Дисертації: "Energy efficiency level"

1

Gonzalez, Hernandez Ana. "Site-level resource efficiency analysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284771.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

To achieve agreed targets for reducing global carbon emissions, industry must become more resource-efficient. To this end, two viable strategies exist: energy efficiency and material efficiency. Despite their inherent interdependence, industry continues to treat these two strategies as isolated pursuits, providing in the process only a partial insight into the potential of resource efficiency. To resolve this disconnect, this thesis attempts to develop and apply tools that help integrate industrial energy and material efficiency analyses. Three areas of research are explored. The first is concerned with a fundamental component of industrial performance: efficiency benchmarks. No agreed-upon metric exists to measure the efficiency with which the sector trans- forms both energy and materials - that is, how resource-efficient they are. This thesis applies exergy - a well-established method to consolidate energy and materials into a single metric - to a case study of the global steel industry in 2010. Results show that this exergy-based metric provides a suitable proxy to capture the interactions between energy and materials. By comparing energy and material efficiency options on an equal footing, this metric encourages the recovery of material by-products - an intervention excluded from traditional energy efficiency metrics. To realise resource efficiency opportunities, individual industry firms must be able to identify them at actionable time-frames and scopes. Doing this hinges on understanding resources flows through entire systems, the most detailed knowledge of which resides in control data. No academic study was found to exploit control data to construct an integrated picture of resources that is representative of real operations. In the second research area, control data is extracted to track the resource flows and efficiency of a basic oxygen steel-making plant from TataSteel. This second case study highlights the plant's material efficiency options during operations. It does so by building close-to-real-time Sankey diagrams of resource flows (measured in units of exergy) for the entire plant and its constituent processes. Without the support of effective policies the new exergy approach is unlikely to be widely adopted in industry. By collating evidence from interviews and policy documents, the third area explores why the European Union's industrial energy and emissions policies do not incentivise material efficiency. Results suggest several contributing factors, including: the inadequacy of monitored indicators; an imposed policy lock-in; and the lack of a designated industry lobby and high-level political buy-in. Policy interventions are then proposed to help integrate material efficiency into energy and climate agendas. The European Union's limited agency stresses the need for Member States and industry to drive the move to a low-carbon industry in the short-term.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

2

Sachdeva, Gitanjali. "Measuring and Optimizing Energy Efficiency in Internet Communication : Implementing a Packet-Level Energy Model for Content Delivery Networks." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for telematikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22693.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Green ICT (Information and Communication Technology) aims at reducing the environmental impacts of ICT operations, maximizing energy efficiency and promoting recyclability. The ICT industry is resource intensive with rapidly increasing demands for more infrastructure and power. It is heavily dependent on full-time network connectivity. Therefore, networks play a crucial role in the overall green ICT initiatives. Various research efforts are being made by network equipment manufacturers as well as researchers to promote energy efficiency in the networks. The target of this master thesis is to develop mechanisms that allow measuring the energy consumption in networks and using them to optimize network usage. The thesis implements a packet-level energy accounting model using NS-3 simulator. The main idea is that IP packets collect the information of energy they consume at each hop while traversing a network. This information is later processed to account for the overall network energy consumption.The thesis work analyzes a specific use case of selecting energy-efficient servers in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) to deliver content to end users. The energy model is implemented and tested for different traffic scenarios and sample network topologies. Simulation results show that the model can prove highly useful in the CDN use case. The energy accounting scheme allows end users to choose energy-efficient server alternatives for accessing content over the internet. End users are made aware of their carbon footprint and are able to contribute to green networking.Additionally, there is also a possibility to integrate the model with other network performance metrics such as network throughput in order to increase its usability.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

3

Thucanakkenpalayam, Sundararajan Karthik. "Energy efficient cache architectures for single, multi and many core processors." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9916.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

With each technology generation we get more transistors per chip. Whilst processor frequencies have increased over the past few decades, memory speeds have not kept pace. Therefore, more and more transistors are devoted to on-chip caches to reduce latency to data and help achieve high performance. On-chip caches consume a significant fraction of the processor energy budget but need to deliver high performance. Therefore cache resources should be optimized to meet the requirements of the running applications. Fixed configuration caches are designed to deliver low average memory access times across a wide range of potential applications. However, this can lead to excessive energy consumption for applications that do not require the full capacity or associativity of the cache at all times. Furthermore, in systems where the clock period is constrained by the access times of level-1 caches, the clock frequency for all applications is effectively limited by the cache requirements of the most demanding phase within the most demanding application. This motivates the need for dynamic adaptation of cache configurations in order to optimize performance while minimizing energy consumption, on a per-application basis. First, this thesis proposes an energy-efficient cache architecture for a single core system, along with a run-time support framework for dynamic adaptation of cache size and associativity through the use of machine learning. The machine learning model, which is trained offline, profiles the application’s cache usage and then reconfigures the cache according to the program’s requirement. The proposed cache architecture has, on average, 18% better energy-delay product than the prior state-of-the-art cache architectures proposed in the literature. Next, this thesis proposes cooperative partitioning, an energy-efficient cache partitioning scheme for multi-core systems that share the Last Level Cache (LLC), with a core to LLC cache way ratio of 1:4. The proposed cache partitioning scheme uses small auxiliary tags to capture each core’s cache requirements, and partitions the LLC according to the individual cores cache requirement. The proposed partitioning uses a way-aligned scheme that helps in the reduction of both dynamic and static energy. This scheme, on an average offers 70% and 30% reduction in dynamic and static energy respectively, while maintaining high performance on par with state-of-the-art cache partitioning schemes. Finally, when Last Level Cache (LLC) ways are equal to or less than the number of cores present in many-core systems, cooperative partitioning cannot be used for partitioning the LLC. This thesis proposes a region aware cache partitioning scheme as an energy-efficient approach for many core systems that share the LLC, with a core to LLC way ratio of 1:2 and 1:1. The proposed partitioning, on an average offers 68% and 33% reduction in dynamic and static energy respectively, while again maintaining high performance on par with state-of-the-art LLC cache management techniques.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

4

Stanić, Milan. "Design of energy-efficient vector units for in-order cores." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405647.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

In the last 15 years, power dissipation and energy consumption have become crucial design concerns for almost all computer systems. Technology feature size scaling leads to higher power density and therefore to complex and costly cooling. While power dissipation is critical for high-performance systems such as data centers due to large power usage, for mobile systems battery life is a primary concern. In the low-end mobile processor market, power, energy and area budgets are significantly lower than in the server/desktop/laptop/high-end mobile markets. The ultimate goal in low-end systems is also to increase performance, but only if area/energy budget is not compromised. Vector architectures have been traditionally applied to the supercomputing domain with many successful incarnations. The energy efficiency and high performance of vector processors, as well as their applicability in other emerging domains, encourage pursuing further research on vector architectures. However adding support for them using conventional design incurs area and power overheads that would not be acceptable for low-end mobile processors and also there is a lack of appropriate tools to perform this research. In this thesis, we propose an integrated vector-scalar design for the low-power ARM architecture that mostly reuses scalar hardware to support the execution of vector instructions. The key element of the design is our proposed block-based model of execution that groups vector computational instructions together to execute them in a coordinated manner. We complement this with an advanced integrated design which features three energy-performance efficient ideas: (1) chaining from the memory hierarchy, (2) direct result forwarding and (3) memory shape instructions. This thesis also presents two tools for measuring and analyzing an application suitability for vector microarchitectures. The first tool is VALib, a library that enables hand-crafted vectorization of applications and its main purpose is to collect data for detailed instruction level characterization and to generate input traces for the second tool. The second tool is SimpleVector, a fast trace-driven simulator that is used to estimate the execution time of a vectorized application on a candidate vector microarchitecture. The thesis also evaluates characteristics of Knights Corner processor with simple in-order SIMD cores. Acquired knowledge is applied in the integrated design.
En los últimos 15 años, la potencia disipada y el consumo de energía se han convertido en elementos cruciales del diseño de la práctica totalidad de sistemas de computación. El escalado del tamaño de los transistores conlleva densidades de potencia más altas y, en consecuencia, sistemas de refrigeración más complejos y costosos. Mientras que la potencia disipada es crítica para sistemas de alto rendimiento, como por ejemplo centros de datos, debido a su uso de gran potencia, para sistemas móviles la duración de la batería es la preocupación principal. Para el mercado de procesadores móviles de prestaciones más modestas, los límites permitidos para la potencia, energía y área del chip son significativamente más bajas que para los servidores, ordenadores de sobremesa, portátiles o móviles de gama alta. El objetivo final en sistemas de gama baja es igualmente el de incrementar el rendimiento, pero sólo si el "presupuesto" para energía o área no se ve comprometido. Tradicionalmente, las arquitecturas vectoriales han sido usadas en el ámbito de la supercomputación, con diversas implementaciones exitosas. La eficiencia energética y el alto rendimiento de los procesadores vectoriales, así como que se puedan aplicar a ámbitos emergentes, motivan a continuar la investigación en arquitecturas vectoriales. No obstante, añadir soporte paravectores basado en diseños convencionales conlleva incrementos de potencia y área que no son aceptables para procesadores móviles de gama baja. Además, no existen herramientas apropiadas para realizar esta investigación. En esta tesis, proponemos un diseño integrado vectorial-escalar para arquitecturas ARM de bajo consumo, que principalmente reutiliza el hardware escalar ya presente en el procesador para implementar el soporte de ejecución de instrucciones vectoriales. El elemento clave del diseño es nuestro modelo de ejecución por bloques propuesto en la tesis, que agrupa instrucciones de cómputo vectorial para ejecutarlas de manera coordinada. Complementamos esto con un diseño integrado avanzado que implementa tres ideas para incrementar el rendimiento eficientemente en cuanto a la energía consumida: (1) encadenamiento (chaining) desde la jerarquía de memoria, (2) reenvío (forwarding) directo de los resultados, y (3) instrucciones de memoria "shape", con patrones de acceso complejos. Además, esta tesis presenta dos herramientas para medir y analizar lo apropiado de usar microarquitecturas vectoriales para una aplicación. La primera herramienta es VALib, una biblioteca que permite la vectorización manual de aplicaciones, cuyo propósito principal es el de recolectar datos para una caracterización detallada a nivel de instrucción, así como el de generar trazas para la segunda herramienta, SimpleVector. SimpleVector es un simulador rápido basado en trazas que estima el tiempo de ejecución de una aplicación vectorial en la microarquitectura vectorial candidata. Finalmente, la tesis también evalúa las características del procesador Knight's Corner, con unidades SIMD en orden sencillas. Lo aprendido en estos análisis se ha aplicado en el diseño integrado.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

