/104066.

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5

Ha, Ji-Soo, and Jae-Sung Shim. "A Numerical Analysis of the Reverse Heat Loss Method for a Refrigerator." Journal of Energy Engineering 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2011.20.4.303.

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6

Ha, Ji Soo. "A Study on the Heat Loss Effect of Steel Structure in a Refrigerator Mullion." Journal of Energy Engineering 23, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2014.23.2.035.

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7

Jeong, Hae-Yong. "Analysis of Loss of Condenser Vacuum Accident using a Conservative Approach with a Best-Estimate Code." Journal of Energy Engineering 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2015.24.4.175.

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8

Merma Paredes, Herbert Edison. "Merma y tratamiento tributario del impuesto a la renta por pérdidas de energía en distribuidoras peruanas de electricidad." Newman Business Review 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22451/3002.nbr2022.vol8.1.10074.

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Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la merma y el tratamiento tributario del Impuesto a la Renta por pérdidas de energía eléctrica en distribuidoras peruanas de electricidad, 1997-2014. Método: El estudio contó con un enfoque de investigación cuantitativo, con un nivel descriptivo y correlacional, de diseño no experimental y que involucró una muestra no probabilística de 22 empresas de distribución de energía eléctrica. Resultados: Como resultado se halló un P valor = 0,08 y coeficiente Rho = -0,572, lo cual demostró que la merma se relaciona en forma inversa con el tratamiento tributario de pérdidas de energía. Conclusión: La falta de distingo de la merma tiene un efecto significativo negativo en el tratamiento tributario que se le da al impuesto a la renta en compañías de distribución eléctrica en el Perú, periodo 1997-2014; por ello, cuanto mayor sea el desconocimiento del tratamiento tributario de la pérdida eléctrica, más deficiente será el tratamiento tributario de pérdidas de energía eléctrica.

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9

Shcherba, А. A., and N. I. Suprunovska. "ELECTRIC ENERGY LOSS AT ENERGY EXCHANGE BETWEEN CAPACITORS AS FUNCTION OF THEIR INITIAL VOLTAGES AND CAPACITANCES RATIO." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2016, no. 3 (April 18, 2016): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2016.03.009.

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10

Ha, Ji Soo, and Won Sul Ahn. "A Study on the Heat Loss Reduction of a Refrigerator by Thermal Conductivity Change and Partial Removal of Rubber Magnet." Journal of Energy Engineering 23, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2014.23.4.240.

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11

Embiale, Dessie Tadele, Dawit Gudeta Gunjo, Chandraprabu Venktachalam, and Mohanram Parthiban. "Experimental investigation and exergy and energy analysis of a forced convection solar fish dryer integrated with thermal energy storage." AIMS Energy 10, no. 3 (2022): 412–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022021.

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<abstract> <p>Drying is an effective means of reducing post-harvest losses which increases the shelf life of products by reducing their moisture content to a safe storage level. An indirect mode forced convection solar dryer integrated with thermal energy storage was designed, developed and experimentally tested by drying fish. The components of the dryer are a double pass solar air heater, a paraffin wax-based shell and tube for latent heat thermal energy storage, a drying chamber and a blower. A maximum temperature of 69 ℃ was obtained at the outlet of the solar air heater, and the energy and exergy efficiencies were 25% and 1.5%, respectively. The latent heat storage reduces the fluctuations in the outlet temperature of the solar air heater and extends the drying process for two extra hours per day. The average energy and exergy efficiencies of the energy storage were 41.9% and 15.6%, respectively, whereas average energy and exergy efficiencies of the drying chamber were 35% and 52%, respectively. Moreover, 5 kg of fresh fish was effectively dried in the dryer within 21 hrs, reducing the moisture content of the fish from 75% to 12.5% by removing 3.57 kg of moisture. The specific energy consumption of the dryer was 7.3 kWh per kilogram of moisture, and the power consumed by the blower was 0.6 kWh per kilogram of moisture, which is 8.3% of the total energy consumption. The remaining 91.7% of the energy is harvested from the sun, and the overall efficiency of the drying system is 9.4%.</p> </abstract>

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12

Papaika, Yu, O. O. Lysenko, M. Rogoza, Yu Stepanenko, L. Tokar, and S. Yakimets. "ENERGY LOSSES WITHIN THE ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT IN TERMS OF POOR VOLTAGE QUALITY." Transactions of Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University 1 (February 27, 2019): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30929/1995-0519.2019.1.9-13.

