Дисертації: "Energy input output analysis"

1

Moodley, Shomenthree. "Energy emissions input-output analysis in South Africa." Pretoria: [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07292008-113130/.

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2

Saleemi, Furqan Mubashir. "Analysis and Design of Multiphase Multi-Interleave DC-DC Converter with Input-Output Bypass Capacitor." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2008. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/24.

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The power requirements for the microprocessor have been increasing as per Moore's Law. According to International Technology Roadmap (ITRS), the Voltage Regulator Module (VRM) for the microprocessor will be 200 W(with 1V, 200A output) in 2010. With the VRMs topology of synchronous buck, serious technical challenges such as small duty cycle, high switching frequencies, and higher current demands, contribute to decreased power density and increased cost. This thesis proposes a Multiphase Multi-Interleave Buck topology to solve the technical challenges of powering future microprocessors. The critical design parameter values are selected using the theoretical design equations and calculations. The design is simulated in OrCAD Pspice to evaluate the performance criteria of the VRM. A prototype of four-phase Multiphase Multi-Interleave Buck Converter is constructed. The critical performance parameters of the prototype are tested and measured. The thesis concludes with the performance of the prototype as compared with the performance of the design simulation.

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3

Zimmermannová, Jarmila. "Dopady zdanění elektřiny, zemního plynu a pevných paliv na odvětví výroby a spotřeby v České republice." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77221.

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The main target of the thesis is analysing of short-term indirect cross-sectoral impacts of taxation of electricity, solid fuels and natural gas on particular sectors of NACE in the Czech Republic, especially impacts on production prices. The key instrument for the analysis is the short-term price model for the Czech Republic, created as a component of the thesis. A secondary target is focused on the analysis of direct impacts, especially impacts on prices and expenditures of particular sectors of NACE. Within the scope of the main target, there are five different variants of taxation. For each of them the impact of taxation of particular commodities on changes in production prices of particular sectors of NACE is simulated. Than two different variants, both of them including taxation of all commodities, are compared. The thesis includes also two hypotheses, which are going to be confirmed or disproved on the basis of obtained results. For achieving the main target the methodology of Leontief input -- output analysis was chosen (Leontief, 1966). This is the key instrument for creating short-term price model for the Czech Republic. This method is suitable especially for analysing short-term cross-sectoral impacts, however under necessary condition of no changes in current technologies, agreements and cross-sectoral relations. This condition represents strict limitation for the price model created for the thesis. Regarding scientific contribution, the main asset of this thesis is creation of macroeconomic short-term price model for the Czech Republic, which is based on methodology of Leontief input -- output analysis. The additional contribution is calculation of the short-term impacts of new environmental taxation on production prices of particular sectors of NACE. Considering available information, environmental taxes in the Czech Republic have not been analysed by Leontief input - output methodology yet. There is not also sufficient analysis of environmental taxes impacts on particular sectors of NACE in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided to seven chapters. The first chapter focuses on introduction to environmental tax regulation issue. The second chapter presents theories and concepts of taxation impact analysis. The third chapter focuses on models and empirical research in environmental taxation area. The fourth chapter is dealing with basic practical aspects of introduction of new energy taxation in the Czech republic and presents data useful for the following analysis. The fifth chapter consists of describing of applied methodology and describing of creation of the price model. The sixth chapter summarises results of simulation of direct impact of taxation on average prices for companies and on expenditures of particular sectors of NACE. The seventh chapter presents results of cross-sectoral analysis of indirect macroeconomic impacts for all variants; the chapter includes also testing of hypotheses and comments of final results.

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4

Zimmermannová, Ottová Jarmila. "Dopady zdanění elektřiny, zemního plynu a pevných paliv na odvětví výroby a spotřeby v České republice." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-161808.

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The main target of the thesis is analysing of short-term indirect cross-sectoral impacts of taxation of electricity, solid fuels and natural gas on particular sectors of NACE in the Czech Republic, especially impacts on production prices. The key instrument for the analysis is the short-term price model for the Czech Republic, created as a component of the thesis. A secondary target is focused on the analysis of direct impacts, especially impacts on prices and expenditures of particular sectors of NACE. Within the scope of the main target, there are five different variants of taxation. For each of them the impact of taxation of particular commodities on changes in production prices of particular sectors of NACE is simulated. Than two different variants, both of them including taxation of all commodities, are compared. The thesis includes also two hypotheses, which are going to be confirmed or disproved on the basis of obtained results. For achieving the main target the methodology of Leontief input – output analysis was chosen (Leontief, 1966). This is the key instrument for creating short-term price model for the Czech Republic. This method is suitable especially for analysing short-term cross-sectoral impacts, however under necessary condition of no changes in current technologies, agreements and cross-sectoral relations. This condition represents strict limitation for the price model created for the thesis. Regarding scientific contribution, the main asset of this thesis is creation of macroeconomic short-term price model for the Czech Republic, which is based on methodology of Leontief input – output analysis. The additional contribution is calculation of the short-term impacts of new environmental taxation on production prices of particular sectors of NACE. Considering available information, environmental taxes in the Czech Republic have not been analysed by Leontief input - output methodology yet. There is not also sufficient analysis of environmental taxes impacts on particular sectors of NACE in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided to seven chapters. The first chapter focuses on introduction to environmental tax regulation issue. The second chapter presents theories and concepts of taxation impact analysis. The third chapter focuses on models and empirical research in environmental taxation area. The fourth chapter is dealing with basic practical aspects of introduction of new energy taxation in the Czech republic and presents data useful for the following analysis. The fifth chapter consists of describing of applied methodology and describing of creation of the price model. The sixth chapter summarises results of simulation of direct impact of taxation on average prices for companies and on expenditures of particular sectors of NACE. The seventh chapter presents results of cross-sectoral analysis of indirect macroeconomic impacts for all variants; the chapter includes also testing of hypotheses and comments of final results.

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5

Chung, Whan-Sam. "Structural Analysis of Socio-Technical Impacts on Energy Use and Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Korea Based on Energy Input-Output Tables." Kyoto University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/185184.

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6

Lundin, Johan. "EROI of crystalline silicon photovoltaics : Variations under different assumptions regarding manufacturing energy inputs and energy output." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-199639.

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Installed photovoltaic nameplate power have been growing rapidly around the worldin the last few years. But how much energy is returned to society (i.e. net energy) by this technology, and which factors contribute the most to the amount of energy returned? The objective of this thesis was to examine the importance of certain inputs and outputs along the solar panel production chain and their effect on the energy return on (energy) investment (EROI) for crystalline wafer-based photovoltaics. A process-chain model was built using publicly available life-cycle inventory (LCI) datasets. This model has been kept simple in order to ensure transparency. Univariate sensitivity analysis for processes and multivariate case studies was then applied to the model. The results show that photovoltaic EROI values are very sensitive to assumptions regarding location and efficiency. The ability of solar panels to deliver net energy in northern regions of the earth is questionable. Solar cell wafer thickness have a large impact on EROI, with thinner wafers requiring less silicon material. Finding an alternative route for production of solar-grade silicon is also found to be of great importance, as is introduction of kerf loss recycling. Equal system sizes have been found to yield an primary EROI between approximately 5.5-19 depending on location and assumptions. This indicates that a generalized absolute EROI for photovoltaics may be of little use for decision-makers. Using the net energy cliff concept in relation to primary EROI found in this thesis shows that primary EROI rarely decreases to less than the threshold of 8:1 in univariate cases. Crystalline photovoltaics under similar system boundaries as those in the thesis model does not necessarily constrain economic growth on an energetic basis.

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7

Dente, Sebastien. "Greenhouse Gas emission from Transportation associated with French Consumption : An input-output analysis approach." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12875.

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This thesis applies the framework of input-output analysis to the transportation of goods driven by the consumption of French household.It was found that transportation of goods amounts to 7 % of the average 22,4 tons of CO2 emitted by French households and that78 % of the emissions occured inside the EU 15, France included.In fact, 92 % of the tons consumed by French households are produced inside the EU 15 and are mainly transported via roadwhereas the remaining tons, coming from other countries, are mainly transported by ships.Consequently, the carbon efficiency of the transportation inside the EU15 is low compared to imports from other countriessince road transportation emits 40 times more carbon dioxide per tonne-kilometer transported.This demonstrates the need for an ambitious policy of transfer from road to rail, water or maritime ways via the development of the appropriate infrastructure and the combination of theadvantages of the different modes, flexibility of the road transporation associated with mass and environmentally friendly transportation of rail, waterway and maritime mode.Furthermore, the study gives some knowledge on the indirect emissions associated with French households, which correspond to the combination of the emissions driven by the transportation of goods withthe emissions associated with the production of these goods. It was found that petroleum products, food related sectors and the coal sector are the main contributor of the indirect emissions associated with French households representing as much as 57 % of them. As a result, future studies should focus on those sectors in order to isolate path of improvement both in production, consumption and transportation patterns.