5

Sin, Heung Gweon. "Field Evaluation Methodology for Quantifying Network-wide Efficiency, Energy, Emission, and Safety Impacts of Operational-level Transportation Projects." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29124.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This thesis presents a proposed methodology for the field evaluation of the efficiency, energy, environmental, and safety impacts of traffic-flow improvement projects. The methodology utilizes Global Positioning System (GPS) second-by-second speed measurements using fairly inexpensive GPS units to quantify the impacts of traffic-flow improvement projects on the efficiency, energy, and safety of a transportation network. It should be noted that the proposed methodology is incapable of isolating the effects of induced demand and is not suitable for estimating long-term impacts of such projects that involve changes in land-use. Instead, the proposed methodology can quantify changes in traffic behavior and changes in travel demand. This thesis, also, investigates the ability of various data smoothing techniques to remove such erroneous data without significantly altering the underlying vehicle speed profile. Several smoothing techniques are then applied to the acceleration profile, including data trimming, Simple Exponential smoothing, Double Exponential smoothing, Epanechnikov Kernel smoothing, Robust Kernel smoothing, and Robust Simple Exponential Smoothing. The results of the analysis indicate that the application of Robust smoothing (Kernel of Exponential) to vehicle acceleration levels, combined with a technique to minimize the difference between the integral of the raw and smoothed acceleration profiles, removes invalid GPS data without significantly altering the underlying measured speed profile The methodology has been successfully applied to two case studies provided insights as to the potential benefits of coordinating traffic signals across jurisdictional boundaries. More importantly two case studies demonstrate the feasibility of using GPS second-by-second speed measurements for the evaluation of operational-level traffic flow improvement projects. To identify any statistically significant differences in traffic demand along two case study corridors before and after traffic signal condition, tube counts and turning counts were collected and analyzed using ANOVA technique. The ANOVA results of turning volume counts indicated that there is no statistically significant difference in turning volumes between the before and after conditions. Furthermore, the ANOVA results of tube counts also confirmed that there did not appear to be a statistically significant difference (5 percent level of significance) in the tube counts between the before and after conditions.
Ph. D.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

6

Oner, Basak. "Promoting Energy Efficiency In Turkey In The Light Of Best Practices At The Level Of European Union And Selected Member States: Denmark And Germany." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606822/index.pdf.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The aim of this thesis is to suggest the ways of promoting energy efficiency in Turkey in the light of best practices at the level of European Union and most energy efficient Member States, Denmark and Gremany. This thesis provides a critical evaluation of Turkish energy efficiency policies in transmission, distribution and consumption stages of energy by pointing out their weaknesses. The evaluations highlight the fact that Turkey has substantial energy saving potential in electricity distribution grids and end-use sectors. The EU, Danish and German experiences demonstrate that the greatest energy efficiency improvement could be achieved in industry sector. By taking these experiences and the problems of Turkey into consideration, this thesis recommends possible measures. It is concluded that, when the energy efficiency potential is evaluated, primarily attention could be paid to industry sector.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

7

Kuolt, Harald, Tim Kampowski, Simon Poppinga, Thomas Speck, Atena Moosavi, Ralf Tautenhahn, Jürgen Weber, Felix Gabriel, Erika Pierri, and Klaus Dröder. "Increase of energy efficiency in vacuum handling systems based on biomimetic principles." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71213.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Vacuum handling is a widespread technology in automated production systems for gripping of workpieces. Unfortunately, this solution accounts for a considerable share of industrial energy consumption. This consumption is mainly due to the losses in the involved steps like air compression, distribution, vacuum generation and gripper suction. However, the energy efficiency of vacuum handling systems is still relatively unexplored. The consortium partners are working together in the BiVaS project, which is funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). In this project, the drawback of high energy consumption is approached by the development of an energyefficient ejector, a biomimetic suction gripper as well as on system integration and the development of energy-efficient operating strategies and their energetic balancing in order to reduce the consumption of compressed air by 20 %. This reduction will be quantified experimentally in a pilot plant benchmark, where a realistic handling process is developed and examined. This paper shows the state of the art focusing on energy consumption of vacuum handling technology and the behaviour of the involved components during different handling operations. Furthermore, first biomimetic concepts and an estimation of the increase of energy efficiency will be presented for the running project.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

8

SILVA, Gabriel Santana da. "Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de novilhos mestiços leiteiros submetidos a dietas com diferentes níveis de concentrado." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2012. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6753.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-11T13:19:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Santana da Silva.pdf: 742973 bytes, checksum: 747cb64f302ff9ce86e6e8d39b493166 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T13:19:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Santana da Silva.pdf: 742973 bytes, checksum: 747cb64f302ff9ce86e6e8d39b493166 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-23
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of diets with increasing levels of concentrate (17.0, 34.0, 51.0, 68.0) on consumption, digestibility, performance, physical characteristics and commercialization of the carcass of 25 crossbred steers Of dairy breeds, with no defined blood level, in confinement. A completely randomized design was used. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. Dry matter intake (CMS) increased linearly; The consumption of the other nutrients consumed the same behavior, except for the consumption of neutral detergent fiber and acid (NDF and FDA), which were influenced linearly and negatively. (P> 0.001), and positive for the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), NDF, crude protein (CP), ethereal extract (EE), organic matter (OM) and carbohydrates Non-fibrous (CNF). Final body weights (PCF) were not influenced. However, total and average daily weight gains added 1.16 kg and 9.90 g for each 1% increase in concentrate, respectively. The empty body weight (PCVZ), warm carcass weight (PCARQ) and cold carcass weight (PCARF) responded linearly to the increase in concentrate. The warm carcass yields (RCARQ); Cold carcass yield (RCARF); (GPCVZ) and carcass (GCAR) gains were also influenced positively and linearly, in the same way as carcass deposition efficiency (EDCAR) and carcass deposition rate (TXCAR). The increase in concentrate levels increased the consumption and digestibility of dry matter and other nutrients, improving food efficiency, performance and physical characteristics of the carcass, however, influencing linearly and negatively the economic return.
Objetivou-se investigar a influência do fornecimento de dietas com crescentes níveis de concentrado (17,0; 34,0; 51,0; 68,0) sobre consumo, digestibilidade, desempenho, características físicas e de comercialização da carcaça de 25 novilhos mestiços de raças leiteiras, sem grau de sangue definido, em confinamento. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de variância e regressão. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) aumentou linearmente; o consumo dos demais consumos dos nutrientes seguiu o mesmo comportamento, com exceção dos consumos de fibra em detergente neutro e ácido (FDN e FDA), que foram influenciados linear e negativamente. Foi verificada influência linear, altamente significativa (P>0,001), e positiva para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, (MS), FDN, proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria orgânica (MO) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). Os pesos corporais finais (PCF) não foram influenciados. No entanto, os ganhos de peso total e médio diário acrescentaram 1,16 Kg e 9,90 g para cada aumento de 1% de concentrado, respectivamente. O peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ), peso de carcaça quente (PCARQ) e peso de carcaça fria (PCARF) responderam linearmente ao aumento de concentrado. Os rendimentos de carcaça quente (RCARQ); rendimento de carcaça fria (RCARF); ganhos de peso corporal vazio (GPCVZ) e de carcaça (GCAR) também foram influenciados positiva e linearmente, da mesma forma que a eficiência de deposição de carcaça (EDCAR) e taxa de deposição de carcaça (TXCAR). O acréscimo dos níveis de concentrado aumentou o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca e demais nutrientes, melhorando a eficiência alimentar, o desempenho e as características físicas da carcaça, no entanto, influenciando linear e negativamente o retorno econômico.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

9

Луцик, Тарас Миколайович. "Підвищення точності визначення класу енергетичної ефективності будівель на стадії проектування". Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/46781.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Актуальнicть теми. В даній роботі ми визначаємо клас енергоефективності для будівлі на стадії проектування і визначаємо методики для полегшення створення сертифікату енергоефективності будівлі на стадії проектування, для чіткого розуміння порівняння методики енергозбереження будівлі на стадії проектування і збудованої будівлі і для вибору найбільш оптимальної методики енергозбереження будівлі. Енергетична ефективність будівель визначається відповідно до методики, що розробляється з урахуванням вимог актів законодавства Європейського Союзу, Енергетичного Співтовариства, гармонізованих європейських стандартів у сфері енергетичної ефективності будівель та затверджується центральним органом виконавчої влади, що забезпечує формування державної політики у сфері будівництва. Під час проведення розрахунку енергетичної ефективності будівель може використовуватися програмне забезпечення для визначення енергетичної ефективності будівель, всі розрахункові елементи якого відповідають вимогам методики визначення енергетичної ефективності будівель та застосовуються у порядку, встановленому центральним органом виконавчої влади, що забезпечує формування державної політики у сфері будівництва. У процесі визначення енергетичної ефективності будівель обов’язково враховується інформація про: 1) місцеві кліматичні умови; 2) функціональне призначення, архітектурно-планувальне та конструктивне рішення будівлі; 3) геометричні (враховуючи розташування та орієнтацію огороджувальних конструкцій), теплотехнічні та енергетичні характеристики будівлі, а також енергетичний баланс будівлі; 4) нормативні санітарно-гігієнічні та мікрокліматичні умови приміщень будівлі; 5) нормативний строк експлуатації огороджувальних конструкцій та елементів (у тому числі обладнання) інженерних систем; 6) технічні характеристики інженерних систем; 7) використання відновлюваних джерел енергії, пасивних сонячних систем та систем захисту від сонця, а також енергії, виробленої шляхом когенерації. Особливості визначення енергетичної ефективності будівлі, приміщення якої мають різне функціональне призначення, встановлюються методикою, описаною в законі України про енергетичну ефективнсть. Тема дослідження. Підвищення точності визначення класу енергетичної ефективності будівель на стадії проектування. Мета дослідження: підвищення достовірності сертифікатів енергетичної ефективності будівель на стадії проектування. Завдання дослідження: 1. Аналіз нормативних вимог до енергетичного сертифікату будівель і споруд . 2. Аналіз нормативних вимог щодо класів енергетичної ефективності та особливості до складання енергетичних сертифікатів в Україні. 3. Аналіз методики визначення класу енергетичної ефективності будівель та споруд. 4. Співставний аналіз методів розрахунку класів енергетичної ефективності побудованої будівлі та будівлі на стадії проектування. 5. Визначення особливостей розрахування класу енергетичної ефективності будівлі на стадії проектування Об’єктом дослідження є процес сертифікації будівель щодо рівня енергоефективності. Предмет дослідження: методи визначення рівня енергетичної ефективності будівель та споруд. Методи дослідження. Розробки і дослідження проводилися на основі визначення класу енергоефективності збудованої будівлі та будівлі на стадії проектування і складання сертифікату . Елементи наукової новизни одержаних результатів. 1. На основі аналізу нормативних вимог до енергетичного сертифікату будівель ми вдосконалили методику розрахунку енергетичного сертифікату, що надає змогу підвищити точність розрахунку енергетичного сертифікату. 2. На основі проведеного співставного аналізу методів розрахунку класів енергетичної ефективності побудованої будівлі та будівлі на стадії проектування ми визначили особливості розрахування класу енергетичної ефективності будівлі на стадії проектування, що надало змогу підвищити достовірність енергетичних сертифікатів на стадії проектування. Практичне значення одержаних результатів. Дослідження, що було проведене в роботі може бути використане: - для полегшення створення сертифікату енергоефективності будівлі на стадії проектування; - для чіткого розуміння порівняння методики енергозбереження будівлі на стадії проектування і збудованої будівлі; - для вибору найбільш оптимальної методики енергозбереження будівлі.
Relevance of the topic. In this paper we define the energy efficiency class for a building at the design stage and define methods to facilitate the creation of a building energy efficiency certificate at the design stage, to clearly understand the comparison of building energy saving techniques at the design stage and constructed building and to choose the best energy saving method. Energy efficiency of buildings is determined in accordance with the methodology developed taking into account the requirements of European Union legislation, the Energy Community, harmonized European standards in the field of energy efficiency of buildings and approved by the central executive body for state policy in construction. When calculating the energy efficiency of buildings can be used software to determine the energy efficiency of buildings, all elements of which meet the requirements of the methodology for determining the energy efficiency of buildings and are used in the manner prescribed by the central executive body. In the process of determining the energy efficiency of buildings, information on: 1) local climatic conditions; 2) functional purpose, architectural-planning and constructive decision of the building; 3) geometric (taking into account the location and orientation of enclosing structures), thermal and energy characteristics of the building, as well as the energy balance of the building; 4) normative sanitary-hygienic and microclimatic conditions of the building premises; 5) standard service life of fencing structures and elements (including equipment) of engineering systems; 6) technical characteristics of engineering systems; 7) use of renewable energy sources, passive solar systems and solar protection systems, as well as energy produced by cogeneration. Peculiarities of determining the energy efficiency of a building, the premises of which have different functional purposes, are established by the method described in the Law of Ukraine on Energy Efficiency. Research topic. Improving the accuracy of determining the energy efficiency class of buildings at the design stage. The purpose of the study: to increase the reliability of energy performance certificates of buildings at the design stage. Objectives of the study: 1. Analysis of regulatory requirements for the energy certificate of buildings and structures. 2. Analysis of regulatory requirements for energy efficiency classes and features of energy certificates in Ukraine 3. Analysis of the methodology for determining the energy efficiency class of buildings and structures. 4. Comparative analysis of methods for calculating energy efficiency classes of the constructed building and the building at the design stage. 5. Determining the features of calculating the energy efficiency class of the building at the design stage The object of research is the process of certification of buildings on the level of energy efficiency. Subject of research: methods for determining the level of energy efficiency of buildings and structures. Research methods. Developments and researches were carried out on the basis of definition of a class of energy efficiency of the constructed building and the building at a stage of designing and drawing up of the certificate. The practical significance of the results obtained. The research conducted in this work can be used: - to facilitate the creation of a certificate of energy efficiency of the building at the design stage; - for a clear understanding of the comparison of the method of energy saving of the building at the design stage and the constructed building; - to choose the most optimal method of energy saving the building.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

