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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Energetic budget"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 січня 2025

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Статті в журналах з теми "Energetic budget"

Ngueto, Yves Franklin, René Laprise, and Oumarou Nikiéma. "A Detailed Limited-Area Atmospheric Energy Cycle for Climate and Weather Studies." Atmosphere 15, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15010087.

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Lorenz’ seminal work on global atmospheric energetics improved our understanding of the general circulation. With the advent of Regional Climate Models (RCMs), it is important to have a limited-area energetic budget available that is applicable for both weather and climate, analogous to Lorenz’ global atmospheric energetics. A regional-scale energetic budget is obtained in this study by applying Reynolds decomposition rules to quadratic forms of the kinetic energy K and the available enthalpy A, to obtain time mean and time deviation contributions. According to the employed definition, the time mean energy contributions are decomposed in a component associated with the time-averaged atmospheric state and a component due to the time-averaged statistics of transient eddies; these contributions are suitable for the study of the climate over a region of interest. Energy fluctuations (the deviations of instantaneous energies from their climate value) that are appropriate for weather studies are split into quadratic and linear contributions. The sum of all the contributions returns exactly to the total primitive kinetic energy and available enthalpy equations.

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Ohanian, Gabriel A. "The Role of Radio Loud Phase of Nuclear Activity in Galaxy Formation and Evolution." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 9, S304 (October 2013): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314004487.

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AbstractKey questions, which arise when one tries to clear up a problem of formation and evolution of galaxies, is the question of energy: what is the energetic budget of AGN owing to form galaxies and provide its subsequent development? Hence, for understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies, it is important to estimate the energetic budget of AGN which we try to do involving radio loud phase of nuclear activity.

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Mahmoudabadi, Gita, Ron Milo, and Rob Phillips. "Energetic cost of building a virus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 22 (May 16, 2017): E4324—E4333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701670114.

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Viruses are incapable of autonomous energy production. Although many experimental studies make it clear that viruses are parasitic entities that hijack the molecular resources of the host, a detailed estimate for the energetic cost of viral synthesis is largely lacking. To quantify the energetic cost of viruses to their hosts, we enumerated the costs associated with two very distinct but representative DNA and RNA viruses, namely, T4 and influenza. We found that, for these viruses, translation of viral proteins is the most energetically expensive process. Interestingly, the costs of building a T4 phage and a single influenza virus are nearly the same. Due to influenza’s higher burst size, however, the overall cost of a T4 phage infection is only 2–3% of the cost of an influenza infection. The costs of these infections relative to their host’s estimated energy budget during the infection reveal that a T4 infection consumes about a third of its host’s energy budget, whereas an influenza infection consumes only ≈ 1%. Building on our estimates for T4, we show how the energetic costs of double-stranded DNA phages scale with the capsid size, revealing that the dominant cost of building a virus can switch from translation to genome replication above a critical size. Last, using our predictions for the energetic cost of viruses, we provide estimates for the strengths of selection and genetic drift acting on newly incorporated genetic elements in viral genomes, under conditions of energy limitation.

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Egger, Joseph. "Mountain Forces and the Atmospheric Energy Budget." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 11 (November 1, 2011): 2689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jas3740.1.

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Abstract Although mountains are generally thought to exert forces on the atmosphere, the related transfers of energy between earth and atmosphere are not represented in standard energy equations of the atmosphere. It is shown that the axial rotation of the atmosphere must be included in the energy budget in order to resolve this issue. The energy transfer resulting from mountains turns out to be closely related to mountain torques. The energetic effects of a changing rotation of the earth are discussed, as well as those of friction torques and those of the nonspherical shape of the earth.

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Richardson, T. B., P. M. Forster, T. Andrews, O. Boucher, G. Faluvegi, D. Fläschner, Ø. Hodnebrog, et al. "Drivers of Precipitation Change: An Energetic Understanding." Journal of Climate 31, no. 23 (December 2018): 9641–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0240.1.

