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Статті в журналах з теми "Endives"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 січня 2025

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1

Testone, Giulio, Elena Baldoni, Maria Adelaide Iannelli, Chiara Nicolodi, Elisabetta Di Giacomo, Fabrizio Pietrini, Giovanni Mele, Donato Giannino, and Giovanna Frugis. "Transcription Factor Networks in Leaves of Cichorium endivia: New Insights into the Relationship between Photosynthesis and Leaf Development." Plants 8, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8120531.

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Cichorium endivia is a leafy crop closely related to Lactuca sativa that comprises two major botanical varieties characterized by a high degree of intraspecific morphological variation: var. latifolium with broad leaves (escarole) and var. crispum with narrow crisp curly leaves (endive). To investigate the relationship between leaf morphology and photosynthetic activity, escaroles and endives were used as a crop model due to the striking morphological diversity of their leaves. We constructed a leaf database for transcription factors (TFs) and photosynthesis-related genes from a refined C. endivia transcriptome and used RNA-seq transcriptomic data from leaves of four commercial endive and escarole cultivars to explore transcription factor regulatory networks. Cluster and gene co-expression network (GCN) analyses identified two main anticorrelated modules that control photosynthesis. Analysis of the GCN network topological properties identified known and novel hub genes controlling photosynthesis, and candidate developmental genes at the boundaries between shape and function. Differential expression analysis between broad and curly leaves suggested three novel TFs putatively involved in leaf shape diversity. Physiological analysis of the photosynthesis properties and gene expression studies on broad and curly leaves provided new insights into the relationship between leaf shape and function.

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2

San Bautista, Alberto, Andrea Gromaz, Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi, Salvador López-Galarza, Bernardo Pascual, and José Vicente Maroto. "Effect of Cropping System and Humidity Level on Nitrate Content and Tipburn Incidence in Endive." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050749.

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Tipburn is an important disorder caused by a calcium deficiency that affects the marketability of endives. Genotype, air relative humidity, and temperature are directly involved in tipburn occurrence. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of cropping systems and relative humidity on the marketable yield, nitrate accumulation, and incidence of tipburn in endives. Two cultivars were evaluated in pots (‘Cuartana’ and ‘Natacha’), two cropping systems (greenhouse and open-field), and in two different air humidity levels (high level: plants under a plastic tunnel with an extra supply of humidity with micro-sprinklers, and low level: plants without an extra supply of humidity and outside of a plastic tunnel) during two years (2013 and 2014) in different growing seasons. Nitrate content was determined by reflectometry, and tipburn was evaluated using a qualitative scale. Results showed that tipburn was favored under greenhouse with low humidity levels, with 40–60% plants affected. ‘Natacha’ was more susceptible to tipburn (>20% plants affected) than ‘Cuartana’ (<20% plants affected). Leaf nitrate accumulation was favored by the highest temperatures (greenhouse). It is concluded that in our conditions, tipburn incidence in endives depends on the interaction of genotype and the environmental conditions. Nitrate content was more influenced by the temperature than by the cultivars used.

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3

Velde, M. D., A. M. Loey, and M. E. Hendrickx. "Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Cut Belgian Endives." Journal of Food Science 67, no. 6 (August 2002): 2202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb09527.x.

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4

CALVO, C., S. BOLADO, J. ALVAREZ-BENEDÍ, and M. ANDRADE. "Arsenic Uptake and Accumulation in Curly Endives ( Cichorium endivia L .) Irrigated with Contaminated Water." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes 41, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601230600634778.

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5

Tzortzakis, N. G. "Potassium and calcium enrichment alleviate salinity-induced stress in hydroponically grown endives." Horticultural Science 37, No. 4 (November 3, 2010): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1/2010-hortsci.

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Salinity either of soil or of irrigation water causes disturbance in plant growth and nutrient balance and reduces crop yields. The effects of NaCl salinity and/or calcium or potassium level on the plant growth and severity of gray mold (Botrytis cinerea [De Bary] Whetzel) were investigated in endive (Cichorium endivia L., cv. Green Curled) grown with the nutrient film technique under greenhouse conditions during early spring. Plants were supplied with nutrient solutions containing 40 mmol/l of sodium chloride (NaCl) and/or 10 mmol/l potassium sulphate (K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). Additionally, plants treated with foliar spray of 15 mmol/l calcium nitrate [(CaNO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>] or distilled water. Salinity or K- and Ca-enrichment mainly affected the upper part of endive plants and reduced leaf area. However, when salinity combined with either K- or Ca-enrichment, the negative impact of salinity on plant growth was reversed. Salinized and/or K- and Ca-enriched, plants did not differ in plant biomass, leaf/root ratio, leaf fresh weight, leaf number, and root length. Salinity did not have any impacts on photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. Indeed, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance increased with Ca foliar application and decreased with K while the opposite effects were observed for the intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. Total nutrient uptake was reduced 2-fold in salt-treated plants compared to controls. No symptoms of tip-burn or blackheart were recorded throughout the experimental study. Endive grown in the nutrient film technique had tolerance to NaCl salinity, and this method could be used to exploit saline water in soilless culture. These findings also suggest that a proper management of the salt concentration of the nutrient solution plus external elemental enrichment may provide an efficient tool to improve the quality of leafy vegetables with little effect on yield.

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6

Godts, C., J. Ceusters, and M. P. De Proft. "MONITORING PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURATION IN BELGIAN ENDIVES DURING FIELD GROWTH." Acta Horticulturae, no. 936 (August 2012): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.936.20.

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7

Espinosa-Martos, I., E. Rico, and P. Rupèrez. "Note. Low Molecular Weight Carbohydrates in Foods Usually Consumed in Spain." Food Science and Technology International 12, no. 2 (April 2006): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013206063838.

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Low molecular weight carbohydrates (LMWC) were determined in foods usually consumed in Spain, namely: rice, biscuits, white bread, noodles, honey, as well as the most common vegetables of the Mediterranean diet. LMWC in foods contained mono-, di- and oligosaccharides; soluble sugars ranged from 0.2% to 83.8% in rice and honey, respectively. All samples contained different amounts of sucrose, glucose and fructose, except for garlic that only contained sucrose (2.4%). Inulin was high in garlic (13.5%), followed by onion (1.4%) and globus artichoke (0.5%). Minor inulin contents were detected in biscuits (0.2%) and a trace in noodles, white bread and endives. Non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO) detected in the samples ranged from 12% honey, 3.2% garlic, 3.7% onion, 1.3% globus artichoke and minor amounts in noodle, endive, biscuit and white bread. According to the determined LMWC contents and the current intake of these foods in Spain, the amount of mono- and disaccharide would be 4.3 kg/person/year, while that of inulin plus non-digestible oligosaccharides, 0.4 kg/person/year. Thus, the estimated daily intake of the potential prebiotics inulin plus NDO from the foods selected was 1.1 g/person.

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8

JACXSENS, L., F. DEVLIEGHERE, P. FALCATO, and J. DEBEVERE. "Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas spp. on Fresh-Cut Produce Packaged under Equilibrium-Modified Atmosphere." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 1128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.10.1128.