10

Sharabaroff, Alexander M. "An Assessment of the Impact of the Deregulation of the Electric Power Sector in the U.S. on the Efficiency of Electricity Generation and the Level of Emissions Attributed to Electricity Generation." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1210903115.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

11

Choi, Hyunsu. "INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON URBAN TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180491.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

12

Friedman, Kayla Simone. "Examining English planning as a barrier to the thermal improvement of conservation properties." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284392.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This dissertation examines why planning is perceived as a barrier to the thermal improvement of conservation properties, and considers ways in which this might be addressed. The focus on thermal improvement is derived from a survey of UK scenario literature for energy management up to 2050. A further examination of the literature finds that conservation properties are particularly in need of thermal improvement; and barriers to thermal improvement are identified. A gap in the academic knowledge is found that identifies planning as a perceived barrier, but that there is no investigation of this widely held perception. The research question is therefore developed as, 'Why is English planning perceived as a barrier to the thermal improvement of conservation properties and how can it be addressed?' The dissertation methodology uses a pragmatic mixed-methods approach and research design. The first phase of the research examines 'Why planning is perceived as a barrier', by using surveys and interviews to gather evidence of the experiences and opinions of the multiple users of planning for conservation projects. Through this work, a lack of consistency and reliability in English planning is identified. The data suggests this may be due to the discretionary and fragmented nature of the English planning system which requires local authorities to interpret national policies and develop local plans and guidance. This results in local decision-making, which may not be consistent. Additionally, the research finds a perceived lack of strong national policy and guidance. This perceived lack of consistency and reliability in the application of planning is selected as the basis for validation phase of the dissertation research findings. The validation research seeks to test the perception of a lack of consistency and reliability through a Comparative Information Quality assessment adapted and developed from the discipline of Information Management. Online planning guidance for conservation projects provided by 13 London Councils is compared. The method confirms and highlights areas of inconsistency across the Councils' planning guidance. By identifying a number of areas of inconsistency, and by providing a tool that could help to ensure that policy is delivered consistently at the local level, this component of the research addresses the second part of the research question, 'How can the planning barrier be addressed?'. In conclusion, the dissertation suggests that planning is perceived as a barrier due to a lack of consistency and reliability in the planning process. Inconsistencies are identified and a recommendation is made for how these might be reduced.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

13

Raymond, Alexander William. "Investigation of microparticle to system level phenomena in thermally activated adsorption heat pumps." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34682.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Heat actuated adsorption heat pumps offer the opportunity to improve overall energy efficiency in waste heat applications by eliminating shaft work requirements accompanying vapor compression cycles. The coefficient of performance (COP) in adsorption heat pumps is generally low. The objective of this thesis is to model the adsorption system to gain critical insight into how its performance can be improved. Because adsorption heat pumps are intermittent devices, which induce cooling by adsorbing refrigerant in a sorption bed heat/mass exchanger, transient models must be used to predict performance. In this thesis, such models are developed at the adsorbent particle level, heat/mass exchanger component level and system level. Adsorption heat pump modeling is a coupled heat and mass transfer problem. Intra-particle mass transfer resistance and sorption bed heat transfer resistance are shown to be significant, but for very fine particle sizes, inter-particle resistance may also be important. The diameter of the adsorbent particle in a packed bed is optimized to balance inter- and intra-particle resistances and improve sorption rate. In the literature, the linear driving force (LDF) approximation for intra-particle mass transfer is commonly used in place of the Fickian diffusion equation to reduce computation time; however, it is shown that the error in uptake prediction associated with the LDF depends on the working pair, half-cycle time, adsorbent particle radius, and operating temperatures at hand. Different methods for enhancing sorption bed heat/mass transfer have been proposed in the literature including the use of binders, adsorbent compacting, and complex extended surface geometries. To maintain high reliability, the simple, robust annular-finned-tube geometry with packed adsorbent is specified in this work. The effects of tube diameter, fin pitch and fin height on thermal conductance, metal/adsorbent mass ratio and COP are studied. As one might expect, many closely spaced fins, or high fin density, yields high thermal conductance; however, it is found that the increased inert metal mass associated with the high fin density diminishes COP. It is also found that thin adsorbent layers with low effective conduction resistance lead to high thermal conductance. As adsorbent layer thickness decreases, the relative importance of tube-side convective resistance rises, so mini-channel sized tubes are used. After selecting the proper tube geometry, an overall thermal conductance is calculated for use in a lumped-parameter sorption bed simulation. To evaluate the accuracy of the lumped-parameter approach, a distributed parameter sorption bed simulation is developed for comparison. Using the finite difference method, the distributed parameter model is used to track temperature and refrigerant distributions in the finned tube and adsorbent layer. The distributed-parameter tube model is shown to be in agreement with the lumped-parameter model, thus independently verifying the overall UA calculation and the lumped-parameter sorption bed model. After evaluating the accuracy of the lumped-parameter model, it is used to develop a system-level heat pump simulation. This simulation is used to investigate a non-recuperative two-bed heat pump containing activated carbon fiber-ethanol and silica gel-water working pairs. The two-bed configuration is investigated because it yields a desirable compromise between the number of components (heat exchangers, pumps, valves, etc.) and steady cooling rate. For non-recuperative two-bed adsorption heat pumps, the average COP prediction in the literature is 0.39 for experiments and 0.44 for models. It is important to improve the COP in mobile waste heat applications because without high COP, the available waste heat during startup or idle may be insufficient to deliver the desired cooling duty. In this thesis, a COP of 0.53 is predicted for the non-recuperative, silica gel-water chiller. If thermal energy recovery is incorporated into the cycle, a COP as high as 0.64 is predicted for a 90, 35 and 7.0°C source, ambient and average evaporator temperature, respectively. The improvement in COP over heat pumps appearing in the literature is attributed to the adsorbent particle size optimization and careful selection of sorption bed heat exchanger geometry.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

14

Lin, Yu Colin, and 林郁. "ArchSyn: an energy-efficient FPGA high-level synthesizer." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49799599.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Due to their high potential performance and reduced energy and power consumption, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are widely used as accelerators for today’s computationally intensive applications. These applications use advanced algorithms more sophisticated than ever before. The high design complexity along with fast development process challenges the traditional FPGA design methodology using hardware description languages. High-level synthesis accelerates design implementation by raising the level of design abstraction beyond register transfer level. This dissertation work develops a highly energy-efficient FPGA high-level synthesis tool, ArchSyn, using an application-specific coarse-grain architecture as an intermediate synthesis step. ArchSyn provides rapid and energy-efficient compilation of dataflow graphs (DFGs) on FPGAs by scheduling the dataflow operations on an array of directly connected simple configurable processing elements (CPEs). Each CPE in the array performs primitive compute operations according to a small local sequencer at each cycle. Data are communicated via multi-hop routing within the direct interconnect network. The scheduler schedules each compute operation of the DFG obtained from the high-level design to execute on a particular hardware CPE at a particular cycle. It also determines the communication schedule of the intermediate data among the producing and consuming CPEs, optionally buffering them with distributed memory along the path. As such, the lengthy process of synthesizing a full custom hardware design on FPGA is reduced to a scheduling and mapping process. By restricting the fine-grain programmability into a coarse grain processor network scheduling problem, the compilation time can be improved substantially, thereby improving the overall productivity of the designer. Furthermore, taking advantage of the programmability of FPGAs, the effect of the array interconnect architecture on the energy-efficiency of the resulting system is studied. By altering the array configuration, the data communication scheme among the CPEs must also be changed. This has a net effect on both the energy consumption spent on data movement as well as on the overall compute performance. It is shown that by using array topology that is customized to the input DFG, up to 28% improvement in energy-efficiency could be achieved. An exploratory framework based on a genetic algorithm was developed that allows us to obtain such application-specific connection network. Such degree of customization is possible only with the programmability of FPGAs. Moreover, such topology adaptation can be achieved rapidly as only routings between a fixed set of pre-placed CPEs are required. Implementations using ArchSyn and an existing FPGA compilation tool xPilot were compared. ArchSyn gave a 2X better energy consumption and a 11X better energy-delay product for computation with very regular and simple data dependency. For computation with irregular data dependency, the energy consumption and energy-delay product improvement was 9.6X and 199X.
published_or_final_version
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

15

McCloud, Matthew. "Cost-effective levels of energy efficiency in manufactured homes." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2001. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/233.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Engineering
Industrial Engineering and Management Systems

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

16

Teng, Sin Yong. "Intelligent Energy-Savings and Process Improvement Strategies in Energy-Intensive Industries." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433427.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

