Дисертації з теми "Energy development Australia"

In order to consolidate a sustainable renewable energy infrastructure, the Australian state of Victoria requires an advancement and development of any feasible renewable energy alternatives. There is a large onshore wind energy market in Victoria but the state currently has no offshore wind technology under consideration or proposal. Australia, and Victoria, has a vast coast line with desirable wind resources for offshore wind implementation. In order to definitively investigate the potential for such technology, a simulation was designed to test the amount of power that could be produced in Victoria by using real life wind speed data sets. The simulation output was analyzed in conjunction with an analysis of the social, political, environmental and economic considerations that could increase or decrease the potential for this technology. 11 simulation scenarios were tested and analyzed, two of which produced a positive net present value by the conclusion of its commissioned operational life. It was found that there is the potential for development of this technology within certain locations in Victoria but it would face several barriers to implementation. The most prominent barriers are competition with a thriving coal and fossil energy industry and competition with more economically desirable alternative renewable technologies such as onshore wind energy.

Background: ISO 50001 is the international standard for Energy Management Systems (EnMS), following the same Plan-Do-Check-Act framework as other highly successful ISO standards such as ISO 14001 Environmental Management and ISO 9001 Quality. The opportunity for efficient integration with these standards along with the well understood and academically agreed benefits for emissions reduction and cost savings have facilitated a growth in ISO 50001 implementation. Previous literature has identified that this implementation has predominantly occurred in the energy intensive industry sectors such as manufacturing. An ‘efficiency gap’ or ‘energy paradox’ has been identified to be hindering the implementation of compliant EnMSs, particularly in the service and commercial sectors. Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify the influencing factors; barriers, motivators, opportunities, and enablers which may influence the implementation of ISO 50001 in the service sector, such as that of a Western Australian (WA) Local Government (LG). Methods: The researcher was embedded within the City of Melville (CoM) LG in which a literature synthesis, document review and case study observations were collected. The literature synthesis was conducted to provide a theoretical underpinning of the potential influencing factors of ISO 50001 implementation within a LG. The literature included ISO 50001 case studies from several energy intensive disciplines and other sustainable energy initiatives more commonly implemented beyond the industry sector. In parallel the CoM document analysis and case study observations were conducted weekly over the duration of the work experience. Results: The literature synthesis identified the key theoretical barriers as Resources, System Structure, Information and Behaviour of stakeholders. Several key positive influencing factors were also identified to potentially alleviate the effects or overcome these barriers. The overarching positive influencing factors included the WA institutional values and context, Top Management Support and Additional Grant Funding. When these were considered individually as drivers or enablers the additional positive influencing aspects are Emission Reduction and Public Interest (Drivers) and existing ISO Certifications, Staff Support and External Relationships (Enablers). Based on these results the two key barriers that are specific for a LG were System/Structure and Time Resources. However, the key influencing factor that could override these barriers is the established External Relationships that provide the technical capacity not typically available within LGs. In the CoM context the Addition of Funding was observed to have significant benefits to enabling ISO 50001 implementation. Conclusions: The results discussed were unique to the LG context with the influencing factors of Time Resources and External Relationships for capacity building as findings unique within the case study. This is a foundational study which is recommended to be built upon to increase the understanding of both the qualitative and quantitative results of an ISO 50001 compliant EnMS in the LG context. With increased awareness in these outcomes, it is concluded that the benefits of the ISO 50001 standard can reach beyond the industrial sector and into the LG context.

