Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Energy generating enterprises"

The paper investigates the peculiarities of constructing a cognitive model of development for enterprises on the basis of energy efficiency. The stages of conducting cognitive modeling for managing the development of enterprises in the energy industry have been determined within the scope of work. Cognitive analysis and modeling are conceptually innovative elements within the structure of the system dedicated to generation of efficient management decisions, which further allows: to study problems with vague factors and interconnections; to account for the impact of changes in the external environment; to use the objective trends in the innovative development of the situation to company’s advantage. Such technologies are increasingly gaining trust and confidence with organizations engaged in strategic and operational planning on all levels and across all spheres of innovation management of enterprise development. Employing cognitive technologies in the economic sphere enables to develop and substantiate a strategy of innovation management of enterprise development with the consideration for the impact of changes in external and internal environment. The work examines the factors of the cognitive model of innovation management of development for enterprise of energy industry based upon four sectors: enterprises in the energy sector; energy generation business; government; ecology. A study has been conducted in relation to the impact of 16 factors of external business environment on generating adjective decisions with regard to managing the development of enterprises in the energy industry on the basis of impulse modeling. It has been proven that within the system of innovation management of enterprise development the key object-oriented factor is the «Level of enterprise development» while other factors remain controllable. It is namely due to the dynamic analysis that it becomes possible to determine stabilizing and destabilizing factors of influence on the development of enterprises. Within the scope of the paper, the ranges of change in indicator factors related to management of enterprise development in the «min-max» system have been identified. Prospects of further research lie with constructing scenarios for development of enterprises in the energy industry, particularly with the implementation of impulse modeling that would allow to elaborate development strategies, specifically concerning the use of renewable sources of energy.

The development of rural electrification is aimed at distributed energy, i.e. availability of autonomous sources of electricity and heat generation. Generation sources can use coal, fuel oil, gas, local and alternative energy sources as fuel and energy resources. This causes additional emissions of pollutants. Prediction of negative impact on the environment depends on the quantity and quality of emissions during the operation of various types of installations that generate electric and thermal energy. The purpose of the study is to select and substantiate the most attractive method for predicting the impact on the environment of generating sources in agricultural production. The widespread introduction of distributed energy using local and renewable energy sources will significantly reduce emissions of pollutants due to a decrease in energy intensity, matching the required load with the capacity of generation sources, using the most energy efficient sources, and widespread introduction of renewable energy sources. In this regard, it is advisable to forecast the impacts by the scenario method considering the implementation of the proposed distributed power supply system. The implementation of measures developed considering the analysis of the forecast of the negative impact on the environment of generating plants in agricultural enterprises will reduce the negative impact on the environment by introducing energy-efficient technologies into the energy balance of the enterprise, as well as increase production by up to 20% and increase sustainability. rural areas.

Social enterprises, organizations that pursue social purposes while generating profits, have garnered attention recently as potential key players for a sustainable economy. However, research on the perception of social enterprises by lay people has been ignored even though positive reception of social enterprises is an important condition for their sustainability. In the present study, we compared for-profit enterprise employees (n = 200) and social enterprise employees (n = 162) and examined their differences in attitude toward the profit-making aspects of social enterprises as well as the employees working for social enterprises. The results showed that for-profit enterprises overestimated that social enterprise employees were extrinsically motivated and underestimated their prosocial intentions. In addition, for-profit enterprise employees were less favorable toward the profit-making aspects of social enterprises, including payment of high salaries for the social enterprise employees and using donations to run social enterprises. Interestingly, the difference between for-profit and social enterprise employees in their attitude toward the profit-making aspects of social enterprises was explained by lay theories of altruism called “pure altruism.” The present research makes important contributions by identifying the psychological mechanisms that underlie individuals’ perceptions and attitude toward social enterprises.

The Russian energy industry is on the verge of major changes. The potential of existing technologies has been exhausted, and to ensure economic growth, the development and implementation of new approaches in the field of electricity generation is necessary. The human capital of enterprises is the most important driver of changes in the energy sector. The purpose of the article is to analyze the influence of factors characterizing human capital on the effectiveness of Russian power generating corporations. The study found that the efficiency of power generating corporations is most strongly influenced by the share of managers in the structure of employment and labor productivity. Such indicators as the share of specialists with higher education and staff turnover did not significantly affect the efficiency of power generating corporations.