S tím, jak se neustále vyvíjejí nové technologie pro energeticky náročná průmyslová odvětví, stávající zařízení postupně zaostávají v efektivitě a produktivitě. Tvrdá konkurence na trhu a legislativa v oblasti životního prostředí nutí tato tradiční zařízení k ukončení provozu a k odstavení. Zlepšování procesu a projekty modernizace jsou zásadní v udržování provozních výkonů těchto zařízení. Současné přístupy pro zlepšování procesů jsou hlavně: integrace procesů, optimalizace procesů a intenzifikace procesů. Obecně se v těchto oblastech využívá matematické optimalizace, zkušeností řešitele a provozní heuristiky. Tyto přístupy slouží jako základ pro zlepšování procesů. Avšak, jejich výkon lze dále zlepšit pomocí moderní výpočtové inteligence. Účelem této práce je tudíž aplikace pokročilých technik umělé inteligence a strojového učení za účelem zlepšování procesů v energeticky náročných průmyslových procesech. V této práci je využit přístup, který řeší tento problém simulací průmyslových systémů a přispívá následujícím: (i)Aplikace techniky strojového učení, která zahrnuje jednorázové učení a neuro-evoluci pro modelování a optimalizaci jednotlivých jednotek na základě dat. (ii) Aplikace redukce dimenze (např. Analýza hlavních komponent, autoendkodér) pro vícekriteriální optimalizaci procesu s více jednotkami. (iii) Návrh nového nástroje pro analýzu problematických částí systému za účelem jejich odstranění (bottleneck tree analysis – BOTA). Bylo také navrženo rozšíření nástroje, které umožňuje řešit vícerozměrné problémy pomocí přístupu založeného na datech. (iv) Prokázání účinnosti simulací Monte-Carlo, neuronové sítě a rozhodovacích stromů pro rozhodování při integraci nové technologie procesu do stávajících procesů. (v) Porovnání techniky HTM (Hierarchical Temporal Memory) a duální optimalizace s několika prediktivními nástroji pro podporu managementu provozu v reálném čase. (vi) Implementace umělé neuronové sítě v rámci rozhraní pro konvenční procesní graf (P-graf). (vii) Zdůraznění budoucnosti umělé inteligence a procesního inženýrství v biosystémech prostřednictvím komerčně založeného paradigmatu multi-omics.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

17

Andrei, Alexandru. "Energy Efficient and Predictable Design of Real-Time Embedded Systems." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköpings universitet, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9770.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

18

Young, Stephen Alexander. "Multi-level Control Architecture and Energy Efficient Docking for Cooperative Unmanned Air Vehicles." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31192.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

In recent years, significant progress has been made in improving the performance of unmanned air vehicles in terms of aerodynamic performance, endurance, autonomy, and the capability of on-board sensor packages. UAVs are now a vital part of both military actions and scientific research efforts. One of the newest classes of UAV is the high altitude long endurance or HALE UAV. This thesis considers the high-level control problem for a unique HALE mission involving cooperative solar powered UAVs. Specifically addressed is energy efficient path planning for vehicles that physically link together in flight to form a larger, more energy efficient HALE vehicle. Energy efficient docking is developed for the case of multiple vehicles at high altitude with negligible wind. The analysis considers a vehicle governed by a kinematic motion model with bounded turn rate in planar constant altitude flight. Docking is demonstrated using a platform-in-the-loop simulator which was developed to allow virtual networked vehicles to perform decentralized path planning and estimation of all vehicle states. Vehicle behavior is governed by a status which is commanded by a master computer and communication between vehicles is intermittent depending on each vehicleâ s assessment of situational awareness. Docking results in a larger vehicle that consumes energy at 21% of the rate of an individual vehicle and increases vehicle range by a factor of three without considering solar recharging.
Master of Science

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

19

Olsson, Stefan. "Building renovation processes towards low greenhouse gas emissions and energy use." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192888.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Buildings from the record year era are now 40 – 55 years old and in many cases in need of extensive renovation measures. This need for renovation could be seen as an opportunity to achieve overarching sustainability target levels and to perform renovation with a holistic approach. This thesis aims at creating support for the formulation and achievement of adequate environmental targets that relate to overarching Swedish Environmental Quality Objectives. The overall aim of the thesis is to contribute to an understanding of the current situation of environmental management in renovation processes. The scope of this thesis is limited to the aspects energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy use and material production. This thesis contributes to this aim with a stepwise procedure for evaluation of measures together with a proposal for target levels for three environmental aspects. The first paper appended to this thesis investigates how six Swedish property owners performed renovation projects. From this paper it can be concluded that the main barrier (except economic ones) are characterized by lack of knowledge about overarching objectives and what aspects define a sustainable built environment. The second paper assesses embodied GHG emissions due to material production for the totality of measures needed to reduce operational energy demand per unit heated floor area by 50% compared with 1995. On a national level, embodied GHG emissions are estimated to be 12% of the reduction of GHG emissions achieved by operational energy demand reduction. The final paper appended to this thesis uses a case study building to illustrate a working procedure to identify project-specific target levels for three environmental aspects. In addition, it identifies indicative improvements necessary for the achievement of long-term targets for those aspects, which could be focused and further investigated in later project stages with the help of a long-term plan of action.

QC 20160926

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

20

Hensel, Burkhard. "Einstellung von PI-Reglern bei Send-on-Delta-Abtastung." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-231478.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Energieeffizienz hat in Forschung und Alltag eine zentrale Bedeutung. Arbeiten verschiedene elektronische Geräte zusammen, um gemeinsam eine Regelungsaufgabe zu lösen, müssen sie miteinander kommunizieren. Ein Beispiel aus dem Alltag sind Funk-Raumtemperaturregler, bei denen ein batteriebetriebener Temperatursensor und ein Heizungsaktor (Stellantrieb am Heizungsventil) über drahtlose Kommunikation zusammenarbeiten. Diese Kommunikation benötigt oft mehr Energie als der Betrieb der eigentlichen (elektronischen) Funktionalität der Teilsysteme. Energieeffizienter als die in Regelkreisen übliche periodische (äquidistante) Abtastung ist – durch eine Verringerung der Nachrichtenrate – eine ereignisbasierte Abtastung. Send-on-Delta-Abtastung ist die am weitesten verbreitete Art der ereignisbasierten Abtastung. Dabei wird der Wert der Regelgröße (im Beispiel die Raumtemperatur) nicht in konstanten Zeitintervallen übertragen, sondern nur dann, wenn er sich um einen bestimmten Betrag geändert hat. Der mit einem Anteil von über 90 % im Praxiseinsatz am weitesten verbreitete Reglertyp ist der PID-Regler, wobei die meisten als „PID-Regler“ bezeichneten Regler aus verschiedenen Gründen keinen D-Anteil (Differential-Anteil) verwenden und daher als „PI-Regler“ bezeichnet werden können. Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, systematisch zu untersuchen, wie man PI-Regler einstellen sollte, um neben dem Erreichen einer hohen Regelgüte auch die Vorteile der Send-on-Delta-Abtastung bezüglich der Netzlastreduktion und Energieeffizienz bestmöglich auszunutzen. Die „Gewichtung“ dieser sich teilweise widersprechenden Kriterien ist anwendungsspezifisch einstellbar
Energy efficiency is very important both in science and everyday life. If different electronic devices work together, for example for solving a control task together, they have to communicate with each other. An everyday life example are room temperature controllers using radio communication between a battery-powered temperature sensor and a heating actuator. This communication often needs more energy than the operation of the actual (electronic) functionality of the components. More energy-efficient than the commonly used periodic sampling is event-based sampling, due to the reduction of the message rate. Send-on-delta sampling is the most widely-known kind of event-based sampling. In that case, the value of the controlled variable (e.g. the room temperature) is not transmitted equidistantly but only when it has changed by a specific amount. The most successful controller in practice is the PID controller. The most so-called “PID controllers” do not use the D part (differential action) for several reasons and can therefore be called “PI controllers”. This work analyses systematically how the parameters of a PI controller should be tuned to reach besides a high control quality also a good exploitation of the advantages of send-on-delta sampling regarding network load reduction and energy efficiency. The “weighting” of these partially contradicting criteria is application specifically adjustable

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

21

Rutzig, Mateus Beck. "A transparent and energy aware reconfigurable multiprocessor platform for efficient ILP and TLP exploitation." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/37178.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

As the number of embedded applications is increasing, the current strategy of several companies is to launch a new platform within short periods, to execute the application set more efficiently, with low energy consumption. However, for each new platform deployment, new tool chains must come along, with additional libraries, debuggers and compilers. This strategy implies in high hardware redesign costs, breaks binary compatibility and results in a high overhead in the software development process. Therefore, focusing on area savings, low energy consumption, binary compatibility maintenance and mainly software productivity improvement, we propose the exploitation of Custom Reconfigurable Arrays for Multiprocessor System (CReAMS). CReAMS is composed of multiple adaptive reconfigurable systems to efficiently explore Instruction and Thread Level Parallelism (ILP and TLP) at hardware level, in a totally transparent fashion. Conceived as homogeneous organization, CReAMS shows a reduction of 37% in energy-delay product (EDP) compared to an ordinary multiprocessing platform when assuming the same chip area. When a variety of processor with different capabilities on exploiting ILP are coupled in a single die, conceiving CReAMS as a heterogeneous organization, performance improvements of up to 57% and energy savings of up to 36% are showed in comparison with the homogenous platform. In addition, the efficiency of the adaptability provided by CReAMS is demonstrated in a comparison to a multiprocessing system composed of 4- issue Out-of-Order SparcV8 processors, 28% of performance improvements are shown considering a power budget scenario.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

22

Stefanek, Anton. "A high-level framework for efficient computation of performance : energy trade-offs in Markov population models." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/23931.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Internet scale applications such as search engines and social networks run their services on large-scale data centres consisting of tens of thousands of servers. These systems have to cope with explosive and highly variable user demand and maintain a high level of performance. At the same time, the energy consumption of a data centre is one of the major contributors to its operational cost. This embodies the performance-energy trade-off problem. We need to find configurations which minimise the energy consumed in running important applications in complex environments, but which also allow those applications to run reliably and fast. In this thesis, we develop a general performance--energy analysis framework that can be used to express complex behaviour in communicating systems and provide a rapid analysis of performance and energy goals. It is intended that this framework can be used both at design time to predict long-run performance and energy consumption of an application in a large execution environment; and at run time to make short-term predictions given current conditions of the environment. In both cases the rapid model analysis permits detailed what-if scenarios to be tested without the need for expensive experiments or time-consuming simulations. The major contributions of this thesis are: (i) development of the Population Continuous-Time Markov Chain (PCTMC) representation as a low-level abstraction for very large performance models, (ii) development of rapid ODE analysis techniques to compute performance-based Service Level Agreements (SLA) and reward-based energy metrics in PCTMCs, (iii) hybrid extension of PCTMCs that allows models to incorporate continuous variables such as temperature and that permits the specification of systems with time-varying workloads, (iv) an extension of the GPEPA process algebra that can support session-based synchronisation between agents and that can be mapped to PCTMCs, thus giving access to the rapid ODE analysis. We support the framework with a software tool GPA, which implements all the described formalisms and analysis techniques.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