Barriers to renewable energy development in the past have been identified as high upfront costs with challenges around equity and debt financing, as well as limited legal frameworks and limited regulatory support. Although it is noted that barriers to development are country specific, as well as the solutions to overcome such barriers. Policy measures implemented in various countries to support renewable energy have been seen to have a marked impact on its development. The renewable energy industry in Australia is showing unprecedented growth with a drastic change in the energy landscape expected in the future, should all proposed developments come to fruition. Renewable energy in Australia is currently in its infancy though. It is expected that the planned integration of all the proposed developments in the National Electricity Market will result in certain barriers to development emerging at higher levels of integration. Australia's energy policy has taken significant steps to supporting the deployment of cleaner generation technologies, although hurdles at federal and state level have in the past frustrated the development of renewable energy. The history and status quo of renewable energy development in Australia has been investigated. The current framework and support structures in place as well as potential barriers have been reviewed. A qualitative investigation utilising a single case study approach was selected as the research method. The case investigated was the renewable energy division of a leading global engineering consultancy operating in Australia. The participants of the study included the senior management staff in the renewable energy division of the company. Standard open-ended interviews were conducted. The data was analysed by employing a method of pattern matching. The observed data from the interview process was analysed and compared against the expected pattern which had emerged from the literature. Potential barriers and support strategies have been outlined as a conclusion to the study. The study found federal energy policy to be favourable, but not vital for continued growth of RE development. It was acknowledged that a focus on grid infrastructure would be vital to avoid constricting asset development. The development of Renewable Energy Zones was considered a favourable strategy to overcoming barriers identified, although it was noted that community acceptance would be a significant consideration. Gas generation may form part of the future energy mix, but will be dependent on price and emergent technology. Pumped hydro power is expected to be an important compliment to renewable energy in future, to assist in addressing the technical barriers associated with high levels of non-synchronous generation in the network. A reform of the NEM may also be required to cater for a scenario of a significant penetration of renewable energy and is a topic recommended for future research.