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The response of the hydrological cycle to climate forcings can be understood within the atmospheric energy budget framework. In this study precipitation and energy budget responses to five forcing agents are analyzed using 10 climate models from the Precipitation Driver Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP). Precipitation changes are split into a forcing-dependent fast response and a temperature-driven hydrological sensitivity. Globally, when normalized by top-of-atmosphere (TOA) forcing, fast precipitation changes are most sensitive to strongly absorbing drivers (CO2, black carbon). However, over land fast precipitation changes are most sensitive to weakly absorbing drivers (sulfate, solar) and are linked to rapid circulation changes. Despite this, land-mean fast responses to CO2 and black carbon exhibit more intermodel spread. Globally, the hydrological sensitivity is consistent across forcings, mainly associated with increased longwave cooling, which is highly correlated with intermodel spread. The land-mean hydrological sensitivity is weaker, consistent with limited moisture availability. The PDRMIP results are used to construct a simple model for land-mean and sea-mean precipitation change based on sea surface temperature change and TOA forcing. The model matches well with CMIP5 ensemble mean historical and future projections, and is used to understand the contributions of different drivers. During the twentieth century, temperature-driven intensification of land-mean precipitation has been masked by fast precipitation responses to anthropogenic sulfate and volcanic forcing, consistent with the small observed trend. However, as projected sulfate forcing decreases, and warming continues, land-mean precipitation is expected to increase more rapidly, and may become clearly observable by the mid-twenty-first century.

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Magris, Martina, and Cristina Tuni. "Enough for all: no mating effort adjustment to varying mate availability in a gift-giving spider." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 5 (June 19, 2019): 1461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz102.

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Males of a gift-giving spider do not modify their allocation to reproduction when mating opportunities vary. Due to their costly courtship via provision of food gifts to females, with high female availability males should reduce their reproductive investment per partner to avoid exhausting their energetic budget too early. Our findings suggest instead that males may be able to enlarge their total reproductive budget, possibly drawing resources from their food gifts by partially feeding on them.

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Marchand, Théo, Anne-Sophie Le Gal, and Jean-Yves Georges. "Fine scale behaviour and time-budget in the cryptic ectotherm European pond turtle Emys orbicularis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): e0256549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256549.

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For ectotherms, behaviour and associated energetic costs are directly related to thermal conditions. In the present context of global change, estimating time-budget for these species is relevant to assess and predict their capacity to adapt to near future. We tested the hypothesis that in ectotherms where reproduction is highly energy consuming, energy expenditure should vary throughout the breeding season with a maximum around nesting events. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the fine-scale behaviour, time-budget and estimated energetic costs in eight adult female European pond turtles Emys orbicularis equipped with data-loggers recording ambient temperature, pressure, light and the animals’ 3-axis acceleration. Deployments occurred over four months throughout the nesting season 2017 in semi-natural captive conditions in Alsace, France. All study turtles showed a clear daily pattern over the 24h cycle, with four distinct phases (referred to as Night, Morning, Midday and Evening), associated with different behaviours and activity levels. Before oviposition, turtles were mostly active during Morning, and activity was positively driven by ambient temperature. Activity levels doubled during the nesting period, mostly due to the increased activity in the Evening, when nesting events occurred. Throughout the active season, basking occurrence at Midday was related to air temperature but cloud coverage was an even more important factor. Our results are a first step in predicting the seasonal time and energy budgets of the European pond turtle, and demonstrate the usefulness of animal-borne accelerometers to study free living freshwater turtles over extended periods of time.

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Castanet, G., P. Lavieille, F. Lemoine, M. Lebouché, A. Atthasit, Y. Biscos, and G. Lavergne. "Energetic budget on an evaporating monodisperse droplet stream using combined optical methods." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45, no. 25 (December 2002): 5053–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(02)00204-1.

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Frey, H. "Energetic Significance of Torpor and Other Energy-Conserving Mechanisms in Free-Living Sminthopsis-Crassicaudata (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 39, no. 6 (1991): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9910689.

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Factors influencing the use of energy-conserving mechanisms including torpor, as well as their energetic significance, were studied in free-living Sminthopsis crassicaudata at Werribee (Victoria) during winter 1981 and 1982. Possible correlations between behavioural or physiological condition of captured animals and climatic variables or food availability were investigated. Daily energy expenditure was calculated by combining time-budget analysis in the field (based on radio-tracking) with respirometric measurements of metabolic rates in captivity. The energy-conserving mechanisms used were torpor, reduced activity, basking, huddling in groups, use of nests, choice of a thermally favourable resting site and slightly lowered resting body temperature. Torpor and reduced activity only occurred after cold (< 6-degrees-C) and dry nights, when surface activity of prey was very low, leaving S. crassicaudata in a negative energy balance. Rainy nights increased the availability of prey (particularly slugs and earthworms), and the animals did not enter torpor. During the non-breeding season (April-June), the energy savings [compared with a reference budget (E(r)) where no energy-conserving mechanism is used] reached 20-25% of E(r) after rainy or mild and dry nights, the major contributors being huddling and use of a nest. After cold dry nights, the savings may reach 40-50% of E(r), primarily due to torpor and reduced activity. Various energy-conserving mechanisms were used, even in the absence of short-term energetic problems, resulting in spontaneous energy savings and a reduced depletion of food. More prey was then available at the onset of breeding (mid-July), when energy requirements increase noticeably, because of smaller group size, smaller nests and energy channelled into offspring. The adpative value of spontaneous energy savings is discussed and the overwintering energetics of S. crassicaudata are compared with those of some European shrews.