23

Du, Plessis J. J. P. (Johannes Jacobus Pieter). "The effect of different dietary levels of energy and protein on the production and body composition of broiler breeders." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51966.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A flock of 500 Hybro broiler breeders were employed to study the effect of different levels of protein and energy on production and body composition. The daily lysine intake of the birds were 900, 1050, 1200 and 1350 mg respectively, each fed in diets with a daily energy intake of 1800 and 2000 kJ ME to provide a 4 x 2 factorial design. Lysine was used as the reference amino acid in the experiment and all other amino acids were kept in a constant ratio in every experimental diet. The total production was divided into 3 periods of 13 weeks each (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 and week 49 - 61) to determine the effect of the treatments over time. Production was evaluated by hen day production; egg weight (g/egg); egg mass (g/day); fertility; hatchability; chicks/hen/week; feed conversion and day old chick weight. Hen day production was significantly (P < 0,05) lower at the high energy intake for period week 49 to 61. Energy and protein levels significantly increased egg weight. Effect of protein was consistent during all three periods of production. Egg mass output had a significant (P < 0,05) response to increasing levels of protein for the total period of production. The birds on the high energy diet produced a significant higher egg mass per hen during the first period of production (week 23 - 35). Hatchability was reduced (P < 0,05) by the higher energy intake for the total period of production and this effect was very significant (P < 0,01) during the final period of production. Similar to hen day production, the higher energy had a significant (P < 0,05) negative effect on the amount of chicks produced. The well-known correlation between egg weight and chick weight was confirmed with the regression equation: Chick weight = 10,5 + 1,22 x Egg weight. Both energy and protein had a significant (P < 0,01) positive effect on chick weight. The feed conversion was lower at increasing levels of amino acid intake (P < 0,01). Higher energy intake significantly (P < 0,05) increased hen weight and protein had a very significant effect during the first period of production (P < 0,01). The isotope dilution technique (tritiated water) was used to estimate the body composition of the breeders. This was done at 5 different periods (week 27, 35, 43, 52 and 61) of the production period to establish changes in requirements over time. Significant correlation were found between carcass moisture and waterspace (R2 = 0,76); fat % and carcass moisture (R2 = 0,78); protein % and waterspace (R2 = 0,35) and fat % and waterspace (R2 = 0,46). The regression equations obtained from these correlation were employed to determine excess energy and lysine consumed at different ages. Energy requirements were calculated according to the effective energy (EE) system and the conventional ME system. According to effective energy the lower energy intake was not sufficient and the maximum requirement was calculated to be 1942 kj EE/day. The metabolizable energy calculations indicated sufficient intakes at every treatment with the maximum requirement 1746 kj ME/day. The lysine requirement was found to be in excess of 1050 mg lysine per day. The recommendation for daily lysine intake is 1200 mg/day and the energy intake of breeders should be 1900 to 2000 kj ME/day from week 23 to 35 and can be reduced to 1800 kj ME/day in the final period of production.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om die effek van verskillende vlakke energie en proteïen op produksie en liggaamsamestelling te ondersoek is 'n trop van 500 Hybro braaikuiken teelouers gebruik. Die daaglikse lisien inname van die henne was onderskeidelik 900, 1050, 1200 en 1350 mg, wat elk by 'n daaglikse energie inname van 1800 en 2000 kJ ME verskaf is, in 'n 4 x 2 faktoriale ontwerp. Alle aminosure is in 'n konstante verhouding met die verwysings aminosuur lisien in die rantsoen ingesluit. Om te evalueer of daar veranderinge oor 'n tydperk plaasvind weens die verskillende behandelings is die produksie periode in drie periodes van 13 weke elk verdeel (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 en week 49 - 61). Die produksie standaarde wat gemeet is, is hen dag produksie, eiergewig (g/eier), eiermassa (g/dag), vrugbaarheid, uitbroeibaarheid, kuikens/hen/week, voeromset en dagoud kuikenmassa. Hen dag produksie was betekenisvol (P < 0,05) laer by die hoër energie innames in die laaste periode van 49 tot 61 weke. Energie en proteïen het eiergewig betekenisvol (P < 0,01) verhoog. Die effek van hoër vlakke proteïen was konstant in alle produksie periodes. Die daaglikse eiermassa (g/dag) het ook saam met stygende vlakke proteïen verhoog en hierdie effek was vir die totale periode van produksie. Energie het die eiermassa in die eerste periode van produksie (week 23 - 35) verhoog. Uitbroeibaarheid is verlaag (P < 0,05) vir die totale periode van produksie deur die hoër energie inname en die effek was selfs groter (P < 0,01) in die finale periode van produksie. In ooreenstemming met die hen dag produksie is die aantal kuikens geproduseer negatief beïnvloed deur die hoër energie inname (P < 0,05). Die korrelasie wat bestaan tussen eiermassa en kuikenmassa is bevestig deur die regressie: Kuikenmassa = 10,5 + 1,22 x Eiermassa. Energie en proteïen het kuikenmassa betekenisvol (P < 0,01) verhoog. Voeromset was laer by stygende vlakke van proteïen inname (P < 0,01). Die hoër energie inname het henmassa ook betekenisvol (P < 0,05) verhoog en proteïen het dieselfde effek slegs in die eerste periode van produksie gehad (P < 0,01). Die liggaamsamestelling van teelhenne is bepaal met behulp van die isotoop verdunnings tegniek (tritium water). Dit is bepaal op 5 verskillende stadiums in die produksie periode (week 27, 35, 43, 52 en 61) om die moontlike verandering in behoeftes oor tyd vas te stel. Betekenisvolle korrelasies is gevind tussen karkasvog en die waterspasie (RZ= 0,76); vet % en karkasvog (R2 = 0,78); proteïen % en waterspasie (R2 = 0,35) en vet % en waterspasie (R2 = 0,46). Die regressie vergelykings van hierdie korrelasies is gebruik om die hoevelheid surplus energie en lisien ingeneem te bepaal. Die" effective energy" sisteem en die konvensionele ME sisteem is gebruik in die bepaling van energie behoeftes. Volgens die " effective energy" was die energie inname nie voldoende by die laer energie innames nie en die maksimum behoefte is bereken as 1942 kJ EE/dag. Die maksimum energie behoefte volgens metaboliseerbare energie is bereken as 1746 kj ME/dag. Die lisien behoefte moet hoër as 1050 mg/dag wees. Die aanbeveling van die daaglikse lisien inname is 1200 mg/dag en die energie inname moet 1900 tot 2000 kj/dag wees tot 35 weke produksie en kan daarna verlaag word na 1800 kJ ME/dag.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

24

Kerr, Niall John. "The rationale for retrofit : a multi-level, interdisciplinary perspective on the energy efficient retrofit of existing residential buildings." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22049/.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The research in this thesis ultimately emanates from the international efforts to mitigate the impacts of anthropogenic climate change. The unprecedented international effort to transition societies to a low carbon future will have wide ranging political, social and economic consequences. The nature of the modern, complex, joined-up world entails that changes in any particular domain will have consequences that are wide-ranging, and often intangible. This thesis entails three distinct empirical pieces of research in relation to a key facet of many national climate mitigation efforts, namely the energy efficient retrofit of existing residential buildings. It develops a multi-level, interdisciplinary perspective that incorporates three different views on the rationale for retrofit. At the macro, government level the research considers the multiple benefit framing of energy efficiency in relation to the rationale for retrofit policy. Using the multiple streams theory of policy formation, descriptions of retrofit policy rationale in 4 national contexts are developed with the implications of potentially varying policy rationales considered. At the household level retrofit routinely takes place alongside general home renovations in a process that is connected to a wide variety of influences and background conditions. The micro-level research uses Q-methodology to develop holistic narratives of the home renovation process that provide a more heterogeneous understanding of households that have the potential to retrofit. A third article then combines the macro and micro-levels to consider the comparative economic rationale for government and households to invest in retrofit, considering the distributional properties that are a feature of many climate policy interventions. Finally, the thesis develops an integrated, interdisciplinary viewpoint by considering the political, social and economic perspectives on the rationale for home energy retrofit in conjunction.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

25

Pardo, Martinez Clara Ines [Verfasser]. "ANALYSIS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY DEVELOPMENT AT DIFFERENT AGGREGATION LEVELS IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES EVIDENCE FROM GERMANY AND COLOMBIA / Clara Ines Pardo Martinez." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1007284773/34.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

26

Fettweis, Gerhard P., Hassan Najeeb ul, Lukas Landau, and Erik Fischer. "Wireless Interconnect for Board and Chip Level." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-118302.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Electronic systems of the future require a very high bandwidth communications infrastructure within the system. This way the massive amount of compute power which will be available can be inter-connected to realize future powerful advanced electronic systems. Today, electronic inter-connects between 3D chip-stacks, as well as intra-connects within 3D chip-stacks are approaching data rates of 100 Gbit/s soon. Hence, the question to be answered is how to efficiently design the communications infrastructure which will be within electronic systems. Within this paper approaches and results for building this infrastructure for future electronics are addressed.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

27

Levy, Michael Yehuda. "Design, experiment, and analysis of a photovoltaic absorbing medium with intermediate levels." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24703.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Honsberg, Christiana; Committee Co-Chair: Citrin, David; Committee Member: Doolittle, Alan; Committee Member: First, Phillip; Committee Member: Ralph, Stephen; Committee Member: Rohatgi, Ajeet

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

28

Lӧvenich, Peter Wilfried. "The effect of fluorine substituents in conjugated polymers." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3853/.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

A new route to a well-defined block copolymer with alternating PEO-solubilising groups and fluorinated distyrylbenzene units was established. The Horner Wittig reaction was used as the polycondensation reaction. The non-fluorinated analogue of this block copolymer was prepared via the Wittig reaction. Both polymers were soluble in chloroform and free-standing films could be cast from solution. The position of the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of these two materials were determined by a combination of cyclic voltammetry, UV photoelectron spectroscopy and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy. The presence of fluorine substituents on the distyrylbenzene unit had no influence on the HOMO-LUMO band-gap (3.0 eV). However, the position of these two energy levels relative to the vacuum level was shifted to higher energies (0.85 eV shift) in the case of the fluorinated block copolymer. The photoluminescence quantum efficiency of the fluorinated block copolymer was 17%, that of the non-fluorinated block copolymer was 34%. The former was used as the electron conducting layer in a light emitting diode with poly(p-phenylene vinylene) as the emissive layer. The latter was used as the emissive layer in light emitting diodes. Luminances over 2000 cd/m(^2) were observed for devices based on the non-fluorinated block copolymer using indium tin oxide as the anode and aluminium as the cathode. The luminescence efficiency of such devices was as high as 0.5 cd/A, corresponding to an internal quantum efficiency of 1.1%.Furthermore, an oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) was synthesised that contained two terminal fluorinated benzene rings and two central non-fluorinated benzene rings, all connected by vinylene bridges. This material aggregated in a 'brickwall' motif, where each molecule overlaps with two halves of molecules in the row above and below. The structure of this J aggregate is due to aryl-fluoroaryl-interactions and was demonstrated by X-ray crystal structure analysis.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