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8

Koderová, Alena. "Modelování dopadů ekologické daňové reformy a možné směry jejího dalšího vývoje." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77039.

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The main objective of the thesis is to identify appropriate approach to evaluation of impacts of the first phase of the ecological tax reform in the Czech Republic, its consequent adaption and application for the particular purpose. The input-output analysis has been found as the most convenient solution for such a sort of analysis. The analysis has been used for the evaluation of impacts on final production prices of each NACE sector resulting from introduction of new taxes on electricity, solid fuels, natural gas and some other kinds of gases in the Czech Republic. Because of unavailability of information about the final impact of taxes on particular objects in the economy, the analysis is conducted on the basis of five incidence assumptions about the impact of taxes on distributors and customers. While the aforementioned analysis is the essential chapter of the thesis, the work starts with a theoretical introduction related to optimal tax theories and theories about possible positive effects of environmental tax implementation. Additionally, energy tax implementation in the Czech Republic and in the European Union is mentioned. Furthermore, an important starting point in finding the most convenient model was to summarize various approaches to modelling energy tax impacts on the economy. Therefore, theoretical description of particular models is provided when history of the models, type of equations and dependences in the model are described. Moreover database requirements and possibilities to use the model for another purpose are discussed. The thesis also comprises of the analysis of pros and cons and additional important characteristics of relevant models together with the summary for which purpose was the particular model used in the Czech Republic. The introduction of energy tax in the Czech republic on the final production prices was proved to be unimportant and with only exceptions (namely the sector of production and distribution of electricity, natural gas and water) an increase in final production prices does not exceed 0,2 % and for a half of all the sectors the increase does not exceed 0,1 %.

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9

Engström, Rebecka. "Food, energy and the environment from a Swedish perspective." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Urban Planning and Environment, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4109.

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Det särskilda sektorsansvaret är en ordning inom miljöpolitiken som innebär att varje sektor har ansvar för att hantera de miljöproblem som orsakas inom sektorn. På grund av detta ansvar finns ett behov av att kartlägga miljöproblem från sektorer, att identifiera de viktigaste problemen och att hitta strategier för att minska miljöpåverkan. Jordbrukssektorn och energisektorn är två sektorer som orsakar stor miljöpåverkan, vilket gör dem intressanta som fallstudier.

För att undersöka miljöpåverkan och möjligheten att minska denna i de båda sektorerna används ett systemanalytiskt perspektiv. Ett sådant angreppssätt ger möjlighet att analysera frågorna på ett mer genomgripande sätt, så att problemen inte endast förflyttas och istället skapar problem på andra håll i världen eller för framtida generationer, eller att ett problem reduceras medan ett annat istället ökar. Med ett systemperspektiv kan även indirekta effekter inkluderas när strategier för minskad miljöpåverkan i sektorn analyseras. De indirekta effekterna omfattar påverkan som sker uppströms och nedströms produktionskedjan, liksom påverkan från konsumenter.

En metod för att bedöma miljöpåverkan från en sektor har utarbetats och testats på jordbruks- och energisektorn (Artikel I och II). Metoden är en hybridmetod baserad på miljöexpanderad input-output analys (IOA) och livscykelanalys (LCA). IOA-data från Miljöräkenskaperna används som utgångspunkt för inventeringen. Dessa data ger information om både direkt och indirekt miljöpåverkan från sektorn. För att fånga även sådana miljöaspekter som inte omfattas av miljöräkenskaperna används sedan de svenska miljökvalitetsmålen som en checklista, och information om den miljöpåverkan som inte finns med i IOA hämtas från litteraturen. För vidare hantering av den insamlade informationen om utsläpp och resursanvändning används karaktäriserings- och värderingsmetoder från LCA-metodologin. Därigenom kan s.k. hotspots, dvs de viktigaste problemen, identifieras.

Baserat på denna hybridmetod blev resultatet att i jordbrukssektorn är de viktigaste frågorna biologisk mångfald, växthuseffekt, övergödning, användning av icke-förnybara resurser och troligen även toxicitet genom användningen av bekämpningsmedel. I energisektorn är de viktigaste problemen luftkvalitet, växthuseffekt, användning av icke-förnybara resurser och toxicitet.

En analys av policies inom sektorerna (Artikel III) visar att både jordbruks- och energisektorn fokuserar delvis på de problem som identifierats som hotspots i sektorsanalyserna, men att vissa av de viktiga problemen inte ägnas så stor uppmärksamhet. I jordbrukssektorn är fokus huvudsakligen riktat mot biologisk mångfald och toxicitet, medan energisektorn framför allt fokuserar på växthuseffekt och användning av icke-förnybara resurser.

En andra IOA-LCA hybridmetod, Energy Analysis Programme, har använts för att studera hushållens direkta och indirekta energianvändning (Artikel IV och V). Genom en kombination av IOA och processdata kan energiintensiteten (dvs. energi per monetär enhet, MJ/SEK) beräknas av ett stort antal varor och tjänster. När dessa beräkningar kombineras med information om hur ett hushåll spenderar sin inkomst kan hushållens totala energianvändning beräknas. Beräkningarna ger också information om hur inkomsten kan spenderas på mer energisnåla sätt. En ytterligare studie gjordes för att visa på betydelsen av minskat livsmedelssvinn som strategi för minskad miljöpåverkan inom livsmedelssektorn (Artikel VI). Resultaten från studierna med konsumentperspektiv kan användas för att identifiera strategier för hur konsumenterna kan bidra till minskad miljöpåverkan i de båda fallsektorerna. För jordbrukssektorns del kan konsumenterna bidra till minskad miljöpåverkan framför allt genom en minskad konsumtion av animalier. När det gäller energisektorn är minskad energianvändning en viktig strategi, liksom att fortsatt sträva efter att ersätta fossila bränslen och uran med förnybara bränslen.

National sector responsibility legislation places specific obligations on Swedish sector authorities to handle environmental issues within their sector. Because of this responsibility, there is a need to map environmental impacts from sectors and to identify key problems and strategies to reduce impacts in each sector. Agriculture and energy are two sectors causing severe environmental impacts, and these are therefore interesting as case studies.

Employing a systems perspective when exploring impacts and options for their reduction ensures that problems are not simply shifted in time or space or between problems, but are considered in a holistic manner. Using this perspective, indirect effects such as changes upstream or downstream of the production chain, as well as among consumers, can be considered when seeking strategies to reduce environmental impacts in a sector.

A method to investigate environmental impacts from a sector was developed and tested in the cases of agriculture and energy (Papers I and II). The method was based on environmentally extended Input-Output Analysis (IOA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). IOA-data from Swedish Environmental Accounts were used as the starting point for the inventory. Such data provide information on direct and indirect impacts from the sector. To capture those aspects not included in the Environmental Accounts, the Swedish Environmental Quality Objectives were subsequently used as a checklist, and information on the missing aspects was obtained from literature. For further processing of the data, characterisation and weighting methods from LCA methodology were used to identify hotspots, i.e. the most important problems.

The results showed that biodiversity, greenhouse effect, eutrophication, use of non-renewable resources and toxicity were potential hotspots in the agriculture sector. In the energy sector, the hotspots were air quality, greenhouse effect, use of non-renewable resources and toxicity.

Analysis of sector policies (Paper III) showed that both sectors are focusing on some of the hotspots identified, but other important problems are not receiving sufficient attention. In the agriculture sector, the focus is principally on biodiversity and toxicity, while the energy sector mainly focuses on issues of climate change and non-renewable resources.

A second hybrid IOA-LCA method (Energy Analysis Programme, EAP) was employed to study direct and indirect use of energy carriers in households (Papers IV and V). Through a combination of IOA and process data, the energy intensity (energy per monetary unit, e.g. MJ/SEK) of a large number of goods and services was calculated. When combined with information on household expenditure, these data provided information on total household use of fuels and electricity and provided insights into spending patterns that could result in lower energy intensity. A final study investigated the significance of reducing food losses as a strategy to reduce environmental impacts from the food sector (Paper VI). The results from the studies with a consumer perspective were used to identify how consumers can contribute to reducing environmental impacts in the two sectors investigated. For agriculture, consumers can help reduce impacts through reduced consumption of animal products, while for energy, reduced energy use in households is important, as is further substitution of fossil fuels.

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Treloar, Graham John, and edu au jillj@deakin edu au mikewood@deakin edu au wildol@deakin edu au kimg@deakin. "A Comprehensive Embodied Energy Analysis Framework." Deakin University. School of Architecture and Building, 1998. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20041209.161722.