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Kessler, T. A., and T. R. Parsons. "Primary Production in a Tidally Energetic Fjord: Environmental Forcing of Vertical Phytoplankton Distribution." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 2173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-269.

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Time dependent changes in the vertical phytoplankton distribution, during two short-term intensive studies in a tidally energetic sill-fjord, were examined with the objective of identifying processes responsible for a seasonal dependence between biomass and stability in a 7-yr environmental data set for the region. Reconciling an apparent divergence between calculated chlorophyl a (Chla) and NO3− mass balances identified diapycnal mixing to be an important term in the NO3− budget, but not in the Chla budget. The balancing mixing rate required was consistent with a wind stress origin and inconsistent with a tidal origin. This calculation, combined with evidence that mixing events in the surface layer were generally more closely correlated with the wind than the tide was used to support a hypothesis relating the seasonal biomass–stability relationship to seasonally dependent tidal mixing in the surface layer.

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Дисертації з теми "Energetic budget"

Bella, Adrien. "Étude de l’impact des interactions entre ondes de marée interne et circulation basse fréquence sur le budget énergétique de la marée interne à l’aide d’une simulation numérique à haute résolution sur l’Atlantique Nord." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024URENS046.

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Dans cette thèse, le cycle de vie de la marée interne et sa perte de cohérence par ses interactions avec les courants sont étudiés dans l’Atlantique Nord à l’aide d’une simulation d’un océan réaliste à haute résolution. Une décomposition en mode verticaux est utilisée pour obtenir le budget d’énergie des différentes échelles de la marée interne. La dispersion topographique est dominante à l’échelle du bassin et aux niveaux des reliefs, tandis que les interactions entre la marée interne et la circulation basse fréquence signent au niveau du Gulf Stream, de son prolongement Nord Atlantique et dans le Nord du Bassin. Enfin, une décomposition en partie cohérente/incohérente est utilisée. Les causes de la perte de cohérence de la marée sur des échelles de un à trois mois sont l’advection de la marée interne par l’écoulement lentement variable et le cisaillement horizontal de ce dernier. Cette perte de cohérence se fait majoritairement sans changement d’échelle pour la marée
The life cycle of the internal tide and its loss of coherence due to its interactions with currents are studied over the North Atlantic basin using a high-resolution simulation of a realistic ocean. A vertical mode decomposition is used to obtain the energy budget of the different scales of the internal tide. Topographic scattering is dominant at the basin scale and around topographic features, while interactions between the internal tide and the low-frequency circulation are significant in the Gulf Stream, its North Atlantic extension and in the northern part of the basin. Finally, a coherent/incoherent decomposition is used. The causes of the internal tide loss of coherence on scales of one to three months are the advection of the internal tide by the slowly varying current and the horizontal shear of the latter. Most of this loss of coherence occurs without any change of scale for the internal tide

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Maršík, Miroslav. "Energetická náročnost membránových procesů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226165.

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The thesis deals with energy demands of wastewater treatment plants. The content is focused on inclusion of membrane modules to the wastewater treatment process. Two possible options of wastewater treatment are compared; first, convetional mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plants with activation and installable tank; on the other hand, plants with activation with membrane module. In the practical part, three possible options of intensification are suggested. In the first part, new mechanisms for the plant are projected, in the second part, the energy demands of this tecnological equipment are treated, and in the last point, the item bugget is processed. The comparison of investment and operating costs is made in the conclusion of the thesis.

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Drkošová, Dominika. "Porovnání vybraných cenových podílů u energeticky úsporných domů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-382184.

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Frank, Jaromír. "Analýza zhodnocení stavebního objektu při snížení jeho energetické náročnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225968.

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The subject of this thesis is the analysis of the evaluation of a construction unit by reducing its energy intensity. The first part of the thesis is dealing with the theoretical explanation of the basic concepts that are necessary for understanding of the dealt problem. The next part is dealing with the methodics of calculation of a building energy efficiency, determination of market prices of the property by general methodology, solution of the budgets of the reconstruction possibilities and determination of payback time of the investment into the reconstructions. The result of the thesis is the summary of all the outputs into the detailed table with comments.

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Mikloš, Adrián. "Optimalizace energetické náročnosti obchodního centra." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377041.

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The diploma thesis on „Optimizing of shopping center energy demands“ deals with the reduce of the energy demand of the shopping center. The theoretical part describes the possibilities of reducing the energy intensity in terms of renewable resources, the potential of renewable resources. In practical part the energy audit of the existing building is designed, then the possibilities of reducing the energy intensity of the building, the budget and expressed return on investment by means of the net present value, the internal rate of return and simple payback period.

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Král, Jakub. "Energeticky efektivní řadový rodinný dům." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227602.

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The aim of my diploma thesis is a design of a new energy efficient terraced house in the gap site. Building has two dwelling unit of category 4+kitchenette and 6+ kitchenette. Building has a cellar, two floors and an attic. The cellar structures and horizontal structures are made of reinforced concrete. Sand-lime bricks are used for masonry. The building is covered with gabled roof with timber roof truss. In this building there are used rainwater and renewable energy in a form of electrical energy made by photovoltaic panels.

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Collins, Philip. "The movement ecology of a breeding seabird : an investigation using accelerometry." Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2018. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/The-movement-ecology-of-a-breeding-seabird(e36b8ee9-9f13-498e-93bd-6546910d9ce5).html.

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Animal movement is a ubiquitous process and can have consequences ranging from an individual’s energy expenditure to ecosystem dynamics. This study uses biologgers, primarily accelerometers, to record and examine the at-sea behaviours of black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) during their breeding period. Accelerometers record the acceleration of an instrumented animal to give an indication of their behaviour and movements, yet their output can be particularly difficult to interpret. As such, this thesis begins with a method developed for the assignation of coarse-scale behaviours to accelerometry data. The method is a simple yet objective approach intended to be widely applicable. Using this method, we construct time-activity budgets for incubating and chick-rearing kittiwakes and apply activity-specific estimates of energy expenditure to these behaviours. We identify how kittiwakes allocate their time and what the energetic consequences of variation in time-allocation are. We present empirical evidence for chick-rearing kittiwakes expending more energy than incubating birds and identify that kittiwakes exhibit behavioural compensation whereby they limit energy expenditure across both foraging trips and days. We also examine the flight behaviour of kittiwakes in relation to extrinsic conditions. We find that wind conditions do not seem to influence broader scale patterns in movements during foraging trips, however kittiwakes do display behavioural plasticity in response to wind conditions by optimising their flight speeds towards maximum range speeds. We also identify that to optimise flight speeds, kittiwakes change the strength at which they flap their wings, rather than the frequency. Finally we present a serendipitous observation of predation of kittiwake chicks by a peregrine falcon. Although not directly related to movement ecology, this study documents novel predatory behaviour and highlights the importance of biological forces other than movement. Overall, the work presented in this thesis demonstrates that by examining the movement of individuals, it is possible to gain insights into various important aspects of their biology.

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Pagliarani, Ridolfi Mattia. "Progetto di un nodo sensore LoRaWAN su piattaforma STM32." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24029/.

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L'elaborato descrive l'implementazione di un nodo sensore LoRaWAN su piattaforma STM32, in particolare sulla scheda di sviluppo Discovery Board B-L072Z-LRWAN1 di STMicroelectronics. Vengono discusse le varie caratteristiche del protocollo LoRa e più in generale di LoRaWAN. Una volta implementato un nodo funzionante si valutano i consumi energetici attraverso misure dei parametri di alimentazione e si valuta com'è possibile diminuirli. Da queste misure sono poi dedotte le varie possibilità di utilizzo che questo tipo di dispositivo può coprire e si valutano possibili alimentazioni alternative come ad esempio tramite energy harvesting.

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Šedý, Martin. "Tepelné čerpadlo v trivalentním systému vytápění." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227961.

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Thesis deals with the usage of energy from recoverable resources. Theoretical part of thesis includes the description of the utilisation of heating pumps, solar radiation and biomass. The real status of the implementation is described in the second part of the thesis. Last part of the thesis contains the energy and economy valuation of real implementation.

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Kaller, Ondřej. "Analýza přenosu a měření signálu digitální televize DVB-S/S2." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218625.

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This master’s theses consists of theoretical introduction which includes basic search of referenced literature about digital television systems and picture quality classification. The results of signal character measurement of selected TV channels from satellites ASTRA 1E (DVB-S) and ASTRA 1L (DVB-S2) are provided. The energy budget calculation of downlink and results of 24-hour TS error rate measurement is included as well. The video quality by DVQL metric for each particular program of CS link stream was measured during full 24 hours.

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Книги з теми "Energetic budget"

1938-, Gregory K. J., ed. Energetics of physical environment: Energetic approaches tophysical geography. Chichester: Wiley, 1987.

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Kerschgens, Michael J. Die Energetik der Stadt. Bonn: Dümmler, 1987.

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Smil, Vaclav. Energy in nature and society: General energetics of complex systems. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 2008.

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S. A. L. M. Kooijman. Dynamic energy and mass budgets in biological systems. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

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Clarke, Andrew. Energy flow in organisms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0004.

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An organism is an open thermodynamic system exchanging both energy and materials with its environment. Organisms exchange energy with their environment by radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation of water. The relative importance of these varies with the organism and its situation. Newton’s Law of Cooling is a simplification that is useful only for warm endotherms in a still, cool environment. For all other circumstances a full biophysical treatment is necessary. Flows of chemical potential energy can be captured by a balanced energy budget. A full description of the energy balance of an organism requires the coupling of a biophysical model of heat flow with an energy budget model. This combination provides a powerful tool for modelling the thermal and energetic niches of organisms, and to predict how these might change in the future.

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Grylls, Jim. Prepper's Superfood Pantry on a Budget: Long-Term No Refrigeration Foods to Stockpile, Anti-Aging Energetic Recipes for Modern Preppers, and How to Preserve Them Without Surprises. Independently Published, 2022.

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Haynes, Lloyd. The Evil Dead. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800859340.001.0001.

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THE EVIL DEAD is one of the most inventive and energetic of all horror movies. Sam Raimi’s debut feature transcends its small budget and limited resources to deliver a phantasmagoric roller-coaster ride, a wildly absurd and surreal assault on the senses. The first two chapters detail the unique circumstances of the film’s origin - it began life as a short film which was used to encourage financial backing from a variety of investors – and it’s production history which was fraught with problems. Chapter Three examines the concept of the Bad Place (the cabin in the woods) and how the film structurally creates a ‘bad dream’ effect. Chapter Four considers how the film’s ‘macho’ male hero Ash shares similarities with the Final Girl of other horror movies of this period, while Chapter Five explores the critical approaches to the film and its reputation in Britain as a ‘video nasty’. Chapter Six examines how THE EVIL DEAD has influenced other works both within and outside of the horror genre since its release in 1982.

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Willis, Andy. From Killer Snakes to Taxi Hunters: Hong Kong Horror in an Exploitation Context. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424592.003.0004.

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From the Shaw Brothers production line to the clones of Bruce Lee, Hong Kong cinema has long been seen as driven by raw commercial concerns. Like many other commercial film industries, most notably Hollywood, production in the Hong Kong film industry has also been focused on popular cycles of production. These have included phases when family melodramas, historical swordplay and kung-fu films, screwball comedies and triad based crime films have all proved successful at the domestic and regional box-office. As with other commercially focused film industries there has also been a low budget sector within Hong Kong industry. Here producers and directors have fashioned energetic, populist films that were designed to appeal to audiences’ desire for films that contained sex and violence. The horror genre seemed the perfect vehicle to satiate these needs. This chapter explores the work of filmmakers who worked at this rougher end of Hong Kong horror in the 80s and 90s. As well as placing them into this exploitation context of production, this chapter discusses their excessive content and the visual style employed by directors such as Kuei Chih-hung (Killer Snakes, Hex) and Herman Yau (The Untold Story, Ebola Syndrome) to deliver their exploitative content.

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To amend Public Law 108-331 to provide for the construction and related activities in support of the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) project in Arizona: Report (to accompany S.J. Res. 35) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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S. A. L. M. Kooijman. Dynamic Energy and Mass Budgets in Biological Systems. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Частини книг з теми "Energetic budget"

Brafield, A. E. "Laboratory Studies of Energy Budgets." In Fish Energetics, 257–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7918-8_10.

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Soofiani, N. M., and A. D. Hawkins. "Field Studies of Energy Budgets." In Fish Energetics, 283–307. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7918-8_11.

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Taylor, F. W. "Solar radiation and the energy budget of the earth." In Elementary Climate Physics, 29–39. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198567332.003.0002.

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Abstract Table 2.1 compares the principal sources of energy available to drive the Earth’s climate system. It confirms what we would expect intuitively: that virtually all, in fact 99.97%, of the energy arrives from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The remainder, from the interior of the Earth, from space in the form of energetic particles (most, but not all, of which also originate in the Sun), cosmic rays, and from human power production using fossil and radioactive fuels, are negligible for most purposes.

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"Activities of the International Space Organization and Station." In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 140–52. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7407-2.ch014.

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This chapter describes the establishment process, purpose of establishment, mission, exploration plan, activities of the European Space Agency (ESA) and International Space Station (ISS), and an explanation of the contents of the treaty that is legal basis for its establishment. The European Space Agency (ESA) is an intergovernmental organization of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200 in 2018 and an annual budget of about € 6.68 billion (US $ 7.43 billion) in 2020. ESA also works closely with space organizations outside Europe. ESA has missions planned for Jupiter (JUICE, 2022) and others that will seek dark matter (Euclid, 2020) and observe the energetic universe (Athena, 2028). The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station (habitable artificial satellite) in low Earth orbit. The ISS programme is a joint project between five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscomos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada).

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Yung, Yuk L., and William B. DeMore. "Solar Flux and Molecular Absorption." In Photochemistry of Planetary Atmospheres. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195105018.003.0005.

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In this book we are concerned primarily with disequilibrium chemistry, of which the sun is the principal driving force. The sun is not, however, the only source of disequilibrium chemistry in the solar system. We briefly discuss other minor energy sources such as the solar wind, starlight, precipitation of energetic particles, and lightning. Note that these sources are not independent. For example, the ultimate energy source of the magnetospheric particles is the solar wind and planetary rotation; the energy source for lightning is atmospheric winds powered by solar irradiance. Only starlight and galactic cosmic rays are completely independent of the sun. While the sun is the energy source, the atoms and molecules in the planetary atmospheres are the receivers of this energy. For atoms the interaction with radiation results in three possibilities: (a) resonance scattering, (b) absorption followed by fluorescence, and (c) ionization. lonization usually requires photons in the extreme ultraviolet. The interaction between molecules and the radiation field is more complicated. In addition to the above (including Rayleigh and Raman scattering) we can have (d) dissociation, (e) intramolecular conversion, and (f) vibrational and rotational excitation. Note that processes (a)-(e) involve electronic excitation; process (f) usually involves infrared radiation that is not energetic enough to cause electronic excitation. The last process is important for the thermal budget of the atmosphere, a subject that is not pursued in this book. Scattering and fluorescence are a source of airglow and aurorae and provide valuable tools for monitoring detailed atomic and molecular processes in the atmosphere. Processes (c) and (d) are most important for determining the chemical composition of planetary atmospheres. Interesting chemical reactions are initiated when the absorption of solar energy leads to ionization or the breaking of chemical bonds. In this chapter we provide a survey of the absorption cross sections of selected atoms and molecules. The selection is based on the likely importance of these species in planetary atmospheres.

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Dellisanti, Walter, Davide Seveso, and James Kar-Hei Fang. "Nutrition of Corals and Their Trophic Plasticity under Future Environmental Conditions." In Corals - Habitat Formers From the Shallow to the Deep [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104612.

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Scleractinian corals obtain metabolic energy from their endosymbiotic autotrophic microalgae, and from remineralization of organic matter by bacteria and viruses, along with the heterotrophic food sources. The mutualistic symbiosis is generally stable but can be disrupted when environmental conditions surrounding the corals, such as increasing seawater temperature, become unfavorable to sustain each component of the holobiont. In this connection, the effects of global stressors such as climate change, and local stressors such as pollution, and their combination, are posing serious threats to the metabolic resistance of corals. However, some more resilient coral species have developed specific mechanisms to cope with fluctuating environmental conditions according to the trophic strategy (autotrophy, heterotrophy, or mixotrophy), and by modulating their energy expenditure. In this chapter, the role of nutrition in the coral symbiosis as the energetic budget for metabolic performance will be discussed, with a focus on the role of acquisition of nutrients through feeding, regulation of energy reserves (lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates), and adaptation capability in the natural environment, including the expression of heat-shock proteins (Hsps). Future environmental conditions under a combination of global changes and local impacts will also be discussed, with the aim of identifying the trophic niches of corals and geographical areas as possible refugia.

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Lynch, Michael R. "Cytoskeleton, Cell Shape, and Motility." In Evolutionary Cell Biology, 377–408. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847287.003.0016.

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Abstract Many prokaryotes and eukaryotes rely on cell walls for external support. However, the chemical compositions of cell walls vary substantially among phylogenetic lineages, especially among the major eukaryotic groups. The summed costs of cell envelope components are commonly on the order of one-third of a cell’s total energy budget, decreasing in larger cells with reduced ratios of surface area to cell volume. As both prokaryotes and eukaryotes also harbor internal polymeric filaments, such fibrils must have been present in the last universal ancestor of all life. Cytoskeletal functions are elaborated in eukaryotes, where they serve as both endoskeletons and as highways for vesicle trafficking. Unlike prokaryotes, which rely on intracellular diffusion for most molecular motion, eukaryotic cells invest heavily in molecular motors for vesicle transport and other functions. The families of such motors have expanded substantially within and among phylogenetic lineages by gene duplication and divergence. Nearly all swimming cells achieve motility by use of external flagella, which have evolved independently and operate by different mechanisms in archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Swimming speeds, in units of cell length, are several times higher in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes. However, the conversion of chemical energy to swimming motion is universally inefficient. Owing to the energetic expense of constructing and running flagella, there is a strong selective premium for their elimination unless the advantages outweigh the costs.

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"Energetics and models." In Dynamic Energy and Mass Budgets in Biological Systems, 1–18. Cambridge University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511565403.004.

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Leonard, William R., Marcia L. Robertson, and J. Josh Snodgrass. "Energetic Models of Human Nutritional Evolution." In Evolution Of The Human Diet, 344–59. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195183474.003.0018.

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Abstract Over the past decade, biological anthropologists have increasingly begun to rely on energetic models for understanding patterns and trends in hominin evolution (e.g., Leonard and Robertson, 1994, 1997a; Aiello and Wheeler, 1995; Leonard, 2002). The study of energetics is important to evolutionary research for several reasons. First, food energy represents a critical interface between organisms and their environment. The search for food energy, its consumption, and ultimately its allocation for biological processes are all critical aspects of an organism’s ecology (McNab, 2002). In addition, the energy dynamic between organisms and their environments—energy expenditure in relation to energy consumed—has important adaptive consequences for both survival and reproduction. Energy thus provides a useful currency for measuring fitness. Indeed, the two components of Darwinian fitness—survival and reproduction—are reflected in the way that total energy budgets for animals are typically divided (see fig. 18.1). “Maintenance” energy expenditure represents the costs of keeping an animal alive on a day-to-day basis.

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Williamson, Daisy K., and Robin Dunbar. "Energetics, time budgets and group size." In Comparative Primate Socioecology, 320–38. Cambridge University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511542466.016.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Energetic budget"

Castanet, G., F. Lemoine, P. Lavieille, S. Didierjean, M. Lebouche´, G. Lavergne, A. Atthasit, and Y. Biscos. "Droplet Temperature and Size Measurement Using Combined Two Colors Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Interference Technique: Application to the Energetic Budget of an Evaporating Monodisperse Droplet Stream." In ASME 2002 Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Division Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2002-31438.

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Aerothermal properties in a fuel spray is a central problem in the field of the design of the combustion chambers of automobile engines, turbojets or rocket engines. Heat and mass transfer models are necessary in the predictive calculation schemes used by the motorists. Reliable experimental data must be obtained for both the validation and development of new physical models linked to heat transfer and evaporation in sprays, where aerodynamic interactions has a key role. This paper proposes an experimental study of the energetic budget of a monodisperse ethanol droplet stream, injected in the thermal boundary layer of an heated plate. The droplet size reduction is measured using a light scattering technique (interferential method) in order to characterize the evaporation, as the droplet mean temperature is monitored using the two colors laser-induced fluorescence technique. The convection heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt number are inferred from the overall energetic budget, as a function of the inter-droplet distance, characterizing the interaction regime. The results are compared to physical models combined with numerical simulations available in the literature, for moving, evaporating isolated droplets and for three droplets arrangement in linear stream.

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Verdugo, Pedro, Joaquín Salvachúa, and Gabriel Huecas. "A Study on the Energetic Viability of Single Board Computers for Cloud Computing Scenarios." In XIII Jornadas de Ingenieria Telematica - JITEL2017. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/jitel2017.2017.6504.