29

Fuentes, Pineda Rosinda. "Triphenylamine-based hole transport materials for perovskite solar cells." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31410.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The rapid development in perovskite solar cells (PSC) has generated a tremendous interest in the photovoltaic community. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of these devices has increased from 3.8% in 2009 to a recent certified efficiency of over 20% which is mainly the product of the remarkable properties of the perovskite absorber material. One of the most important advances occurred with the replacement of the liquid electrolyte with a solid state hole conductor which enhanced PCE values and improved the device stability. Spiro-OMeTAD (2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N'-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)- 9,9'-spirobifluorene) is the most common hole transport material in perovskite solar cells. Nevertheless, the poor conductivity, low charge transport and expensive synthetic procedure and purification have limited its commercialisation. Triphenylamines (TPA) like Spiro-OMeTAD are commonly employed due to the easy oxidation of the nitrogen centre and good charge transport. Other triarylamines have similar properties to Spiro-OMeTAD but are easier to synthesise. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to investigate different types of hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells. Three different series of triphenylamine-based HTM were designed, synthesised, characterised and studied their function in perovskite solar cells. A series of five diacetylide-triphenylamine (DATPA) derivatives (Chapter 3) with different alkyl chain length in the para position was successfully synthesised through a five step synthesis procedure. A range of characterisation techniques was carried out on the molecules including; optical, electrochemical, thermal and computational methods. The results show that the new HTMs have desirable optical and electrochemical properties, with absorption in the UV, a reversible redox property and a suitable highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level for hole transport. Perovskite solar cell device performances were studied and discussed in detail. This project studied the effect of varying the alkyl chain length on structurally similar triarylamine-based hole transport materials on their thermal, optical, electrochemical and charge transport properties as well as their molecular packing and solar cell parameters, thus providing insightful information on the design of hole transport materials in the future. The methoxy derivative showed the best semiconductive properties with the highest charge mobility, better interfacial charge transfer properties and highest PCE value (5.63%). The use of p-type semiconducting polymers are advantageous over small molecules because of their simple deposition, low cost and reproducibility. Styrenic triarylamines (Chapter 4) were prepared by the Hartwig-Buchwald coupling followed by their radical polymerization. All monomers and polymers were fully characterised through electrochemical, spectroscopic and computational techniques showing suitable HOMO energy levels and desirable optoelectrochemical properties. The properties and performance of these monomers and polymers as HTMs in perovskite solar cells were compared in terms of their structure. Despite the lower efficiencies, the polymers showed superior reproducibility on each of the device parameters in comparison with the monomers and spiro-OMeTAD. Finally, star-shaped structures combine the advantages of both small molecules, like well-defined structures and physical properties, and polymers such as good thermal stability. Two star-shaped triarylamine-based molecules (Chapter 5) were synthesised, fully characterised and their function as hole-transport materials in perovskite solar cells studied. These materials afford a PCE of 13.63% and high reproducibility and device stability. In total this work provided three series of triarylamine-based hole transport materials for perovskite solar cells application and enabled a comparison of the pros and cons of different design structures: small-molecule, polymeric and star-shaped.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

30

Atojoko, Achimugu A. "Design and Modelling of Passive UHF RFID Tags for Energy Efficient Liquid Level Detection Applications. A study of various techniques in the design, modelling, optimisation and deployment of RFID reader and passive UHF RFID tags to achieve effective performance for liquid sensing applications." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15906.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Sewer and oil pipeline spillage issues have become major causes of pollution in urban and rural areas usually caused by blockages in the water storage and drainage system, and oil spillage of underground oil pipelines. An effective way of avoiding this problem will be by deploying some mechanism to monitor these installations at each point in time and reporting unusual liquid activity to the relevant authorities for prompt action to avoid a flooding or spillage occurrence. This research work presents a low cost energy efficient liquid level monitoring technique using Radio Frequency Identification Technology. Passive UHF RFID tags have been designed, modelled and optimized. A simple rectangular tag, the P-shaped tag and S-shaped tag with UHF band frequency of operation (850-950 MHz) has been designed and modelled. Detailed parametric analysis of the rectangular tag is made and the optimised design results analysed and presented in HFSS and Matlab. The optimised rectangular tag designs are then deployed as level sensors in a gully pot. Identical tags were deployed to detect 4 distinct levels in alternate positions and a few inches in seperation distance within the gully pot height (Low, Mid, High and Ultra high). The radiation characteristic of tag sensors in deployment as modelled on HFSS is observed to show consistent performance with application requirements. An in-manhole chamber antenna for an underground communication system is analysed, designed, deployed and measured. The antenna covers dual-band impedance bandwidths (i.e. 824 to 960 MHz, and 1710 to 2170 MHz). The results show that the antenna prototype exhibits sufficient impedance bandwidth, suitable radiation characteristics, and adequate gains for the required underground wireless sensor applications. Finally, a Linearly Shifted Quadrifilar Helical Antenna (LSQHA) designed using Genetic Algorithm optimisation technique for adoption as an RFID reader antenna is proposed and investigated. The new antenna confirms coverage of the RFID bandwidth 860-960 MHz with acceptable power gain of 13.1 dBi.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

31

Khubaib. "Performance and energy efficiency via an adaptive MorphCore architecture." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/25092.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The level of Thread-Level Parallelism (TLP), Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP), and Memory-Level Parallelism (MLP) varies across programs and across program phases. Hence, every program requires different underlying core microarchitecture resources for high performance and/or energy efficiency. Current core microarchitectures are inefficient because they are fixed at design time and do not adapt to variable TLP, ILP, or MLP. I show that if a core microarchitecture can adapt to the variation in TLP, ILP, and MLP, significantly higher performance and/or energy efficiency can be achieved. I propose MorphCore, a low-overhead adaptive microarchitecture built from a traditional OOO core with small changes. MorphCore adapts to TLP by operating in two modes: (a) as a wide-width large-OOO-window core when TLP is low and ILP is high, and (b) as a high-performance low-energy highly-threaded in-order SMT core when TLP is high. MorphCore adapts to ILP and MLP by varying the superscalar width and the out-of-order (OOO) window size by operating in four modes: (1) as a wide-width large-OOO-window core, 2) as a wide-width medium-OOO-window core, 3) as a medium-width large-OOO-window core, and 4) as a medium-width medium-OOO-window core. My evaluation with single-thread and multi-thread benchmarks shows that when highest single-thread performance is desired, MorphCore achieves performance similar to a traditional out-of-order core. When energy efficiency is desired on single-thread programs, MorphCore reduces energy by up to 15% (on average 8%) over an out-of-order core. When high multi-thread performance is desired, MorphCore increases performance by 21% and reduces energy consumption by 20% over an out-of-order core. Thus, for multi-thread programs, MorphCore's energy efficiency is similar to highly-threaded throughput-optimized small and medium core architectures, and its performance is two-thirds of their potential.
text

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

32

Liao, Ying-Hsiang, and 廖英翔. "A Level-based Energy Efficiency Clustering Approach for Wireless Sensor Networks." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44689720096904868285.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

碩士
朝陽科技大學
網路與通訊研究所
97
In wireless sensor network, energy efficiency is a really important subject. This is because that sensor node is limited by energy in sensor network. In recent years, many researches focus on the cluster-based approach to achieve the energy efficiency, clustering and re-clustering the effect all the energy efficiency. In this thesis, we proposed the Grey Relational Clustering (GRC) and Level-Based Re-Clustering (LBRC) mechanisms. The former utilized grey relational analysis to find out the importance of some factors for clustering and proposed a weighted evaluation function to choose a suitable node to be cluster head. The later, LBRC, was developed to devise re-clustering. According to the definition of energy level as the threshold of re-clustering, the proposed method can effective reduce the number of re-clustering to reach the goal of energy efficiency. The simulation results showed that the proposed methods (GRC and LBRC) can prolong the network life time and balance the load of node''s energy effectively.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

33

Effenberger, Frank. "Towards an Energy Information System Reference Architecture for Energy-Aware Industrial Manufacturers on the Equipment-Level." 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33134.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

34

Schlegel, Ludwig, Tobias Knapp, and Wilfried Hofmann. "Vergleich der Verluste in permanentmagneterregten Synchronmaschinen gespeist durch 3-Level-TNPC- oder 2-Level-Stromrichter." 2021. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A76003.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Verluste elektrischer Maschinen in Abhängigkeit von der verwendeten Stromrichtertopologie und bei verschiedenen Pulsfrequenz. Beispielhaft wird eine permanentmagneterregte Synchronmaschine (PMSM) mit einer Bemessungsleistung von 18 kW behandelt. Zum Betrieb der Maschine wird der Prototyp des 3-Level-Stromrichters LT300-ML von M&P Motion Control and Power Electronics GmbH (M&P) verwendet. Beim 3-Level-Stromrichter werden mehr Spannungsebenen geschaltet als beim 2-Level-Stromrichter. Dies führt zu einer geringeren Stromwelligkeit und u. a. zu geringeren Verlusten in der Maschine. Die Messergebnisse zeigen, dass die Maschinenverluste im Vergleich zum Einsatz eines 2-Level-Stromrichters um 20 ... 30 % reduziert werden können. Für die Untersuchung wird der M&P-Maschinen-Prüfstand verwendet.
This paper deals with the losses of electrical machines depending on the converter topology used and with different switching frequency’s. A permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) with a rated output power of 18 kW is investigated. As power converter the LT300-ML (3-level converter) from M&P Motion Control and Power Electronics GmbH (M&P) is used. By using a 3-level topology, more voltage levels are switched than with a 2-level topology. This, among other things, results in a lower current ripple and lower losses in the machine. The measurement results show that the machine losses can be reduced by 20 ... 30 % compared to the use of a 2-level converter. The M&P machine test bench is used for the investigation.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

35

Uys, Dirk Cornelius. "Converting an ice storage facility to a chilled water system for energy efficiency on a deep level gold mine / Dirk Cornelius Uys." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15615.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The South African gold mining sector consumes 47% of the mining industry’s electricity. On a deep level gold mine, 20% of the energy is consumed by the refrigeration system. The refrigeration system cools 67 ˚C virgin rock temperatures underground. Underground cooling demand increases significantly with deeper mining activities. Various cooling systems are available for underground cooling. This study focuses on the electricity usage of an ice storage system versus a chilled water system for underground cooling. An energy-savings approach was developed to determine possible power savings on the surface refrigeration system of Mine M. The savings approach involved converting an ice storage system to a chilled water system and varying the water flow through the system. The water flow was varied by installing variable speed drives on the evaporator and condenser water pumps. The feasibility of the energy-efficiency approach was simulated with a verified simulation model. Simulation results indicated the feasibility of converting the thermal ice storage to a chilled water system and implementing the energy-efficiency approach on Mine M. Simulated results indicated a 9% electricity saving when using a chilled water system. Various problems encountered by the mine were also a motivation to convert the thermal ice storage system. Converting an ice storage facility to a chilled water system for energy efficiency on a deep level gold mine Energy management is achieved through the monitoring, controlling and reporting of the implemented savings approach. Converting the glycol plant and recommissioning the chilled water plant gave the mine an additional chiller as backup to sufficiently meet underground demand. An annual summer power saving of 1.5 MW was achieved through the conversion and control strategy. It is concluded that conversion of the thermal ice storage system on Mine M results in an energy- and cost saving.
MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