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Storage experiments were conducted to follow the behavior of pathogens on fresh-cut vegetables (trimmed brussels sprouts, grated carrots, shredded iceberg lettuce, and shredded chicory endives) packaged under an equilibrium-modified atmosphere (EMA) (2 to 3% O2, 2 to 3% CO2, and 94 to 96% N2) and stored at 7°C. As a comparison, fresh-cut vegetables were also packaged in a perforated high-barrier film (air conditions) and stored at 7°C. In a first step, the shelf life of the vegetables in the two kinds of packages was determined by evaluating the microbiological quality as well as the sensorial quality (appearance, taste, and odor). In general, sensorial properties were faster in limiting the shelf life than microbiological criteria. The shelf life of the vegetables stored under an EMA was extended by 50% or more, compared with the air-stored vegetables. In a second storage experiment, the four fresh-cut vegetables were inoculated with a cocktail of psychrotrophic pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Aeromonas caviae [HG4]) and A. bestiarum (HG2) before packaging under an EMA and air at 7°C. The inoculated pathogens were more influenced by the type of vegetable than by the type of atmosphere. No growth was detected on the brussels sprouts or on carrots (L. monocytogenes). Aeromonas spp. had a higher growth rate than L. monocytogenes on the shredded chicory endives and shredded iceberg lettuce at 7°C.

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9

Charles, Florence, JOSÉ S. ANCHEZ, and Nathalie Gontard. "Modeling of Active Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Endives Exposed to Several Postharvest Temperatures." Journal of Food Science 70, no. 8 (October 2005): e443-e449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb11512.x.

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10

Velde, M. D., and M. E. Hendrickx. "Influence of Storage Atmosphere and Temperature on Quality Evolution of Cut Belgian Endives." Journal of Food Science 66, no. 8 (June 28, 2008): 1212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb16107.x.

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11

Charles, Florence, Carole Guillaume, and Nathalie Gontard. "Effect of passive and active modified atmosphere packaging on quality changes of fresh endives." Postharvest Biology and Technology 48, no. 1 (April 2008): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.09.026.

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12

Testone, Giulio, Michele Lamprillo, Maria Gonnella, Giuseppe Arnesi, Anatoly Petrovich Sobolev, Riccardo Aiese Cigliano, and Donato Giannino. "The Chloroplast Genome of Endive (Cichorium endivia L.): Cultivar Structural Variants and Transcriptome Responses to Stress Due to Rain Extreme Events." Genes 14, no. 9 (September 21, 2023): 1829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14091829.

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The chloroplast (cp) genome diversity has been used in phylogeny studies, breeding, and variety protection, and its expression has been shown to play a role in stress response. Smooth- and curly-leafed endives (Cichorium endivia var. latifolium and var. crispum) are of nutritional and economic importance and are the target of ever-changing breeding programmes. A reference cp genome sequence was assembled and annotated (cultivar ‘Confiance’), which was 152,809 base pairs long, organized into the angiosperm-typical quadripartite structure, harboring two inverted repeats separated by the large- and short- single copy regions. The annotation included 136 genes, 90 protein-coding genes, 38 transfer, and 8 ribosomal RNAs and the sequence generated a distinct phyletic group within Asteraceae with the well-separated C. endivia and intybus species. SSR variants within the reference genome were mostly of tri-nucleotide type, and the cytosine to uracil (C/U) RNA editing recurred. The cp genome was nearly fully transcribed, hence sequence polymorphism was investigated by RNA-Seq of seven cultivars, and the SNP number was higher in smooth- than curly-leafed ones. All cultivars maintained C/U changes in identical positions, suggesting that RNA editing patterns were conserved; most cultivars shared SNPs of moderate impact on protein changes in the ndhD, ndhA, and psbF genes, suggesting that their variability may have a potential role in adaptive response. The cp transcriptome expression was investigated in leaves of plants affected by pre-harvest rainfall and rainfall excess plus waterlogging events characterized by production loss, compared to those of a cycle not affected by extreme rainfall. Overall, the analyses evidenced stress- and cultivar-specific responses, and further revealed that genes of the Cytochrome b6/f, and PSI-PSII systems were commonly affected and likely to be among major targets of extreme rain-related stress.

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13

Goffart, J. P., S. Renard, M. Frankinet, G. Sinnaeve, A. Delvigne, and J. Maréchal. "LEAF CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT MEASUREMENTS FOR NITROGEN FERTILIZATION MANAGEMENT OF CURLED-LEAVED ENDIVES IN OPEN-FIELD." Acta Horticulturae, no. 700 (January 2006): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.700.34.

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14

Charles, F., J. Sanchez, N. Rugani, and N. Gontard. "ACTIVE MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING OF FRESH ENDIVES: MODELLING GAS TRANSFER AND STUDYING EFFECT ON QUALITY CHANGES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 857 (April 2010): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2010.857.7.

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15

Koudela, M., and K. Petříková. "Nutritional composition and yield of endive cultivars − Cichorium endivia L." Horticultural Science 34, No. 1 (January 7, 2008): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1848-hortsci.

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Two year trials at the Horticultural Faculty in Lednice (part of the Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry Brno) evaluated six cultivars of endive (<i>Cichorium endivia</i> L.): 3 cultivars of <i>C. endivia</i> L. var. <i>crispum</i> (Markant, Midori, Protos), and 3 cultivars of <i>C. endivia</i> L. var. <i>latifolium</i> (Malan, Maral, Nuance). At harvest time, the nutritional composition was evaluated: levels of vitamin C, minerals (K, Na, Ca, Mg), chlorophyll, dietary fibre, dry matter and nitrates. In addition, a single plant weight and yield were measured. It was observed that the cultivars of <i>C. endivia</i> var. <i>crispum</i> contained significantly higher quantities of dietary fibre and dry matter than those of <i>C. endivia</i> L. var. <i>latifolium</i>. Nitrate levels were significantly higher in the leaves of <i>C. endivia</i> L. var. <i>latifolium</i> cultivars. Except for vitamin C and dietary fibre, it was observed that all the investigated parameters varied significantly from one year to the next. Out of the six cultivars of endive, the Maral cultivar showed the highest average yield per 100 m<sup>2</sup> (662 kg).

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16

Raux, Pascal, and Jean-Luc Piel-Desruisseaux. ""La cave à Endives" ou Le Pech Del Mas à Cabrerets (Lot). Étude de la collection André David." Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française 94, no. 1 (1997): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bspf.1997.10631.

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17

Giannino, Donato, Maria Gonnella, Rossella Russo, Laura Pucci, Giulio Testone, Marco Ciardi, Giuseppe Arnesi, Tiziano Biancari, and Vincenzo Longo. "Antioxidant properties of minimally processed endives and escaroles vary as influenced by the cultivation site, cultivar and storage time." Postharvest Biology and Technology 138 (April 2018): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.12.004.

