Дисертації з теми "Encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale – Recherche"
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Pouchy, Charlotte. "Étude et modulation de l’homéostasie et de la fonction des lymphocytes T régulateurs dans le modèle murin de l’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066764.
Повний текст джерелаRegulatory T cells CD4+ Foxp3+, guardians of homeostasis, contribute to the maintenance of immune tolerance. Their expansion and function stimulation is tightly regulated by a set of complex mechanisms dependent of the tissue environment. My thesis work has highlighted the critical role of TNF receptor type 2 (TNFR2) in the control of the central nervous system inflammation by regulatory T cells (Treg). In the murine model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we showed that the anti-TNF treatment at the first clinical signs of disease worsen the symptoms and is associated with a decrease percentage of regulatory T cells in the target tissue. The generation of a mouse model of specific deficiency has allowed us to prove that TNFR2 is necessary for the accumulation and function of Treg cells in the central nervous system for disease control. These results could explain the failure of anti-TNF treatment in multiple sclerosis and open the perceptive therapies using agonists TNFR2. In a second study, we have revealed the potential of tolerogenic vaccine adjuvants. Administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, the new generation adjuvant causes the activation and proliferation of regulatory T cells. In addition, certain adjuvants confer complete protection against the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Our data reveal that this prevention may be due to a new Treg suppression mechanism through alteration of the migration capacity of pathogenic effector T lymphocytes. This work initiate the use of pro-Treg adjuvants in the design of immunization against autoimmune diseases
Charrier-Dolbois, Laurence. "Etude génétique de l'encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale chez le rat." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30101.
Повний текст джерелаTouil, Tarik. "Etude du role du peroxynitrite dans la souffrance axonale au cours de l'encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale du rat." Bordeaux 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR21022.
Повний текст джерелаNeuropathologic and MRI data suggest that the permanent deficit in multiple sclerosis (MS) is the consequence of diffuse axonal loss, which could be the remote consequence of acute axonal damage within inflammatory lesions. The juxtaposition of axonal damage and macrophages emphasises the role of factors produced by these cells in axonal damage. We provide new evidence that among these factors peroxynitrite (pox) is implicated in the lesion formation of MS and EAE by demonstrating : 1) the early production of anti-SNO-cysteine antibodies in EAE ; 2) a correlation between pox production and axonal lesions in relapsing EAE ; 3) an induction of primitive axonopathy by pox in absence of inflammatory components ; 4) an inhibition of inflammation, axono-myelinic lesion and clinical aspects in relapsing EAE by uric acid treatment, a specific pox scavenger. Our data shed new light on the role of pox in axonal lesion ans clinical deficits in relapsing EAE that may help understanding of MS aspects
Garidou, Lucile. "Effet du 17B-oestradiol sur la réponse T CD4 et l'inflammation : implication dans la physiopathologie de l'encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30070.
Повний текст джерелаZidi, Mouna. "Recherche sur la sclérose en plaques : étude de l'efficacité de la pentoxifylline dans l'encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2P019.
Повний текст джерелаSchmitt, Charlotte. "Rôle du système plexus choroïde-liquide céphalorachidien dans la distribution des cellules immunes au sein du système nerveux central, exemple de l’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10003.
Повний текст джерелаThe central nervous system is an immunologically specialized site, because of the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. The choroid plexuses had been considered as a preferential site for the entry of lymphocytes into the CNS. And the cerebrospinal fluid has been considered as a preferential pathway of circulation for immune cells during physiological neuroimmune surveillance, in all cerebral compartments, as the cerebrospinal fluid circulates from the ventricles to the subarachnoid spaces as well as the velum and internal cisterns. We evaluate the involvement of the choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid system in the cerebral infiltration and distribution of immune cells in CNS inflammation. First we realized a time course analysis of the different type of immune cell association with the CSF-containing compartments in two experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, models of multiple sclerosis. Secondly, we analyzed the molecular partners that could be involved in CNS inflammation development, such as adhesion molecules expressed on the choroid plexus, and chemokines secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid. Results identified the choroid plexuses as a source of chemokines, released into the cerebrospinal fluid that orchestrates the immune cell invasion during CNS inflammation
Saxena, Amit. "Study of T cell pathogenicity in central nervous system autoimmunity." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/968/.