36

"Towards Energy Efficient Computing with Linux : Enabling Task Level Power Awareness and Support for Energy Efficient Accelerator." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.18116.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

abstract: With increasing transistor volume and reducing feature size, it has become a major design constraint to reduce power consumption also. This has given rise to aggressive architectural changes for on-chip power management and rapid development to energy efficient hardware accelerators. Accordingly, the objective of this research work is to facilitate software developers to leverage these hardware techniques and improve energy efficiency of the system. To achieve this, I propose two solutions for Linux kernel: Optimal use of these architectural enhancements to achieve greater energy efficiency requires accurate modeling of processor power consumption. Though there are many models available in literature to model processor power consumption, there is a lack of such models to capture power consumption at the task-level. Task-level energy models are a requirement for an operating system (OS) to perform real-time power management as OS time multiplexes tasks to enable sharing of hardware resources. I propose a detailed design methodology for constructing an architecture agnostic task-level power model and incorporating it into a modern operating system to build an online task-level power profiler. The profiler is implemented inside the latest Linux kernel and validated for Intel Sandy Bridge processor. It has a negligible overhead of less than 1\% hardware resource consumption. The profiler power prediction was demonstrated for various application benchmarks from SPEC to PARSEC with less than 4\% error. I also demonstrate the importance of the proposed profiler for emerging architectural techniques through use case scenarios, which include heterogeneous computing and fine grained per-core DVFS. Along with architectural enhancement in general purpose processors to improve energy efficiency, hardware accelerators like Coarse Grain reconfigurable architecture (CGRA) are gaining popularity. Unlike vector processors, which rely on data parallelism, CGRA can provide greater flexibility and compiler level control making it more suitable for present SoC environment. To provide streamline development environment for CGRA, I propose a flexible framework in Linux to do design space exploration for CGRA. With accurate and flexible hardware models, fine grained integration with accurate architectural simulator, and Linux memory management and DMA support, a user can carry out limitless experiments on CGRA in full system environment.
Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Electrical Engineering 2013

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

37

Gao, Wenxiang, and 高文祥. "Energy-Efficient Cluster-Based Routing with Energy-Level Control Mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23382936647101616015.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

碩士
國立屏東教育大學
資訊科學系碩士班
101
Recent advances in micro manufacture technology have enabled the development of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional sensor nodes for wireless communication. How to use limited power resources to extend the network lifetime has become an important issue in this field. In wireless sensor network, sensor nodes deliver collected data back to the sink using multiple-hop routing paths. In this paper we propose a cluster-based algorithm called CEL. It uses a distributed algorithm to create clusters. Nodes deliver the data in the cluster by choosing the shortest path with energy-level control mechanism. CEL can not only avoid wasting of energy in transmitting messages, but also increase the efficiency and lifetime in the whole wireless sensor network. Simulation results show that our algorithm outperforms previous results.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

38

Zakoretska, Olesya, and 張立雅. "Energy-efficient Level Converting Flip-Flop for Ultra-Low-Power Systems." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78021244821647317419.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

碩士
國立交通大學
電機資訊國際學程
103
This thesis proposes a novel design of level shifter flip-flop cell for the applications in ultra-low voltage systems. In order to reduce a power dissipation, several approaches have been suggested and successfully implanted in modern designs. One of them is to divide system into clusters with multiple supply voltages. In order to successfully shift the voltages between those clusters, we need to insert the level shifters in between. However, the existing designs of the level shifters are consuming too much power and work only on super-threshold voltages so far. The level shifter in this proposed configurations are designed to meet the ultra-low voltages requirements of the modern circuit specifications and at the same time consume as little power as possible at the same time not causing too much delay for the signal. In order to solve above-mentioned problems (decrease the delay and power) the modified level shifter needs to be combined with the latch or flip-flop. The proposed level-converting flip-flop cell is composed of a clock pulse generator, a modified latch and a level shifter. The proposed LCFF can be operated from near-threshold region to super-threshold region and have a negative setup time to reduce the effect of the clock skew and jitter. The proposed level converter is designed using TSMC 65nm CMOS technology. It functions correctly across all process corners for a wide input voltage range.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

39

Hung, Sakura, and 洪櫻花. "Propulsive Force, Coordination Efficiency and Energy Expenditure Among Butterfly Swimmers of Different Levels." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53298453465494578581.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

碩士
國立師範大學
體育學系
83
This study investigated the propulsive force, coordination efficiency (CE) and energy cost of arm stroke (AS), leg kick (LK) and whole stroke (WS) among butterfly swimmers of three different levels in butterfly swimming. Thirty-two(32) high school and college male swimmers were studied. Subjects were divided into 3 levels based on butterfly swim performance: Level A (n=11), Level B (n=10) and Level C (n=11). An identi- cal-subject with repeated-measure design, and a balanced-order testing sequence were used. Power-Rack (Total Performance, USA) was used to determine propulsion for AS, LK and WS. Post exer- cise 20sec VO2 after each swim was used to calculate aerobic energy expenditure. Post swim blood lactate was the anaerobic demand. Results and conclusions were as follow： 1.Level A swimmers generated the highest propulsion (40.77 ±18.10 W), which was significantly greater than Level B (33.74± 14.83 W), and Level C (28.26±12.18 W). Level A swimmers also has the highest CE (9.51±7.69%), and was significantly greater than Level B (-5.08±13.79%) This indicated that better swimmers not only can generate higher propulsive force, they also have greater CE. 2.The propulsion of AS is 49.54% and LK is 46.59% of the WS propulsion. Thus, both AS and LK propulsion are important for butterfly swimming. 3.Energy expenditure during LK (0.20±0.06 kcal/M) was significantly higher than during AS (0.15±0.04 kcal/M) Thus, more LK may be used for aerobic training. Blood lactate during AS (10.8±3.0 mmol/L) was larger than during LK ( 7.5±2.3 mmol/L), wich indicates anaerobic demand was greater for AS. Thus, more AS may be used for anaerobic training.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

40

Lee, Sebastian James Rice. "Combining High- and Low-Level Electronic Structure Theories for the Efficient Exploration of Potential Energy Surfaces." Thesis, 2021. https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/13984/18/Lee_Sebastian_2020.pdf.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The efficient exploration and characterization of potential energy surfaces paves the way for the theoretical elucidation of complex chemical processes. A potential energy surface arises from the application of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation when solving the Schrödinger equation for a molecular system. The extraction of energies and nuclear gradients from the Schrödinger equation is typically cost-prohibitive, which has inspired a plethora of approximations. In this thesis, we present the development of embedding and machine learning methodologies that provide fast and accurate energies and nuclear gradients for different chemical classes by combining high- and low-level electronic structure theories. If a chemical change occurs in a spatially localized region, embedding strategies offer an effective approach for balancing accuracy and computational cost. We first consider embedded mean-field theory (EMFT), which seamlessly combines different mean-field theories for different subsystems to describe the whole molecular system. We analyze the errors in EMFT calculations that occur when subsystems employ different atomic-orbital basis sets. These errors can be alleviated by a Fock-matrix correction scheme or by following general basis set recommendations. Systems exhibiting a more complicated electronic structure require a systematically improvable level of theory for the subsystems, which can be realized by projection-based embedding. Projection-based embedding enables the description of a small part of a molecular system at the level of a correlated wavefunction method while the remainder of the system is described at the mean-field level. We go on to derive and numerically demonstrate the analytical nuclear gradients for projection-based embedding. If description of the entire system at the high level of theory is deemed necessary, molecular-orbital-based machine learning (MOB-ML) calculations offers a framework to predict accurate correlation energies at the cost of obtaining molecular orbitals. We go on to present the derivation, implementation, and numerical demonstration of MOB-ML analytical nuclear gradients. We demonstrate the developed methodologies by exploring potential energy surfaces of organic and transition-metal containing molecules.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

41

Chiu, Yu-Ru, and 邱郁茹. "Development and Implementation of the Innovative Curricula about Green Building and Energy Efficient Vehicle at Elementary Level." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70904411579178719668.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
環境教育研究所
99
This study is part of the curriculum development project funded by the National Science Council. The curriculum project aims to design teaching materials and to implement an innovative curriculum regarding green building and alternative fuel vehicle at elementary level. This study used both qualitative and quantitative research methods, including participation in the project, interviews with the curriculum design team (two teachers and two university professors), and collection of worksheets and questionnaires written by the sixth grade students of those two participate schools. This study employed CIPP evaluation model in which the context evaluation helps to curriculum development and teaching objectives selected, the input evaluation assists the teaching plan amendment, the process evaluation guides the implementation of curriculum development and teaching, and the product evaluation provides feedbacks for revising the curriculum. In this study, it was attempt for the elementary school teachers to develop teaching activities regarding green building and alternative fuel vehicle by cooperating with the professional team. Since the teachers were unfamiliar with the content knowledge, they generated discourses with the university professors and shared ideas with their professional team. Eventually, the two sides reached consensus on the design of teaching materials and the coverage of contents. The professional team not only supported the development of teaching materials for teachers but also acted as a consultant to the teachers. Through brainstorming and co-teaching, the teachers received an opportunity of professional development. The concepts of "energy saving" and "carbon reduction" were introduced to students by integrating the cases from everyday life. The results found that students had good responses to the learning activities, and the curriculum could enhance the students’ understandings on "green building," "alternative fuel vehicle,” and "energy saving and carbon reduction." Students’ attitudes and behaviors toward energy saving and carbon reduction showed no significant difference after the curriculum intervention. This study suggests that this program could be extended to test how teachers modify the teaching activities when professional team steps down. Teachers are suggested to use this program in normal curriculum and keep teaching portfolios to accumulate teaching experiences and professional knowledge in order to appropriately promote the "energy saving and carbon reduction" education.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

42

YANG, YAO-YU, and 楊燿宇. "Analysis and Design of 90nm dPNN Sub-threshold SRAM with new energy-efficient write-assist and level-converted sensing circuits." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27374515201113143440.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

43

Oliveira, José Miguel Pinheiro. "Dispositivo eletrónico para melhoria do desempenho dos motores de indução trifásicos." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/34480.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Mecatrónica
Estudos realizados por organizações internacionais comprovam que a maioria dos motores de indução trifásicos com rotor em gaiola de esquilo, com potências superiores a 4 kW e que funcionam com velocidade fixa1, utilizam o método de arranque estrelatriângulo. Nesta dissertação é proposto o desenvolvimento de um dispositivo eletrónico para seleção automática do tipo de ligação dos enrolamentos estatóricos dos motores de indução trifásicos com rotor em gaiola de esquilo, em função da sua carga. Este dispositivo é particularmente adequado para motores de média potência, com uma variação de carga significativa durante o seu ciclo de funcionamento, incluindo longos períodos de operação com carga baixa. A principal vantagem está no controlo automático do modo de ligação dos enrolamentos estatóricos, em estrela ou triângulo, em função da carga aplicada ao motor. Em aplicações de carga variável e velocidade fixa, este controlo permite melhorar significativamente o rendimento e fator de potência do motor. Tratando-se de um dispositivo de estado sólido, em que os contactores eletromecânicos são substituídos por eletrónica de potência, é possível minimizar o tempo de comutação, e consequentemente o deslizamento pela redução do tempo de comutação, relativamente à comutação estrela-triângulo convencional. A solução proposta permite também eliminar os três contactores utilizados nos arrancadores estrela-triângulo convencionais. Além disso, este dispositivo, caso seja instalado na caixa de terminais, como é o objetivo final, permite eliminar três dos seis condutores necessários para os arrancadores estrela-triângulo, traduzindo-se em poupanças muito significativas em cabos para novas instalações de motores. Adicionalmente, há um conjunto de funcionalidades que podem ser incorporadas no dispositivo como monitorização de consumos, proteção do motor e diagnósticos de avarias.
Studies by international organizations show that the majority of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors, with an output power over 4 kW and running with fixed speed2, use the star-delta starting method. In this dissertation is proposed the development of an electronic device for automatic selection of connection type of stator windings of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors, depending on their load. This device is particularly suitable for medium power motors, with a significant load variation during operation cycle, including long periods of operation at low load. The main advantage is the automatic control of the connection mode of the stator windings in star or delta, depending on the load applied to the motor. In variable load and fixed speed applications, this control allows to significantly improve the efficiency and power factor motor. Being a solid state device, in which the electromechanical contactors are replaced by power electronics, it is possible to minimize the switching time, and thus slip reducing the switching time, relative to the conventional star-delta switching. The proposed solution also eliminates the three contactors used in conventional star-delta starters. In addition, this device, if installed in the terminal box, which is the final objective, allows to eliminate three of the six conductors required for the star-delta starters, resulting in very significant savings in cables for new motor installations. Additionally, there is a set of features that can be incorporated into the device as monitoring of consumption, motor protection and fault diagnostics.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