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13

Shaik, Honnurvali Mohamed, Adnan Kabbani, Abdul Manan Sheikh, Keng Goh, Naren Gupta, and Tariq Umar. "Measurement and validation of polysilicon photovoltaic module degradation rates over five years of field exposure in Oman." AIMS Energy 9, no. 6 (2021): 1192–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2021055.

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<abstract> <p>Degradation of PV modules have a severe impact on its power-producing capabilities thus affecting the reliability, performance over the long run. To understand the PV degradation happening under the influence of local environmental conditions a survey was conducted on six polycrystalline silicon-based PV modules over five years. It has been observed that the average degradation rates stood at 1.02%/year at irradiances 800 W/m<sup>2</sup> and 0.99%/year at irradiances 600 W/m<sup>2</sup>, which are almost double the manufacturer proposed values. Upon further investigations, it has been found that discoloration of encapsulant in modules 3, 5, and 6 have been the main factor causing the reduction of the short circuit current (I<sub>sc</sub>) thus affecting the overall power production capacity of the installed PV system. Considering the amount of time, resources and manpower invested to perform this survey an alternate way of estimating the PV degradation rates is also investigated. The exponential decay factor-based model is adopted to correlate the encapsulant discoloration seen on-site in the form of a mathematical equation to predict the current loss. This loss is defined as the visual loss factor in this paper. Further, the output I-V curves are simulated using MATLAB Simulink-based mathematical model which also integrates visual loss factor (VLF) losses into it. Such simulated I-V curves have shown a good match with the measured I-V curves at the same irradiance with an error less than 3%. Authors anticipate that this modelling approach can open the door for further research in developing algorithms that can simulate the PV degradation rates.</p> </abstract>

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14

Cahyadi, Catra Indra, Kurniaty Atmia, and Ayu Fitriani. "Analisis Pengaruh Rugi-Rugi Daya Pada Jaringan Transmisi 150 kV Menggunakan Software Etap 12.6." Jambura Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 4, no. 2 (July 14, 2022): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37905/jjeee.v4i2.13306.

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Sistem kelistrikan pembangkit serta pusat- pusat beban pada biasanya terpisah dalam ratusan apalagi ribuan km, sehingga tenaga listrik yang dibangkitkan wajib disalurkan lewat penghantar jaringan transmisi. Sumber tenaga listrik meliputi 3 tahapan semacam sistem pembangkit, jaringan transmisi serta distribusi, sehingga memunculkan kendala dalam proses penyaluran tenaga listrik. Salah satu kendala diakibatkan oleh aspek rugi- rugi energi akibat jarak antar pusat pembangkit dengan pusat beban yang jauh. Pengaruh dari rugi- rugi energi ini menimbulkan hilangnya energi yang besar. Analisis buat memperoleh nilai rugi- rugi energi di jaringan transmisi 150 kV periset merancangan sistem aliran energi dengan memakai aplikasi ETAP 12. 6. Tata cara yang digunakan periset ialah mengambil informasi tegangan serta arus secara terus menerus sepanjang satu setiap hari penuh dikala terbentuknya beban puncak, pada jam 17. 00 serta jam 21. 00 Wib. Beban puncak rugi- rugi energi paling tinggi terjalin malam hari ialah pada 30 desember 2017 sebesar 0, 84 MW pada pembebanan 15% yang terjalin di GI langsa ke GI panton labu. Sebaliknya pada pembebanan 50% rugi– rugi energi sangat besar sebesar 0, 9452 MW terjalin pada GI langsa ke GI tualang cut. Beban puncak rugi- rugi energi paling tinggi terjalin sore hari serta malam hari pada 30 desember 2017 sebesar 1. 148 MW terjalin pada GI langsa ke GI pangkalan Brandan. Sebaliknya rugi- rugi energi terendah 0, 635 MW terjalin di GI langsa ke GI tualang cut. The power generation system and load centers are usually separated by hundreds or even thousands of kilometer, so the electricity generated must be distributed through the transmission network conductor. The source of electricity includes 3 stages such as the generation system, transmission and distribution network, thus creating obstacles in the process of distributing electricity. One of the obstacles is caused by the aspect of energy losses due to the distance between the generating center and the far load center. The effect of these energy losses results in a large energy loss. Analysis to obtain the value of energy losses in a 150 kV transmission network, researchers design an energy flow system using the ETAP 12 application. 6. The method used by researchers is to take voltage and current information continuously for one full day when peak loads are formed, at 17: 00 and at 21. 00 Wib. The peak load of the highest energy losses occurred at night was on December 30, 2017 of 0. 84 MW at a 15% load that occurred in the Langsa to the Panton Labu substation. On the other hand, at 50% loading, very large energy losses of 0. 9452 MW are intertwined from the Langsa substation to the tualang cut substation. The peak load of energy losses was highest in the afternoon and evening on December 30, 2017 of 1, 148 MW at the Langsa substation to the Pangkalan Brandan substation. On the other hand, the lowest energy losses of 0. 635 MW are intertwined in the Langsa substation to the tualang cut substation.