Повний текст джерелаMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex demyelinating disease associated with chronic inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS), axonal loss, and brain atrophy. The CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that are present in the demyelinating lesions are considered to mediate demyelination and axonal damage. An autoimmune process likely contributes to CNS tissue damage in MS, although direct evidence for this is still lacking. A major focus of my work is to understand the mechanisms by which autoreactive T cells contribute to CNS tissue damage. Although CD8+ T cells mediate effector functions through production of cytokines or by direct cytotoxicity, the mechanisms by which they can cause CNS tissue damage are elusive. In order to assess whether CNS-infiltrating CD8+ T cells could directly induce oligodendrocyte death and demyelination, we developed an original mouse model combining selective expression of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) as a neo-self-Ag in oligodendrocytes with transgenic mice expressing a HA-specific TcR on CD8+ T cells. We demonstrate directly the potential of CD8+ T cells to induce oligodendrocyte death in-vivo, as a likely consequence of direct antigen-recognition. Untill recently, CD4+ T helper cells have been held responsible for MS immunopathogenesis, partly because certain MHC class II alleles clearly predispose for developing MS. We investigated the pathogenic traits of the CD4+ T cell response targeting the immunodominant epitope of myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG). To this end we obtained 2D2 TcR-transgenic C57BL/6 mice, which harbor a large population of MOG-specific CD4+ T cells and spontaneously develop optic neuritis and at a lower prevalence, EAE. Strikingly when we crossed these 2D2 mice with MOG-deficient mice (MOG-/-), we discovered that the 2D2 TcR-transgenic mice developed spontaneous EAE regardless of the presence or absence of the target self-antigen MOG. Therefore we hypothesized, that the 2D2 TcR specific for MOG35-55 recognizes a second CNS antigen. Furthermore, we were able to reveal, that MOG35-55 peptide shares sequence homology with a stretch of neurofilament-medium (NF-M), a cytoskeletal protein expressed in neurons and axons. .
Schmitt, Charlotte. "Rôle du système plexus choroïde-liquide céphalorachidien dans la distribution des cellules immunes au sein du système nerveux central, exemple de l'encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00664941.
Повний текст джерелаGuillot, Flora. "Caractérisation de l'infiltrat lymphocytaire et de la réactivité astrocytaire dans un modèle de neuroinflammation autoimmune." Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=eba4b03e-07fe-4198-a88d-16cbb5f7f5eb.
Повний текст джерелаMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, demyelinating and degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), in which astrocyte reactivity is considered an important player. The CD4 T cell response is strongly associated with development of MS and its animal models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Recent data suggest that anti-myelin CD8 T cells may be also implicated as CD8 T cells are abundant in MS lesions. To better understand the contribution of pathogenic CD8 T cells, two animal models that have been described were evaluated. The first one consists of mice immunized with a specific CD8 T cell myelin epitope (MOG37-46). Mice develop mild EAE with CD4 T overwhelming CD8 T cells in CNS. Boosting the CD8 immune response increased slightly the CD8/CD4 ratio in the CNS. The second model is based on the adoptive transfer of anti-HemAgglutinin (HA) CD8 T cells in DKI transgenic mice, which express HA by oligodendrocytes. Only irradiation (2Gy) of DKI mice allowed CNS infiltration of CD8 T cells but without apparent clinical signs. These results are discussed in light of recent literature. In parallel, we characterized the astrocyte reactivity in a classical EAE to better define the implication of astrocytes in the pathology. For this, we used for the first time in this model laser-capture microdissection to isolate white matter astrocytes in spinal cord lesion. Selected transcript profiling analysis revealed astrocytic expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and enzymes involved in oestrogen metabolism. These results give new clues for targeting glial reactivity in neuroinflammatory disorders such as MS
Girard, Maëva. "TSSP, une protéase limitant l’apprêtement de certains antigènes du soi : étude des mécanismes impliqués et de leurs impacts sur le développement de l’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30204.