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18

Rodríguez Valerón, Nabila, Tiffany Mak, Leonie J. Jahn, Juan Carlos Arboleya та Pia M. Sörensen. "Derivation of Kokumi γ-Glutamyl Peptides and Volatile Aroma Compounds from Fermented Cereal Processing By-Products for Reducing Bitterness of Plant-Based Ingredients". Foods 12, № 23 (28 листопада 2023): 4297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12234297.

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Current food production methods and consumption behaviours are unsustainable and contribute to environmental harm. One example is food waste—around 38% of food produced is wasted each year. Here, we show that two common food waste products, wheat bran and brewer’s spent grain, can successfully be upcycled via miso fermentation. During the fermentation process, kokumi γ-glutamyl peptides, known to increase mouthfulness, are produced; these include γ-ECG (oxidized), γ-EVG, γ-EV, γ-EE, γ-EF, and γ-EL. The profiles of kokumi peptides and volatile aroma compounds are correlated with koji substrate, pH, and enzymatic activity, offering straightforward parameters that can be manipulated to increase the abundance of kokumi peptides during the fermentation process. Correlation analysis demonstrates that some volatile aroma compounds, such as fatty acid ethyl esters, are correlated with kokumi peptide abundance and may be responsible for fatty, greasy, and buttery aromas. Consumer sensory analysis conveys that the bitter taste of vegetables, such as that in endives, can be dampened when miso extract containing kokumi peptides is added. This suggests that kokumi peptides, along with aroma volatile compounds, can enhance the overall flavour of plant-based products. This study opens new opportunities for cereal processing by-product upcycling via fermentation, ultimately having the potential to promote a plant-based diet.

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19

Alcaraz Riaño, A. B. "Case C-671/15 French Endives Case: Further Clarifications on the Interplay between Common Agricultural Policy and Competition Law in the EU." European Competition and Regulatory Law Review 8, no. 4 (2024): 266–69. https://doi.org/10.21552/core/2024/4/10.

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20

Koike, S. T., and K. V. Subbarao. "Leaf Blight of Endive and Escarole, Caused by Rhizoctonia solani, in California." Plant Disease 83, no. 11 (November 1999): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.11.1070b.

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Endive (Cichorium endivia) and escarole (broad-leaf type of C. endivia) are two of the many leafy vegetables produced commercially in coastal California. For several years, both crops have been affected by a disease that causes soft, watery, brown leaf decay. In the tightly appressed heads of endive and escarole plants, decay generally spreads in a concentric circle, resulting in circular whorls of brown, rotted leaves within diseased heads. Such symptoms make the heads unmarketable. In the Salinas Valley (Monterey County), the disease was much more prevalent during 1998, when weather was affected by “El Niño.” Rhizoctonia solani was isolated consistently from symptomatic leaves of both endive and escarole. Pathogenicity was tested by placing two agar plugs of representative isolates inside the leaf whorls of 15 potted plants each of endive (cv. Tres Fine Maraicchere) and escarole (cv. Full Heart). Watery, brown leaf decay, similar to symptoms observed in the field, occurred on all plants within 7 days after inoculation, and R. solani was reisolated. Control plants, treated with sterile agar plugs, did not develop disease. Tests were repeated, and results were similar. Anastomosis-group testing revealed that four endive isolates belonged to AG2-2 (1). This appears to be the first report of leaf blight of endive and escarole caused by R. solani in California. Reference: (1) Sneh et al. 1991. Identification of Rhizoctonia Species. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

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21

Goetz-Schmidt, Eva Maria, and Peter Schreier. "Neutral volatiles from blended endive (Cichorium endivia, L.)." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 34, no. 2 (March 1986): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00068a014.

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22

Haug, Joachim T., Andreas Maas, and Dieter Waloszek. "†Henningsmoenicaris scutula, †Sandtorpia vestrogothiensis gen. et sp. nov. and heterochronic events in early crustacean evolution." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 100, no. 3 (September 2009): 311–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691010008145.

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ABSTRACTA detailed account of the morphology and ontogeny of the late Middle Cambrian crustacean †Henningsmoenicaris scutula is presented. Ten successive ontogenetic stages could be recognised in the material collected from various localities in Sweden. Morphogenetic changes include the development of a pair of stalked lateral eyes and the increase in the number and size of appendages and their setal armature. Notably, early stages lack ‘proximal endites’ on all post-antennular appendages; such a spine-bearing endite has previously been thought to appear simultaneously on these limbs. In †H. scutula a single functional endite appears on the third limb in an advanced stage; an additional endite appears on the second limb and, subsequently, further endites appear on more posterior limbs. Furthermore, a single specimen of †Sandtorpia vestrogothiensis gen. et sp. nov. is described. Based on this new information and data of other ‘Orsten’ taxa, particularly those assigned already to the early evolutionary lineage of Crustacea, a small-scale computer-based phylogenetic analysis was performed. This resolved the basal branchings of Crustacea s. l. as follows: †Oelandocarididae (=†Oelandocaris oelandica+†H. scutula+†S. vestrogothiensis)+(†Cambropachycopidae (=†Goticaris longispinosa+†Cambropachycope clarksoni)+ (†Martinssonia elongata+Labrophora (=†Phosphatocopina+Eucrustacea))). Plotting ontogenetic data on the phylogram and comparing the ground pattern at every node led to the detection of three peramorphic heterochronic events in the evolutionary lineage towards Eucrustacea.

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23

Mitich, Larry W. "Chicory." Weed Technology 7, no. 1 (March 1993): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00037283.

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Chicory (Cichorium intybus L. # CICIN), succory, blueweed, coffee-weed, blue sailors, bunk, or blue daisy, is familiar to many of us as an erect weed along roadsides or in fields, displaying small, startlingly bright blue flowers. Others of us may only have tasted its roots—roasted and ground into a bittersweet coffee substitute or additive: an essential component of the New Orleans brew served blacker than a hundred midnights in a cypress swamp. Along with its close relative endive (Cichorium endivia L.), chicory also has an important place in the salads of Europe and, increasingly, the United States. Both chicory and endive were indispensable in ancient and medieval herbal pharmacies and are still used medicinally today.

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24

Lisa, V., H. J. Vetten, D. E. Lesemann, and P. Gotta. "Occurrence of Lily mottle virus in Escarole." Plant Disease 86, no. 3 (March 2002): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.3.329a.