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15

Kim, Dae-Won, Kwang-Seop Chung, Young-Il Kim, and Sung-Min Kim. "A Study on the Comparison of Simulation for Heat Loss According to the Installation of Windows for Openings in External Wall of One Side Corridor Type Apartments." Journal of Energy Engineering 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2013.22.1.051.

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16

Peter Gyula Antal, Peter Gyula Antal, and Robert Szipocs Robert Szipocs. "Relationships among group delay, energy storage, and loss in dispersive dielectric mirrors." Chinese Optics Letters 10, no. 5 (2012): 053101–53104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.053101.

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17

Lukmato, Yogik Indra, Muhammad Jubran Rizqullah, Mohamad Wahyu Hidayat, and Siti Diah Ayu Febriani. "ANALISIS LOSSES DAYA SEL SURYA DALAM FABRIKASI MODUL SURYA MONOCRYSTALLINE 330WP PT SANTINILESTARI ENERGI INDONESIA." Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Manufaktur, Energi dan Otomotif 1, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.57203/jinggo.v1i1.2022.37-44.

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Analisa Daya Losses Sel Surya dalam Fabrikasi Modul Surya Monocrystalline 330WP di PT. Dalam Fabrikasi sel Photovoltaic jenis Monocrystalline menjadi modul surya Monocrytaline 330WP yang diproduksi di divisi PEM PT SANTINILESTARI ENERGI INDONESIA,selama proses produksi dari sel surya menjadi modul surya maka perlu dilakukan perhitungan daya loses, pengambilan data yang dilakukan yaitu dengan cara perhitungan perancanan modul surya melalui spesifikasi sel surya yang digunakan serta menggunakan data dari hasil modul tester yang ada didivisi PEM. Berdasatkan data yang diambil dari hasil pengetesan modul surya dengan alat modul tester yang menggunakan penyinaran cahaya yang hampir sama dengan radiasi matahari sekitar 1000w/m2. dapat diketahui dari data modul tester yaitu Pmax tertinggi yang dihasilkan dari fabrikasi modul surya 330WP yaitu sebesar 341,2244 watt dan paling kecil sebesar 337,9535. serta dari hasil Analisa perhitungan daya loses dari perancangan sel surya menjadi modul surya dengan pengetesan akhir pada modul tester, daya loses pada modul surya yang tertinggi yaitu sebesar 4,522% dan losses paling rendah sebesar 3,59% dari daya perancangan awal sel photovoltaic menjadi modul surya.

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18

Meng, Qingping, Lijun Wu, Huolin L. Xin, and Yimei Zhu. "Retrieving the energy-loss function from valence electron energy-loss spectrum: Separation of bulk-, surface-losses and Cherenkov radiation." Ultramicroscopy 194 (November 2018): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.08.014.

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19

Ezzulddin, Saman K. "Theoretical Study of Alpha Particles Energy loss in essential elements of Human Bones." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 19, no. 1 (October 16, 2016): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10593.

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20

DESIKAN, V., K. JAYARAMAN, and S. P. BHAGWAT. "TERRESTRIAL RADIANT ENERGY EXCHANGES ACROSS TROPOPAUSE OVER PUNE." MAUSAM 45, no. 4 (January 1, 2022): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v45i4.2683.