Повний текст джерелаTSSP (Thymus Specific Serine Protease) is a protease expressed predominantly in the thymus by thymic epithelial cortical cells (cTEC) and thymic dendritic cells (tDC). In contrast, TSSP is not expressed by dendritic cells (DC) in the periphery even after activation by TLR agonists (Toll-like Receptor). Previous studies showed that TSSP-deficient NOD mice are completely resistant to the development of type 1 diabetes (TD1) whereas NOD WT mice spontaneously develop pathology. The absence of T1D is due to an increase in the negative selection, by tDC, of CD4 T cells specific for certain antigens of the islets of Langerhans. Thus, TSSP deficiency leads to the crippling of the autoreactive CD4 T cells repertoire by negative selection in the thymus limiting the development of T1D. Although the precise function of TSSP remains unknown, these data and complementary data show that TSSP in tDC limits the presentation of certain islet antigens in the class II pathway. At first, the aim of my PhD work was to determine if the role of TSSP can be generalized to another autoimmune disease also mediated by CD4 T cells, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. We have shown that the severity of EAE induced by immunization with MOG35-55 (Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein) peptide is reduced in NOD TSSP° mice. Reduced disease severity is linked to increased deletion of MOG35-55 specific CD4 T cells in TSSP-deficient NOD mice. TSSP would limit the thymic deletion of MOG35-55 specific CD4 T cells. Thus, by reducing the peptide repertoire presented by the IAg7 molecules, TSSP would limit central tolerance and favor the development of autoimmune diseases. In continuation, the second objective of my thesis work was to clarify the function of TSSP in tDC. Given the suspected role of TSSP in the class II pathway we analyzed the internalization and degradation capabilities of tDCs by flow imaging. We have shown that TSSP specifically limits the internalization of ovalbumin protein in conventional dendritic cells 2 (cDC2) and in a DC line but does not affect the degradation of endocytosed OVA. The reduction of antigens internalization in the tDC of NOD WT mice is independent of receptor-mediated endocytosis. These data suggest that, by reducing internalization of antigens, TSSP could limit the formation of peptide/MHC II complexes and antigenic presentation in the class II pathway. By this mechanism, TSSP induces a defect of central tolerance and promotes the development of autoimmune diseases
Garnier, Laure. "Mécanismes responsables de l'effet protecteur des oestrogènes dans la sclérose en plaques : rôle de la signalisation du récepteur aux oestrogènes alpha dans les lymphocytes T." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30197.
Повний текст джерелаMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease characterized by the inflammatory leukocytes infiltration into central nervous system (CNS) resulting in myelin damages. Clinical remissions in MS patients are frequently observed during pregnancy suggesting that steroid hormones, particularly estrogens, could be protective. Indeed, administration of estrogens (17beta-œstradiol, E2) inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice, the animal model of MS. Using ERalpha conditional KO mice, our group has shown previously that E2-mediated inhibition of EAE was associated with suppression of encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 cell activation and that this effect required ERalpha expression in T cells. The objectives of my thesis aimed to identify the T cells implicated in E2 protective effect on EAE and to dissect the underlying mechanisms. We highlighted that pharmacological doses of E2 in vivo selectively inhibited MOG specific TCR 2D2 T cells differentiation into Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes following their transfer into recipient mice. Using ERalpha deficient 2D2 T cells, we have showed that ERalpha expression in MOG specific CD4+ T cells was not required for the E2 inhibitory action. These results suggested that intrinsic activation of E2/ERalpha signaling in antigen specific T cells didn't impact their differentiation into effector T cells. We confirmed these results by in vitro experiment, showing that in vitro and in vivo E2 treatment of naïve T cells didn't affect their differentiation capacity into Th1, Th2, Th17 or iTreg cells. Moreover, we highlighted that E2 acted through ER? in endogenous CD4+ T cells to inhibit inflammatory Th1 and Th17 responses by a suppressive mechanism in trans. Then, we have shown using an adoptive transfer model that E2 primed ER?+/+, but not ERalphaKO, CD4+ T cells conferred substantial protection against EAE when transferred together with 2D2 ERalphaKO transgenic T cells into naïve RagKO recipients lacking ERalpha prior to MOG immunization. Futhermore, using mice selectively lacking ERalpha in Foxp3+ Treg, we have demonstrated that E2-primed CD4+ T cell protective action was not only maintained but increased in comparison to ERalpha+/+ T cells. These results allowed us to conclude that E2 acts on CD4+ Foxp3neg T cells to restrict encephalitogenic Th17 cell differentiation in trans and inhibit EAE development
Fernandes, de Abreu Diana Andrea. "Vitamine D et sclérose en plaques : étude de trois polymorphismes du récepteur humain et effets à long terme d'une carence développementale chez la souris." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20671.