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Lily mottle virus (LMoV), genus Potyvirus, an important virus of lily that also causes flower-breaking in tulip (1), is considered to have a natural host range restricted to the family Liliaceae. In 1996, escarole (Cichorium endivia L. var. latifolium LAM) plants growing in fields close to Torino, Italy, and showing mosaic and necrotic spots on outer leaves were infected by a potyvirus related to LMoV. The virus was identified by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) done on experimentally infected Nicotiana benthamiana and Chenopodium quinoa. The virus isolated from escarole (LMoV-E) had an experimental host range similar to that of lily isolates of LMoV, although species within the Liliaceae were not tested. LMoV-E systemically infected all nine escarole cultivars and six of seven endive cultivars (C. endivia L. var. crispum LAM) but did not infect any of six lettuce and two chicory cultivars (C. intybus L. var. foliosum HEGI). Symptoms ranged from mild to severe mosaic and were generally more severe on escarole than on endive. Some of the same escarole, endive, and lettuce cultivars were inoculated with a typical LMoV isolate from lily (Le97/49, from A. F. L. M. Derks, the Netherlands), which induced mild systemic infections in only one escarole and one endive cultivar. Both cultivars were also susceptible to LMoV-E. LMoV-E was purified from N. benthamiana, and an antiserum was prepared. IEM decoration titer experiments were done with LMoV-E and four other LMoV isolates from Liliaceae and their homologous antisera. Heterologous titers ranging from identity to serological differentiation index values of 2 to 4 were obtained, confirming the identity of the escarole isolate as a LMoV strain and indicating considerable serological variability among LMoV isolates. In a field survey of endive and escarole crops in 1998, in the area where LMoV-E was first identified, the virus was again detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 4 of 80 escarole plants tested. LMoV-E appears to be a LMoV strain particularly adapted to escarole. To our knowledge, this is the first report of LMoV identified in a naturally infected host outside monocotyledonous plants. Reference: (1) E. L. Dekker et al. J. Gen. Virol. 74:881, 1993.

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25

Kolodyaznaya, Valentina S., Elena I. Kiprushkina, Olga N. Rumiantseva, and Daria Yu Mironova. "Change in the content of phenolic compounds in semi-finished products from endive Cichorium endivia during low-temperature processing." Refrigeration Technology 111, no. 1 (September 7, 2022): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rf105029.

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BACKGROUND: Research on changes in the content of monomeric and dimeric phenolic compounds and their amount during freezing and storage of semi-finished products is relevant because the varieties of endive Cichorium endivia, which have many useful elements, are applicable for medical and dietary nutrition. AIM: This article aimed to analyze the kinetics of the oxidation and hydrolysis reactions of phenolic compounds of three varieties of endive during freezing and storage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The total content of phenolic compounds and the amount of phenolcarboxylic acids and flavonoids in fresh vegetables and semi-finished products from Russian varieties Kruzhevo and Elvira endive, as well as the Italian variety Kornetto K-56, were determined by spectrophotometry in fresh endive after harvesting, then after homogenization, freezing, and periodically in the process of low-temperature storage. RESULTS: Kinetic dependencies of changes in the content of phenolic compounds on the duration of storage of semi-finished products from endive varieties Kruzhevo, Elvira, and Kornetto K-56 in a frozen state were revealed. The constants of the reaction rate (pseudo-first order) of the change in the content of the studied substances during storage of endive semi-finished products were calculated. To reduce the loss of cell sap during defrosting to maintain the amount of phenolic compounds during storage of endive semi-finished products, adding pectin in the homogenization stage at an amount of 3.0% by weight of the homogenized endive of the varieties under study is recommended. CONCLUSIONS: During storage of endive, phenolic compounds are preserved to the maximum, and cell sap losses are reduced within 180 days in the Elvira and Kruzhevo varieties, and within 150 days in the Kornetto K-56 variety. The frozen semi-finished product from homogenized endive of the studied varieties is recommended for use in healthy nutrition technologies, particularly in the production of low-calorie drinks and bakery and confectionery products.

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SUENAGA, H., A. KAWAGUCHI, S. SASAKI, K. INOUE, and H. NASU. "Bacterial rot of endive (Cichorium endivia L.) caused by Pseudomonas cichorii." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 73, no. 3 (2007): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.73.172.

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NIEMIRA, BRENDAN A., XUETONG FAN, KIMBERLY J. B. SOKORAI, and CHRISTOPHER H. SOMMERS. "Ionizing Radiation Sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 49594 and Listeria innocua ATCC 51742 Inoculated on Endive (Cichorium endiva)†." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 993–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.6.993.

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Ionizing radiation inactivates the pathogenic bacteria that can contaminate leafy green vegetables. Leaf pieces and leaf homogenate of endive (Cichorium endiva) were inoculated with the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 49594) or Listeria innocua (ATCC 51742), a nonpathogenic surrogate bacterium. The radiation sensitivity of the two strains was similar, although L. innocua was more sensitive to the type of suspending leaf preparation. During refrigerated storage after irradiation, the population of L. monocytogenes on inoculated endive was briefly suppressed by 0.42 kilogray (kGy), a dose calibrated to achieve a 99% reduction. However, the pathogen regrew after 5 days until it exceeded the bacterial levels on the control after 19 days in storage. Treatment with 0.84 kGy, equivalent to a 99.99% reduction, suppressed L. monocytogenes throughout refrigerated storage. Doses up to 1.0 kGy had no significant effect on the color of endive leaf material, regardless of whether taken from the leaf edge or the leaf midrib. The texture of leaf edge material was unaffected by doses up to 1.0 kGy, whereas the maximum dose tolerated by leaf midrib material was 0.8 kGy. These results show that endive leaves may be treated with doses sufficient to achieve at least a 99.99% reduction of L. monocytogenes with little or no impact on the product's texture or color.

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Adamczewska-Sowińska, K., and C. M. Uklańska. "THE EFFECTS OF BLANCHING ON BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF ENDIVE (CICHORIUM ENDIVIA L.)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 934 (June 2012): 1197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.934.161.

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29

Kim, Young Mi, Do Hyun Lee, Jae Young Jeong, Seong Ho jang, Youn Suk Lee, Min-Sun Chang, and Jung-Soo Lee. "Changes in Freshness of Endive (Cichorium endivia L.) by Different Packaging Types." KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 22, no. 3 (December 31, 2016): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20909/kopast.2016.22.3.71.

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30

Colariccio, Addolorata, Alexandre L. R. Chaves, Marcelo Eiras, César M. Chagas, and Piero Roggero. "Detection of Varicosavirus and Ophiovirus in lettuce associated with lettuce big-vein symptoms in Brazil." Fitopatologia Brasileira 30, no. 4 (August 2005): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582005000400014.

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During surveys undertaken from 1998 to 2003 in the major vegetable growing areas of the city of São Paulo green belt, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and endive (Cichorium endivia) plants were observed, which showed chlorotic thickening of foliar veins, defective growth and, in some cases, failure to form complete heads. Biological and serological [DAS-Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa)] tests together with electron microscope observations, revealed the presence of Lettuce big-vein virus and Mirafiori lettuce virus, in these plants both responsible for the lettuce big-vein syndrome.

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Gajc-Wolska, J., K. Kowalczyk, J. Radzanowska, and M. Marcinkowska. "YIELD AND QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF ENDIVE (CICHORUM ENDIVIA L.) CULTIVATED IN ROCKWOOL SLABS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 927 (February 2012): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.927.44.

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32

de Rigal, David, Muriel Cerny, Florence Richard-Forget, and Patrick Varoquaux. "Inhibition of endive (Cichorium endivia L.) polyphenoloxidase by a Carica papaya latex preparation." International Journal of Food Science and Technology 36, no. 6 (August 2001): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2001.00498.x.