This paper presents a method of generating a business strategy using value chain analysis. There were 186 manufacturing and industrial enterprises from the Czech Republic. The analysis was carried out using mathematical–statistical methods (dimensional reduction, logit regression and its transformation in order to objectify the opinion level of the managers) and with a neural network in terms of validation of the results of the mathematical–statistical methods. The aim was to determine the significance of different parts of the value chain in terms of their impact on the profitability of an enterprise and to demonstrate its important role in the process of generating business strategy. The significance for the profitability of the enterprises was statistically proven in the area of scientific and technological development, input logistics and human resource management. These parts were identified by the authors as the golden triangle of manufacturing and industry. Purchasing and output logistics were identified as the parts with a negative impact to the profitability of the enterprises. Strong underestimation of scientific and technological development by the top managers of the manufacturing and industrial enterprises is seen as a very negative finding. Neural networks showed higher statistical sensitivity compared to the mathematical–statistical methods (dimensional reduction and logit regression). They defined the value sector chain with the following structure (ranked from the highest degree of positive impact on the profitability of the enterprise): human resource management, scientific and technological development, production, input logistics, purchasing, material management, output logistics, enterprise infrastructure, marketing and sales, service and other supporting services. In conclusion, it is stated that the sector value chain of manufacturing and industrial enterprises will be further decomposed into value chain models of specific industries of the production and industry, such as engineering and construction, intended for direct use in different business entities to generate their unique value chains and corporate strategies.

Topical issues concerning the low efficiency of underground coal mining from thin and very thin seams as well as the problems of reserves left in mine fields by the closed-down enterprises resulting in substantial coal reserve losses have been highlighted. Alternative use of the unextracted energy resources is their physical and chemical transformation with the change in aggregate state including the possibility to generate valuable chemical and energy products capable of substituting certain share of natural gas being imported. Attention has been paid to budget reallocation in the process of coal enterprise restructuring to invest the projects of nontraditional techniques aimed at physical and chemical coal transformation; among other things, it concerns in-place construction of energy generating enterprises for underground coal gasification. Results of the studies concerning the analysis of the world 50-year interest in the techniques of gasification and hydrate formation explained and described in the top scientific journals being among those added to such scientometric data bases as Scopus and Web of Science; they confirm the expediency of the scientific tendency development in Ukraine. Innovative conversion scheme for solid fuel has been proposed; the scheme involves the integrated use of the generated energy and chemical products in the process of in-place coal gasification. Development of systems to gasify, cogenerate, and form hydrates at the territory of coal mines will make it possible to process coal in place with energy, heat energy, and chemical raw material generation depending upon the situation in energy market and chemical market.

Abstract In high renewable energy penetrated power systems, the flexibility of power system resources is indispensable. With the implementation of domestic ancillary service markets, the revenue of ancillary services provided by generating units is gradually changing from the planned mode to the market mode. Moreover, the access threshold for generating units to participate in the ancillary service market has changed. At the same time, the flexibility of generating units has a great impact on the revenue of the ancillary service market. Therefore, this paper summarizes the flexibility requirements of typical pilot areas in China for generating units to participate in ancillary service markets. Then, the corresponding flexibility evaluation indexes of different ancillary services are sorted out and the flexibility evaluation model is developed to evaluate the flexibility ability of power generation enterprises scientifically. The flexibility evaluation system proposed in this paper can effectively evaluate the flexibility capability of generating units and conduct its flexibility enhancement.