Mallee biomass is considered to be a second-generation renewable feedstock in Australia and will play an important role in bioenergy development in Australia. Its production is of large-scale, low cost, small carbon footprint and high energy efficiency. However, biomass as a direct fuel is widely dispersed, bulky, fibrous and of high moisture content and low energy density. High logistic cost, poor grindability and mismatch of fuel property with coal are some of the key issues that impede biomass utilisation for power generation. Therefore, innovations are in urgent need to improve biomass volumetric energy densification, grindability and good fuel matching if co-fired with coal. Biomass pyrolysis is a flexible and low-cost approach that can be deployed for this purpose. Via pyrolysis, the bulky biomass can be converted to biomass-derived high-energy-density fuels such as biochar and/or bio-oil. So far there has been a lack of fundamental understanding of mallee biomass pyrolysis and properties of the fuel products.The series of study in this PhD thesis aims to investigate the production of such high-energy- density fuels obtained from mallee pyrolysis and to obtain some new knowledge on properties of the resultant fuels and their implications to practical applications. Particularly, the research has been designed and carried out to use pyrolysis as a pretreatment technology for the production of biochar, bio-oil and bioslurry fuels. The main outcomes of this study are summarised as follows.Firstly, biochars were produced from the pyrolysis of centimetre-sized particles of mallee wood at 300-500°C using a fixed-bed reactor under slow-heating conditions. The data show that at pyrolysis temperatures > 320°C, biochar as a fuel has similar fuel H/C and O/C ratios compared to Collie coal which is the only coal being mined in WA. Converting biomass to biochar leads to a substantial increase in fuel mass energy density from ~10 GJ/tonne of green biomass to ~28 GJ/tonne of biochars prepared from pyrolysis at 320°C, in comparison to 26 GJ/tonne for Collie coal. However, there is little improvement in fuel volumetric energy density, which is still around 7-9 GJ/m[superscript]3 in comparison to 17 GJ/m[superscript]3 of Collie coal. Biochars are still bulky and grinding is required for volumetric energy densification. Biochar grindability experiments have shown that the fuel grindability increases drastically even at pyrolysis temperature as low as 300°C. Further increase in pyrolysis temperature to 500°C leads to only small increase in biochar grindability. Under the grinding conditions, a significant size reduction (34-66 % cumulative volumetric size <75 μm) of biochars can be achieved within 4 minutes grinding (in comparison to only 19% for biomass after 15 minutes grinding), leading to a significant increase in volumetric energy density (e.g. from ~8 to ~19 GJ/m[superscript]3 for biochar prepared from pyrolysis at 400°C). Whereas grinding raw biomass typically result in large and fibrous particles, grinding biochar produce short and round particles highly favourable for fuel applications.Secondly, it is found that the pyrolysis of different biomass components produced biochars with distinct characteristics, largely because of the differences in the biological structure of these components. Leaf biochars showed the poorest grindability due to the presence of abundant tough oil glands in leaf. Even for the biochar prepared from the pyrolysis of leaf at 800°C, the oil gland enclosures remained largely intact after grinding. Biochars produced from leaf, bark and wood components also have significant differences in ash properties. Even with low ash content, wood biochars have low Si/K and Ca/K ratios, suggesting these biochars may have a high slagging propensity in comparison to bark and leaf biochars.Thirdly, bio-oil and biochar were also produced from pyrolysis of micron-size wood particle using a fluidised-bed reactor system under fast-heating conditions. The excellent grindability of biochar had enabled desirable particle size reduction of biochar into fine particles which can be suspended into bio-oil for the preparation of bioslurry fuels. The data have demonstrated that bioslurry fuels have desired fuel and rheological characteristics that met the requirements for combustion and gasification applications. Depending on biochar loading, the volumetric energy density of bioslurry is up to 23.2 GJ/m[superscript]3, achieving a significant energy densification (by a factor > 4) in comparison to green wood chips. Bioslurry fuels with high biochar concentrations (11-20 wt%) showed non-Newtonian characteristics with pseudoplastic behaviour. The flow behaviour index, n decreases with the increasing of biochar concentration. Bioslurry with higher biochar concentrations has also demonstrated thixotropic behaviour. The bioslurry fuels also have low viscosity (<453 mPa.s) and are pumpable at both room and elevated temperatures. The concentrations of Ca, K, N and S in bioslurry are below the limits of slurry fuel guidelines.Fourthly, bio-oil is extracted using biodiesel to produce two fractions, a biodiesel-rich fraction (also referred as bio-oil/biodiesel blend) and a bio-oil rich fraction. The results has shown that the compounds (mainly phenolic) extracted from bio-oil into the biodiesel-rich fraction reduces the surface tension of the resulted biodiesel/bio-oil blends that are known as potential liquid transport fuels. The bio-oil rich fraction is mixed with ground biochar to produce a bioslurry fuel. It is found that bioslurry fuels with 10% and 20% biochar loading prepared from the bio-oil rich fraction of biodiesel extraction at a biodiesel to bio-oil blend ratio 0.67 have similar fuel properties (e.g. density, surface tension, volumetric energy density and stability) in comparison to those prepared using the original whole bio-oil. The slurry fuels have exhibited non-Newtonian with pseudoplastic characteristics and good pumpability desirable for fuel handling. The viscoelastic behaviour of the slurry fuels also has shown dominantly fluid-like behaviour in the linear viscoelastic region therefore favourable for atomization in practical applications. This study proposes a new bio-oil utilisation strategy via coproduction of a biodiesel/bio-oil blend and a bioslurry fuel. The biodiesel/bio-oil blend utilises a proportion of bio-oil compounds (relatively high value small volume) as a liquid transportation fuel. The bioslurry fuel is prepared by mixing the rest low-quality bio-oil rich fractions (relatively low value and high volume) with ground biochar, suitable for stationary applications such as combustion and gasification.Overall, the present research has generated valuable data, knowledge and fundamental understanding on advanced fuels from mallee biomass using pyrolysis as a pre-treatment step. The flexibility of pyrolysis process enables conversion of bulky, low fuel quality mallee biomass to biofuels of high volumetric energy density favourable to reduce logistic cost associated with direct use of biomass. The significance structural, fuel and ash properties differences among various mallee biomass components were also revealed. The production of bioslurry fuels as a mixture of bio-oil and biochar is not only to further enhance the transportability/handling of mallee biomass but most importantly the slurry quality highly matched requirements in stationary applications such as combustion and gasification. The co-production of bioslurry with bio-oil/biodiesel extraction was firstly reported in this field. Such a new strategy, which uses high-quality extractable bio-oil compounds into bio-oil/biodiesel blend as a liquid transportation fuel and utilises the low-quality bio-oil rich fraction left after extraction for bioslurry preparation, offers significant benefits for optimised use of bio-oil.

Electricity is the cornerstone of modern life. It is essential to economic stability and growth, jobs and improved living standards. Electricity is also the fundamental ingredient for a dignified life; it is the source of such basic human requirements as cooked food, a comfortable living temperature and essential health care. For these reasons, it is unimaginable that today's economies could function without electricity and the modern energy services that it delivers. Somewhat ironically, however, the current approach to electricity generation also contributes to two of the gravest and most persistent problems threatening the livelihood of humans. These problems are anthropogenic climate change and sustained human poverty. To address these challenges, the global electricity sector must reduce its reliance on fossil fuel sources. In this context, the object of this research is twofold. Initially it is to consider the design of the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (Cth) (Renewable Electricity Act), which represents Australia's primary regulatory approach to increase the production of renewable sourced electricity. This analysis is conducted by reference to the regulatory models that exist in Germany and Great Britain. Within this context, this thesis then evaluates whether the Renewable Electricity Act is designed effectively to contribute to a more sustainable and dignified electricity generation sector in Australia. On the basis of the appraisal of the Renewable Electricity Act, this thesis contends that while certain aspects of the regulatory regime have merit, ultimately its design does not represent an effective and coherent regulatory approach to increase the production of renewable sourced electricity. In this regard, this thesis proposes a number of recommendations to reform the existing regime. These recommendations are not intended to provide instantaneous or simple solutions to the current regulatory regime. Instead, the purpose of these recommendations is to establish the legal foundations for an effective regulatory regime that is designed to increase the production of renewable sourced electricity in Australia in order to contribute to a more sustainable and dignified approach to electricity production.

Bibliography: p. 119-122. Aims to show how the GB Tool (Green BuildingTool) can be used to access the environmental performance of residential building developments, with a focus on South Australia. Describes the history of, and rationale for, the GB Tool; and its practical implementation. Identifies some theoretical short comings of the GB Tool, as well as some practical difficulties with using it.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
科技法律研究所碩士班
101
Australia is blessed with abundant natural resources and fossil fuels, and it is also the largest coal export countries. However, the problem on the climate change and global warming climate change makes Australian government considering a new energy supply and demand structure. Australia is finding a balance among the environmental, economic and energy under the international enviromaental responsibility. Australian Parliament passed the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act in 2000, then theMandatory Renewable Energy Target (MRET) system was implemented in 2001. 2011 to 2012 is an important period to Australia’s energy policy and law changes. Since January 1, 2011, Mandatory Renewable Energy Target scheme separated from single aim and single Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Market to two: Large Renewable Energy Target (LRET) and Large-scale Generation Certificate (LGC) Market; Small Renewable Energy Scheme (SRES) and Small-scale Technology Certificates (STC) Market. Furthermore, in November 2011, the Executive Council of Australia issued Clean Energy Act, and implemented Carbon pollution cap. Since July 1, 2012, Australia passed a controversial new law enforcing the country''s 500 most-polluting companies to pay tax on their carbon emissions, which made Australians out crying and induced international attention. This study is trying to discuss Australia’s situation about renewable energy via literature review and data statistics analysis, and hope to give some suggestion to Taiwan in conclusion.

There has long been concern that rating the thermal performance of buildings on the basis of predicted normalized energy requirement (MJ/m2) is inappropriate for achieving overall energy efficient design of houses, mainly due to the inability of such schemes to deal with the evaluation of passive architectural design in the form of free running buildings. This study, investigating the shortcomings in the current rating schemes, hypothesizes that the main reason for that inability is due to significant differences between efficient design for free running and conditioned houses. It also suggests that a multiple occupancy scenario, involving variable occupation times and zones, is an important parameter for improving the accuracy of any building evaluation system. The study aims to propose a new method for House Rating Schemes in which the efficiency of a house design will be evaluated with reference to its thermal performance in both free running and conditioned operation modes. By attributing more value to the performance of houses in the free running than the conditioned operation, it is assumed that policy objectives for reducing energy demand for space heating and cooling in the residential building sector are more likely to be achieved. Simulation was used to compare the predicted thermal performances of houses in free running and conditioned operation modes for the moderate climates of Sydney and Canberra. Parametric sensitivity analysis and multivariate regression analysis have been employed and point to the following results. The reliability of a free running rating scheme, in terms of addressing energy efficient aspects, as compared to the current energy based rating schemes, is demonstrated. The research illustrates significant differences between efficient design for conditioned houses and for free running houses. The findings strongly suggest the necessity of developing a new regulatory framework for reducing energy demand in the housing sector. Utilizing these findings, an aggregation of two rating systems for the purpose of creating a new house rating framework has been developed. It is assumed that this research approach is likely to deliver significant benefits in terms of reduction in energy demand and increased sustainability, if it is employed as a basis for House Ratings Schemes.