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The following document explores the viability of the usage of consumer-grade, ARM-based single board computers as a power saving alternative to the traditional monolithic x64-full-server based approach.By taking advantage of several capabilities provided by such devices, such as low cost, low power consumption and low on-time, the authors finally propose a scalable, energy-efficient, ARM-based cloud infrastructure.To that end, we start analyzing the current offerings in terms of capabilities, net cost, processing power and power consumption, comparing them with the relevant server-oriented offerings.We subsequently explore the adequacy of several metrics to model on-budget raw data processing, considering full-system wattage under nominal usage conditions.The low initial investment and long-term affordability of this approach results in quite a relevant case of application to Edge Cloud computing scenarios.

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Kann, Deirdre M., Shi-Keng Yang, and Alvin J. Miller. "Atmospheric energetics and earth radiation budget." In Orlando '90, 16-20 April, edited by Bruce R. Barkstrom. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.21362.

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Brizard, A. J., A. N. Kaufman, E. R. Tracy, Philip M. Ryan, and David Rasmussen. "Extended Budden problem associated with an energetic-particle population." In RADIO FREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS: 17th Topical Conference on Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2800529.

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Popa, Viorica, and Nicolae Popa. "Tranziția energetică: provocări, tendințe și soluții." In Conference title: Economic growth in the conditions of globalization: International Scientific-Practical Conference, XVIth edition. National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.iii.2022.16.12.

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At the global level, humanity is faced with the problem of excessive consumption of energy resources. The challenges of the energy sector are complex: capitalizing on renewable energy sources, reducing energy consumption from fossil sources, increasing energy efficiency measures to reduce energy consumption, as well as reducing CO2 emissions. In recent years, energy efficiency is one way we have to contribute to maintaining the sustainability of the planet. Energy is an input like any other used in the production process, no doubt for this reason, what is sought with its efficient use is to produce more while spending less energy. Energy efficiency is generally based on the optimization of consumption, which involves the search for the lowest energy intensity, a "rational use of energy", through more efficient processes and means. The objective of the study is to analyze the opportunities offered by energy efficiency as well as intelligent solutions adapted to the conditions of the national economy. The hypothesis is formulated starting from the results presented in the literature analysis section and consists in the fact that one of the basic rules of the energy efficiency transition is the exploitation of renewable energy sources in new resources for other industries. This study was developed within the State Program 20.80009.0807.22 "Development of the mechanism for formation of the circular economy in the Republic of Moldova” funded from the state budget through the National Agency for Research and Development of the Republic of Moldova.

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Huet, Maxime. "Budgets of Disturbances Energy for Nozzle Flows at Subsonic and Choked Regimes." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63525.

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The noise generated by the passage of acoustic and entropy perturbations through subsonic and choked nozzle flows is investigated numerically using an energetic approach. Low-order models are used to reproduce the experimental results of the Hot Acoustic Test rig (HAT) of DLR and energy budgets are performed to characterize the reflection, transmission and dissipation of the fluctuations. Because acoustic and entropy perturbations are present in the flow in the general case, classical acoustic energy budgets cannot be used and the disturbances energy budgets proposed by Myers (J. Fluid Mech. 226 (1991) 383–400) are used instead. Numerical results are in very good agreement with the experiments in terms of acoustic transmission and reflection coefficients. The normal shock present in the diffuser for choked regimes is shown to attenuate the scattered acoustic fluctuations, either by pure dissipation effect or by converting a part of the acoustic energy into entropy fluctuations.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Energetic budget"

Brown, Gary L., and Luong Phu V. Investigation of Sources of Sediment Associated with Deposition in the Calcasieu Ship Channel. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44907.

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The Calcasieu Ship Channel (CSC) is a deep-draft federal channel located in southwest Louisiana. It is the channelized lowermost segment of the Calcasieu River, connecting Lake Charles to the Gulf of Mexico. With support from the Regional Sediment Management Program, the US Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District, requested that the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, perform an investigation of the potential sources of sediment associated with dredging in the CSC. A previous study had quantified sediment from known sources, indicating that the known sediment sources contribute approximately only 21% of the volume that is regularly dredged from the channel. This technical report details the results of the current study, which employed multiple methods, including numerical analysis, to identify potential additional sources of sediment by first examining the available literature and the modeled energetics and flow pathways, and then estimating the quantities of sediment associated with these identified sources that may be contributing to the shoaling of the CSC. The results of these efforts were used to update the original sediment budget with estimates of the contributions from two additional sources: the erosion of interior wetlands and coastally derived sediments.

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