Повний текст джерелаLélu, Karine. "Effet protecteur des oestrogènes sur l'encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale : identification des cellules cibles à l'aide de souris invalidées pour le récepteur α aux oestrogènes (REα) de manière tissu-spécifique". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU30166.
Повний текст джерелаMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease which affects the central nervous system. Although MS is more frequently observed in women, disease progression is slower in women as compared to men. Moreover, variations of disease activity during pregnancy have suggested that sex hormones could modulate the autoimmune response and inflammation. Based on these observations, the effect of estrogens administration has been evaluated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice, and was shown to strongly inhibit disease development. The goal of this work was to analyze the implication of endogenous and exogenous estrogen in EAE susceptibility in females C57BL/6 mice through estrogen receptor ? signaling. In the first part of my thesis, we showed that ovariectomy increases both susceptibility and severity of mice on active as well as passive mouse induced EAE. This required a mechanism that implicated ERalpha signaling, suggesting that endogenous estrogen are important for the protective effect on EAE. The beneficial effect of endogenous estrogen doesn't seem have any action on T lymphocytes and doesn't required expression on ERalpha on hematopoietic cells. A lack of estrogen increased the early recruitment of inflammatory cells to the central nervous system, suggesting that endogenous estrogen regulates trans-endothelial migration of T lymphocytes. In the second part of my work, we confirmed the crucial role of ERalpha in the protective effect of the estrogen treatment in vivo on EAE. Using conditional ERalpha knock-out mice and bone marrow chimeras, we showed that the hematopoietic compartment is the major target of estrogens. We then used a Cre/loxP strategy to study the effect of selective deletion of ERalpha on immune cells such as monocyte/macrophages, dendritics cells or T lymphocytes on E2-mediated EAE protection. We observed that pharmacological activation of ERalpha by E2 intrinsic to T cells is crucial to mediate the anti-inflammatory effect of E2 and sustained inhibition of EAE development. In conclusion, this work provides direct genetic evidence that endogenous or exogenous estrogens protect from EAE development through distinct mechanisms that could be amenable to pharmacological manipulation to prevent central nervous system autoimmunity
Othy, Shivashankar. "Modulation de la réponse immunitaire par les immunoglobulines intraveineuses : effets sur la polarisation, la pathogénicité et le trafic des lymphocytes T." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00834352.
Повний текст джерелаCedile, Oriane. "Expression physiologique et pathologique dans le SNC adulte de Rae-1, ligand du récepteur activateur NKG2D exprimé par les cellules NK potentiellement régulatrices dans l'EAE." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20683.
Повний текст джерелаCreidy, Rita. "L' Encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale, modèle d'étude des mécanismes de recrutement des cellules immunes dans le système nerveux central : Influence de TWEAK et de TIMP-1 dans le recrutement des cellules immunitaires dans le SNC au cours de l'EAE." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20680.
Повний текст джерелаPlanche, Vincent. "Pathophysiology and imaging of early memory impairment in multiple sclerosis." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0392/document.