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Fort nightly auuusphe ric sound ings """ilh radiomete r are bei ng made al Pu ne after th e sunset Thedam obtained o ver an (" iih t yea r pe riod. 1978-1985 an d on occasions ....'hen th ese so unl.Hnis reac hed stratosp hereh aw bee n studied in o rde r 10 obta in a pictu re of th e terr estri al radiant ene rgy excha nges (infrared rad iative !luxexchanges) Berms the tropopause. It is Iound th ai th e tropopause .:ene raJly loses energy almust th rough out the yearexceru du ring the monso on period . Th e net lo ss in rad iant euC' rgy by the tropo pause is 1.4Wm - ~. Th e losses in th epre-monsoo n and th e post -monsoon pe riod s are respectivel y 3.4 Wm - =an d 41 Wrn - ~ . whereas the gai n du ring th emonsoon .'Il!'IIS(ln is 5.2 Wm - : . Winh' r losses amo um rc 6.ft Wm - ~ , These valu es. however, vary wide ly in individualca ses depc nding upon th e sky cover. ROl l the d epth nf water vapo ur ..:o lumo .

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21

Wołosz, Krzysztof J. "Energy Analysis of an Industrial Nozzle with Variable Outlet Conditions during Compressible and Transient Airflow." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030841.

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The nozzle which is applied in industrial pneumatic pulsators is studied. It is a part of the system for unclogging the drains and outlets of silos and hoppers for loose materials. The nozzle is required to achieve the lowest level of energy losses while directing the airflow, which impacts the loose material bed. The energy rate transferred into the bed depends on the temperature and pressure differences between the inlet and outlet of the nozzle. In this study, the available energy is determined assuming compressible and transient airflow through the nozzle, which is a part of the industrial pneumatic pulsator. Numerical simulations are performed using the OpenFOAM CFD toolbox. Energy analysis is carried out by using Reynolds Transport Theorem for specific energy for the variable temperature inside the silo on the basis of CFD results. In fact, the air parameters at the outlet of the nozzle are the ones inside the silo. The study showed that the design of the nozzle is not very sufficient from an energetic point of view.

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22

Whitfield, A. H. "Energy loss." IEE Review 39, no. 4 (1993): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19930072.

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23

Nagatomi, T., R. Shimizu, and R. H. Ritchie. "Energy loss functions for electron energy loss spectroscopy." Surface Science 419, no. 2-3 (January 1999): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6028(98)00776-6.

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24

Zaginaylov, Vladimir, Timur Mamedov, Natalia Stushkina, Oleg Leshtayev, and Nadezhda Rtishcheva. "Improving reliability of power supply facilities in agro-industrial sector." E3S Web of Conferences 371 (2023): 03041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337103041.

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The analysis of energy efficiency of territorial network organization (TNO) of the Ministry of Energy and agricultural company (AC) with renewable energy source (RES) on the balance of TNO or AC was carried out. It is shown that when evaluating the energy efficiency of technical facilities, it is possible to use the efficiency factor, and when evaluating the technologies of product manufacturing, the energy intensity of product manufacturing can be used. If RES is on the balance of TNO, the efficiency of TNO is determined by the additional gross income (GI) received from the electric power (EP) sales of RES and the reduction of EP losses in its transmission line (PL) of the centralized power supply system (CPSS). AC buys all the necessary EP, for agricultural production (AP), from TNO. If the RES is on AC balance sheet, the TNO efficiency is determined only by the reduction of EP losses transmitted through the CPSS PL. In this case, TNO loses part of the gross income from the reduction of the amount of EP purchased by AC, by the amount of EP produced by RES. The energy efficiency of agricultural production (AP) in AC increases because the energy intensity of AP production is reduced by the EP additionally received from RES.

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25

Boriskina, Svetlana V., Thomas Alan Cooper, Lingping Zeng, George Ni, Jonathan K. Tong, Yoichiro Tsurimaki, Yi Huang, Laureen Meroueh, Gerald Mahan, and Gang Chen. "Losses in plasmonics: from mitigating energy dissipation to embracing loss-enabled functionalities." Advances in Optics and Photonics 9, no. 4 (October 23, 2017): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/aop.9.000775.

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26

Mabuchi, Teruhiko. "Surface Losses of Alkali Halide Single Crystals in Electron Energy Loss Spectra." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 57, no. 1 (January 15, 1988): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.57.241.

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27

Iqbal, Mohsin. "An Overview of Energy Loss Reduction (ELR) Software Used in Pakistan by WAPDA for Calculating Transformer Overloading, Line Losses and Energy Losses." American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2016.442.448.

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28

Kachulin, Dmitry, Alexander Dyachenko, and Vladimir Zakharov. "Soliton Turbulence in Approximate and Exact Models for Deep Water Waves." Fluids 5, no. 2 (May 10, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020067.