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Kiers, A. M., T. HM Mes, R. van der Meijden, and K. Bachmann. "A search for diagnostic AFLP markers in Cichorium species with emphasis on endive and chicory cultivar groups." Genome 43, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g00-024.

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The genus Cichorium consists of two widely cultivated species C. intybus (chicory) and C. endivia (endive) and four wild species, C. bottae, C. spinosum, C. calvum, and C. pumilum. A multivariate and an UPGMA (unweighted pair group method average) analysis based on AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers were used to establish the genetic relationships among the species and cultivar groups of C. intybus and C. endivia. At the species level, the results correspond with previously obtained phylogenetic relationships in that C. bottae is the most divergent species, and C. intybus and C. spinosum, as well as C. endivia, C. pumilum, and C. calvum formed clusters. Based on the congruence between phylogenetic and genetic analyses, unique markers were expected for all species, however, hardly any specific marker was found except for C. bottae. The analysis of cultivar groups of C. intybus resembled the species analysis in two respects: (i) grouping of cultivars according to cultivar groups, and (ii) lack of markers unique to cultivar groups. In contrast to C. intybus, the cultivar series of C. endivia do not form distinct groups, which would reflect that crosses have been made among the various cultivar groups. The relationships among Cichorium species and cultivars will be useful for setting up a core collection of Cichorium, and stress the importance of inclusion of the wild species in the collection.Key words: Cichorium, AFLP, diagnostic markers, cultivar relationships, genetic resources.

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34

Xiang, Peng, Yu Wang, Ruixiang Chen, Liyuan Zhao, Chunguang Wang, and Mao Lin. "A bathypelagic ostracodConchoecissa nigromaculatussp. nov. (Myodocopa, Halocyprididae) from the South China Sea." PeerJ 6 (September 7, 2018): e5557. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5557.

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Pelagic ostracods are one of the main groups of zooplankton and are abundant in marine ecosystems worldwide. The record of marine planktonic ostracod species in the central and southern part of the South China Sea accounts over for one-third of the total recorded marine planktonic ostracods in seas around China. In this study, we examined and compared the specimens from a recent cruise in this region that appeared to be different from previously described species of genusConchoecissa, and then confirmed them as a new bathypelagic speciesConchoecissa nigromaculatus. These specimens clearly differed from the other species of genusConchoecissawith differences observed in the size, carapace, locations of glands, mandible, maxilla, sixth limb, and furca. In this species, mandibular coxal endite has no ventral finger process, maxilla has prominently large endites and has only two claws on the tip, the sixth limb has very simple endites, and this species has distinctive features not previously observed in the tribe Conchoeciini before. It is therefore necessary to emend the diagnosis of this group.

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Gorski, Stanley F., Stephen Reiners, and Richard Hassell. "Chloramben for Weed Control on Muck-grown Lettuce,Lactuca sativa, and Endive,Cichorium endivia." Weed Technology 2, no. 3 (July 1988): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00030542.

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Chloramben effectively controlled weeds in lettuce and endive grown on muck soils better than thiobencarb and chlorpropham. Chloramben at 1.1 kg ai/ha controlled two weeds economically important on muck soils, livid amaranth and oakleaf goosefoot. Chloramben applied preemergence at 1.1 kg/ha and higher caused early stunting of lettuce which the lettuce outgrew by harvest. Field-seeded endive was stunted severely at these same rates, severely reducing yield. Transplants improved tolerance of all crops. Effective use rates on muck soils were 25% to 50% of those typically used on mineral soils.

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Garibaldi, A., G. Gilardi, G. Ortu, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of a New Leaf Spot Caused by Plectosphaerella cucumerina on Field Grown Endive (Cichorium endivia) in Italy." Plant Disease 97, no. 6 (June 2013): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-12-1168-pdn.

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During summer 2012, symptoms of a new leaf spot disease were observed in several commercial fields in Treviglio (Bergamo, northern Italy) on plants of curly (Cichorium endivia var. crispum) and Bavarian (C. endivia var. latifolium) endive (Asteraceae). This crop is widely grown in the region for fresh market. The first symptoms on leaves of affected plants consisted of small (1 mm) black-brown spots of irregular shape, later coalescing into larger spots, up to 10 to 15 mm diameter. Eventually, spots were surrounded by a yellow halo. Particularly, affected tissues rotted quickly under high moisture. Disease severity was greatest at 75 to 90% RH and air temperature between 23 and 30°C, where affected tissues rotted quickly. This disease resulted in severe production losses. On one farm in particular, three different fields totaling 2 ha, 5 to 13% of the plants were affected. Diseased tissue was excised, immersed in a solution containing 1% sodium hypochlorite for 60 s, rinsed in water, then placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, containing 25 mg/liter of streptomycin sulphate. After 5 days, a fungus developed producing a whitish-orange mycelium when incubated under 12 h/day of fluorescent light at 23°C. The isolates obtained were purified on PDA. On this medium, they produced hyaline elliptical and ovoid conidia, rarely septate, measuring 5.0 to 9.0 × 1.7 to 3.9 (average 6.0 × 2.9) μm. Conidia were born on phialides, single, clavate, and 2.8 × 1.4 μm. Such characteristics are typical of Plectosphaerella sp. (1,2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS1/ITS4 (3) and sequenced. BLAST analysis of the 530-bp segment obtained from C. endivia var. crispum isolate PLC28 and of the 527-bp from C. endivia var. latifolium isolate PLC 30, respectively, showed 99% similarity with the sequence of Plectosphaerella cucumerina (anamorph Plectosporium tabacinum), GenBank EU5945566. The nucleotide sequences of isolates PLC 28 and PLC 30 have been assigned the GenBank accession numbers KC293994 and KC293993, respectively. To confirm pathogenicity, tests were conducted on 30-day-old C. endivia plants. C. endivia var. crispum cv Myrna and C. endivia var. latifolium cv. Sardana plants, grown in 2-liter pots (1 plant per pot, 10 plants per treatment) were inoculated by spraying a 106 CFU/ml conidial suspension of the two isolates of P. cucumerina, prepared from 10-day-old cultures, grown on PDA. Inoculated plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 25 ± 1°C and 90% RH for 5 days. Non-inoculated plants, only sprayed with water, served as controls. All plants inoculated with the two isolates, showed typical leaf spots 7 days after the artificial inoculation, similar to those observed in the field. Later, spots enlarged and leaves rotted. Non-inoculated plants remained healthy. P. cucumerina was reisolated from inoculated plants. The pathogenicity tests were conducted twice with identical results. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of P. cucumerina on endive n Italy, as well as worldwide. Due to the importance of the crop in Italy, this disease can cause serious economic losses. References: (1) A. Carlucci et al. Persoonia 28:34, 2012. (2) M. E. Palm et al. Mycologia 87:397, 1995. (3) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

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Sun, Zhixin, Han Zeng, and Fangchen Zhao. "Occurrence of the hurdiid radiodont Cambroraster in the middle Cambrian (Wuliuan) Mantou Formation of North China." Journal of Paleontology 94, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2020.21.