44

Lozano, Adolfo. "Analysis of a novel thermoelectric generator in the built environment." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4131.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This study centered on a novel thermoelectric generator (TEG) integrated into the built environment. Designed by Watts Thermoelectric LLC, the TEG is essentially a novel assembly of thermoelectric modules whose required temperature differential is supplied by hot and cold streams of water flowing through the TEG. Per its recommended operating conditions, the TEG nominally generates 83 Watts of electrical power. In its default configuration in the built environment, solar-thermal energy serves as the TEG’s hot stream source and geothermal energy serves as its cold stream source. Two systems-level, thermodynamic analyses were performed, which were based on the TEG’s upcoming characterization testing, scheduled to occur later in 2011 in Detroit, Michigan. The first analysis considered the TEG coupled with a solar collector system. A numerical model of the coupled system was constructed in order to estimate the system’s annual energetic performance. It was determined numerically that over the course of a sample year, the solar collector system could deliver 39.73 megawatt-hours (MWh) of thermal energy to the TEG. The TEG converted that thermal energy into a net of 266.5 kilowatt-hours of electricity in that year. The second analysis focused on the TEG itself during operation with the purpose of providing a preliminary thermodynamic characterization of the TEG. Using experimental data, this analysis found the TEG’s operating efficiency to be 1.72%. Next, the annual emissions that would be avoided by implementing the zero-emission TEG were considered. The emission factor of Michigan’s electric grid, RFCM, was calculated to be 0.830 tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) per MWh, and with the TEG’s annual energy output, it was concluded that 0.221 tons CO2e would be avoided each year with the TEG. It is important to note that the TEG can be linearly scaled up by including additional modules. Thus, these benefits can be multiplied through the incorporation of more TEG units. Finally, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the TEG integrated into the built environment with the solar-thermal hot source and passive ground-based cold source was considered. The LCOE of the system was estimated to be approximately $8,404/MWh, which is substantially greater than current generation technologies. Note that this calculation was based on one particular configuration with a particular and narrow set of assumptions, and is not intended to be a general conclusion about TEG systems overall. It was concluded that while solar-thermal energy systems can sustain the TEG, they are capital-intensive and therefore not economically suitable for the TEG given the assumptions of this analysis. In the end, because of the large costs associated with the solar-thermal system, waste heat recovery is proposed as a potentially more cost-effective provider of the TEG’s hot stream source.
text

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

45

Ribeiro, Telmo Miguel Martins. "Isolamentos térmicos para a construção em estrutura metálica leve (LSF)." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/93860.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Civil apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
The need to increase the energy efficiency of buildings has become a priority, as this sector is responsible for a large part of the world's total energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. By harnessing the enormous potential for improving the energy efficiency of buildings and through the appropriate design and conception of the envelope and its components, it is possible to effectively reduce the energy needs for heating and cooling of indoor spaces. Hence, one of the most important elements for more efficient energy consumption in buildings are thermal insulation materials. The energy consumption to maintain the thermal comfort of indoor spaces can be reduced through proper choice and correct application of the thermal insulation materials to be used in the constructions, as this type of material allows significantly reduce heat flows through the envelope. In lightweight steel-framed (LSF) construction, thermal insulation materials have the important functions of reducing heat losses through the envelope, treating thermal bridges caused by the high thermal conductivity of steel and reducing the risk of condensation, thus being an essential element for improving the thermal and energy performance of this construction system. In the present work, a state-of-the-art review is carried out on thermal insulation solutions for application in LSF construction. In a first part, a description is made of the LSF construction system and the way thermal insulation materials influence the thermal performance of this type of construction. In a second part, the identification, characterization and presentation of the advantages and disadvantages of thermal insulations materials with potential to be applied in this construction system is carried out, addressing not only the insulation solutions typically used, but also other alternative solutions and innovative materials on the market.
A necessidade de aumentar a eficiência energética dos edifícios tem-se tornado prioritária, uma vez que este setor é responsável por uma grande parte do consumo de energia e das emissões de gases de efeito de estufa totais no mundo. Aproveitando as enormes potencialidades para a melhoria da eficiência energética dos edifícios e através de um projeto e conceção apropriados da envolvente e das suas componentes, é possível reduzir, de forma eficaz, as necessidades energéticas para aquecimento e arrefecimento dos espaços interiores. Nesse sentido, um dos elementos mais importantes para a obtenção de consumos de energia mais eficientes nas construções são os materiais de isolamento térmico. Os consumos de energia destinados a manter o conforto térmico dos espaços interiores podem ser reduzidos através de uma escolha adequada e uma correta aplicação dos materiais de isolamento térmico a utilizar nas construções, uma vez que este tipo de materiais permite diminuir significativamente os fluxos de calor através da envolvente. Na construção em estrutura metálica leve (LSF), os materiais de isolamento térmico apresentam as importantes funções de reduzir as perdas de calor pela envolvente, de tratar as pontes térmicas originadas pela elevada condutibilidade térmica do aço e de diminuir o risco de ocorrência de condensações, tratando-se, assim, de um elemento essencial para a melhoria do desempenho térmico e energético deste sistema construtivo. No presente trabalho realiza-se uma revisão do estado-da-arte sobre soluções de isolamento térmico para aplicação na construção em LSF. Numa primeira parte, efetua-se uma descrição do sistema construtivo em LSF e do modo como os materiais de isolamento térmico influenciam o desempenho térmico deste tipo de construção. Numa segunda parte, procede-se à identificação, caraterização e apresentação das vantagens e inconvenientes de materiais de isolamento térmico com potencialidades para serem aplicados neste sistema construtivo, abordando-se não só as soluções de isolamento tipicamente utilizadas, mas também outras soluções alternativas e materiais inovadores existentes no mercado.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

46

Lohmann, Victor Augusto. "Analysis of the influence of Trombe walls on the thermal behavior of Light Steel Frame Construction." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90169.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Dissertação de Mestrado em Eficiência Acústica e Energética para uma Construção Sustentável apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Em termos de eficiência energética, o setor da construção tem um grande potencial de melhoria, visto que 40% de toda a energia produzida é consumida por edifícios na Europa, e o setor segue em expansão. Este grande potencial chama a atenção para estratégias passivas para se alcançar o conforto térmico interior. A energia solar é relevante devido a radiação gratuita que vem do sol, sendo uma alternativa sustentável aos sistemas de aquecimento à base de combustíveis fósseis. A parede de Trombe é um dispositivo solar passivo que pode estar presente na envolvente exterior dos edifícios, para acumular calor solar e auxiliar na ventilação, aquecimento e até arrefecimento dos ambientes interiores. O dispositivo pode reduzir o consumo de energia de um edifício em até 30%. Em relação a sistemas construtivos, a construção leve em aço (LSF) vem atraindo atenção globalmente. Porém, o sistema LSF apresenta alguns desafios, especialmente quanto ao seu comportamento térmico. Estratégias passivas são uma boa alternativa para mitigar estes desafios. Assim, este trabalho tem o objetivo de estudar os impactos de ganhos solares indiretos em construções leves em aço, através de uma parede de Trombe, visando melhorar o seu comportamento térmico e reduzir consumos energéticos. A pesquisa foi conduzida em dois módulos experimentais em LSF construídos no campus da Universidade de Coimbra. Os módulos experimentais são compartimentos cúbicos idênticos, onde a única diferença é a presença de uma parede de Trombe na fachada sul de um deles. Foram realizadas medições para se registar o comportamento térmico dos módulos em LSF. Um modelo destes módulos foi criado no software DesignBuilder, comumente utilizado para análises térmicas e energéticas de edifícios. Concluiu-se que a parede de Trombe traz benefícios para construções em LSF em termos de conforto térmico e eficiência energética, porém é necessário projetar-se medidas de controle para evitar sobreaquecimento no verão e perdas de calor durante a noite.
In terms of energy efficiency, the construction sector has a great potential for improvement, since 40% of all energy produced is consumed by buildings in Europe, and the sector is constantly expanding. This high potential has drawn attention to the passive strategies for achieving indoor thermal comfort. Solar energy is relevant due to the cost-free radiation that comes from the sun, being a sustainable alternative to heating systems that run on fossil fuels. A Trombe wall is a passive solar device that can be present in a building’s external wall system to accumulate solar heat and aid in the ventilation, heating and even cooling of the interior space. The device can reduce the energy consumption of a building up to 30%. Regarding construction systems, the Light Steel-Framed (LSF) has been attracting attention worldwide. However, LSF construction also presents some challenges, especially related to its thermal behavior. Passive strategies are a good choice to mitigate the thermal challenges present on LSF construction. Thus, this dissertation has the objective to study the impacts of indirectly gains from solar energy in LSF construction through a Trombe wall, aiming to improve its thermal behavior and reduce energy consumption. The research was conducted on two LSF modules constructed in the University of Coimbra`s campus. Those experimental modules are identical cubic compartments, the only difference being the presence of a water Trombe wall in the south façade of one of them. Measurements were conducted in order to register the thermal behavior of the LSF modules. A model of these LSF modules will be created on the software DesignBuilder, commonly used for thermal and energy performance analyses of buildings. It was concluded that the Trombe wall is beneficial for LSF buildings in terms of thermal comfort and energy efficiency, but it is necessary to design solutions to avoid overheating during the summer and heat losses during the night.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

47

González, Enrique Ramón. "Desarrollo de un método basado en simulación Monte Carlo para el cálculo y análisis de espectros gamma complejos, sin el uso de fuentes de referencia." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/18137.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

tesis (doctor en física)--universidad nacional de córdoba. facultad de matemática, astronomía, física y computación, 2019.
en esta tesis, se desarrolla un método basado en simulaciones monte carlo que permite el cálculo y el análisis de espectros gamma complejos a partir de los espectros medidos, sin el uso de muestras calibradas. el método, es adecuado para calcular eficiencias de pico y eficiencias totales, detectar la presencia de líneas entremezcladas u ocultas, y determinar el área de picos de líneas situadas sobre el fondo real de otras de mayor energía. el método, es eficaz para determinar y estudiar efectos de coincidencia y también para obtener y estudiar efectos de auto-absorción en muestras de formas y tamaños variados.
in this thesis, a method based on monte carlo simulations is developed that allows the calculation and analysis of complex gamma spectra starting from the measured spectra, without the use of calibrated samples. the method is suitable for calculating peak efficiencies and total efficiencies, detecting the presence of intermixed or hidden lines, and determining the area of peaks of lines located on the real background of others of higher energy. the method is effective for determining and studying coincidence effects and also for obtaining and studying self-absorption effects in samples of varied shapes and sizes.
publishedversion
publishedversion
fil: gonzalez, enrique. universidad nacional de córdoba. facultad de matemática, astronomía, física y computación; argentina.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

Дисертації з теми "Energy efficiency level"

Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями