Статті в журналах: "Energetic study"

1

Al-Kassir, A. Rahman, J. Fernandez, F. V. Tinaut, and F. Castro. "Thermographic study of energetic installations." Applied Thermal Engineering 25, no. 2-3 (February 2005): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2004.06.013.

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2

Selinger, Jessica C., and J. Maxwell Donelan. "Estimating instantaneous energetic cost during non-steady-state gait." Journal of Applied Physiology 117, no. 11 (December 1, 2014): 1406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00445.2014.

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Respiratory measures of oxygen and carbon dioxide are routinely used to estimate the body's steady-state metabolic energy use. However, slow mitochondrial dynamics, long transit times, complex respiratory control mechanisms, and high breath-by-breath variability obscure the relationship between the body's instantaneous energy demands (instantaneous energetic cost) and that measured from respiratory gases (measured energetic cost). The purpose of this study was to expand on traditional methods of assessing metabolic cost by estimating instantaneous energetic cost during non-steady-state conditions. To accomplish this goal, we first imposed known changes in energy use (input), while measuring the breath-by-breath response (output). We used these input/output relationships to model the body as a dynamic system that maps instantaneous to measured energetic cost. We found that a first-order linear differential equation well approximates transient energetic cost responses during gait. Across all subjects, model fits were parameterized by an average time constant (τ) of 42 ± 12 s with an average R2 of 0.94 ± 0.05 (mean ± SD). Armed with this input/output model, we next tested whether we could use it to reliably estimate instantaneous energetic cost from breath-by-breath measures under conditions that simulated dynamically changing gait. A comparison of the imposed energetic cost profiles and our estimated instantaneous cost demonstrated a close correspondence, supporting the use of our methodology to study the role of energetics during locomotor adaptation and learning.

3

Guo-dong, WANG, Jing Su-ming, and Liu Guo-qing. "Theoretical study on structure and properties of borate ester energetic compounds." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 032065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/3/032065.

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Abstract The potential advantages of energetic boron esters in the application of energetic materials were analyzed. Based on the synthesis feasibility analysis, 10 kinds of tetrazolium energetic boron esters were designed. The geometric structure, density, enthalpy of formation and impact sensitivity of 10 energetic boron esters were calculated by using density functional theory. The detonation parameters were calculated by using Explo5 program. The results show that the density of 10 compounds is between 1.74 ~ 2.18g/cm3, the detonation velocity distribution range is 7675.92 ~ 9209.45km/s, and the detonation pressure distribution range is 26.75 ~ 36.18Gpa. Among them, tris (5-difluoroaminotetrazole) borate has the best energetic properties and has a good application prospect in propellant bonding agent and pyrotechnic agent.

4

Kumasaki, Mieko, Saori Gontani, Kanae Mori, Shinya Matsumoto, and Kazuki Inoue. "Crystallographic study of the energetic salt 1,2,4-triazolium perchlorate." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 77, no. 5 (April 9, 2021): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229621003260.

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The molecular and crystal structure of 1H-1,2,4-triazolium perchlorate, C2H4N3 +·ClO4 −, was determined as detailed crystallographic data had not been available previously. The structure has monoclinic (P21/m) symmetry. It is of interest in the field of energetic compounds because nitrogen-rich azoles are the backbone of high-density energetic compounds, and salt-based energetic materials can exhibit preferential energy-release behaviour. The bond angles of the 1,2,4-triazolium cation in this study were similar to those of a cationic triazole ring reported previously and were different from those of the neutral triazole ring. This study contributes to the available data that can be used to analyse the relationship between the structures and properties of energetic materials.

5

Sarasua, Jon Ander, Leire Ruiz Rubio, Estibaliz Aranzabe, and Jose Luis Vilas Vilela. "Energetic study of ultrasonic wettability enhancement." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 79 (November 2021): 105768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105768.

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6

Dávalos, Juan Z., Rebeca Herrero, José C. S. Costa, Luís M. N. B. F. Santos, and Joel F. Liebman. "Energetic and Structural Study of Bisphenols." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 118, no. 20 (May 8, 2014): 3705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp503567c.

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7

Li, Fuhai, Hantao Liu, and Yanwen Xiao. "Study of the Impact Energy Releasing Characteristics of Al/PTFE/W Energetic Jets." Shock and Vibration 2020 (August 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8942523.

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Compared with traditional jets, energetic jets have more efficient damage effects. To study the reaction characteristics of polytetrafluoroethylene- (PTFE-) based energetic jets under impact loading, the static mechanical properties of Al/PTFE/W composite energetic materials are studied by using a universal testing machine at a strain rate of 0.01 s−1, and the dynamic mechanical properties are tested on a slip Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system at a strain rate of 1000∼5500 s−1. A dynamic energy acquisition system is established to quantify the energy generated by the response of the Al/PTFE/W energetic jets to impact targets. The effects of the material proportion and impact energy on the mechanical and energy release properties of the Al/PTFE/W energetic jets are analyzed. The results show that the Al/PTFE/W composite has an obvious strain rate effect. As the W content in the composite increases, the yield strength and compressive strength of the material increase gradually, but the strain at break decreases. When the W content is 45%, the peak pressure, total release energy, pressure platform duration, and total pressure duration of the Al/PTFE/W energetic jets are the highest. As the impact energy increases, the pressure peak and energy release values of the energetic jets increase. At an impact energy threshold of 106.1 MJ/m2, the chemical reaction of the Al/PTFE/W (45%) energetic jets is saturated. The results provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the application of energetic jets.

8

Fu, Yu, Shuhong Ba, Lu Feng, Ping Xia, Wendong Sun, Bo Zhang, Yuanyu Zhao, Jianing Tian, and Fei Wang. "Study on the catalytic performance of a new double-shell composite energetic material." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2566, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2566/1/012001.

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Abstract To improve the pyrolysis of ammonium perchlorate (AP), the effects of P-N junction metal oxides with different coating sequences on thermal decomposition were compared. AP / ZnO / ZnCo2O4 double-shell composite energetic materials and AP / ZnCo2O4 / ZnO double-shell composite energetic materials were manufactured by the liquid phase deposition method. XRD, FT-IR, and TEM characterize the structure of samples. The self-catalytic properties of double-shell composite energetic materials were investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA). XRD, FT-IR, and TEM results show the formation of a P-N junction. The double-shell composite energetic material was successfully prepared and had a good coating effect. DTA results show the Pyrolytic peak of AP / ZnO / ZnCo2O4 double-shell composite energetic materials has been drowned to 262.85 °C. The decomposition peak of AP / ZnCo2O4 / ZnO double-shell composite energetic material is 272.31 °C, and the difference between the two is obvious. The coating of N-type metal semiconductor material can greatly improve the autocatalytic performance of the material, giving a new idea for designing AP catalysts.

9

Zhang, Hong, Lu Jun Zan, Bo Zhao, and Hui Dong Qiu. "Study on the Thermal Sensitivity of Energetic Materials Characterized by Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 394 (September 2013): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.394.45.

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Liquid energetic materials were not tested through traditional test methods for thermal sensitivity. Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC) was scientific to test thermal sensitivity of energetic materials. The decompositions of Hexogen (RDX), Octogen (HMX), 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), Nitromethane (NM), Iso-propyl Nitrate (IPN) were studied by ARC. Kinetic and thermodynamics parameters were calculated and analyzed. Temperature corresponding different time to maximum rate under adiabatic condition (θ) was calculated. The results show that the thermal sensitivity of energetic materials is NM>IPN>RDX>HMX>TNT, which suggests ARC could be used in the test of thermal sensitivity of liquid energetic materials.

10

Li and Du. "Experimental Study on the Energy-Release Characteristics of Fine-Grained Fe/Al Energetic Jets under Impact Loading." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 3317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203317.

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The energy released by the active metal phase in fine-grained Fe/Al energetic materials enables the replacement of conventional materials in new types of weapons. This paper describes an experiment designed to study the energy-release characteristics of fine-grained Fe/Al energetic jets under impact loading. By means of dynamic mechanical properties analysis, the physical and chemical properties of Fe/Al energetic materials with specific content are studied, and the preparation process is determined. The energy-release properties of fine-grained Fe/Al jets subject to different impact conditions are studied based on experimental data, and energy-release differences are discussed. The results show that for fine-grained Fe/Al energetic materials to remain active and exhibit high strength, the highest sintering temperature is 550 °C. With increasing impact energy, the energy release of fine-grained Fe/Al energetic jets increases. At an impact-energy threshold of 121.1 J/mm2, the chemical reaction of the fine-grained Fe/Al energetic jets is saturated. The experimental data and microscopic analysis show that when the impact energy reaches the threshold, the energy efficiency ratio of Fe/Al energetic jets can reach 95.3%.

11

Ngueto, Yves Franklin, René Laprise, and Oumarou Nikiéma. "A Detailed Limited-Area Atmospheric Energy Cycle for Climate and Weather Studies." Atmosphere 15, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15010087.

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Lorenz’ seminal work on global atmospheric energetics improved our understanding of the general circulation. With the advent of Regional Climate Models (RCMs), it is important to have a limited-area energetic budget available that is applicable for both weather and climate, analogous to Lorenz’ global atmospheric energetics. A regional-scale energetic budget is obtained in this study by applying Reynolds decomposition rules to quadratic forms of the kinetic energy K and the available enthalpy A, to obtain time mean and time deviation contributions. According to the employed definition, the time mean energy contributions are decomposed in a component associated with the time-averaged atmospheric state and a component due to the time-averaged statistics of transient eddies; these contributions are suitable for the study of the climate over a region of interest. Energy fluctuations (the deviations of instantaneous energies from their climate value) that are appropriate for weather studies are split into quadratic and linear contributions. The sum of all the contributions returns exactly to the total primitive kinetic energy and available enthalpy equations.

12

Liu, G. T., K. Liu, J. J. Zhang, Y. T. Liu, D. Liang, M. Chen, and B. H. Wu. "Experimental study on damage aftereffect of several types of metallic energetic fragments." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 7 (June 1, 2023): 072042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/7/072042.

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Abstract Metallic energetic fragments are the most widely used and technologically mature damage fragments at present. In this study, four types of typical tungsten/zirconium (W/Zr) energetic fragments are examined by static explosion test, and the penetration, hole enlargement, and ignition performance and characteristics of different fragment materials are investigated. The results show that all the four W/Zr energetic fragments have good anti-detonation and penetration capabilities, which can effectively penetrate 6 mm thick Q235 steel plate, aluminum spacer plate and fuel tank behind the target at impact velocity of 1050 m/s. 1#, 2# and 4# energetic fragments exhibit significant behind-target hole enlargement effect, and the enlarged area of holes in the aftereffect aluminum plate behind the steel plate with a spacing of 10 cm is 6~8 times the cross-sectional area of the original fragment, and the enlarged hole area of the fuel tank (outlet) behind the aluminum plate is 12~14 times the cross-sectional area of the original fragment. 3# fragments has weaker behind-target hole enlargement effect. Low-density 2# and 4# fragments can ignite the aviation kerosene tank behind the target, and 4# fragments show the best ignition effect. There is an internal consistency between hole enlargement capability on the aftereffect target of energetic fragments and the behind-target ignition capability. Without sacrificing the anti-detonation and penetration performance, low-density energetic fragments can be preferentially selected to ensure the behind-target damage effect.

13

Sibeck, D. G., K. Kudela, T. Mukai, Z. Nemecek, and J. Safrankova. "Radial dependence of foreshock cavities: a case study." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 12 (December 22, 2004): 4143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-4143-2004.

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Abstract. We present a case study of Geotail, Interball-1, IMP-8, and Wind observations of density and magnetic field strength cavities excavated by the enhanced pressures associated with bursts of energetic ions in the foreshock. Consistent with theoretical predictions, the pressure of the energetic ions diminishes rapidly with upstream distance due to a decrease in the flux of energetic ions and a transition from near-isotropic to streaming pitch angle distributions. Consequently, the cavities can only be observed immediately upstream from the bow shock. A comparison of conditions upstream from the pre- and post-noon bow shock demonstrates that foreshock cavities introduce perturbations into the oncoming solar wind flow with dimensions smaller than those of the magnetosphere. Dayside geosynchronous magnetic field strength variations observed by GOES-8 do not track the density variations seen by any of the spacecraft upstream from the bow shock in a one-to-one manner, indicating that none of these spacecraft observed the precise sequence of density variations that actually struck the subsolar magnetopause. Key words. Interplanetary physics (energetic particles; planetary bow shocks) – Magnetospheric physics (solar wind-magnetosphere interactions)

14

Claypool, Sarah, Kaushik Kalaga, Arava Leela Mohana Reddy, Luke J. Currano, Madan Dubey, and Pulickel M. Ajayan. "Graphene Based Energetic Materials: A Case Study." Graphene 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/graph.2013.1003.

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15

Wang, Lijun, Baohui Li, Qinghua Jin, Zhenya Guo, Shixiong Tang, and Datong Ding. "Energetic study of diastereoselective thio-Claisen rearrangement." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 160, no. 2 (October 2000): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-1169(00)00255-7.

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16

Ho, G. C., E. C. Roelof, G. M. Mason, D. Lario, and J. E. Mazur. "Onset study of impulsive solar energetic particleevents." Advances in Space Research 32, no. 12 (January 2003): 2679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00930-x.

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17

Estarellas, Carolina, Antonio Frontera, David Quiñonero, Ibon Alkorta, Pere M. Deyà, and Jose Elguero. "Energetic vs Synergetic Stability: A Theoretical Study." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 113, no. 13 (April 2, 2009): 3266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp811345e.

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18

Rocha, Marisa A. A., Lígia R. Gomes, John N. Low, and Luís M. N. B. F. Santos. "Energetic and Structural Study of Diphenylpyridine Isomers." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 113, no. 41 (October 15, 2009): 11015–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp903792d.

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19

Vallati, A., R. de Lieto Vollaro, A. Tallini, and L. Cedola. "Photovoltaics Noise Barrier: Acoustic and Energetic Study." Energy Procedia 82 (December 2015): 716–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.797.

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20

Li, Yanan, Zhizhong Zhang, Zhongxue Ge, Bozhou Wang, Weipeng Lai, and Yifen Luo. "Study of Furoxan Derivatives for Energetic Applications." Chinese Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 4 (January 28, 2013): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.201201169.

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21

Lopes Jesus, A. J., and J. S. Redinha. "Energetic and electronic study of indole derivatives." Structural Chemistry 27, no. 3 (July 21, 2015): 809–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11224-015-0635-3.

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22

Concas, Giorgio, Anna Corrias, Enrico Manca, Giaime Marongiu, Giorgio Paschina, and Giorgio Spano. "An X-ray Diffraction and Mössbauer Spectroscopy Study of the Reaction between Hematite and Aluminum Activated by Ball Milling." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 53, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1998-0521.

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Abstract The reaction between hematite and aluminum in presence of allumina as diluent activated by Ball Milling powder mixtures in different energetic conditions has been investigated. To this purpose, the powders at different milling times have been characterized by X-ray Diffraction and Mössbauer Spectroscopy. A self-substained combustion reaction was observed when the strongest energetic conditions of milling were adopted. The intermediate products of the reaction also depend on the energetic conditions: the formation of hercynite is favoured by the use of strong energetic conditions while the formation of an Fe-Al alloy was observed when a low energy per single hit is transferred to the powders.

23

Liu, Fangyu, Amal A. Wanigatunga, Pei-Lun Kuo, Vadim Zipunnikov, Eleanor M. Simonsick, and Jennifer A. Schrack. "ASSOCIATION BETWEEN WALKING ENERGETICS AND FRAGMENTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN MID-TO-LATE LIFE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3175.

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Abstract Physical activity becomes increasingly fragmented with age, and may be an early marker of functional decline. Energy regulation has been linked with functional decline, yet whether the energy needed for walking, a common type of physical activity, is related to fragmentation of physical activity remains unknown. The study population included 493 participants aged 50-93 years from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Energetic measures included the energetic cost of usual-paced overground walking (ml/kg/m), the average energy expended (ml/kg/min) during a rapid-paced 400-m walk, and a cost-to-capacity ratio between the energy expended during 5-min treadmill walk (0.67 m/s, 0% grade) and the energy expended during the 400-m walk. Activity fragmentation was extracted from accelerometer data collected over ≥3 valid days and quantified via an active-to-sedentary transition probability (ASTP). Associations between the energetic measures and ASTP were assessed using multivariate linear regression models. Interactions between energetics and total daily physical activity, quantified as total log-transformed activity counts (TLAC), were also assessed. After adjusting for TLAC, demographics, body composition and comorbidity, higher cost-to-capacity ratio was associated with 3.51% greater fragmented physical activity (p=0.005). Energetics by TLAC interactions revealed that lower rapid-paced walking energy expenditure and higher cost-to-capacity ratio were only significantly associated with greater fragmentation in the most sedentary participants (p<0.01 for both). Our results suggest that deterioration of walking efficiency may manifest as a more fragmented physical activity profile, especially among sedentary adults. Future longitudinal studies to understand whether declining walking efficiency predicts the onset and progression of activity fragmentation are warranted.

24

Dougherty, Ryan, Fangyu Li, Amal Wanigatunga, Qu Tian, Eleanor Simonsick, Murat Bilgel, and Jennifer Schrack. "Association of Walking Energetics With Amyloid Status: Findings From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1433.

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Abstract Higher energetic costs for mobility are associated with slow and declining gait speed. Slow gait is linked to cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the physiological underpinnings are note well-understood. We investigated the cross-sectional association between the energetic cost of walking and amyloid status (+/-) in 174 cognitively unimpaired men and women (52%) aged 78.5±8.6 years. The energetic cost of walking was assessed as the average oxygen consumption (VO2) during 2.5 minutes of customary-paced overground walking. Amyloid status was determined from 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Average energetic cost of walking was .169±.0379 ml/kg/m and 30% of the sample was PiB+. In logistic regression adjusted for demographics, APOE-e4, body composition and comorbidities, each 0.01ml/kg/m higher energy cost was associated with 12% increased odds of being PiB+ (OR=1.12; 95% CI:1.01-1.24). Inefficient walking may be a clinically meaningful physiological indicator of emerging AD-related pathology.

25

Guo, Dong, Yuejiang Shi, Wenjun Liu, Yunyang Song, Tiantian Sun, Bing Liu, Yingying Li, et al. "Experimental study of the characteristics of energetic electrons outside LCFS in EXL-50 spherical torus." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 64, no. 5 (April 6, 2022): 055009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ac5a08.

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Abstract Significant number of confined energetic electrons have been observed outside of the LCFS (last-closed flux surface) of EXL-50’s solenoid-free electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) sustained plasmas. Several measurement technologies have been applied to verify the key characteristics of energetic electrons for the first time. Experiments reveal that the presence of high-temperature, low-density electrons can carry relatively large quantities of the stored energy. The boundary between the thermal plasma and the energetic fluid is clearly separated and the distance between the two boundaries can reach tens of centimeters (around the size of the minor radius of the thermal plasma). This implies that the Grad-Shafranov equilibrium is not adequate to describe the equilibrium of EXL-50 plasma and a multi-fluid model is required. Particle simulations of full orbits show that energetic electrons can be well confined outside the LCFS. This is consistent with the experimental observations.

26

Wang, Guixiang, Yimin Xu, Wenjing Zhang, Chuang Xue, and Xuedong Gong. "Theoretical study on polyglycerine polynitrates for potential high-energy plasticizers of propellants." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 97, no. 4 (April 2019): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2018-0466.

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Polyglycerine polynitrates such as nitroglycerine can be used as energetic plasticizers of propellants. In this study, 29 derivatives of nitroglycerine are investigated at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of the density functional theory. The corrected theoretical densities ([Formula: see text]) are predicted and are found to be very close to the experimental values. Detonation properties are calculated using the modified Kamlet–Jacobs equations and the specific impulse (Is) is evaluated according to the maximum exothermic principle. A new parameter K, which is the product of Is and [Formula: see text], is proposed to evaluate the overall energetic characteristics of compounds. Thermal stability is discussed by calculating the bond dissociation energies or bond dissociation energy barriers. The O–NO2 bond has the smallest bond dissociation energy and is the trigger bond for each of the studied compounds. The influence of the –ONO2 and –CH2–O–CH2–CH(ONO2)– groups, which is useful for design of new high energy plasticizers, is also discussed. Comprehensively considering the energetic properties and the stability, DGPN, DGHN, TriGHeptaN, TriGON, TriGNN, TetraGNN, TetraGDeN, TetraGUN, and TetraGDoN are possibly better energetic plasticizers of solid propellants than nitroglycerine.

27

Zenkova, E. A. "Experimental study of possible development of abstinence syndrome after long use of energetic drinks." Perm Medical Journal 36, no. 2 (June 23, 2019): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pmj362102-107.

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Aim. To study in experiment the possible syndrome of withdrawal after a 30-day peroral use of energetic drinks. Materials and methods.In the groups of laboratory animals, who had caffeine solution (CS) and energetic drink (ED), as the only source of drinking in free access so as to form a stable use, and in the control group of rats, who received purified water (duration of experiment – 4 weeks), one day after the withdrawal there were studied body mass indices, behavioral functions (cognitive processes, anxiety, behaviour) and rectal temperature. Results. The 1.5-2-fold reduction of motor activity in white rats was established; it was reflected in decreased number of postures and crossed squares in the device “open field”.The increase in anxiety level against the background of energetic drink withdrawal was detected in “dark-light camera” with perforations. At the same time, no changes in motor activity and anxiety level were registered in the group of caffeine users. The following characteristic features of withdrawal syndrome as tooth chatter and gnashing, shaking arms and pads, ptosis, were registered in 87.5 %, 75 % and 37.5 %, respectively, in the group of energetic drink users, and 14.3 %, 42.9 %, 28.6 % in the group of caffeine solution users. During a 30-day period of using energetic drink by white rats, there was observed a negative dynamics of their weight. Conclusions. The decrease in motor activity, increase in anxiety level and presence of a number of signs, does not allow excluding the presence of withdrawal syndrome after a long use of energetic drinks, and in most cases, expression of the signs of withdrawal syndrome exceeds that of caffeine. This fact, in our opinion, needs more detailed studying.

28

Tanabe, T. "Diffusion and Permeation Study Using Energetic Hydrogen Injection." Defect and Diffusion Forum 95-98 (January 1993): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.95-98.317.

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29

Sarlauskas, Jonas, Jelena Tamuliene, Svajone Bekesiene, and Alexander Kravcov. "Benzimidazole Derivatives as Energetic Materials: A Theoretical Study." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154112.

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The explosive properties and stability of benzimidazole compounds are studied to determine the influence of substituents and their position. The results obtained reveal the conjugation of substituents as one of the crucial factors for the thermal stability of these compounds. We also found that two -CH3 substituents increase the thermal stability of the parent compound, while nitro groups decrease it. Moreover, the study clearly exhibits that the combination of an -NO2 substituent with -CH3 does not change the stability of the benzimidazole. On the other hand, nitro groups increase the chemical stability and explosive properties of the compounds under investigation, but their sensitivity could not fully satisfy the requirements of their safety and increase their toxicity. The main results of the study indicate that high thermal and chemical stability, low toxicity and sensitivity, and good explosive properties could be achieved by the precise combination of nitro, -CH3, and triazole ring substituents. These findings are very important for the design of new, effective, and non-sensitive explosives.

30

Yang, Ximei, Chengming Bian, Hongzhen Duan, and Jianlong Wang. "Further study on energetic salts of TNATT anion." Polyhedron 217 (May 2022): 115733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2022.115733.

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31

Kanonidi, K. Kh, A. N. Kurenya, A. S. Lidvansky, M. N. Khaerdinov, and N. S. Khaerdinov. "Comprehensive study of energetic particle processes in thunderclouds." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 79, no. 5 (May 2015): 676–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s106287381505024x.

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32

Ebisuzaki, Hideyo, Kunihito Nagayama, Shiro Kubota, Yasuhito Mori, and Koji Takahashi. "Study on Pulse Heating of High-Energetic Material." Proceedings of thermal engineering conference 2002 (2002): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeptec.2002.0_425.

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33

Pimienta, Ian S. O., Sherrie Elzey, Jerry A. Boatz, and Mark S. Gordon. "Pentazole-Based Energetic Ionic Liquids: A Computational Study." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 111, no. 4 (February 2007): 691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0663006.

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34

Gautam, G. K., S. M. Pundlik, A. D. Joshi, K. S. Mulage, and S. N. Singh. "Study of Energetic Nitramine Extruded Double-Base Propellants." Defence Science Journal 48, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.48.3904.

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35

Veenhuizen, Y., E. Cup, T. Satink, J. Groothuis, B. van Engelen, M. Nijhuis-van der Sanden, and A. Guerts. "Implementation and process evaluation of the energetic study." Neuromuscular Disorders 26 (October 2016): S147—S148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.225.

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36

HO, G., E. ROELOF, G. MASON, D. LARIO, and J. MAZUR. "Onset study of impulsive solar energetic particle events." Advances in Space Research 32, no. 12 (2003): 2679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(03)90450-9.

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37

Qiao, Xiangxin, and Heyang Xu. "Study on penetration-induced initiation of energetic fragment." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 242 (September 2017): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/242/1/012035.

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38

Sisani, Federico, Stefano Contini, and Francesco Di Maria. "Energetic Efficiency of Landfill: An Italian Case Study." Energy Procedia 101 (November 2016): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.009.

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39

Castells, Blanca, Isabel Amez, Nebojsa Manic, Dragoslava Stojiljkovic, Ljiljana Medic, and Javier Garcia-Torrent. "Kinetic study of different biomass pyrolysis and oxygen-enriched combustion." Thermal Science 26, no. 5 Part B (2022): 4131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2205131c.

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Global warming and the GHG effect have forced the reduction of the energetic dependence on fossil fuels. Because of that, research focusing on biomass properties, characteristics and energetic conversion has increased in the last decades. The present study was carried out in terms of determination of kinetic parameters, focusing on two different energetic conversion processes: pyrolysis, carried out under nitrogen atmosphere, and oxygen-enriched combustion, using an atmosphere of air enriched with 30% oxygen. Three different lignocellulosic bio-mass samples were used. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed using four different heating rates in order to carry out a kinetic analysis using model free methods (Friedman, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa). The results showed that oxygen-enriched combustion produced a more complete reaction with low char values and activation energy values greater than pyrolysis values. Among the kinetic methods, Friedman reported the most different values, acceptable for pyrolysis process but not so much for oxygen-enriched combustion.

40

Mohabat Doost, Danial, Alessandra Buffa, Grazia Brunetta, Stefano Salata, and Guglielmina Mutani. "Mainstreaming Energetic Resilience by Morphological Assessment in Ordinary Land Use Planning. The Case Study of Moncalieri, Turin (Italy)." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 30, 2020): 4443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114443.

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Energetic resilience is seen as one of the most prominent fields of investigation in the upcoming years. The increasing efficiency of urban systems depends on the conversion of energetic production of buildings, and therefore, from the capacity of urban systems to be more rational in the use of renewable resources. Nevertheless, the integration of the energetic regulation into the ordinary urban planning documents is far from being reached in most of planning processes. In Italy, mainstreaming energetic resilience in ordinary land use planning appears particularly challenging, even in those Local Administrations that tried to implement the national legislation into Local Building Regulation. In this work, an empirical methodology to provide an overall assessment of the solar production capacity has been applied to selected indicators of urban morphology among the different land use parcel-zones, while implementing a geographic information system-based approach to the city of Moncalieri, Turin (Italy). Results demonstrate that, without exception, the current minimum energy levels required by law are generally much lower than the effective potential solar energy production that each land use parcel-zone could effectively produce. We concluded that local planning processes should update their land use plans to reach environmental sustainability targets, while at the same time the energetic resilience should be mainstreamed in urban planning by an in-depth analysis of the effective morphological constraints. These aspects may also represent a contribution to the international debates on energetic resilience and on the progressive inclusion of energy subjects in the land use planning process.

41

Zhang, Lei, Yi Yu, and Meizhen Xiang. "A Study of the Shock Sensitivity of Energetic Single Crystals by Large-Scale Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations." Nanomaterials 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091251.

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Understanding the reaction initiation of energetic single crystals under external stimuli is a long-term challenge in the field of high energy density materials. Herewith, we developed an ab initio molecular dynamics method based on the multiscale shock technique (MSST) and reported the reaction initiation mechanism by performing large-scale simulations for the sensitive explosive benzotrifuroxan (BTF), insensitive explosive triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB), four polymorphs of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) pristine crystals and five novel CL-20 cocrystals. A theoretical indicator, tinitiation, the delay of decomposition reaction under shock, was proposed to characterize the shock sensitivity of energetic single crystal, which was proved to be reliable and satisfactorily consistent with experiments. We found that it was the coupling of heat and pressure that drove the shock reaction, wherein the vibrational spectra, the specific heat capacity, as well as the strength of the trigger bonds were the determinants of the shock sensitivity. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds were found to effectively buffer the system from heating, thereby delaying the decomposition reaction and reducing the shock sensitivity of the energetic single crystal. Theoretical rules for synthesizing novel energetic materials with low shock sensitivity were given. Our work is expected to provide a useful reference for the understanding, certifying and adjusting of the shock sensitivity of novel energetic materials.

42

Liu, Lan, Weidong Chen, Shengzhuo Lu, Yanchun Yu, Shibo Wu, and Peiwen Wu. "Study on Shock Initiation Randomness of Energetic Materials on a Macroscopic Scale." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 2534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042534.

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The shock initiation randomness problem of energetic materials (SIREM) is an important problem in the research field of energetic material safety. With the purposes of solving SIREM on a macroscopic scale and obtaining the statistics, such as the initiation probabilities of energetic materials and the statistical characteristics of the detonation pressure, this paper considers the effect of the randomness of the parameters of the Lee–Tarver equation of reaction rate and the JWL equation of state of energetic materials and the randomness of load intensity parameters—such as fragment shock velocity—on the randomness of the shock initiations of energetic materials. It then decomposes SIREM into an initiation probability problem (IP) and a detonation pressure randomness problem (DPR). Further, with the Back Propagation Neural Networks optimized by the Genetic Algorithm (GABPNN) as the surrogate models of the numerical models of two-phase reactive flow, this paper proposes the approach of solving IP and DPR in turn, adopting Monte Carlo Simulations, which use the calculations of GABPNNs as repeated sampling tests (GABP-MCSs). Finally, by taking the shock initiation randomness problem of Composition B as an applied example, this paper adopts GABP-MCS under the randomness conditions that the means of fragment shock velocities are 1050 m/s and 1000 m/s and that the coefficients of variation (CVs) of BRVs are 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, and 0.02 in order to obtain the initiation probabilities of Composition B and the statistical characteristics, such as the means and CVs of the detonation pressure. It further observes the variation tendencies that these statistics show under various randomness conditions, so as to prove the effectiveness of GABP-MCS in solving SIREM. Therefore, this paper investigates SIREM on a macroscopic scale and proposes a universal technique for solving SIREM by GABP-MCS, in the hope of shedding some light on the SIREM study.

43

Runtu, Khevinadya Ramadhani, Leni Tria Melati, Igara Triregina, Gathut Imam Gunadi, Prita Nur Wahyu, Ice Fahmi, Nanang Hary Soebakgijo, Mas Ayu Elita Hafizah, and Yayat Ruyat. "Study of Energetic Materials of Double Base Propellant for Small Caliber Ammunition." Jurnal Inotera 8, no. 1 (January 24, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31572/inotera.vol8.iss1.2023.id205.

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Double Base Propellants (DBP) has been frequently utilized in the fields of rocket propellant and gun propellant. DBP has various advantages over conventional propellants, including easy formulation, high energy, and smokelessness. The research conducted in literature studies was applied by referring to the various energetic materials for DBP. The composition of a DBP consists of energetic raw material of Nitrocellulose (NC) and Nitroglycerin (NG). According to data analysis, NC can be manufactured from the raw material Nata de Coco, which has a nitrogen content of more than 12,5% in NC, which is in line with the levels of conventional military and propellant raw materials. Meanwhile, SMX (1,4-dinitrate-2,3-dinitro-2,3bis (nitratomethylene) butane) or GAP (Glycidyl Azide Polymer) on double-base propellants is suggested as potential alternative energy sources that can be utilized to substitute NG. The choice of new energetic material is influenced by the fact that Nata de Coco is abundant in Indonesia, while SMX and GAP in terms of manufacturing and handling are safety. The several parameters to characterize double-base propellants include thermal analysis, microstructure, surface area, burning rate value, and gaseous product. The results of thermal properties by DSC analysis on a DBP based on NC+NG+TiO2-trifluoroacrylate showed a change in exothermic decomposition at a temperature of 199.2oC. Meanwhile, TGA analysis of a DBP based on NC+NG+GAP showed mass decomposition at temperature 199,3oC. Furthermore, it was found that thermoplastic elastomers GAP have a significant effect on increasing the low-temperature mechanical properties of double-base propellants. As a result, the literature studies approach, which includes consideration of alternative energetic raw materials and characterization for double-base propellants, is the recommendation for obtaining superior performance double-base propellants with energetic materials.

44

Yu, Yanchun, Han Yan, Weidong Chen, and Jingxin Ma. "Finite Volume Method for the Launch Safety of Energetic Materials." Shock and Vibration 2021 (December 15, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9609557.

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It is important to examine the ignition of energetic materials for launch safety. Given that there is a paucity of experimental tests, numerical simulations are important for analysing energetic materials. A computer program based on the finite volume method and viscoelastic statistical crack mechanics model is developed to study the ignition of energetic materials. The trends of temperature and stress of energetic materials subjected to projectile base pressure are studied by numerical examples. The results are compared with those in an extant study, which verified the correctness of the proposed method. Additionally, the relationships between the temperature increase and nonimpact ignition of energetic materials were analysed. The results show that when the temperature at the bottom of the explosive rises to a certain value, it will cause the explosive to ignite. This research has significance to the study of the base gap of explosives, and it provides a reference for launch safety evaluation of energetic materials.

45

Ryan, Arthur M., and Richard W. Backs. "Multimodal Measures of the Energetic Demands of Information Processing in a Suboptimal Environment." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 19 (October 1993): 1393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118193784162245.

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Twenty-four male volunteers participated in a study in which the feature extraction and response choice information processing stages of a visual memory task and the environment in which the task was performed were manipulated in order to assess the specificity of energetic demands. Ambient auditory noise was a state variable that was predicted to directly affect the energetic mechanism supporting the feature extraction processing stage and to indirectly affect the energetic mechanism supporting the response choice processing stage. Several classes of dependent measures were taken including performance, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and metabolic in order to isolate effects upon energetic mechanisms. The present study did not support the proposition of multiple energetic mechanisms. Instead, the combination of a single variable-capacity energetic resource with a flexible allocation policy to the processing stages was a better fit to the results.

46

Garbutt, Jennifer R., Gillian R. Goward, Christopher W. Kirby, and William P. Power. "Solid-state 2H NMR study of methyl-d3-cobalamin." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 76, no. 2-3 (May 1, 1998): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o98-057.

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A solid-state 2H NMR study of methyl-d3-cobalamin has been performed as a function of temperature to provide information concerning the character and energetics of the motion performed by this unique bioorganometallic methyl group. Analysis of the 2H NMR line shape indicates that the methyl group undergoes rapid three-fold rotation, and that the Co-C-2H angle lies between 105.9 and 109.5°. Determination of the spin-lattice relaxation times T1 shows that the relaxation is anisotropic, consistent with a "jumping" motion of the methyl group rather than rotational diffusion. This also provides the activation energy to methyl jumps as 8.3 ± 1.3 kJ/mol. It is proposed that this energetic barrier may be a useful probe of changes in the electronic character of the Co-C bond that accompany the biological role of this molecule in such enzymes as methionine synthase.Key words: cobalamin, solid-state NMR, deuterium NMR, molecular dynamics.

47

VECCHIO, ANTONIO, LORIS D'ALESSI, VINCENZO CARBONE, MONICA LAURENZA, and MARISA STORINI. "THE EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION TO STUDY THE QUASI-BIENNIAL MODULATION OF SOLAR MAGNETIC ACTIVITY AND SOLAR NEUTRINO FLUX." Advances in Adaptive Data Analysis 04, no. 01n02 (April 2012): 1250014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793536912500148.

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The time variability of solar activity indices such as sunspot areas (SAs) and green-line coronal emission, fluxes of solar energetic protons and galactic cosmic rays (CRs) in the period 1974–2001 has been investigated through the empirical mode decomposition (EMD). We found that the quasi-biennial periodicity is a prominent time scale of solar variability, having the energetic particle indices an amplitude comparable with the 11 years one. Moreover, we provide evidence for the quasi-biennial modulation of the solar neutrino flux, which results to be also significantly correlated with the fluxes of solar energetic protons and galactic CRs. The significance of all the correlation has been tested by applying both bootstrap and Monte Carlo methods.

48

Urso, Riccardo Giovanni, Carlotta Scirè, Giuseppe Antonio Baratta, John Robert Brucato, Giuseppe Compagnini, Zuzana Kaňuchová, Maria Elisabetta Palumbo, and Giovanni Strazzulla. "Infrared study on the thermal evolution of solid state formamide." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 32 (2017): 21759–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp03959j.

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49

Hao, Zijun, Ling Guo, Minmin Xing, and Qian Zhang. "Mechanistic study of ethanol steam reforming on TM–Mo6S8 clusters: a DFT study." Catalysis Science & Technology 9, no. 7 (2019): 1631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cy02151a.

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The mechanism of ethanol steam reforming (ESR) on TM–Mo₆S₈ (TM = Pt, Pd) clusters is systematically investigated using a combination of the microscopic kinetic model, energetic span model (ESM) and d-band model under density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

50

Baxter, Chance, Jena McCollum, and Scott Iacono. "Preparation and Thermal Analysis of Blended Nanoaluminum/Fluorinated Polyether-Segmented Urethane Composites." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3010025.

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The thermally induced reaction of aluminum fuel and a fluoropolymer oxidizer such as polytetrafluoroethylene (via C-F activation) has been a well-studied thermite event for slow-burning pyrolants among a multitude of energetic applications. Generally, most metallized thermoplastic fluoropolymers suffer from manufacturing limitations using common melt or solvent processing techniques due to the inherent low surface energy and high crystallinity of fluoropolymers. In this report, we prepared an energetic composite utilizing the versatility of urethane-based polymers and provide a comparative thermal characterization study. Specifically, a thermite formulation comprising of nanometer-sized aluminum (nAl) fuel coated with perfluoropolyether (PFPE) oxidizer was solvent-blended with either a polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PFPE-segmented urethane copolymer. Thermal data were collected with calorimetric and thermogravimetric techniques to determine glass transition temperature and decomposition temperature, which showed modest effects upon various loadings of PFPE-coated nAl in the urethane matrix. While our application focus was for energetics, this study also demonstrates the potential to expand the ability to broadly manufacture structural metallized composites to their consideration as coatings, foams, or fibers.

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