The article is aimed at developing proposals for the activation of the processes of modernization of fixed assets of municipal heat and power economy. The existing state of investment activity in the field of heat supply is analyzed, «bottlenecks» are identified and proposals for the revival of the processes of modernization of heat supply systems are developed. All enterprises of municipal heat and power economy are characterized by a large level of wear of fixed assets. Low efficiency coefficient of heat-generating equipment and high heat loss during transportation (due to the degeneration of pipelines) is one of the reasons for high tariffs for heat energy with low quality and reliability of heat supply. The only way out of the current situation is the activation of investment activities of communal heat and power enterprises, mass reconstruction and modernization of equipment involved in the production, transportation and supply of heat energy. Analyses of annual reports of heat supply enterprises for 2014-2020 allowed to identify the following shortcomings in the management of investment activities: shortage of investment resources in communal heat and power enterprises; orientation in the implementation of investment activities only towards the use of deductions for depreciation; imperfection of tariff, budget and tax policy in the course of the State support of investment processes. As measures to intensify the investment activity of communal heat and power enterprises, it is proposed the following: revaluation of the cost of fixed assets of municipal heat and power enterprises; establishing the procedure according to which all accrued depreciation is included in the sources of financing of the investment program; granting tax benefits to communal utility enterprises on income tax and land fees (the provision of such tax benefits will not affect the financial condition of the community: reducing income corresponds with a decrease in the cost of providing financial assistance to a communal utility heat supply enterprise); improvement of normative legal acts regulating the issues of substantiation of tariffs for heat energy and investment programs of heat supplying enterprises, as well as control over the implementation.

The reason for the appearance of the first distributed generation in Russia was the high requirements to the reliability of power supply to power consumers of a special group of the first category of reliability. Diesel generating units were used to ensure uninterrupted operation. High costs for technological connection of consumers of the 1st and 2nd categories of reliability have strengthened the tendency to install a backup energy source in the enterprises' own power supply systems. However, setting reserves leads to a decrease in economic efficiency. There are additional costs for maintaining the reserve in a working condition. As a result, enterprises transfer the backup units to the mode of the main power source, and that of the backup function to the centralized power supply system. The creation of such industrial MiniGrid operating in a mode without power supply to the grid increases the cost of electricity for other consumers. Besides, with the departure of industrial enterprises from the centralized power supply, the share of communal and non-industrial consumers is growing. This requires an increase in the manoeuvrability of energy sources. The creation of balanced Energy Cells for energy supply to the population and small and medium-sized businesses that provide services to the population is not accompanied by the negative effects indicated above. In Russia, there are isolated examples of such systems, similarly operating in a mode without supplying power to the grid. Changes are needed to allow active consumers to supply excess capacity to the grid during peak hours in the UES of Russia, for which the grid companies need to be allowed to operate at least in a mode without supplying power to the grid, which will not lead to a decrease in grid companies' revenues from electricity transmission services. The introduction of these changes does not only lead not only to an increase in the reliability of power supply but also to an increase in the economic efficiency of the UES, which will reduce the price of electricity.