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We investigate and compare soliton turbulence appearing as a result of modulational instability of the homogeneous wave train in three nonlinear models for surface gravity waves: the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the super compact Zakharov equation, and the fully nonlinear equations written in conformal variables. We show that even at a low level of energy and average wave steepness, the wave dynamics in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation fundamentally differ from the dynamics in more accurate models. We study energy losses of wind waves due to their breaking for large values of total energy in the super compact Zakharov equation and in the exact equations and show that in both models, the wave system loses 50% of energy very slowly, during few days.

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29

WACHJOE, CONNY KURNIAWAN, HERMAGASANTOS ZEIN, and SITI SAODAH. "A Method for Determining Customers’ Energy Shrinkage Cost." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 8, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v8i3.672.

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ABSTRAKPenyusutan energi adalah salah satu komponen biaya-biaya listrik yang harus dibayar oleh pelanggan-pelanggan pada tegangan sistem dari jaringan yang berbeda, jaringan tegangan tinggi, sedang dan rendah. Meskipun biaya bahan bakar campuran adalah sama untuk semua pelanggan, alokasi kerugian berbeda untuk setiap jaringan tersebut. Makalah ini mengusulkan suatu metode untuk menentukan alokasi biaya penyusutan energi untuk pelanggan-pelanggan dalam suatu model rangkaian ekivalen, dengan beban dikumpulkan pada setiap jaringan. Formulasi-formulasinya diturunkan untuk mendapatkan alokasi kerugian yang adil di antara pelanggan-pelanggan berdasarkan hukum-hukum listrik. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa alokasi biaya penyusutan energi adalah 31%, 33% dan 36% untuk pelanggan tegangan tinggi, sedang dan rendah. Selain itu, efisiensi jaringan akan mempengaruhi total biaya penyusutan energi. Jika perhitungan kerugian daya menggunaka metode Aliran Daya Optimal, maka metoda ini dapat mengurangi kerugian sebesar ±3% atau setara dengan pengurangan biaya penyusutan energi sebesar 16%.Kata kunci: komponen biaya-biaya listrik, tegangan sistem, model rangkaian ekivalen, hukum-hukum listrik, alokasi biaya kerugian energi. ABSTRACTEnergy shrinkage is one component of electrical costs that must be paid by customers on the system voltage in different networks, high, medium, and low voltage networks. Although the fuel-mix costs are flat for all customers, loss allocation is different for each network. This paper proposes a method for determining the cost allocation of energy shrinkage to customers in an equivalent circuit model, with the loads collected for each network. Formulations are derived to get a fair allocation of losses among customers based on electric laws. The simulation results show that the cost allocation of energy shrinkage is 31%, 33%, and 36% for high, medium, and low voltage customers. Besides, network efficiency will affect the total cost of energy shrinkage. If power losses calculation uses the Optimal Power Flow method, it can reduce power losses by ±3% or equivalent to a reduction in the cost of energy shrinkage of 16%.Keywords: component of electrical costs, system voltage, eqivqlent sircuit model, electric laws, cost allocation of energy shrinkage

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30

Tokarsky, Peter L. "Mutual Impedance Properties in a Lossy Array Antenna." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (November 11, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1687497.

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The impedance matrix of an arbitrary multiport array antenna with Ohmic losses was studied. It was assumed that the partial current distributions in the array, corresponding to the alternate exciting one of its terminals while the other ones are open-circuited, are known. Consideration of the power balance in the lossy array antenna has allowed ascertaining that its impedance matrix is a sum of the radiation resistance matrix and loss resistance matrix, which are in general case complex Hermitian matrices and only in some particular cases can be real. The theoretical statements obtained are confirmed by two numerical examples, where analysis of two lossy dipole arrays was performed. In the first example, the dipoles were located above the imperfect ground, which served as a source of losses, and in the second example, the same dipoles were located in free space, and the embedded parasitic element was the source of losses. The results of the analysis showed that the asymmetric placement of energy absorbers in the array antennas leads to the appearance of imaginary parts in the matrices of radiation and loss resistances, which allow one to correctly predict the behavior of the array radiation efficiency during beam scanning.

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31

Wang, Jidong, and Kezhen Han. "Robust Event-Triggered Energy-to-Peak Filtering for Polytopic Uncertain Systems over Lossy Network with Quantized Measurements." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2867932.