This work examines issues that are restricting the wider adaptation of sustainable (‘renewable’) energy systems in Australia and elsewhere. Several new innovative areas of opportunity for improving the application of wind and solar PV based systems have been explored and developed. A number of financial and regulatory obstructions to wind and solar systems and grid connection are examined and a number of regulatory changes to the regulatory electricity codes are suggested.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The most important requirement of power system operations is sustained availability and quality supply of electric power. In Electrical Power Distribution System (EPDS), non-linear loads are the main cause of power quality (PQ) degradation. The PQ problems generated by these non-linear loads are complex and diversified in nature. The power system which is not capable to handle non-linear loads faces the problem of voltage unbalance, sag, swell, momentary or temporary interruption and ultimately complete outage of EPDS. The PQ problems have motivated power system engineers to design and develop new methodologies and techniques to enhance EPDS performance. To do so, they are required to analyse the PQ data of the system under consideration. Since, the density of the monitoring nodes in EPDS is quite high, the aggregate analysis is computationally involved. In addition, the cost involved with the PQ shortcomings is significantly high (for domestic consumers and rises exponentially for industrial consumers), hence it also becomes mandatory to project /predict the undesired PQ disturbance in EPDS. This will provides power system engineers to formulate intelligent strategy for efficient power system operations. This objective of the research is to identify and exploit the hidden correlation in PQ data with minimal computational cost and further use this knowledge to classify any PQ disturbance that may occur. ... Further this research also investigates the power distribution system behaviour considering the relationship of main PQ disturbance harmonics in conjunction with the other major PQ parameters i.e. voltage unbalance, sag, swell and frequency.

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
A Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB) constitui um problema de grande importância e de difícil resolução na política externa portuguesa. Existem dois intervenientes directos - Portugal e Moçambiqqu - mas existe um outro stakeholder - a África do Sul - que, face a uma posição dominante, contratualmente protegida, como comprador de energia, é quem realmente tem poder para decidir dos destinos do Empreendimento. A presente tese demonstra que a actual situação potencia a permanência de condições tarifárias e de endividamento inviáveis para a sobrevivência do Projecto. No entanto, a possível integração da HCB numa REde Energética da África Austral, associada à política moçambicana de desenvolvimento energético permitem vislumbrar uma possível futura rentabilização do Empreendimento. Este processo tem, no entanto, um longo e difícil caminho a percorrer. A presente tese descreve pormenorizadamente o processo de negociações tarifárias que subsiste desde há muito sem consensos que facilitem essa viabilização. A tese conclui apresentando um conjunto de questões que se apresentam como fundamentais para o futuro do Empreendimento de Cahora Bassa. Essas questões não se resumem à revisão tarifária, passando pela reavaliação da posição monopsonista da àfrica do Sul e do próprio papel que o Empreendimento poderá ter no desenvolvimento da região em que se insere, face aos imperativos de caractér político que se levantam.
The Cahora Bassa HydroElecric Project represents a very important problem for portuguese foreign policy, whose solution appears to be extremely difficult. There are two direct participants - Portugal and Mozambique -, but there is an additional stakeholder - South Africa - who, thanks to a dominant position as the sole purchaser of energy which is contractually established, has almost total power regarding the faith of the undertaking. This dissertation demonstrates that the present situation allows for the preservation of tariff conditions and dev«bt requirements that make the survival of the Cahora Bassa Project unfeasible. However, the possible integration of the dam in a Southern African Power Pool, associated with the new energy and development policies of the Mozambican Government may result in a possible future viability of the Cahora Bassa undertaking. Still, this process has a long and difficult path to cross. The present dissertation provides a detailed description of the tariff negitiation process which has been going on for a long time, without any consensus to provide such viability. The dissertation concludes by presenting a set questions that to be fundamental to the future of the Cahora Bassa Project. These questions call not just for advances in the tariff revision process, but also for a re-appraisal of South Africa's monopsonistic role in the project, as well as of the role this undertaking is to assume in the development of it's region given the policital and economic forces at stake.
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