Дисертаційну роботу присвячено поглибленню теоретичних основ та методичних положень, наданню практичних рекомендацій щодо управління економічним розвитком енергогенеруючих підприємств в умовах економічної нестабільності. На основі аналізу наукових джерел проведено дослідження теоретичних засад та проблематики управління економічним розвитком, уточнено концептуальні положення та поглиблено понятійно-термінологічний апарат управління економічним розвитком підприємств. Здійснено діагностику стану економічного розвитку енергогенеруючих підприємств за функціональними зонами. Розроблено науково-методичний підхід до оцінювання якості управління економічним розвитком підприємств в умовах економічної нестабільності. Розроблено систему показників і запропоновано методичний інструментарій моніторингу результатів управління економічним розвитком енергогенеруючих підприємств. За результатами оцінювання якості управління економічним розвитком енергогенеруючих підприємств визначено важелі впливу на траєкторію управління. Розроблено науково-методичні положення щодо вибору форми економічного розвитку та відповідного їй інструментарію управління для енергогенеруючих підприємств. Сформовано механізм ситуаційного управління економічним розвитком енергогенеруючих підприємств та розроблено науково-практичні рекомендації визначення наслідків управління їх адаптивним розвитком на основі прогнозування.
The dissertation focuses on the development of theoretical positionsand methodological principles, providing practical recommendations for improving the management of economic development of energy generating enterprises in conditions of economic instability. Based on the analysis of scientific sources the research of the categorical apparatus and problems of management of economic development is carried out and the corresponding conceptual apparatus is deepened. The method of management of economic development of the enterprise on the basis of construction of its trajectory by situational transition between evolutionary and adaptive forms of development and a choice of effective tools of economic and administrative influence on functional zones is developed. Scientific approaches are analyzed and conceptual provisions of management of economic development of the enterprise which are based on adjustment of a current trajectory of management of economic development through application of the tools of economic and administrative influence chosen by the analysis of dynamics of indicators on functional zones of development are allowed. Scientifically substantiated methodological tools for evaluating the results of economic development management of energy generating enterprises and proposed a scientific and methodological approach to monitoring the results of economic development management of energy generating enterprises, which provides a step-by-step analytical procedure for determining the level of enterprise development. external environment. It allows you to choose between evolutionary and adaptive forms of development, to develop scenarios for optimal management in the final stages of monitoring. The state of energy generating enterprises is diagnosed by functional zones of economic development and it is revealed that the problem of economic development management is the lack of interconnection between functional zones, which causes intensification of negative changes in the enterprise. On the basis of calculations of dynamics of changes of average and chain absolute increments of indicators of activity on functional zones of economic development the system of indicators of an estimation of quality of management has been formed. Methodical provisions for assessing the quality of economic development management of energy generating enterprises in conditions of economic instability are proposed, which provide for evaluating the results of economic development management according to the system of financial, industrial, commercial, innovative, environmental indicators, their cluster analysis. The choice of levers influencing the adjustment of the management trajectory of economic development of energy generating enterprises is substantiated. The scientific and methodological principles for choosing the form of economic development and the corresponding management tools for energy generating enterprises have been developed and substantiated. They consist in the analysis of scenarios of management of economic development by means of simulation modeling that allows to choose between evolutionary and adaptive forms of economic development of the enterprise on the basis of forecasting of trends of economic indicators. The main advantage of this approach is the formation of various options for the behavior of the enterprise over time, depending on the available real and potential opportunities due to the stage and form of its development. This technique ensures the implementation of management decisions in conditions of high risk and uncertainty. The mechanism of situational management of economic development of energy generating enterprises is formed, which combines economic levers, methods and tools of situational adjustment of economic development management trajectory, is based on the principles of dynamism, adaptability, purposefulness, self-development, self-organization. Scientific and practical recommendations for determining the consequences of managing the adaptive economic development of an energy generating enterprise based on forecasting have been developed.
Диссертационная работа посвящена развитию теоретических основ и методических положений, разработке практических рекомендаций по управлению экономическим развитием энергогенерирующих предприятий в условиях экономической нестабильности. На базе анализа научных источников проведено исследование теоретических основ и проблематики управления экономическим развитием, уточнены концептуальные положения и развит понятийно-терминологический аппарат управления экономическим развитием предприятий. Проведена диагностика состояния экономического развития энергогенерирующих предприятий по функциональным зонам. Разработан научно-методический подход к оценке качества управления экономическим развитием предприятий в условиях экономической нестабильности. Сформирована система показателей и предложен методический инструментарий мониторинга результатов управления развитием энергогенерирующих предприятий По результатам оценки определены рычаги влияния на траекторию управления. Разработаны научно-методические положения по выбору формы развития и соответствующего ей инструментария управления для энергогенерирующих предприятий. Сформирован механизм ситуационного управления экономическим развитием энергогенерирующих предприятий и разработаны рекомендации для определения последствий управления их адаптивным развитием на основе прогнозирования.

The textbook summarizes the main provisions of the operation of electrical equipment in agriculture. At the same time, along with the generally accepted provisions for the operation of electrical equipment, the electrical equipment used by agricultural enterprises, as well as the theoretical foundations of the operation of electrical equipment, the technology of major repairs of electrical equipment and the design of the energy service of an agricultural enterprise are considered in more detail. Examples are given and the solution of problems on the topics outlined in the textbook is proposed. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher education organizations studying in the field of training 35.03.06 "Agroengineering", as well as anyone interested in the problems of operation of electrical equipment in agriculture.

The textbook describes the design features of offshore horizontal multi-hole production wells, as well as the bottom-hole components of horizontal multi-hole wells. The classification of complications of multi-hole horizontal wells, methods of their prevention and elimination are given. Methods of underground geonavigation of the development of offshore horizontal production wells are proposed. The geological and field bases of operation of horizontal offshore multi-hole oil and gas wells, modes and dynamics of oil, gas and associated water production, methods for calculating dynamic bottom-hole and reservoir pressures are specified. The technologies of operation of offshore horizontal multi-hole wells are presented. The composition and scope of environmental, field and research marine monitoring of the operation of offshore horizontal multi-hole wells and the protection of the marine environment in the production of oil and gas are justified. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for undergraduates of the enlarged group of "Earth Sciences" training areas, as well as for teachers, employees of the fuel and energy complex, industrial geological exploration and oil and gas production enterprises, scientific and design organizations.

Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.

AbstractIn 2013, the United Kingdom Department for International Development and the Department of Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy published a business case for the Carbon Market Finance Programme (CMFP). The core mandate: to build capacity and develop aids for least developed countries in sub-Saharan Africa to access finance via the carbon market. The chosen strategy involved signing emission reduction purchase agreements with private sector enterprises, using the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to verify generation of tradeable certified emissions reductions. The World Bank’s Carbon Initiative for Development (Ci-Dev) would implement the 12-year program. The team for the 2019 midterm evaluation found that program uncertainty—from sociopolitical challenges in pilot markets to global indecision on the future of Article 6 and carbon markets—would complicate assessing progress toward business case objectives. The collapse and failed recovery of the carbon market impacted underlying assumptions of the CMFP’s theory of change, and uncertainty about CDM’s future complicated evaluation of program sustainability. This chapter presents a practical approach to using realist evaluation to overcome the contextual uncertainties of the carbon market landscape, providing strengths and weaknesses of the approach applied and recommending a revised approach for future evaluations.

This chapter outlines how the results of Detroit’s decline are being transformed through intrepid civic stewardship and entrepreneurialism to yield unique and impactful opportunities for the city’s adaptive, innovative, and inclusive recovery. It reveals how pluralistic responses to urban challenges can drive change and help to establish broad authorship, dialogue, and the necessary capacity amongst all contributors. From renewable energy production and stormwater management, to more resilient and impactful manufacturing enterprises and digitally accessible tools, new transformative opportunities are emerging in the spaces of Detroit’s most recognizable struggles. In the process, Detroiters are demonstrating an intrinsic resilience in which the singularity of economy, race, and urban form from the city’s past is transforming into a multi-dimensional response, generating nationally and globally significant lessons in recovery.

A wide range of economic activities take place in rural Africa and despite their important, little is yet known about their productivity. Both farm and non-farm enterprises provide a variety of products and services to the rural population. For example, the relative contribution of the non-farm economy to household income is significant and known to have increased over time. They are also expected to contribute to structural transformation, although the non-farm sector largely consists of small, informal household businesses. Rural infrastructure—notably feeder roads and transmission lines that connect rural communities to national grids—enable individuals, households, communities, and small businesses to embark on income generating activities thanks to improved access to electricity and links to markets. The use of renewable energy or environmentally friendly sources of energy, including solar, wind, geothermal, and hydropower—all of which Africa has in abundance—would contribute to making growth sustainable.

Computing technology acting a very vital role in our day to day activities. Later the associated high volume of energy consumption has become a major concern every economically and environmentally. Green computing is associate rising application in computing effectively that leads to very important greenhouse gas reduction. In toughened computing has become an important half that has got to be thought of seriously by ordered generation data and communication technology designers. Green computing is to use computer and connected resources in atmosphere, friendly ways in which. Such practices embrace the implementation of energy-efficient central method unit (CPU), servers and peripheral any as finding innovative ways in which of reducing resource consumption and proper disposal of electronic waste. Many IT manufacturers and vendors endlessly invest in designing energy economical computing devices, reducing the use of dangerous material, and galvanizing the recyclability of digital devices and printing papers.

Computing technology acting a very vital role in our day to day activities. Later the associated high volume of energy consumption has become a major concern every economically and environmentally. Green computing is associate rising application in computing effectively that leads to very important greenhouse gas reduction. In toughened computing has become an important half that has got to be thought of seriously by ordered generation data and communication technology designers. Green computing is to use computer and connected resources in atmosphere, friendly ways in which. Such practices embrace the implementation of energy-efficient central method unit (CPU), servers and peripheral any as finding innovative ways in which of reducing resource consumption and proper disposal of electronic waste. Many IT manufacturers and vendors endlessly invest in designing energy economical computing devices, reducing the use of dangerous material, and galvanizing the recyclability of digital devices and printing papers.