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The assessment of the direct and indirect requirements for energy is known as embodied energy analysis. For buildings, the direct energy includes that used primarily on site, while the indirect energy includes primarily the energy required for the manufacture of building materials. This thesis is concerned with the completeness and reliability of embodied energy analysis methods. Previous methods tend to address either one of these issues, but not both at the same time. Industry-based methods are incomplete. National statistical methods, while comprehensive, are a black box and are subject to errors. A new hybrid embodied energy analysis method is derived to optimise the benefits of previous methods while minimising their flaws. In industry-based studies, known as process analyses, the energy embodied in a product is traced laboriously upstream by examining the inputs to each preceding process towards raw materials. Process analyses can be significantly incomplete, due to increasing complexity. The other major embodied energy analysis method, input-output analysis, comprises the use of national statistics. While the input-output framework is comprehensive, many inherent assumptions make the results unreliable. Hybrid analysis methods involve the combination of the two major embodied energy analysis methods discussed above, either based on process analysis or input-output analysis. The intention in both hybrid analysis methods is to reduce errors associated with the two major methods on which they are based. However, the problems inherent to each of the original methods tend to remain, to some degree, in the associated hybrid versions. Process-based hybrid analyses tend to be incomplete, due to the exclusions associated with the process analysis framework. However, input-output-based hybrid analyses tend to be unreliable because the substitution of process analysis data into the input-output framework causes unwanted indirect effects. A key deficiency in previous input-output-based hybrid analysis methods is that the input-output model is a black box, since important flows of goods and services with respect to the embodied energy of a sector cannot be readily identified. A new input-output-based hybrid analysis method was therefore developed, requiring the decomposition of the input-output model into mutually exclusive components (ie, direct energy paths). A direct energy path represents a discrete energy requirement, possibly occurring one or more transactions upstream from the process under consideration. For example, the energy required directly to manufacture the steel used in the construction of a building would represent a direct energy path of one non-energy transaction in length. A direct energy path comprises a product quantity (for example, the total tonnes of cement used) and a direct energy intensity (for example, the energy required directly for cement manufacture, per tonne). The input-output model was decomposed into direct energy paths for the residential building construction sector. It was shown that 592 direct energy paths were required to describe 90% of the overall total energy intensity for residential building construction. By extracting direct energy paths using yet smaller threshold values, they were shown to be mutually exclusive. Consequently, the modification of direct energy paths using process analysis data does not cause unwanted indirect effects. A non-standard individual residential building was then selected to demonstrate the benefits of the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method in cases where the products of a sector may not be similar. Particular direct energy paths were modified with case specific process analysis data. Product quantities and direct energy intensities were derived and used to modify some of the direct energy paths. The intention of this demonstration was to determine whether 90% of the total embodied energy calculated for the building could comprise the process analysis data normally collected for the building. However, it was found that only 51% of the total comprised normally collected process analysis. The integration of process analysis data with 90% of the direct energy paths by value was unsuccessful because: typically only one of the direct energy path components was modified using process analysis data (ie, either the product quantity or the direct energy intensity); of the complexity of the paths derived for residential building construction; and of the lack of reliable and consistent process analysis data from industry, for both product quantities and direct energy intensities. While the input-output model used was the best available for Australia, many errors were likely to be carried through to the direct energy paths for residential building construction. Consequently, both the value and relative importance of the direct energy paths for residential building construction were generally found to be a poor model for the demonstration building. This was expected. Nevertheless, in the absence of better data from industry, the input-output data is likely to remain the most appropriate for completing the framework of embodied energy analyses of many types of productseven in non-standard cases. Residential building construction was one of the 22 most complex Australian economic sectors (ie, comprising those requiring between 592 and 3215 direct energy paths to describe 90% of their total energy intensities). Consequently, for the other 87 non-energy sectors of the Australian economy, the input-output-based hybrid analysis method is likely to produce more reliable results than those calculated for the demonstration building using the direct energy paths for residential building construction. For more complex sectors than residential building construction, the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method derived here allows available process analysis data to be integrated with the input-output data in a comprehensive framework. The proportion of the result comprising the more reliable process analysis data can be calculated and used as a measure of the reliability of the result for that product or part of the product being analysed (for example, a building material or component). To ensure that future applications of the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method produce reliable results, new sources of process analysis data are required, including for such processes as services (for example, banking) and processes involving the transformation of basic materials into complex products (for example, steel and copper into an electric motor). However, even considering the limitations of the demonstration described above, the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method developed achieved the aim of the thesis: to develop a new embodied energy analysis method that allows reliable process analysis data to be integrated into the comprehensive, yet unreliable, input-output framework. Plain language summary Embodied energy analysis comprises the assessment of the direct and indirect energy requirements associated with a process. For example, the construction of a building requires the manufacture of steel structural members, and thus indirectly requires the energy used directly and indirectly in their manufacture. Embodied energy is an important measure of ecological sustainability because energy is used in virtually every human activity and many of these activities are interrelated. This thesis is concerned with the relationship between the completeness of embodied energy analysis methods and their reliability. However, previous industry-based methods, while reliable, are incomplete. Previous national statistical methods, while comprehensive, are a black box subject to errors. A new method is derived, involving the decomposition of the comprehensive national statistical model into components that can be modified discretely using the more reliable industry data, and is demonstrated for an individual building. The demonstration failed to integrate enough industry data into the national statistical model, due to the unexpected complexity of the national statistical data and the lack of available industry data regarding energy and non-energy product requirements. These unique findings highlight the flaws in previous methods. Reliable process analysis and input-output data are required, particularly for those processes that were unable to be examined in the demonstration of the new embodied energy analysis method. This includes the energy requirements of services sectors, such as banking, and processes involving the transformation of basic materials into complex products, such as refrigerators. The application of the new method to less complex products, such as individual building materials or components, is likely to be more successful than to the residential building demonstration.

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11

Pakravanmobarakeh, Mohammad Hossein. "Economic Input-Output Analysis for Battery Recycling Programs at the Higher Education Institutions and Regional Sustainability Planning." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1397736905.

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12

Fu, Wenjun. "From the conventional MIMO to massive MIMO systems : performance analysis and energy efficiency optimization." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25672.

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The main topic of this thesis is based on multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications, which is a novel technology that has attracted great interest in the last twenty years. Conventional MIMO systems using up to eight antennas play a vital role in the urban cellular network, where the deployment of multiple antennas have significantly enhanced the throughput without taking extra spectrum or power resources. The massive MIMO systems “scales” up the benefits that offered by the conventional MIMO systems. Using sixty four or more antennas at the BS not only improves the spectrum efficiency significantly, but also provides additional link robustness. It is considered as a key technology in the fifth generation of mobile communication technology standards network, and the design of new algorithms for these two systems is the basis of the research in this thesis. Firstly, at the receiver side of the conventional MIMO systems, a general framework of bit error rate (BER) approximation for the detection algorithms is proposed, which aims to support an adaptive modulation scheme. The main idea is to utilize a simplified BER approximation scheme, which is based on the union bound of the maximum-likelihood detector (MLD), whereby the bit error rate (BER) performance of the detector for the varying channel qualities can be efficiently predicted. The K-best detector is utilized in the thesis because its quasi- MLD performance and the parallel computational structure. The simulation results have clearly shown the adaptive K-best algorithm, by applying the simplified approximation method, has much reduced computational complexity while still maintaining a promising BER performance. Secondly, in terms of the uplink channel estimation for the massive MIMO systems with the time-division-duplex operation, the performance of the Grassmannian line packing (GLP) based uplink pilot codebook design is investigated. It aims to eliminate the pilot contamination effect in order to increase the downlink achievable rate. In the case of a limited channel coherence interval, the uplink codebook design can be treated as a line packing problem in a Grassmannian manifold. The closed-form analytical expressions of downlink achievable rate for both the single-cell and multi-cell systems are proposed, which are intended for performance analysis and optimization. The numerical results validate the proposed analytical expressions and the rate gains by using the GLP-based uplink codebook design. Finally, the study is extended to the energy efficiency (EE) of the massive MIMO system, as the reduction carbon emissions from the information and communication technology is a long-term target for the researchers. An effective framework of maximizing the EE for the massive MIMO systems is proposed in this thesis. The optimization starts from the maximization of the minimum user rate, which is aiming to increase the quality-of-service and provide a feasible constraint for the EE maximization problem. Secondly, the EE problem is a non-concave problem and can not be solved directly, so the combination of fractional programming and the successive concave approximation based algorithm are proposed to find a good suboptimal solution. It has been shown that the proposed optimization algorithm provides a significant EE improvement compared to a baseline case.

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13

Bohlin, Lars. "Taxation of intermediate goods : a CGE analysis." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro universitet, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-11902.