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The event-triggered energy-to-peak filtering for polytopic discrete-time linear systems is studied with the consideration of lossy network and quantization error. Because of the communication imperfections from the packet dropout of lossy link, the event-triggered condition used to determine the data release instant at the event generator (EG) can not be directly applied to update the filter input at the zero order holder (ZOH) when performing filter performance analysis and synthesis. In order to balance such nonuniform time series between the triggered instant of EG and the updated instant of ZOH, two event-triggered conditions are defined, respectively, whereafter a worst-case bound on the number of consecutive packet losses of the transmitted data from EG is given, which marginally guarantees the effectiveness of the filter that will be designed based on the event-triggered updating condition of ZOH. Then, the filter performance analysis conditions are obtained under the assumption that the maximum number of packet losses is allowable for the worst-case bound. In what follows, a two-stage LMI-based alternative optimization approach is proposed to separately design the filter, which reduces the conservatism of the traditional linearization method of filter analysis conditions. Subsequently a codesign algorithm is developed to determine the communication and filter parameters simultaneously. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to verify the validity of the obtained results.

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32

Lennard, W. N., and H. Geissel. "Energy loss and energy loss straggling for heavy ions." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 27, no. 2 (June 1987): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(87)90575-1.

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33

Handhayani, Istirom, Daru T. N. S.T, M.T, and Eko M. S.T, M.T. "PREDIKSI KONSUMSI ENERGI LISTRIK TAHUN 2015-2020 MENGGUNAKAN PERANGKAT LUNAK LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternative Planning System) DI UPJ PURBALINGGA." EPSILON: Journal of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology 20, no. 1 (August 11, 2022): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.55893/epsilon.v20i1.83.

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Pada sistem kelistrikan prediksi sangat dibutuhkan untuk memperkirakan dengan tepat seberapa besar energi listrik yang dibutuhkan untuk melayani beban dan kebutuhan energi dalam distribusi energi listrik dimasa yang akan datang. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui jumlah konsumsi energi listrik, mengetahui nilai elastisitas energi, dan menganalisis nilai losses daya dan drop voltage di wilayah UPJ Purbalingga tahun 2015-2020. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternative Planning System) dengan skenario BAU (Business As Usual). Hasil analisis dan simulasi diperoleh total konsumsi energi sebesar 266,5 gWh meningkat menjadi 449,6 gWh pada tahun 2020. Hasil perhitungan elastisitas energi untuk Purbalingga yaitu dengan membandingkan rata-rata pertumbuhan konsumsi energi listrik sebesar 9,07% dengan rata-rata pertumbuhan ekonomi (PDRB) sebesar 12,25%, sehingga diperoleh nilai elastistas energinya adalah 0,74. Hasil dari analisis losses daya dan drop voltage, sesuai standar SPLN No. 1 : 1995 nilai losses daya dan drop voltage adalah (20 KV : + 5%; – 10%), maka losses daya di semua feeder memenuhi standar PLN, namun pada feeder PBG 02 dan PBG 03 dari tahun 2014-2020 nilai drop tegangannya termasuk critical voltage, dimana nilai tegangannya kurang dari 95%, untuk mengurangi kondisi tersebut perlu dilakukan pemerataan beban di Purbalingga agar dapat mensuplai energi hingga ditahun mendatang.

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34

Mykytiy, I. "Mathematical modeling of energy loss reduction in gear boxes of oil and gas technological transport." Problems of tribology 101, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2021-101-3-70-80.

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The work is aimed at solving the problem of reducing energy losses in transmission units of hoisting machines for repairing wells. Method of rapid heating and maintaining the optimal temperature in the transmission units of lifting units by using the heat of the exhaust gases was proposed. Analysis of features of a design of transmissions of lifting installations for repair of wells is carried out. Studies of viscosity-temperature characteristics of modern transmission oils and temperature regime in transmission units have been performed. A mathematical model of energy release in transmission units during the operation of lifting units is proposed. Installed energy consumption for friction in the gears of the transmission units. Friction energy losses in bearings of transmission mechanisms of lifting units are determined. A method for reducing energy losses in transmission units of hoisting installations for well repair is proposed. Experimental studies of the implementation of the proposed method of reducing energy losses in transmission units. Dependence of power losses in the gearbox of lifting units depending on the temperature and grade of transmission oil is established. The dependence of power losses in the gearbox of the lifting unit of the UPA 60 / 80 A model depending on the temperature and grade of transmission oil is obtained. The results of calculations of fuel consumption in the gearbox of the lifting unit of the UPA 60 / 80A model with different power drives and at different temperatures of transmission oil are given

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35

Zocca, Alessandro, and Bert Zwart. "Optimization of Stochastic Lossy Transport Networks and Applications to Power Grids." Stochastic Systems 11, no. 1 (March 2021): 34–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/stsy.2019.0063.