The construction segment is an important economic sector in Europe, representing 9% of European gross domestic product (GDP) and providing approximately 18 million direct jobs. Construction activities that include renovation work and energy retrofits add almost twice as much value as the construction of new buildings, and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) contribute more than 70% of the value added in the EU building sector. Furthermore, European legislation obliges member states to establish minimum energy efficiency requirements for buildings to achieve optimum levels of costs versus energy demand reduction. These requirements are reviewed every five years and represent categories of buildings based on their energy levels (demand and generation). This chapter analyzes the legislation associated to nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) in Spain in order to identify the factors that will leverage their massive implementation.

Materials property data, and broader materials information, are essential to the wide range of people and functions in engineering enterprises involved in the design and construction of power generation facilities. This paper focuses on how this complex and specialist information must be managed, and how it can be deployed most effectively to those who need it. There are many different types of data to be considered, but they all begin as test results of one form or another. Generating this test data represents a major cost for many organizations. Applying it effectively can give them a major competitive advantage — for example, avoiding problems in design, gaining more understanding of the performance of materials, and ultimately reducing maintenance costs or enabling asset life extension. Yet few organizations have in place any systematic system to manage materials data. Not only does this mean that they are not making best use of their investment in this asset, it means that they can actually waste large amounts of time and money, in searching for the right data, or in duplicating tests that have already been done. This paper concentrates on the practical challenges involved, and on the technical details of how these challenges can be solved, drawing on the experience of developing the GRANTA MI materials information management system in collaboration with a consortium of leading aerospace, energy, and defense organizations. Three use-case scenarios are explored in which the management and application of materials data are important. These are: support for engineering design, statistical process control, and materials selection. For each use-case, the technical requirements for any corporate materials data management system are identified. Significant overlaps are found between the requirements for the different areas, indicating that a well-designed system can both meet a broad range of specific needs, and help to integrate different aspects of an organization’s operations. It is then appropriate to discuss the actual software tools required to meet these needs. These include tools to capture and consolidate materials data, to analyze and apply the data, to maintain a corporate materials information resource, and to deploy materials data enterprise-wide to the different functions (e.g., Design, and Quality Assurance) and roles (e.g., design engineers, stress analysts, and process improvement managers) that require it. The paper closes by providing guidelines on best practice regarding implementation of materials data management technology.

About 2 billion people of the world, mostly in rural areas of the developing countries, do not have access to grid-based electricity. The most critical factor affecting their livelihoods is access to clean, affordable and reliable energy services for household and productive uses. Under this backdrop, renewable and readily available energy from the nature can be incorporated in several proven renewable energy technology (RET) systems and can play a significant role in meeting crucial energy needs in these remote far flung areas. RETs are ideal as distributed energy source and they can be incorporated in packages of energy services and thus offer unique opportunities to provide improved lighting, health care, drinking water, education, communication, and irrigation. Energy is also vital for most of the income-generating activities, both at the household or commercial levels. Access to energy is strongly connected to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which set targets for poverty reduction, improved health, and gender equality as well as environmental sustainability. Environmentally benign renewable energy systems can contribute significantly in the above-mentioned unserved or underserved areas in the developing countries to achieve both local and global environmental benefits. This is important in the context of sustainable development in: (i) poverty alleviation, (ii) education, (iii) gender equity and empowerment, (iv) health including other benefits like improved information access through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) centers, (v) better security, and (vi) increase in social or recreational opportunities. It is evident that proliferation of renewable energy resources through implementing their applications for meeting energy demand will promote all the three dimensions namely, social, economic and environmental of sustainable development in the developing countries. Several small scale enabling RET systems have been suggested in this paper in the light of above-mentioned issues of energy sustainability and they can significantly contribute to the improvement of the livelihood of the remote impoverished rural communities of the developing countries. With the current state of technology development, several RET systems (such as wind, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, biomass and microhydro) have become successful in different parts of the world. In this paper, an exhaustive literature survey has been conducted and several successful and financially viable small-scale RET systems were analyzed. These systems have relevance to the economies of the developing countries that can be utilized for electrification of domestic houses, micro enterprises, health clinics, educational establishments and rural development centers.