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AbstractThe hurdiid radiodont Cambroraster is characterized by a prominent horseshoe-shaped head carapace, which bears conspicuous posterolateral spinous processes and covers half of the body length, and a pair of frontal appendages possessing rake-like endites. Here we report the discovery of characteristic central and lateral elements as well as a possible appendage endite for Cambroraster from the Cambrian Wuliuan Mantou Formation of North China. This discovery suggests that Cambroraster had dispersed over a wide biogeographic range and expands the geographic range of Hurdiidae. The increasing discoveries of exceptionally preserved fossils in the Upper Shale Member of the Mantou Formation indicate that this horizon is a promising Burgess Shale–type Lagerstätte.

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Patella, Alice, Fabio Palumbo, Samathmika Ravi, Piergiorgio Stevanato, and Gianni Barcaccia. "Genotyping by RAD Sequencing Analysis Assessed the Genetic Distinctiveness of Experimental Lines and Narrowed down the Genomic Region Responsible for Leaf Shape in Endive (Cichorium endivia L.)." Genes 11, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11040462.

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The characterization of genetic diversity in elite breeding stocks is crucial for the registration and protection of new varieties. Moreover, experimental population structure analysis and information about the genetic distinctiveness of commercial materials are essential for crop breeding programs. The purpose of our research was to assess the genetic relationships of 32 endive (Cichorium endivia L.) breeding lines, 18 from var. latifolium (escarole) and 14 from var. crispum (curly), using heterologous Cichorium intybus-derived simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers. We found that 14 out of 29 SSR markers were successfully amplified, but only 8 of them were related to polymorphic loci. To overcome the limitation of the low number of informative SSR marker loci, an alternative SNP-based approach was employed. The 4621 SNPs produced by a restriction site-associated DNA marker sequencing approach were able to fully discriminate the 32 endive accessions; most importantly, as many as 50 marker loci were found to distinguish the curly group from the escarole group. Interestingly, 24 of the marker loci mapped within a peripheral segment of chromosome 8 of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), spanning a chromosomal region of 49.6 Mb. Following Sanger sequencing-based validation, three genes were determined to carry nonsynonymous SNPs, and one of them matched a putative ortholog of AtELP1, subunit 1 of the Elongator complex. Considering that several previously characterized Elongator complex subunit mutants exhibited elongated and/or curly leaf phenotypes, this gene should be taken into consideration for a better understanding of the underlying mechanism controlling leaf shape in endive.

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GÜLER, Selver, Melike Yavaş ÇELİK, Birgül ÇETİN, Mine Nur HIYAMLIOĞLU, Medine ACAR, Sinan AKBAYRAM, Ayşe Ceyda ÖREN, and Esra PEKPAK. "ONKOLOJİK HASTALIĞI OLAN OKUL ÇAĞI ÇOCUKLARIN HASTALIK VE HASTANEYE YATMAYA İLİŞKİN ENDİŞE KAYNAKLARININ BELİRLENMESİ." GOBEKLİTEPE Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi 6, no. 13 (September 30, 2023): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55433/gsbd.214.

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Bu çalışmanın amacı, onkolojik hastalığı olan okul çağı çocukların hastalık ve hastaneye yatmaya ilişkin endişe kaynaklarının belirlenmesidir. Bir Üniversite Hastanesi’nde yapılmış tanımlayıcı tipte olan araştırmanın örneklemini 102 çocuk oluşturdu. Veriler “Veri Toplama Formu” ve “Onkolojik Hastalığı Olan Okul Yaş Dönemi Çocukların Endişe Kaynakları Ölçeği” kullanılarak yüz yüze görüşme yöntemi ile toplandı. Çocukların yaş ortalamasının 9.43±2.28 olduğu, %54.9’unun erkek olduğu ve %41.2’sinin 3 yıldan daha fazla süre ile onkolojik hastalık tanısı aldığı belirlendi. Çocukların %48.0 hastalığı nedeniyle okuluna devam edemediği, %72.5’nun ALL tanısı aldığı, %79.4’nun hastaneye yatışında tekrarlar olduğu, %5.9’unda metastaz durumu olduğu, %71.6 ‘sının kemoterapi aldığı belirlendi. Çocukların Onkolojik Hastalığı Olan Okul Yaş Dönemi Çocukların Endişe Kaynakları Ölçeği puan ortalaması 67.84±20.44 olarak endişeli olarak bulundu. 6-9 yaş çocukların 10-12 yaş çocuklara göre, babası ilkokul mezunu olan çocukların, babası lise ve üniversite mezunu olan çocuklara göre, lenfoma tanısı alan çocukların ALL, beyin tümörü ve sarkom tanısı alan çocuklara göre Onkolojik Hastalığı Olan Okul Yaş Dönemi Çocukların Endişe Kaynakları Ölçeği puan ortalaması anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olarak bulundu. Sonuç olarak onkolojik soruna sahip çocukların endişeli oldukları ve yaş, tanı ve baba eğitiminin çocukların endişesi konusunda etkili olduğunu söyleyebilirnir.

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Lavrishcheva, Tatiana, Anton Lavrishchev, and Andrey Litvinovich. "Impact of climatic factors on growth and development of Cichorium Endivia in greenhouse in Leningrad region, Russia." Zemljiste i biljka 69, no. 2 (2020): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2002055l.

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The paper discusses the results of the study of the effect of climatic factors on the yield and biometric indicators of various varieties of endive chicory (Cichorium endivia (L.)) over a two-year study grown in the summer-autumn period in the plastic greenhouses on the experimental plots of the St. Petersburg Agrarian University, Pushkin, Russia. The plants of the genus Chicory are known and valued for their unique medicinal and nutritional properties. Total of 14 varieties of domestic and foreign Cichorium endivia breeding were studied. The study was carried out in 2015 and 2016years that were sharply differed in the amount of precipitation and temperature. The climate of Leningrad region is characterised with humid and long-lasting cold season. The aim of the research was to identify the variety of endive chicory that is most suitable and tolerant for the climatic conditions of Leningrad region, Russia. During the growing season the plant biometric parameters such as plant height (cm), rosette diameter of leaves (cm), and number of leaves (pieces) were measured. During harvesting, additional parameters such as biomass of plants and leaves, the area of the assimilation surface were determined. The decrease in plant biometric parameters during the phenological observations in September 2016 was associated with an increased amount of precipitation in July-August. The results showed that the variety "Broad Betavian fullhearted" was the most sensitive to the adverse effects of weather, showing the largest variation in biometrics over the studied years. In plants of this variety the mass of leaves decreased by 9.2 times, the area of the assimilation surface was reduced by 11.6 times, while the crop shortfall in 2016 was almost 90%. The varieties "Green curled" and "Scarola bionda" were the most tolerant to weather conditions. These varieties were characterized by the maximum yield in both years of research: "Green curled"-7.90 kg/m 2 and 2.87 kg/m 2 , "Scarola bionda"-8.06 kg/m 2 and 2.84 kg/m 2 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Generally, the result of the study showed that most of the studied varieties were sensitive to the amount of precipitation and the number of sunny days. The study made it possible to identify the most sensitive and most tolerant varieties of endive chicory for growing in the Leningrad region.

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Mentel, Iwona, Ewa Cieślik, and Anna Sadowska-Rociek. "Healthy properties of endive (Cichorium endivia L.) depending on the variety and vegetative of season." Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences 4, Special issue 3 (February 2015): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2015.4.special3.118-121.

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42

Garibaldi, A., G. Gilardi, M. Troisi, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Fusarium Wilt of Endive (Cichorium endivia) Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in Italy." Plant Disease 93, no. 10 (October 2009): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-10-1078c.

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In the summer of 2007, a wilt of endive (Cichorium endivia) cv. Myrna plants was observed on several commercial farms near Alessandria in northern Italy. Approximately 40% of the plants on each farm were symptomatic. Affected plants were stunted and yellow and their root systems were poorly developed. Basal leaves eventually wilted. Black streaks were observed in the proximal part of the leaf vascular system. Fusarium oxysporum was consistently isolated from symptomatic vascular tissue on a Fusarium-selective medium (1). To confirm identification of the pathogen, the translation elongation factor 1α and the ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer (IGS) region were partially sequenced (2). Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelia growing on potato dextrose agar. Amplification of the EF-1α region generated a sequence of 648 bp; the IGS amplicon was 2,500 bp. The EF-1α sequence (GenBank Accession No GQ398152) was 99% similar to the sequence of a F. oxysporum strain isolated from soil and a strain pathogenic on cotton plants (GenBank Accession No. EU246574). The IGS sequence (GenBank Accession No GQ398153) was 97% similar to the sequence of a F. oxysporum strain (GenBank Accession No. EF661647). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 15-day-old endive plants (cv. Myrna). Ten plants were inoculated by dipping their roots in a 1 × 106 CFU/ml suspension of one of the isolates recovered from a wilted endive plant. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were transplanted into pots filled with steamed soil and maintained in a glasshouse at 23 to 28°C. Wilt symptoms and vascular discoloration of the roots, crown, and veins developed 60 days after inoculation. F. oxysporum was consistently reisolated from infected plants. Noninoculated plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was conducted twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of wilt caused by F. oxysporum on endive in Italy. References: (1) H. Komada. Rev. Plant Prot. Res. 8:114, 1975. (2) G. Mbofung et al. Phytopathology 97:87, 2007.

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Kou, Zhi-An, Zi-Kun Zhang, Wan-Xia Zhang, Xin-Fang Wang, Lu Liu, Gui-Xiang Teng, and Yong-Qiang Tian. "First report of Epicoccum nigrum causing leaf spot of endive (Cichorium endivia L.) in China." Crop Protection 177 (March 2024): 106534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106534.

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44

Sandanielo, Aquiles, and Dalva Martinelli Cury Lunardi. "COEFICIENTES DE CULTURA DA CHICÓRIA (Cichorium endivia L.)." IRRIGA 7, no. 2 (August 17, 2002): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2002v7n2p65-80.

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COEFICIENTES DE CULTURA DA CHICÓRIA (Cichorium endivia L.) Aquiles SandanieloDepartamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso,CEP 78060-900, Cuiabá – MT, Fone (0xx65) 615-8602Dalva Martinelli Cury LunardiDepartamento de Recursos Naturais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, CEP 18603-970, Botucatu – SP, E-mail: lunardi@fca.unesp.br 1 RESUMO O conhecimento do coeficiente de cultura (Kc) permite a estimativa das necessidades hídricas de uma cultura, sendo fundamental para o manejo da irrigação. Nesta pesquisa, conduzida na área experimental do Departamento de Recursos Naturais da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – FCA/UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, utilizou-se, para medida da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), 4 evapotranspirômetros de nível freático constante. Desses, 2 foram cobertos com plástico transparente rente ao solo, a fim de se evitar a evaporação. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi estimada pelo método de Penman-Monteith, sendo o coeficiente de cultura da chicória (Cichorium endivia L.) dado pela relação: , em suas diversas fases de desenvolvimento. Os valores de (Kc) obtidos evidenciaram um comportamento crescente durante todo o período vegetativo, com a influência da cobertura plástica na fase inicial quando a evaporação do solo representa uma fração considerável da evapotranspiração da cultura . UNITERMOS: evapotranspiração, coeficiente de cultura, Cichorium endivia L. SANDANIELO, A., LUNARDI, D.M.C. CROP COEFFICIENTS OFENDIVE (Cichorium endivia L.) 2 ABSTRACT The crop coefficient (Kc) is very important for irrigation management programs. This research carried out at the experimental area of the Natural Resource Department of the Agricultural Science College – FCA/UNESP has used 4 constant level evapotranspirometers to determine crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc) of endive. The soil evaporation was obstructed by a transparent plastic cover over 2 of the evapotranspirometers. The reference evapotranspiration was estimated by Penman-Monteith method. The crop coefficient Kc, during all vegetative crop period was obtained by kc=ETc/Eto. The kc values increased from transplanting to harvest showing influence of the plastic cover especially in the initial phase. KEYWORDS: evapotranspiration, crop coefficient, Cichorium endivia L.

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Suzart Alves, Lucylia, Mairton Gomes da Silva, Hans Raj Gheyi, Vital Pedro Da Silva Paz, Tales Miler Soares, and Maria Raphaela Severo Rafael. "USO DE ÁGUAS SALOBRAS NO CULTIVO DA CHICÓRIA EM CONDIÇÕES HIDROPÔNICAS." IRRIGA 24, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 758–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2019v24n4p758-769.

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USO DE ÁGUAS SALOBRAS NO CULTIVO DA CHICÓRIA EM CONDIÇÕES HIDROPÔNICAS LUCYLIA SUZART ALVES1; MAIRTON GOMES DA SILVA2; HANS RAJ GHEYI2; VITAL PEDRO DA SILVA PAZ2; TALES MILER SOARES2 E MARIA RAPHAELA SEVERO RAFAEL3 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana-UEFS, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, CEP: 44036-900, Feira de Santana-BA, Brasil. E-mail: lusuzart85@yahoo.com.br 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Núcleo de Engenharia de Água e Solo, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia-UFRB, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710 - Campus Universitário, CEP: 44380-000, Cruz das Almas-BA, Brasil. E-mail: mairtong@hotmail.com, hans@agriambi.com.br, vpspaz@gmail.com, talesmiler@gmail.com 3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF, Av. Antonio Carlos Magalhães, 510 Country Club, CEP: 48.902-300, Juazeiro-BA, Brasil. E-mail: mariaph1201@gmail.com 1 RESUMO A salinidade restringe a exploração da maioria das culturas, tornando a atividade agrícola economicamente inviável. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o crescimento, produção e qualidade da chicória (Cichorium endivia L.) submetida a diferentes condutividades elétricas da água (CEa) em condições hidropônicas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados sob cinco níveis de CEa (0,34; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 dS m-1). Avaliaram-se: altura de planta (AP), número de folhas (NF), massas de matéria fresca (MFPA) e seca da parte aérea (MSPA), produção relativa (PR), eficiência do uso da água (EUA) aos 20 e 25 dias após o transplantio (DAT) e o consumo hídrico (CH) em diferentes períodos. As maiores reduções por acréscimo unitário de CEa foram observadas para MFPA, da ordem de 5,93 e 8,53% e também para MSPA, de 5,42 e 7,77%, aos 20 e 25 DAT, respectivamente. Aos 25 DAT, sob a maior salinidade (CEa 6,0 dS m-1) as produções relativas de MFPA e MSPA foram de 52,59 e 58,10%. O uso de água com salinidade de até 6,0 dS m-1 pode ser empregada no cultivo de chicória em hidroponia, mesmo com redução na produção, porém sem efeitos depreciativos na qualidade visual do produto. Palavras-chave: Cichorium endivia L., cultivo sem solo, salinidade. ALVES, L. S.; SILVA, M. G.; GHEYI, H. R.; PAZ, V. P. S.; SOARES, T. M.; RAFAEL, M. R. S. GROWTH OF ENDIVE USING BRACKISH WATERS UNDER HYDROPONIC CONDITIONS 2 ABSTRACT Salinity can restrict the exploitation of most crops, making agricultural activity economically unfeasible. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, production and quality of endive (Cichorium endivia L.) submitted to different electrical conductivities of water under hydroponic conditions. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design under five levels of electrical conductivity of waters - ECw (0.34, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1). Plant height (PH), number of leaves (NL), fresh weight (SFM) and dry weight of the shoot (SDM), relative production (RP), water use efficiency at 20 and 25 days after transplanting (DAT) and water consumption (WC) in different periods were evaluated. In general, the highest reductions per unit increase of around 5.93 and 8.53%, ECw were observed for the SFM, and for the SDM, 5.42 and 7.77%, respectively at 20 and 25 DAT. At 25 DAT, under the highest salinity (ECw 6.0 dS m-1) the relative production of SFM and SDM were 52.59 and 58.10%. Water with salinity of up to 6.0 dS m-1 can be used in the cultivation of endive in hydroponics, even with reductions in growth and production, but with no depreciating effects on the visual quality of the product. Keywords: Cichorium endivia L., soilless cultivation, salinity.

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Nuijten, Rik J. G., Lammert Kooistra, and Gerlinde B. De Deyn. "Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) for Measuring Plant-Soil Feedback Effects on Crop Productivity." Drones 3, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones3030054.

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Unmanned aerial system (UAS) acquired high-resolution optical imagery and object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques have the potential to provide spatial crop productivity information. In general, plant-soil feedback (PSF) field studies are time-consuming and laborious which constrain the scale at which these studies can be performed. Development of non-destructive methodologies is needed to enable research under actual field conditions and at realistic spatial and temporal scales. In this study, the influence of six winter cover crop (WCC) treatments (monocultures Raphanus sativus, Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, Vicia sativa and two species mixtures) on the productivity of succeeding endive (Cichorium endivia) summer crop was investigated by estimating crop volume. A three-dimensional surface and terrain model were photogrammetrically reconstructed from UAS imagery, acquired on 1 July 2015 in Wageningen, the Netherlands. Multi-resolution image segmentation (MIRS) and template matching algorithms were used in an integrated workflow to detect individual crops (accuracy = 99.8%) and delineate C. endivia crop covered area (accuracy = 85.4%). Mean crop area (R = 0.61) and crop volume (R = 0.71) estimates had strong positive correlations with in situ measured dry biomass. Productivity differences resulting from the WCC treatments were greater for estimated crop volume in comparison to in situ biomass, the legacy of Raphanus was most beneficial for estimated crop volume. The perennial ryegrass L. perenne treatment resulted in a significantly lower production of C. endivia. The developed workflow has potential for PSF studies as well as precision farming due to its flexibility and scalability. Our findings provide insight into the potential of UAS for determining crop productivity on a large scale.

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Lestia, D., A. Taofik, and H. Aliah. "Effect of Zeolite size measures and urea fertilizers to growth and yield endive Plant (Cichorium endivia L.)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 434 (December 3, 2018): 012121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/434/1/012121.

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Goupy, Pascale M., Patrick J. A. Varoquaux, Jacques J. Nicolas, and Jean Jacques Macheix. "Identification and localization of hydroxycinnamoyl and flavonol derivatives from endive (Cichorium endivia L. cv. Geante Maraichere) leaves." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 38, no. 12 (December 1990): 2116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00102a003.

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Berbegal, Mónica, Luis Armando Álvarez, Ana Pérez-Sierra, and Josep Armengol. "Identification of Pythium tracheiphilum as the causal agent of vascular necrosis of endive (Cichorium endivia) in Spain." Phytoparasitica 40, no. 1 (August 27, 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12600-011-0194-0.

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Pates, Stephen, Rudy Lerosey-Aubril, Allison C. Daley, Carlo Kier, Enrico Bonino, and Javier Ortega-Hernández. "The diverse radiodont fauna from the Marjum Formation of Utah, USA (Cambrian: Drumian)." PeerJ 9 (January 19, 2021): e10509. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10509.

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Radiodonts have long been known from Cambrian deposits preserving non-biomineralizing organisms. In Utah, the presence of these panarthropods in the Spence and Wheeler (House Range and Drum Mountains) biotas is now well-documented. Conversely, radiodont occurrences in the Marjum Formation have remained scarce. Despite the large amount of work undertaken on its diverse fauna, only one radiodont (Peytoia) has been reported from the Marjum Biota. In this contribution we quadruple the known radiodont diversity of the Marjum fauna, with the description of the youngest members of two genera, Caryosyntrips and Pahvantia, and that of a new taxon Buccaspinea cooperi gen. et sp. nov. This new taxon can be identified from its large oral cone bearing robust hooked teeth with one, two, or three cusps, and by the unique endite morphology and organisation of its frontal appendages. Appendages of at least 12 podomeres bear six recurved plate-like endites proximal to up to four spiniform distal endites. Pahvantia hastata specimens from the Marjum Formation are particularly large, but otherwise morphologically indistinguishable from the carapace elements of this species found in the Wheeler Formation. One of the two new Caryosyntrips specimens can be confidently assigned to C. camurus. The other bears the largest spines relative to appendage length recorded for this genus, and possesses endites of variable size and unequal spacing, making its taxonomic assignment uncertain. Caryosyntrips, Pahvantia, and Peytoia are all known from the underlying Wheeler Formation, whereas isolated appendages from the Spence Shale and the Wheeler Formation, previously assigned to Hurdia, are tentatively reidentified as Buccaspinea. Notably, none of these four genera occurs in the overlying Weeks Formation, providing supporting evidence of a faunal restructuring around the Drumian-Guzhangian boundary. The description of three additional nektonic taxa from the Marjum Formation further documents the higher relative proportion of free-swimming species in this biota compared to those of the Wheeler and Weeks Lagerstätten. This could be related to a moderate deepening of the basin and/or changing regional ocean circulation at this time.

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