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Motivated by developments in renewable energy and smart grids, we formulate a stylized mathematical model of a transport network with stochastic load fluctuations. Using an affine control rule, we explore the trade-off between the number of controllable resources in a lossy transport network and the performance gain they yield in terms of expected power losses. Our results are explicit and reveal the interaction between the level of flexibility, the intrinsic load uncertainty, and the network structure.

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36

Erni, Rolf, and Nigel D. Browning. "The impact of surface and retardation losses on valence electron energy-loss spectroscopy." Ultramicroscopy 108, no. 2 (January 2008): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2007.03.005.

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37

Wołowiec, Tomasz, Svitlana Kolosok, Tetiana Vasylieva, Artem Artyukhov, Łukasz Skowron, Oleksandr Dluhopolskyi, and Larysa Sergiienko. "Sustainable Governance, Energy Security, and Energy Losses of Europe in Turbulent Times." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 8857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238857.

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The article aims to identify the relationship between energy efficiency and particular indicators of energy losses in Europe. The results of the bibliographic analysis showed a knowledge gap in energy losses in Europe regarding the new challenges of energy security. For the analysis, annual panel data from 32 European countries were collected from 1990 to 2019. The authors used the Jarque–Bera test to assess the normality of the residuals, utilized the Breush–Pagan test for heteroskedasticity check, and applied regression analysis to determine the relationship between energy efficiency and energy loss rates in Europe. To assess the effects of energy losses, the authors performed OLS modeling using the stats model’s package in Python. According to the modeling results, an increase in distribution losses (% of available energy from all sources) by 1% in Europe leads to an increase in energy consumption by 17.16% under other constant conditions. There is significant heterogeneity between European countries concerning energy efficiency and energy loss coefficients. Such a situation requires the development of new strategies and mechanisms to reduce energy losses, considering the challenges of energy security in Europe in turbulent times. Further research can be devoted to clustering European countries according to the main groups of energy losses: in the extraction, distribution, storage, and transformation of energy.

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38

Namboodri, Tanuj. "Energy Conservation Analysis in E-Rickshaw Using Fuzzy Logic." International Journal of Energy Resources Applications 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56896/ijera.2022.1.2.008.

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Increasing demand of E-Rickshaw, Owners are demanding high capacity of battery for long drives, however the size of E-rickshaw limits the capacity of the battery. If energy losses are decreased the capacity will subsequently increase. Two parameters Weight & Brake Pressure were evaluated to save the battery power using Fuzzy Logic Controller and results showed that 57% of voltage supplied is reduced from no brake pressure to half brake pressure. Keywords: Energy Conservation, EV’s, Fuzzy Logic, Artificial intelligence, Battery Electric Vehicle, MATLAB

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39

Wójcik, J. "Dispersion and Energy Losses." Solid State Phenomena 89 (February 2003): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.89.335.

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40

Dean, Charles, and Milind N. Kunchur. "Energy Losses in Superconductors." Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 04, no. 05 (2016): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2016.45003.

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41

Kahn, Michael. "Capacitors and energy losses." Physics Education 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/23/1/004.

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42

Brovelli, Sergio. "Perovskites cut energy losses." Nature Energy 4, no. 3 (February 11, 2019): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0337-y.

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43

Kułaga, Aleksandra. "Polityka klimatyczno-energetyczna Unii Europejskiej." Przegląd Europejski, no. 2-2014 (September 28, 2014): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.14.6.

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The article is devoted to the subject of the goals of the climate and energy policy of the European Union, which can have both a positive, and a negative impact on the environmental and energy policies. Positive aspects are the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, diversification of energy supplies, which should improve Europe independence from energy imports, and increasing the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the national energy system structures. On the other hand, overly ambitious targets and actions can lead to large losses for the economies of EU Member States. The article also highlights the realities prevailing in the international arena and noncompliance of international actors with global agreements on climate protection.

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44

Almanda, Deni, and Bayu Kusuma. "Audit Energi Listrik Pabrik." RESISTOR (elektRonika kEndali telekomunikaSI tenaga liSTrik kOmputeR) 1, no. 1 (May 2, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/resistor.1.1.25-34.