The cyclic effect of energy poverty and economic poverty has been conclusively evidenced primarily from the experiences of developing World. In the developing countries, struggle to meet the basic energy needs impacts the life of the poorer section in terms of cost of health, education and quality. However, considering the adequate biomass resources and sustainable technologies for conversion of surplus biomass into useful form of energy; integration of the surplus resources with appropriate technology offers opportunities to address both energy and economic poverty. In this study, feasibility of some proven options of bioenergy based energy technologies and enterprises are investigated to understand their prospects to address energy and economic hardship considering a case study from India and analyzed its replicability in South Africa. Resources inventories, avenues of additional income generation and long term impact of selected bioenergy enterprise options (biogas and producer gas and improved stove) are investigated in the context of both the countries. Organic fertilizer (vermicompost), mushroom and community based agro-industries are some of the prospective entrepreneurial activities which can be supported by the bioenergy options. Considering the abundance and characteristics, feasibility of converting surplus biomass resources (crop residue, manure, food waste) into required energy along with revenue earning avenues is indicated by the study. However, there are social and managerial issues which required to be addressed besides provisions for financial incentives to realize the benefits of such integrated systems.

In the current energy environment, with an expected increase in energy consumption in the face of depletion of fossil fuel reserves, more attention is being paid to renewable energy sources for electricity generation. One of the most attractive alternatives is biomass, which can be effectively used to generate electricity, as well as heat using cogeneration technologies that increase the efficiency of the entire energy conversion process. The North-western region of the Russian Federation is a region with recognized potential for electricity and heat production, using primary forest biomass and waste from the forest industry, among which wood chips are distinguished for their ease of obtaining, processing and drying, as well as for their good and stable behavior during combustion or gasification. However, in order to use the available resources efficiently, that is, to minimize the material and technical requirements to reduce the energy required for the electricity generation process, biomass obtained in the conditions of logging enterprises must be used locally in order to comply with sustainable forest management methods. This article is aimed at describing various technological alternatives for converting wood chips into electricity and heat, as well as comparing these technologies for use in logging enterprises.

The article considers the possibility of creating a grain drying complex using weed impurities as the main energy carrier at grain processing enterprises. A technological line with selected technological and structural parameters has been developed, which is used for burning weed admixture for heat generation and its further use in the process of grain drying.

The Energy Savings Insurance Program seeks to promote investment in energy efficiency and distributed generation in Latin America, primarily through small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It focuses on developing an innovative scheme of guaranteed energy performance that mitigates project risk and generates investor confidence (ESI Model). The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) facilitates the development of the ESI Program in alliance with the National Development Banks (NDBs). The ESI Model includes a contract for the supply, installation, and maintenance of equipment for generating a stipulated amount of energy or energy savings over a specific time period; validation by an independent body; insurance coverage that backs the savings or the guaranteed energy generation; and project financing. This paper describes the main attributes of the ESI Model (the contract, the insurance, validation and financing), evaluates market potential and the most attractive technologies, and identifies the priority sectors for implementing projects in Chile. The most promising economic sectors were found to be the hospitality industry, food processing industry, grape growing/wine production, and the fishing industry, and the technologies of electric motors, boilers, air conditioning systems and photovoltaic solar generation. In each of these sectors, estimates were made of financing requirements as well as CO2 emission reductions that could be achieved.

The Interactions curriculum and professional development program is designed to support high school teachers in their transition to the physical science Next Generation Science Standards. Through curriculum materials, an online portal for delivering the digital materials, interactive models of molecular phenomena, and educative teacher guide, teachers are able to support students in bridging the gap between macroscopic and sub-microscopic ideas in physical science by focusing on a modeling and explanation-oriented exploration of attractions and energy changes at the atomic level. During the fall semester of the 2015-16 school year, The Learning Partnership conducted a field test of Interactions with eleven teachers who implemented the curriculum across a diverse set of school districts. As part of the field test, The Learning Partnership examined the impact of teachers’ inquiry-based teaching practices on student learning and identification with the scientific enterprise. The results indicate that students had statistically significant growth in learning from the beginning to end of unit 2 and that the extent to which teachers engaged students in inquiry had a positive statistically significant influence on the growth rate and a statistically significant indirect impact on students’ identification with the scientific enterprise.