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This dissertation is concerned with tax rates for the use of commodities in general, and energy in particular. Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models are used to analyze the normative question of whether the tax rate for intermediate use by firms should be the same as the tax rate for final consumption by households. To answer this question, a distinction needs to be made between fiscal taxes for the purpose of raising revenue for the government, and Pigovian taxes for the purpose of changing behaviour. Concerning fiscal taxes, firms should not pay taxes on their use of inputs if the tax rates in final consumption are at their optimal level. If the tax rate for households is above the optimal level, intermediate use in firms should be taxed in order to increase the price of other commodities and reduce the distortion of relative prices. Essay 1 ascertains what factors determine the optimal relation between the tax rate for final consumption by households and intermediate use by firms. Essay 2 analyses Swedish energy taxes from the perspective of reducing global emission of CO2. It is found that the welfare maximizing tax rates are equal for households and firms not participating in emission trading, while firms that participate in emission trading should have a zero tax rate. Essays 3 and 4 deal with methodological issues. Essay 3 derives a new method for estimation of symmetric input-output tables from supply and use tables. This method solves the problem of negative coefficients, makes it possible to use both the industry and commodity technology assumptions simultaneously and enables the commodity technology assumption to be used even when the number of commodities is larger than the number of industries. Essay 4 describes the model used in the first two essays. The price structure developed here makes it possible to take into account price differences between different purchasers other than differences in tax rates. This essay also makes a comparison between the Swedish implementation of this model and other Swedish CGE-models used to analyse climate policy and energy taxation.

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14

Canto, Simone Tatiane do 1981. "Avaliação dos indicadores de energia e emissões de GEE da gasolina e óleo diesel no Brasil através da análise de insumo - produto : Evaluation of energy and GHG emissions indicators of gasoline and diesel oil in Brazil by the input - output analysis." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265962.

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Orientadores: Marcelo Pereira da Cunha, Joaquim Eugênio Abel Seabra
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os indicadores de energia e emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) na cadeia produtiva da gasolina e do óleo diesel mineral no Brasil, com uso do modelo de insumo-produto monetário e híbrido, de modo a realizar, também, uma comparação entre os seus resultados. O ano base utilizado foi de 2009, ano mais recente possível de estimar a matriz de insumo-produto a partir dos dados divulgados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os modelos (monetário e híbrido) contêm 25 setores e 114 produtos; a técnica permite que sejam computados todos os efeitos diretos e indiretos envolvidos na cadeia produtiva dos setores avaliados. A base de dados usada consistiu, basicamente, nas tabelas de recursos e usos do IBGE (relativas ao ano de 2009), bem como na matriz consolidada relativa aos setores e produtos energéticos (também de 2009) do Balanço Energético Nacional (BEN), divulgado pela Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE). Os resultados obtidos com os dois modelos foram muito próximos, tanto para a gasolina quanto para o óleo diesel; em geral, os efeitos indiretos capturados no modelo híbrido foram um pouco maiores dado o maior encadeamento entre os setores energéticos quando as transações setorias entre estas atividades são computadas em unidades físicas. Com o uso do modelo híbrido, os principais resultados obtidos são de 1,201 ktep e 1,202 ktep de energia incorporados em cada 1 ktep de gasolina e óleo diesel, respectivamente; com relação às emissões de GEE, os indicadores encontrados são de 75,32 gCO2eq/MJ para a gasolina e 86,91 gCO2eq/MJ para o óleo diesel
Abstract: The goal of this study is to evaluate energy and GHG emissions indicators for gasoline and diesel oil in Brazil; the methodology chosen was the Input-Output (IO) Analysis. For this purpose, an economic IO model and a hybrid IO model were made to provide a comparison between them. The analysis considers 2009 as base year, because this is the most recent year which is possible to estimate the Brazilian input-output matrix from official data when the project started. Both models (economic and hybrid) have 25 sectors and 114 commodities; the approach allows all direct and indirect effects through production chain to be estimated. The main data collected and used to build the models were the use and make matrices (provided by The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ¿ IBGE) and the consolidated matrix with energy flows for primary and secondary energy sources (provided by The Brazilian Energy Research Company ¿ EPE). The results obtained with both models are very similar, considering gasoline as well as diesel oil; in general, the indirect effects captured by the hybrid model are a little bit higher due to the stronger linkage among the energy sectors when the transactions through these activities are accounted in physic (energy) units. From hybrid model, the main results are 1,201 toe and 1,202 toe embodied energy for 1 toe of gasoline and diesel oil, respectively; with respect to GHG emissions, the indicators are 75.32 gCO2eq/MJ to gasoline and 86.91 gCO2eq/MJ to diesel oil
Mestrado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
Mestra em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

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15

Carneiro, Ana Cristina Guimarães. "Avaliação das Mudanças Recentes na Matriz Energética Brasileira e nas Emissões de CO2 Através do Modelo Insumo- Produto." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5046.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The global energy mix, including Brazil, has shown changes as their main sources of energy, in order to ensure efficiency and continuity of the production process. In this sense, this work aims to verify, through the hybrid input-output, such as changes in the Brazilian energy matrix between 2000 and 2005 impacted the intensity of CO2 emissions in Brazil. The hybrid matrix built account the energy consumed in the production process as a whole, taking into account the energy consumed in the production of final goods as well as the as the one used in the production of intermediate goods. Such research is necessary because there is a growing concern about environmental issues, and increased use of energy, whatever the source, increases the emission of CO2 in the atmosphere at the same time that energy resources are fundamental inputs for growth economic. For this, we used the input-output hybrid contemplating energy sectors to meet both cross-industry fuel consumption and thus CO2 emissions. In addition, we use the structural decomposition analysis to assess whether the change in emission is a result of technological change or whether it is a result of a demand shock. The result observed is that between the years 2000 and 2005 was the replacement of more polluting sources by less polluting as gas, mainly in the sectors of oil refining. But the increase in energy intensity generated an increase in CO2 emissions despite the natural gas is less polluting. For the energy sector, this variation is due mainly to changes in final demand.
As matrizes energéticas mundiais, inclusive a brasileira, vêm apresentando mudanças quanto as suas principais fontes de energia, como forma de garantir a eficiência e a continuidade do processo de produção. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho objetiva verificar, através da matriz insumo-produto híbrida, como transformações na matriz energética brasileira entre 2000 e 2005 impactaram na intensidade de emissão de CO2 no Brasil. A matriz insumo-produto híbrida contabiliza a energia consumida no processo produtivo como um todo, levando em consideração a energia gasta na produção de bens final como também aquela utilizada na produção de bens intermediários. Tal pesquisa faz-se necessário porque há uma crescente preocupação com a questão ambiental, e o aumento do uso de energia, seja qual for à fonte, aumenta as emissões de CO2 na atmosfera ao mesmo tempo em que os recursos energéticos são insumos fundamentais para o crescimento econômico. Para isso, foram contemplados setores energéticos para conhecer as mudanças intersetoriais do consumo de combustíveis, e consequentemente da emissão de CO2. Além disso, utiliza-se a Análise de Decomposição Estrutural para avaliar se a variação da emissão é resultado de uma mudança tecnológica ou se é consequência de um choque de demanda. O resultado observado é que entre os anos de 2000 e 2005 houve a substituição de fontes mais poluentes por menos poluentes como o gás natural, principalmente nos setores de refino de petróleo. Mas, o aumento da intensidade energética, gerou um acréscimo na emissão de CO2 apesar do gás natural ser menos poluente. Para o setor energético, essa variação é conseqüência, principalmente, de mudanças na demanda final.

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16

Hu, Xi. "A temporal and spatial analysis of China's infrastructure and economic vulnerability to climate change impacts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:72408c96-c0fc-4dbc-a93b-c29a6c25da0c.