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Audit energy adalah teknik yang digunakan untuk menghitung besarnya konsumsi energi pada suatu gedung dan mengetahui cara-cara untuk penghematan. Audit energy merupakan aktifitas berkala untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya penyimpangan dalam suatu kegiatan menelusuri dimana dan berapa energi yang digunakan, mengidentifikasikan ketidakseimbangan beban yang menimbulkan losses secara teknis serta mengevaluasi tingkat kelayakan. Adapun tujuan analisa ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi kualitas daya terhadap pengaruh faktor daya, unbalance load dan harmonisa akibat sistem mengkonsumsi beban secara tidak seimbang dan juga beban yang bersifat non-linear serta dampak yang ditimbulkannya terhadap sistem, dengan mengacu pada standar Institute of Electrical and Elecronic Engineers (IEEE) 519.1992.

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45

Asghar, Rafiq, Kaleem Ullah, Zahid Ullah, Faisal Rehman, and Taha Mujahid. "Reduction of distribution system losses through WAPDA distribution system line- loss reduction program." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 41, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2202.07.

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The losses in the power system vary the gap between energy supply and demand. Among these losses, the distribution system has major contributions compared to the transmission system. This paper thoroughly examines the PESCO distribution losses and implements a practical approach that forties in the loss’s minimization. Using the bifurcation and restoration strategies, the PESCO distribution system can be well-organized and an effective system can be designed. The proposed approach also helps in estimating the entailed capital investments and the rate of return over time. Both the HT (High Tension) and LT (Low Tension) distribution systems are considered for observation and the proposed systems are endorsed. Computer-based software, such as ELR (Energy Loss Reduction) and CADPAW (Computer-Aided Distribution Planning Work) is exploited to measure the results of both the proposed and existing system. After the restoration of a particular system, recommendations are concluded. The proposed approach applies to any existing power system.

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46

Moreau, P., V. Mauchamp, F. Pailloux, and F. Boucher. "Fast determination of phases in LixFePO4 using low losses in electron energy-loss spectroscopy." Applied Physics Letters 94, no. 12 (March 23, 2009): 123111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3109777.

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47

Zielasek, V., A. Büssenschütt, and M. Henzler. "Multiple losses in off-specular electron energy loss spectra of thin NaCl films individually resolved in energy and momentum." Applied Surface Science 90, no. 2 (October 1995): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(95)00158-1.

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48

王勝石, 王勝石, and Hsing-Tsai Liu Sheng-Shih Wang. "EQ-RPL: An Energy-Efficient and Quality-Aware Routing Protocol for IoT-Based Low-Power and Lossy Networks." 網際網路技術學刊 23, no. 3 (May 2022): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642022052303009.

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<p>In recent years, the advances in sensing and communication technologies have led to the rapid development of various applications of the Internet of Things (IoT). The devices in IoT form an autonomous network architecture, in which the device has a limited battery power and the link has a low reliability. This kind of network is called the low-power and lossy network. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. The proposed protocol introduces a novel rank value to construct a proper destination-oriented directed acyclic graph for the source node to transmit packets to the destination node. The proposed rank value is mainly derived from the expected transmission count, which is widely used to represent the link quality. Moreover, we consider the residual energy as the metric for a node to select the proper node to relay the packet to the destination node. We conducted simulations for performance evaluation, showing that the proposed routing protocol improves the packet delivery ratio, especially for the environment with a high bit error rate. The result also validated that our approach achieves the balance of energy consumption of nodes, compared to the existing approach.</p> <p> </p>

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49

SIMANJUNTAK, HERBERT P., and ANTO SULAKSONO. "ENERGY LOSSES OF SOLAR NEUTRINOS." Modern Physics Letters A 09, no. 24 (August 10, 1994): 2179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732394002033.

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The energy losses of solar neutrinos are calculated for weak and electromagnetic interactions with electrons. The effects of neutrino mass and oscillations are included in the calculations and we use the full energy dependence of the stopping power of matter for the total losses of energy. The full energy dependence shows that the energy losses are too small to explain the solar neutrino problem even with the use of Majorana neutrinos or interactions with protons.

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50

Chen, Jiangwei, Wenping He, Wei Wang, Zhikuo Tao, and Guozhi Xie. "Effects of losses on energy flow propagation direction of transmitted waves at a lossy interface." Journal of Modern Optics 60, no. 6 (March 2013): 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2013.793413.

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