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A warmer climate is expected to increase the risks of natural disasters globally. China is one of the hotspots of climate impacts since its infrastructures and industries are often hard hit. Yet little is known about the nature and the extent to which they are affected. This thesis builds novel system-of-systems risk assessment methodologies and data for China, representing infrastructures (energy, transport, waste, water and digital communications) as interdependent networks that support spatially distributed users of infrastructure services. A unique national-scale geo-spatial network database containing 64,834 existing infrastructure assets is assembled. For the first time, flood and drought exposure maps of China's key infrastructures are created, highlighting the locations of key urban areas to understand how its infrastructures and population could be exposed to climate impacts. To deepen the understanding of how climate change will affect the Chinese infrastructure system and hence its economy, economic impact modelling is applied. The research combines a detailed firm-level econometric analysis of 162,830 companies with a macroeconomic input-output model to estimate flood impacts on China's manufacturing sector over the period 2003 - 2010. It is estimated that flooding on average reduces firm output by 3.18% - 3.87% per year and their propagating effects on the Chinese macroeconomic system to be a 1.38% - 1.68% annual loss in total direct and indirect output, which amounts to 17,323 - 21,082 RMB billion. Several infrastructure sectors - electricity, the heat production and supply industry, gas production and supply, the water production and supply industry - are indirectly affected owing to the effects of supply chain disruptions. Taking the above analysis one step further, this thesis explores how climate disaster risks may change over the period 2016 - 2055, using flooding as a case study. A global river routing (CaMa-Flood) model at a spatial resolution of 0.25° x 0.25° is applied and downscaled for China, using the daily runoff of 11 Atmospheric and Oceanic General Circulation Models (AOGCMs). Combining the flood analysis with the infrastructure database, this research demonstrates the changing locations of exposed infrastructures and their dependent customers. We find that by 2055, the number of infrastructure assets exposed to increasing probability of flooding under RCP 4.5 are 41, 268, 115, 53, 739, 1098, 432 for airports, dams, data centres, ports, power plants, rail stations, reservoirs respectively - almost 8% of all assets for each sector. The lengths of line assets exposed to increasing flood hazards are 14,376 km, 32,740 km, 102,877 km and 25,310 km oil pipelines, rail tracks, roads and transmission lines respectively. Under RCP 8.4, the numbers increase to 51, 301, 137, 71, 812, 1066, 424 for point assets. Linear assets increase to 19,938 km, 39,859 km, 122,155 km and 30,861 km. Further, we demonstrate that indirect exposure of customers reliant on those infrastructure assets outside the floodplain could also be high. The average number of customers affected by increasing flood probabilities are 54 million, 114 million and 131 million for airports, power plants and stations respectively. However, within this aggregate increase there is large spatial variation, which has implications for spatial planning of adaptation to flood risk to infrastructure. This is a first substantial study of flood impacts to infrastructure both in terms of direct exposure and their indirect implications. Lastly, to shed some light on the potential vulnerability of China's infrastructure system to climate impacts, this thesis develops a framework that identifies the drivers of infrastructure development in China using evidence from policy documents and a unique geospatial dataset for the years 1900 - 2010. Understanding these drivers will provide a useful foundation for future research in terms of developing infrastructure models that could project the locations of future infrastructure assets and networks in China, thereby quantifying how China's infrastructure exposure and vulnerability will change over time. Overall this research provides an integrated system-of-systems perspective of understanding network and economic vulnerabilities and risks to Chinese energy, transport, water, waste and digital communication infrastructures due to climate change. This is crucial in informing the long-term planning and adaptation in China.

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Patiño, Pascumal Lourdes Isabel. "Estructura productiva, eficiencia energética y emisiones de CO2 en Colombia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400393.

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Esta tesis tiene como objetivo determinar y cuantificar la interrelación entre el consumo de energía, la actividad económica y las emisiones de CO2 en Colombia, en tres capítulos auto contenidos. En el primer capítulo, se analizan los factores determinantes de las emisiones de CO2 y la eficiencia energética durante el período 1971-2010. Para este propósito, se desarrollan dos descomposiciones utilizando el método del Índice Logarítmico Medio de Divisia: la primera, relacionada con las emisiones de CO2 basada en la identidad Kaya, y la segunda relacionada con el consumo de energía primaria por unidad de actividad económica, medida a nivel sectorial. Los resultados muestran que la intensidad energética es el principal factor que explica la disminución de las emisiones de CO2 y la mejora de la eficiencia energética. Los sectores que presentan las mayores reducciones en la intensidad energética son: el sector transporte y el sector industrial. En el último sector, el cambio estructural es favorable a la eficiencia energética. En el capítulo dos, se analiza la relación entre los dos indicadores de presión ambiental (emisiones de CO2 per cápita y el consumo de energía per cápita) y otras variables (como el PIB per cápita y la composición de la energía). También se examina la validez de la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental (EKC) para estas presiones ambientales, y se estima la elasticidad ingreso de las emisiones de CO2 y la energía usando un método de simulación. Para lograr estos propósitos, se estiman dos modelos dinámicos de ajuste parcial, uno para las emisiones de CO2 y otro para la energía, ambos para el período 1971-2011. Los resultados sugieren la existencia de un EKC, con los puntos de inflexión de la energía en 2006 y las emisiones de CO2 en el año 2011. Estos patrones apuntan a una posible desvinculación del crecimiento económico y la presión del medio ambiente. Los resultados muestran que, los cambios en la composición de las fuentes de energía aumentan el ahorro de energía y la reducción de las emisiones de CO2. La elasticidad ingreso de energía y las emisiones, a lo largo del período presenta tendencia descendente, y cae a cero en el punto de inflexión de la EKC. En el tercer capítulo, se determinan los sectores clave del consumo de energía primaria, y se realiza un análisis de cambio estructural del consumo de energía primaria considerando los sectores económicos de Colombia, durante el período 1996-2010. Esto se logra, usando un modelo input-output con un enfoque de demanda, y otro enfoque alternativo, del uso de energía. El primer enfoque, muestra que el descenso en el consumo de energía primaria, se explica mejor por la tecnología, mientras que su incremento se explica por los cambios en los niveles de demanda. El segundo enfoque, reitera la importancia del cambio técnico en la reducción del consumo de energía, mientras que la demanda y el uso de la tecnología, dan cuenta del aumento en el consumo de energía. Las elasticidades sectoriales estimadas muestran que los sectores clave para el desarrollo de una política de conservación energética son: el transporte terrestre y los servicios.
This thesis aims to determine and quantify the relationship between energy consumption, economic activity and CO2 emissions in Colombia in three self-contained chapters. In chapter one, factors explaining trends in CO2 emissions and energy efficiency for the period 1971 to 2010 are analysed. For this purpose, two decompositions are developed using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index: one for CO2 emissions based on the Kaya identity, and another for primary energy consumption per unit of output or activity, measured at the sectorial level. Results show that energy intensity is the main factor explaining the decline in CO2 emissions and improvement in energy efficiency. Transport and manufacturing are the sectors with the largest reductions in energy intensity. Structural change in the latter sector also helps to improve energy efficiency. In chapter two, the relationship between two environmental pressure indicators (CO2 emissions per capita and per capita energy consumption) and other variables (such as per capita GDP and the composition of the energy) is analyzed. Moreover, the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis (EKC) is tested for these environmental pressures. A simulation method is used to estimate the income elasticity of energy and CO2 emissions. For these purposes, two partial adjustment dynamic models are estimated for CO2 emissions and energy for the period 1971-2011. Results suggest the existence of an EKC, with turning points for energy in 2006 and for CO2 emissions in 2011. These patterns point to a possible de-linking of economic growth and environmental pressure. The result reveals that changes in the composition of energy sources has increased energy savings and reduced CO2 emissions. Throughout the period, the income elasticity of energy and emissions presents a downward trend and fall to zero at the turning point of the EKC. Chapter three, determines key sectors of primary energy consumption and analyses structural change in primary energy consumption in Colombian all sectors from 1995 to 2010. This is done using an input-output model applying demand and use of energy approaches. The first approach shows that technology best explains the decline in energy consumption, while its subsequent increase is explained by rises in demand. The second approach reiterates the importance of technical change in the reduction of energy consumption, while demand and the use of technology accounts for the increase in energy use. Estimated sectoral elasticities show that land transport and services are key sectors on which energy conservation policies should focus.

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Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq. "Optimal ranking and sequencing of non-domestic building energy retrofit options for greenhouse gas emissions reduction." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/10501.

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Whether it is based on current emissions data or future projections of further growth, the building sector currently represent the largest and singular most important contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. This notion is also supported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change based on projection scenarios for 2030 that emissions from buildings will be responsible for about one-third of total global emissions. As such, improving the energy efficiency of buildings has become a top priority worldwide. A significant majority of buildings that exist now will still exist in 2030 and beyond; therefore the greatest energy savings and carbon footprint reductions can be made through retrofit of existing buildings. A wide range of retrofit options are readily available, but methods to identify optimal solutions for a particular abatement project still constitute a major technical challenge. Investments in building energy retrofit technologies usually involve decision-making processes targeted at reducing operational energy consumption and maintenance bills. For this reason, retrofit decisions by building stakeholders are typically driven by financial considerations. However, recent trends towards environmentally conscious and resource-efficient design and retrofit have focused on the environmental merits of these options, emphasising a lifecycle approach to emissions reduction. Retrofit options available for energy savings have different performance characteristics and building stakeholders are required to establish an optimal solution, where competing objectives such as financial costs, energy consumption and environmental performance are taken into account. These key performance parameters cannot be easily quantified and compared by building stakeholders since they lack the resources to perform an effective decision analysis. In part, this is due to the inadequacy of existing methods to assess and compare performance indicators. Current methods to quantify these parameters are considered in isolation when making decisions about energy conservation in buildings. To effectively manage the reduction of lifecycle environmental impacts, it is necessary to link financial cost with both operational and embodied emissions. This thesis presents a novel deterministic decision support system (DSS) for the evaluation of economically and environmentally optimal retrofit of non-domestic buildings. The DSS integrates the key variables of economic and net environmental benefits to produce optimal decisions. These variables are used within an optimisation scheme that consists of integrated modules for data input, sensitivity analysis and takes into account the use of a set of retrofit options that satisfies a range of criteria (environmental, demand, cost and resource constraints); hierarchical course of action; and the evaluations of ‘best’ case scenario based on marginal abatement cost methods and Pareto optimisation. The steps involved in the system development are presented and its usefulness is evaluated using case study applications. The results of the applications are analysed and presented, verifying the feasibility of the DSS, whilst encouraging further improvements and extensions. The usefulness of the DSS as a tool for policy formulation and developments that can trigger innovations in retrofit product development processes and sustainable business models are also discussed. The methodology developed provides stakeholders with an efficient and reliable decision process that is informed by both environmental and financial considerations. Overall, the development of the DSS which takes a whole-life CO2 emission accounting framework and an economic assessment view-point, successfully demonstrates how value is delivered across different parts of the techno-economic system, especially as it pertains to financial gains, embodied and operational emissions reduction potential.

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19

Dufau, Bastien. "L’influence des prix de l’énergie sur la compétitivité-coût : une approche multisectorielle et internationale." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100174.

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Le projet WIOD (World Input-Output Database) mené par la Commission Européenne depuis 2009 a pu profiter du développement de sources statistiques sur le commerce international de ces dernières années pour harmoniser les tableaux entrées-sorties de nombreux pays à un niveau mondial. Cette base de données renouvelle l’intérêt pour les analyses input-output inspirées des travaux de Leontief, adaptées au cadre d'une économie monde. Il est ainsi désormais possible de suivre la propagation d’un choc au niveau mondial. La thèse s’inscrit dans la droite ligne de ce renouveau en cherchant à évaluer les enchaînements intersectoriels et internationaux d’un choc sur les prix de l’énergie, et son impact sur les coûts unitaires de production. Son originalité est de chercher à dépasser les limites habituelles de l’analyse input-output en autorisant une déformation endogène des coefficients techniques à travers le temps.La thèse cherche à tirer parti de la littérature économétrique traitant des formes fonctionnelles dites flexibles, appliquées à l’analyse de la production, pour dépasser cette principale limite. L’intérêt de la forme fonctionnelle flexible de coût de type Leontief Généralisée est plus singulièrement discuté dans la mesure où elle recouvre comme cas particulier le modèle input-output usuel. La thèse propose de recourir à une modélisation sectorielle imbriquée et accorde une place importante à la théorie des indices pour parvenir à le faire de la manière la plus cohérente possible. Le modèle ainsi développé est finalement estimé afin de mener des travaux de simulation quant aux effets d’une taxation des émissions de carbone dans les pays européens sur la compétitivité coût des différents secteurs de ces pays. Nous étudions les effets d’une taxe carbone à 20€/tCO2 ou 80€/tCO2 tout d’abord au niveau Européen. L’analyse de la compétitivité-coût révèle la Pologne et l’Espagne serait les principaux perdants de cette taxation alors que les autres pays européens arrivent à préserver leur compétitivité vis- à-vis du reste du monde. Une étude similaire portant sur une taxe appliquée unilatéralement sur le France ou l’Allemagne montre que ces pays ne seront que très faiblement affectés
The WIOD project (World Input-Output Database) was launched by the European Commission in 2009 thanks to the improvement of statistical sources on international trade that had been made in previous years. It has led to the international harmonization of input-output tables of many countries. International input-output tables renew the interest on Leontief theory but brought it to the international level. Indeed it is now possible to follow a shock’s worldwide. This dissertation follows this renewal, trying to evaluate the multisectoral and international impact of an energy shock. More precisely, the focus is made on a carbon tax and its impact on unit cost of production. In this dissertation, the focus is made on a way to go through the limits of the input-output analysis by endogenizing technical coefficients.Perfect complementarity of goods hypothesis is the main limit of the input-output analysis and leads to the rigidity of the technical coefficients describing interindustrial trade. Our objective is to take advantage of the littérature on flexibles functional forms to remove this constraint of the input-output analysis. More precisely we focus on the Generalized Leontief functional form as input-output cost function are a particular case of this form. In spite of the improvement of statistical sources, the lack of data leads us to use an aggregate function on several levels and to harmonize our functions using the price index theory. Finally, we study the impact of a carbon tax (20€/tCO2 or 80€/tCO2) first on an european level. A cost competitiveness analysis shows that Poland and Spain are mainly impacted by the tax, contrary to other European countries that keep their competitiveness at the international level. Then we study the impact of the tax on France and on Germany and find a little impact on unit cost of production

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20

Savoie, Charles. "Input-output analysis and growth theory." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:df6791d1-39b2-478f-9682-957f46b3defb.

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This thesis studies a theory for the amplification of technological improvement by the production network structure of the economy. The theory is motivated by the idea that, to the extent that inputs and outputs of industries form a chain, improvements are passed down the chain and accumulate multiplicatively. Under a simple model for technological improvement it is possible to compute the overall improvement factor for the general case where the production network has a complicated structure containing cycles. We call this the trophic depth by analogy with ecology. This leads to testable predictions about GDP growth and its variance. We analyse data for 40 countries and 35 industries from 1995 to 2009 and demonstrate that trophic depths are strongly correlated with economic growth. A regression of GDP growth of countries against their trophic depths has a highly statistically significant R-squared equal to 0.38, and when other standard explanatory variables are added to the regression, the trophic depth remains a robust and statistically significant contributor. We perform some statistical analysis to understand the evolution of trophic depths at different stage of the economic development. We identify two growth paths. Along the first growth path, countries are catching up frontier economies while along the second growth path countries are falling behind. This approach allows us to make some forecasts about the evolution of trophic depths and of the wealth of countries. This provides a comprehensive framework to understand the acceleration and deceleration of economic growth. Then, we study another type of technological progress that corresponds to the adoption of new goods in the production chain. This mechanism is related to the dynamic of the production network and for this purpose we perform a link prediction analysis to determine some key factors for new adoptions. Finally, we analyse the relation between stock return comovement and institutional preferences across stocks of various size. A growing literature highlights the role of investors' common asset holdings on market dynamics. While previous studies focused on large stocks we also include small stocks in the sample in order to acknowledge the shift in institutional preferences towards small stocks over the last decades. Moreover, we add the input-output linkages between firms from different industries to our set of explanatory variables.

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Psaltopoulos, Demetrios. "Input-output analysis of Scottish forestry strategies." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU079046.

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First, the thesis investigates the interrelationships between the forestry sector and other components of the rural economy, through the application of the Generation of Regional Input-Output Tables (GRIT) technique to the estimation of an input-output table for the rural areas of Scotland. This is followed by a forestry-centred multiplier analysis. Second, the thesis considers the implications of alternative forestry development scenarios in Scotland over the next several decades for land use, timber production and processing, agriculture, and rural employment. Six alternative afforestation scenarios ranging from 'no further planting' to 'accelerated expansion' are defined, including 'lowland' and 'green forestry', and a 'most-likely' scenario. This analysis is carried out through a simulation model which is built on a spreadsheet, and consists of base-period data and parameters, followed by successive projected decade blocks. Taking account of labour productivity trends in both forestry and agriculture, scenario-specific calculations produce future values of forest area, wood output, transfer of farmland, displaced agricultural employment, and forest employment created. A distinction is drawn between current (decade-specific) and accumulated (rotation-specific) forest jobs created on transferred agricultural land and existing forest areas. In this way, the future implications of different assumptions as to future forestry policy are produced. Finally, scenario-specific projections for the year 2050 concerning new planting area and total wood production are converted into gross input value estimates for the Forestry Planting and Harvesting sectors. Alternative assumptions which represent extremes of correspondence between the domestic Forestry and Wood Processing sectors yield new levels of gross national (Scottish) output. The adjustment of the national input-output tables is then followed by their regionalisation through the application of GRIT and the estimation of scenario-specific regional direct, indirect and induced output, income and employment effects.

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Cruz, LuiÌs Miguel Guilherme da. "A Portuguese energy economy environment input output model : policy applications." Thesis, Keele University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250422.

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23

Tuyet, Nguyen Thi Anh. "Evaluation of energy productivity in Vietnam using input-output table." Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145257.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(エネルギー科学)
甲第11153号
エネ博第102号
新制||エネ||27(附属図書館)
22722
UT51-2004-R28
京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻
(主査)教授石原慶一, 教授手塚哲央, 教授中込良廣
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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24

Zbranek, Jaroslav. "Konstrukce a využití časových input-output tabulek v kontextu dynamizovaného input-output modelu." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191805.

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Анотація:

The aim of the dissertation thesis is to develop a methodology of the compilation of symmetric Time Input-Output tables under the conditions of the Czech Republic. The following aim is to create an input-output model which is based on the compiled symmetric Time Input-Output tables. For the practical applications of this model it is crucial to link the created Input-Output model with the Semi-Dynamic Input-Output model. Semi-Dynamic Input-Output model in the conception of the submitted dissertation thesis takes into account several multiplier effects and presents more comprehensive tool for the use of the Input-Output analyses in this way. The first chapter focuses on the development of the issues linked to the Input-Output tables and analyses on the territory of the Czech Republic and in the world as well. The second chapter which is also theoretical is focused on mapping of different kinds of Input-Output analyses which are done in the world using Physical, Time or Hybrid Input-Output tables. The third chapter is a purely methodological because here it is described the methodology of the compilation of symmetric Time Input-Output tables as well as methodological approach to the various sensitivity analyses. The fourth chapter focuses on the creation Semi-Dynamic Input-Output model and on the formal linking with the Input-Output model based on the Time Input-Output tables. The last fifth chapter is focused analytically. Methods described in the third chapter are applied on the official published data on the Czech economy. The analytical chapter is perceived in the submitted dissertation thesis as a tool for the sensitivity analysis in the sense of validation of the quality of the compiled Time Input-Output tables.

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25

Nygren, Johannes. "Input-Output Stability Analysis of Networked Control Systems." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Reglerteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-272344.

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The main focus of the thesis is to derive stability criteria for networked control system (NCS) models featuring imperfections such as time-varying and constant delays, quantization, packet dropouts, and non-uniform sampling intervals. The main method of proof is based on matrix algebra, as opposed to methods using Lyapunov functions or integral quadratic constraints (IQC). This work puts a particular focus on handling systems with a single integrator. This framework is elaborated in different specific directions as motivated by practical realizations of NCSs, as well as through numerical examples. A novel proof of the discrete time multivariate circle criterion and the Tsypkin criterion for systems including a single integrator is presented, as well as a stability criterion for linear systems with a single integrator subject to variable sampling periods and sector-bounded nonlinear feedback. Four stability criteria for different classes of systems subject to packet loss and time-varying delay are given. Stability criteria for a closed loop system switching between a set of linear time-invariant systems (LTIs) are proved. This result is applied to a single-link NCS with feedback subject to packet loss. Finally, necessary and sufficient conditions for delay-independent stability of an LTI system subject to nonlinear feedback are derived.

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26

Wong, Kevin. "Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) Tablet/ Phone Charger." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/925.

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This thesis entails the design and implementation of a multiple input single output (MISO) DC-DC converter using the flyback topology to charge tablets/ smartphones or any USB powered portable device. The MISO converter will enable the use of various renewable energy sources such as a solar panel/ rechargeable battery combination, bicycle dynamo, hydroelectric power, and wind turbine. This paper will cover the design, simulations, and test results of the MISO converter. The flyback topology was chosen due to its low part count and its efficiency at low power. The proposed converter has a nominal 12V input to output USB 2.0 requirements (5V at 2.5W). Results from both computer simulation using LTSpice and hardware tests demonstrate the functionality of the proposed MISO converter with solar/battery and bicycle dynamo inputs. Overall performance of the converter in terms of efficiency, line and load regulations, as well as its charging ability to a cell phone will be presented in this report.

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27

Hills, John W. "Fully burdened cost of fuel using input-output analysis." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10620.

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Анотація:

The Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 mandates that the Fully Burdened Cost of Fuel, including the total cost of procuring and transporting fuel, infrastructure operating costs, and the cost of force protection for the logistics tail, be applied in trade-off analyses for all Defense systems that create a demand for energy. Using data from the Defense Logistics Agency Energy, this thesis builds a model of its worldwide supply chain for bulk fuels, and uses the principles of input-output analysis to calculate the total cost to deliver three fuel types to each destination in the supply chain. Although the Defense Logistics Agency Energy charges a standard price to each service for bulk fuels, these results show that they incur very different costs, ranging from less than a penny per gallon to over 70 cents per gallon, to deliver to different locations. Given the appropriate data on services' fuel distribution networks, a Defense-wide extension of the Bulk Fuels Distribution Model could be used to replace the current seven-step Fully Burdened Cost of Fuel process with a single step, allowing for less complex and more accurate Fully Burdened Cost of Fuel calculations.

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28

Caskie, David Paul. "An input-output analysis of agriculture in Northern Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295406.

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29

Romanchuk, B. G. "Input-output analysis of feedback loops with saturation nonlinearities." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361672.

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30

Hansen, Steven Richard. "Vaporizing Foil Actuator Process Parameters: Input Characteristics, Energy Deposition, and Pressure Output." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1514997723443633.

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31

Baltierrez, Jason. "Multiple Input, Single Output DC-DC Conversion Stage for DC House." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2028.

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Анотація:

n this thesis project, a proposed architecture for the multiple input, single output conversion stage for the DC House was designed, simulated, and tested. This architecture allows for multiple different input sources to be used to create a single higher power output source. The design uses a DC-DC boost converter with a parallelable output which has been demonstrated to allow increased total output power as a function of the number of input sources available. The parallelable output has been shown to distribute load amongst the input sources relatively closely to optimize the system. This approach is also desirable since it allows for flexibility in multiple configurations it can be used in. The design was tested using hardware and data results show the performance met and exceeded the needs of the DC House project. Data was taken for configuration with 1, 2, 3, and 4 input sources providing greater than 600W of total output power at an efficiency of greater than 92%. This architecture demonstrates the possibility of expanding the total available power for a single output in proportion to the number of available input sources.

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32

Hernańdez, Correa Evelio. "Control of nonlinear systems using input-output information." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11176.

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33

Yang, Bo. "A test selection strategy based on input-output relation analysis." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5484.

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34

Lasselle, Sarah. "Sectoral Model of the Cement Industry Using Input-Output Analysis." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22889.

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This study assesses the effect CCS employment on the global warming impact of the European cement industry using Multi-Regional Input-Output Analysis.For the cement sectors of the 28 European countries studied, technology and cohort distributions were established, thermal efficiency fuel input data were collected, and the capacity turnover and evolution of CO2 emissions from cement production of each country were determined. An economic life cycle inventory of CCS implementation for cement was established, and a cradle-to-gate assessment of the cement production with and without CCS implementation was performed using the EXIOBASE multi-regional input-output model for the years 2013, 2030, and 2050.The results of the analysis show that the implementation of CCS in the European cement industry leads to an increase in the emissions embodied in cement demand for Europe as a whole compared to a scenario where CCS is not used. However, the results of global warming impact due to cement demand vary from country. This illustrates the variations in production technologies of different countries and the importance quantifying emissions embodied in trade flows of goods throughout the world economy when calculating environmental impact.

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35

Dewhurst, John Hugh Llewellyn. "Input-output analysis of structural change in Scotland 1973-1979." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244003.

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36

Šafr, Karel. "Analýza dopadů regulací pomocí dynamického input-output modelu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194207.

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This diploma thesis discusses utilization of dynamic Input-Output models as a basis for decision-making for policy makers. The first part is focused on theoretical derivation of the basic dynamic models. This part is followed by a practical application of the presented models, which proposes a method of deriving the matrix of capital and it facilitates the construction of data sources. The results show that the dynamic models are usable, but it is necessary to take into consideration their structural constraints and data limits. Data applied for 2009 show that the economic crisis has led to a 6% decline in GVA growth rates.

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37

Pemajayantha, V., of Western Sydney Nepean University, Faculty of Commerce, and School of Quantitative Methods and Mathematical Sciences. "Multivariate process control with input-output relationships for optimal process control." THESIS_FCOM_QMS_Pemajayantha_V.xml, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/552.

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This thesis examines the existing theories and applications of Multivariate Statistical Process Control, outlines areas of difficulty and proposes a new technique of multivariate process control chart with input-output relationship for optimal process control. The process control techniques developed up to the present time focused on the fast detection of out-of-control signals, and achieved considerable success in that respect. The techniques reported on multivariate process control thus far include extensions of univariate process control charts to their multivariate counterparts, ranging from classical Shewharts charts to modern Cumulative Sum Process Control charts. Alternative approaches in this area include Principal Component Approach, Partial Regression approach, Baysian modelling and sequential tests on detection of change points. Although each method has its own limitation, these new developments have significantly contributed to the achievement of a constant high quality of products and services. The techniques of process control are yet incomplete. They require continuous attention, as production and service technologies are being continuously developed.In particular, the level of automation, re-engineering of production processes and ever demanding economic optimality of technology demand the re-engineering of statistical process control. The CFM chart developed in this thesis would open the door to this area of science and lays a critical foundation for future research
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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38

Nguyen, Kenneth K., and Taufik Taufik. "MULTIPLE INPUT SINGLE OUTPUT CONVERTER WITH MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2180.

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Анотація:

In this thesis, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for multiple input single output (MISO) converter is presented such that power generated from multiple individual energy sources can be combined to deliver the maximum amount of power to a common resistive load. Typically, MISO converters will employ techniques that yield equal current sharing from each energy source. However, this may not be desirable since each source may be rated at different power ratings and/or may experience different operating conditions, preventing the system MISO converter to acquire the most available total power from the sources. Utilizing MPPT control would therefore be beneficial in maximizing the output power of the MISO converter system. In this thesis, a proposed two-stage converter system is presented to incorporate the MPPT control in the MISO system. The initial stage implements the MPPT, drawing as much power from the corresponding source. The second stage regulates the output voltage of the MPPT. To evaluate the performance and efficiency of the proposed system, simulation with two solar panels as the sources was performed using Simulink with various test cases to fully explore the viability of the system. Simulation results were also used to compare with those obtained from a system without the MPPT. Results show that the proposed system with the MPPT stage is able to improve input regulation and increase the total amount of power acquired from the sources compared to the system without the MPPT. Further testing with hardware setup confirms the simulation results and demonstrates that even with large differences in input powers, the most total amount of power is achieved and utilized.

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39

Sultan, F. S. "The projection of trade and payments balances using input-output analysis." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376700.

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40

Cao, Yi. "Control structure selection for chemical processes using input-output controllability analysis." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296283.

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41

Martins, Lilian Maluf. "Electricity deficit cost estimation in Brazil by applying input-output analysis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3136/tde-05072018-090442/.

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Анотація:

The supply chain risk management discipline studies how to address daily and extraordinary risks to avoid vulnerability and to guarantee production continuity. In the case of the electricity sector, the economic impact of interrupting the power supply is depicted by an indicator called the deficit cost, measured in monetary unit per electricity consumption unit (for example, in Brazil, R$/MWh). This value is commonly applied to cost-benefit analysis that results in decisions about maintenance and investment in the electricity system in the medium and long term, in addition to composing the short-term energy price. Most countries in the world have a thermal energy matrix, and cases in which interruption problems occur are mainly due to punctual failures in generation or transmission and last a few hours or days until maintenance is concluded. Brazil, however, has been strongly dependent on hydrological conditions ever since the main generation source became hydroelectric. Since restricted energy supply scenarios last longer, from weeks to months, a better measure for the electricity structural deficit impact is the economic loss in the deficit-affected regional production, translated as the GDP (gross domestic product) region. This dissertation estimates the Brazilian GDP marginal loss due to power deficits by applying an input-output (I/O) matrix analysis methodology and concludes that the officially adopted deficit cost is underestimated.
Sem resumo em português.

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42

Giljum, Stefan, Martin Bruckner, and Aldo Martinez. "Material Footprint Assessment in a Global Input-Output Framework." Wiley, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12214.

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Material flow-based indicators play an important role in indicator sets related to green and resource-efficient growth. This paper examines the global flows of materials and the amounts of materials directly and indirectly necessary to satisfy domestic final demand in different countries world-wide. We calculate the indicator Raw Material Consumption (RMC), also referred to as Material Footprint (MF), by applying a global, multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model based on the GTAP database and extended by material extraction data. We examine world-wide patterns of material extraction and materials embodied in trade and consumption, investigating changes between 1997 and 2007. We find that flows of materials related to international trade have increased by almost 60% between 1997 and 2007. We show that the differences in Material Footprints per capita are huge, ranging from up to 100 tonnes in the rich, oil-exporting countries to values as low as 1.5 to 2 tonnes in some developing countries. We also quantify the differences between the indicators Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) and RMC, illustrating that net material exporters generally have a DMC larger than RMC, while the reverse is observed for net importers. Finally, we confirm the fact that most countries with stable or declining DMCs actually show increasing RMCs, indicating the occurrence of leakage effects, which are not fully captured by DMC. This challenges the world-wide use of DMC as a headline indicator for national material consumption and calls for the consideration of upstream material requirements of international trade flows.

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43

Laurent, Sofie. "The mathematical justification of the Leontief and Sraffa input-output systems." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Analys och sannolikhetsteori, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-374184.

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44

Ukidwe, Nandan Uday. "Thermodynamic input-output analysis of economic and ecological systems for sustainable engineering." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1117555725.

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Анотація:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxiii, 306 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 297-306). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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45

Yue, Guosen. "Code optimization and analysis for multiple-input and multiple-output communication systems." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2758.

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Design and analysis of random-like codes for various multiple-input and multiple-output communication systems are addressed in this work. Random-like codes have drawn signiﬁcant interest because they oﬀer capacity-achieving performance. We ﬁrst consider the analysis and design of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes for turbo multiuser detection in multipath CDMA channels. We develop techniques for computing the probability density function (pdf) of the extrinsic messages at the output of the soft-input soft-output (SISO) multiuser detectors as a function of the pdf of input extrinsic messages, user spreading codes, channel impulse responses, and signal-to-noise ratios. Using these techniques, we are able to accurately compute the thresholds for LDPC codes and design good irregular LDPC codes. We then apply the tools of density evolution with mixture Gaussian approximations to optimize irregular LDPC codes and to compute minimum operational signal-to-noise ratios for ergodic MIMO OFDM channels. In particular, the optimization is done for various MIMO OFDM system conﬁgurations which include diﬀerent number of antennas, diﬀerent channel models and diﬀerent demodulation schemes. We also study the coding-spreading tradeoﬀ in LDPC coded CDMA systems employing multiuser joint decoding. We solve the coding-spreading optimization based on the extrinsic information SNR evolution curves for the SISO multiuser detectors and the SISO LDPC decoders. Both single-cell and multi-cell scenarios will be considered. For each of these cases, we will characterize the extrinsic information for both ﬁnite-size systems and the so-called large systems where asymptotic performance results must be evoked. Finally, we consider the design optimization of irregular repeat accumulate (IRA) codes for MIMO communication systems employing iterative receivers. We present the density evolution-based procedure with Gaussian approximation for optimizing the IRA code ensemble. We adopt an approximation method based on linear programming to design an IRA code with the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart matched to that of the soft MIMO demodulator.

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46

Yamada, Go. "Input-output analysis on the economic impact of medical care in Japan." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215218.

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47

Webb, Matthew William. "Analysis of multiple-input multiple-output wireless communication systems in cochannel interference." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435743.

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48

Rodríguez, Pardina Martín Augusto. "Growth and structural change in Argentina 1953-1984 : an input-output analysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.625099.

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49

Pemajayantha, V. "Multivariate process control with input-output relationships for optimal process control /." View thesis, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030908.115857/index.html.

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Анотація:

Thesis (PhD (Philosophy))-- University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1998.
"Thesis submitted for the fulfilment of the requirement of Doctor of Philosophy in quantitative methods, School of Quantitative Methods and Business Operations, Faculty of Commerce, University of Western Sydney, Nepean" Bibliography : p 233-257.

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50

Gangemi, Michael Andrew, and michael gangemi@rmit edu au. "Modeling The Economic Impact of A Farming Innovation Group On A Regional Economy - A Top-Down Versus Hybrid Input-Output Approach." RMIT University. Economics, Finance And Marketing, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080828.163749.

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This thesis involves construction of input-output models measuring the economic impact of a farming innovation organisation (The Birchip Cropping Group) on the Victorian regional economy of Buloke Shire. The input-output modeling undertaken is of two forms; the first being a simple naïve top-down model, and the second a more sophisticated hybrid model. The naïve top-down model is based on input-output coefficients drawn from the Australian national input-output tables, and is regarded as naïve because these input-output coefficients are not adjusted to take account of local economic factors. The hybrid model uses the same national input-output coefficients as a base, and then modifies these coefficients to better reflect industrial conditions in the Shire using a location quotients-adjustment technique, as well as using original survey data collected from entities operating in Buloke Shire. One of the aims of the thesis is to determine whether the simpler naïve top-down approach produces results consistent with the theoretically more accurate hybrid methodology, and thus whether the naïve top-down approach represents a reliable method of conducting regional economic impact analysis. That is, can such studies be undertaken accurately using a naïve top down approach, or is it necessary to adopt the more resource intensive methodology of a hybrid model. The results of the analysis suggest construction of a hybrid model is advisable, as generally the naïve top-down approach produces over-estimates of the economic effects of the Birchip Cropping Group. That is, it appears the economic impact multipliers estimated with the naïve top-down model are too large, suggesting the time and effort involved in constructing the hybrid model was worthwhile. Using the hybrid model, the conclusion is that the Birchip Cropping Group has a significant affect on the regional economy of Buloke Shire, with the economic impact being estimated at close to $600,000 in additional output, $61,000 in additional income, and 3.5 additional jobs per year.

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