Повний текст джерелаMemory impairment is frequent in multiple sclerosis (MS) but its anatomical and biological substrates are poorly understood. The objective of this translational thesis was to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of early memory impairment in MS, to find new potential therapeutic targets and to define new imaging biomarkers related to memory impairment. We used neuropsychological and MRI experiments in patients with early MS and we explored experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice (a mouse model of MS) at the early stage of the disease with a combination of behavioral, in vivo MRI, histological, electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches. In patients with MS, we demonstrated that hippocampal damage occurs early during the course of the disease and that it correlates with memory impairment. In EAE-mice, we identified that dentate gyrus structure and function are more vulnerable than other hippocampal subfields at the early stage of the disease and we translated this finding back to humans by demonstrating loss of pattern separation performances in patients with early MS. From a mechanistic point of view, we demonstrated that early microglial activation causes dentate gyrus disruption and memory impairment in EAE-mice and that this pathophysiological cascade can be prevented with minocycline. From the imaging point of view, we demonstrated that hippocampal microstructural damage and early dentate gyrus degeneration can be monitored in vivo with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We are currently developing more specific imaging approaches with optimization of the Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) to assess hippocampal subfields. Our results link early memory impairment in MS to a selective disruption of the dentate gyrus. We were able to prevent this neurodegenerative process with microglial inhibitors in EAE-mice and to capture these features non-invasively with DTI in both humans and rodents, paving the way toward new clinical perspectives in MS
Jaouën, Alexandre. "Etablissement d'un protocole haut débit d'acquisition et d'analyse d'images pour les études précliniques par microscopie bi-photonique intravitale multispectrale : application à l'étude de la neuroinflammation provoquée par un modèle murin de sclérose en plaque." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0619/document.
Повний текст джерелаMultiple sclerosis is a chronic auto-immune neurodegenerative disease characterized by the appearance of inflammatory plaques in the central nervous system. To characterize the innate immune response I have developed nonlinear optical tools for intravital multispectral imaging as well as semi-automated image processing solutions. I also contributed to the development of a flow cytometry protocol allowing the identification of immune cell phenotypes. Applied to study of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of MS, these tools have allowed to analyze the immune cascade thanks to immunolabelings and transgenic expression of fluorescence, describe the distributions of cell populations in the CNS with regard to neuron degeneration on time scales ranging from seconds to weeks. On a transgenic mouse line Thy1-CFP/Cd11c-EYFP/LysM-EGFP, I have followed by two-photon microscopy the evolution of fluorescent cells densities in the same area of the spinal cord for several weeks. I conclude that axonal degeneration and motor deficits are correlated with neutrophils and monocytes infiltration from the meninges. The monocytes differentiate in situ in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) along with the recruitment of activated microglia. These cellular events correlated with a stabilization/remission phase of the disease. MoDCS maturation thus seems involved in the dampening of inflammation. Methodology and tools are now set for further investigations with other models. The microscope optimization for multicolor excitation allowed me to access simultaneously to the endogenous CARS contrast to visualize the myelin sheath
Karnam, Anupama. "Role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the anti-inflammatory mechanism of therapeutic normal immunoglobulins Wuchereria bancrofti filaria activates human dendritic cells and polarizes T helper 1 and regulatory T cells via toll-like receptor 4 Regulatory T cells induce activation rather than suppression of human basophils". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS642.
Повний текст джерелаIntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a therapeutic preparation of pooled normal IgG obtained from the several thousand healthy donors. It is established as first-line therapy for many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In the first part of my thesis, I have investigated if IVIG therapy interferes with the serological detection of Zika virus infection in Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) patients. By analyzing the plasma of GBS patients treated with IVIG for anti-Zika IgG, I have demonstrated that IVIG therapy in GBS patients does not interfere with the serological Zika detection. The second part addresses the immunoregulatory role of IVIG on human basophil function. Unlike in mice, IVIG does not require DC-SIGN-dependent IL-33 for the activation of human basophils. IVIG directly induces the activation of IL-3-primed human basophils and secretion of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8 by directly interacting with the basophil surface-bound IgE. This function was F(ab’)2-dependent and involves Syk activation. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism of human basophil activation by IVIG. The last part unravels the signaling pathways associated with IVIG-mediated anti-inflammatory effects specifically the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which imparts tolerogenic properties to dendritic cells (DCs) and protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). My data shows that IVIG activates β-catenin in human DC along with upregulation of Wnt 5a. Activation of β-catenin requires intact IgG and LRP5/6 co-receptors. However, despite the activation of β-catenin by IVIG, this pathway is dispensable for its anti-inflammatory actions both in vitro and in vivo in the EAE model
Lee, Chang Catalina. "Étude de l’homéostasie lymphocytaire B dans la physiopathologie de la sclérose en plaques : de l’approche expérimentale à l’Homme." Thesis, Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S029/document.
Повний текст джерелаMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). The role of B-lymphocytes in MS pathogenesis remains unclear, since they have been described to have pathogenic and regulatory effects, and also to be involved in remyelination process. To better understand the mechanisms underlying MS, we used the well-studied animal model, known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by the encephalitogenic peptide 139-151 of the myelin proteolipid (PLP139-151) in females SJL/J mice, which presents at least one relapsing/remitting episode. Unlike SJL/J model, females B10.S (congenic for the H2 complex) do not develop the clinical signs characteristics of the EAE after active immunization. Thus, B10.S mice are considered as resistant to the disease induction. The experimental approach carried out in the susceptible/resistant EAE models highlighted the involvement of the B-cell homeostasis on the physiopathology of the autoimmune responses. These observations were confirmed in patients with MS, which showed altered B-cell subsets balance during the early phases of the disease. In fact, transitional B cells, also known as late-immature B cells, showed quantitative (cell numbers) and qualitative (a particular activation status and an increased expression of several adhesion molecules involved in the leukocyte extravasation) modifications. These characteristics, exclusively found in transitional B cells from patients with MS, were associated to their ability to home the central nervous system. Altogether these findings highlighted that B-cell involvement in MS pathogenesis may not be exclusively restricted to memory B cells
Lefeuvre, Jennifer. "Characterization of spinal cord lesions in the marmoset EAE model using MRI and histopathology techniques." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS208.
Повний текст джерелаUp to 90% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients present spinal cord lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of spinal cord lesions is still a difficult challenge. Consequently, the evolution of spinal cord lesions in MS and their contribution to disease progression remain poorly understood. The brain of common marmoset with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) displays closer radiological and pathological features as well sensori-motor deficits with MS. The objective of this thesis was to develop new MRI protocols at 7 Tesla in association with histopathological analysis to better characterize the type of spinal cord lesions in the marmoset EAE, and to understand their spatiotemporal evolution. A first postmortem study demonstrated a strong resemblance to MS focal lesions in terms of shape and distribution, as well a heterogeneous subpial pathology between animals and along the spinal cord length. Secondly, we implemented a robust in vivo experimental setup in order to adapt to the morphology of the animals and created a 12-element phase-array coil. This new setup enabled us to image for the first time the entire spinal cord of nonhuman primates with EAE during the disease. We also found a strong association between the lesion load and the disability scores. These new findings highlight the relevance of the spinal cord lesions in the marmoset EAE model for studying the disease mechanisms of spinal cord lesions in MS
Gautron, Anne-Sophie. "Rôle des lymphocytes iNKT dans les pathologies inflammatoires neuronales." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T035.
Повний текст джерелаINKT cells are a subpopulation of T cells that express a highly conserved αβTCR characterized by an invariant a chain, along with specific markers of NK cells. They recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the non classical class I molecule CD1d and secrete rapidly large amounts of various cytokines, which enables them to exert numerous effects in various inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. In EAE, the prevention from the development of the disease by iNKT lymphocytes is associated with an infiltration of double negative iNKT cells in the CNS and a local expression of CDld molecule. This prevention is independent from the peripheral CD1d expression. In ALD, another neurodegenerative pathology, patients have a lower frequency of iNKT cells and a decreased expression of CD1d on the surface of B cells. Finally, we were interested in identifying the role of iNKT 17 lymphocytes in type 1 diabetes, these lymphocytes being detected in a higher frequency in NOD mice than in C57BL/6 mice
Saint-Laurent, Olivia. "Caractérisation neuro-immunitaire d'un modèle d'encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale spontanée." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10271.
Повний текст джерелаMultiple sclerosis is an idiopathic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. It is characterized by the formation of focal perivascular lesions and demyelination of the surrounding area, which appear concomitantly to a massive immune cell infiltration and disruption of the blood brain barrier. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is the animal model most extensively used for the study of multiple sclerosis. Unfortunately, this model does not mimic many aspects of the human disease. The goal of this project is to further the characterization of a new transgenic model of spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the TCR1640 model, and to validate it as a relevant tool for the study of multiple sclerosis physiopathology and treatment. The TCR1640 mouse possesses a transgenic T cell receptor which recognizes a myelin peptide and triggers an autoimmune response against endogenous myelin in the central nervous system. In situ and in vitro observations have led to the identification of early changes which appear at the neurovascular unit in presymptomatic TCR1640 animals. This early disruption of blood brain barrier homeostasis is linked to the establishment of a proinflammatory immune profile in the periphery. Animals at the chronic stage show sustained inflammation of the central nervous system parenchyma and massive leukocyte infiltration, compared to animals in acute phase of disease. An in vivo experiment has allowed modulating the disease by treatment with a multiple sclerosis-approved therapy, in wild type mice which had received reactivated CD4+ T cells from TCR1640 animals. Finally, the implication of new cell adhesion molecules in the development and maintenance of spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis has been suggested by in vitro study of melanoma cell adhesion molecule (CD146) and activated leucocyte cell adhesion molecule (CD166). The results obtained in this study suggest that the TCR1640 model is a valuable asset in the study of neuroimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. It could also be used to validate new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of this disease.
Lachance, Catherine. "Étude d’un modèle murin transgénique spontané d’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale : investigation de l’état de la barrière hémo-encéphalique et des différences liées au sexe." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22145.
Повний текст джерелаRebillard, Rose-Marie. "Développement d'un nouveau modèle de souris humanisée de sclérose en plaques." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22826.
Повний текст джерелаCognet, Isabelle. "Les ligands du récepteur au CNTF dans le système immunitaire." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15502.
Повний текст джерелаMamane, Victoria Hannah. "Impact de la restriction diététique en méthionine sur l’activation des lymphocytes T et leur capacité à envahir le SNC en neuroinflammation." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25683.
Повний текст джерелаIntroduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Pro-inflammatory CD4 TH1/TH17 are considered pathogenic in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Dietary methionine restriction (MR) is associated with an anti-inflammatory impact in the periphery. However, little is known about how methionine availability can affect the function of T lymphocytes and impact T-lymphocytes mediated central neuroinflammation in MS and EAE. It was recently discovered that methionine pathway is upregulated in activated murine T lymphocytes in vitro and that methionine restriction affects the effector functions and proliferation of TH17 lymphocytes. We therefore hypothesize that the manipulation of T lymphocyte metabolism via the restriction of dietary methionine intake represents a new therapeutic avenue for controlling neuroinflammatory diseases such as MS. Method: Active MOG35-55-EAE is induced in C57BL/6 female mice exposed to low methionine vs. control diet. Clinical evaluation and flow cytometry studies are used to characterize immune cells phenotype and activation. Fecal samples are collected and 16S rRNA sequencing is used to assess the influence of the diet on the composition of the intestinal microbiome. Results: Dietary MR is associated with a significantly delayed onset of neurological deficits in active EAE (female mice). This is paralleled by a lower number of immune cells and pro-inflammatory T lymphocytes in the spleens at day 7 post-induction (presymptomatic) and in the CNS at day 10-13 (onset) and 15-16 (peak). Our preliminary results suggest that the intestinal microbiome of mice under dietary MR is different from that of mice under control diet and is enriched for bacteria with beneficial effects on inflammation. Conclusion: Our results suggest a beneficial impact of MR on clinical course and neuroinflammation in an animal model of MS.
Larochelle, Catherine. "Caractérisation du rôle de MCAM dans la sclérose en plaques." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11833.
Повний текст джерелаObjective: In multiple sclerosis (MS), pro-inflammatory lymphocytes use adhesion molecules to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and accumulate in central nervous system (CNS) lesions. CD4 T lymphocytes polarized into auto-aggressive encephalitogenic TH17 (IL-17 secreting) are known to partake in MS lesion formation. Much less is known about the role of CD8 TC17. Identification of specific surface markers and adhesion molecules expressed by TH17 and TC17 lymphocytes would allow further characterization of these pathogenic subsets and would provide new therapeutic targets in MS. Methodology: We identified MCAM in a proteomic screen of human BBB endothelial cells (ECs) and on a subset of T lymphocytes. We characterized the phenotype and function of MCAM-expressing cells ex vivo, in vitro and in situ using human and mouse material obtained from controls, MS subjects and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) animals. Results: MCAM is expressed by human BBB-ECs and by human effector memory CD161+ and CCR6+ T lymphocytes. Both CD4 and CD8 MCAM+ lymphocytes express more IL-17, IL-22, GM-CSF and Gz B than MCAMneg lymphocytes. Moreover, MCAM is strikingly up-regulated in human on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes during MS relapses, while treatment decreases MCAM expression. In situ, MCAM+ CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes are present in perivascular infiltrates of MS and EAE CNS specimens, while MCAM expression is up-regulated on BBB-ECs within lesions. In vitro, MCAM+ CD8 T lymphocytes display higher killing capacity of oligodendrocytes, and MCAM blockade reduces CD8 TC17 and CD4 TH17 transmigration across human BBB-ECs. In vivo, depletion of MCAM+ cells from reactivated CD4 T lymphocytes and from CD8 T lymphocytes decreases clinical symptoms in adoptive transfer EAE. Furthermore, expression of MCAM is up-regulated on CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in the TCR1640 transgenic mice, a model of spontaneous EAE. Finally, blocking MCAM in both MOG35-55-induced and spontaneous primary progressive EAE attenuates chronic neurological deficits. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that encephalitogenic IL-17-producing lymphocytes with high effector and migratory capacity express MCAM, and that MCAM could serve as a biomarker for MS and a valuable target for the treatment neuroinflammatory conditions.
Pittet, Camille. "Expression et rôle de PD-1 et de ses ligands dans le contexte de la sclérose en plaques." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10108.
Повний текст джерелаMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Responses of activated T cells are suppressed upon engagement of the receptor programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) with its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2). Experiments using the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have demonstrated that the PD-1/PD-Ls interaction contributes to attenuate disease severity. However, the expression and the role of PD-1 and PD-Ls have been partially documented in inflammatory murine models and human CNS data are still incomplete. We determined that primary cultures of human astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, or neurons expressed low or undetectable PD-L1 levels under basal conditions, but inflammatory cytokines significantly induced such expression, especially on astrocytes and microglia. Blocking PD-L1 expression in astrocytes using specific siRNA in co-culture led to significantly increased CD8 T cell responses (proliferation, cytokines, lytic enzyme). Thus, our results establish that inflamed human glial cells can express sufficient and functional PD-L1 to inhibit CD8 T cell responses. Extensive immunohistochemical analysis of post-mortem brain tissues demonstrated a significantly greater PD-L1 expression in MS lesions compared to control tissues, which co-localized with astrocyte and microglia/macrophage cell markers. However, more than half of infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes in MS lesions did not express PD-1, the cognate receptor. Similar results were obtained in EAE mice. Even though CNS cells expressed PD-L1 at the peak of the disease, PD-1 intensity on infiltrating T cells decreased throughout EAE disease development. This reduction of PD-1 level on activated T cells prevented these cells to receive PD-L1 inhibitory signal. We also investigated whether human brain endothelial cells (HBECs), which form the blood brain barrier (BBB), can express PD-L1 or PD-L2 and thereby modulate T cells. HBECs expressed PD-L2 under basal conditions, whilst PD-L1 was not detected. Both ligands were up-regulated under inflammatory conditions. Blocking PD-L1 and PD-L2 led to increased transmigration and enhanced responses by human CD8 T cells in co-culture assays. Similarly, PD-L1 and PD-L2 blockade significantly increased CD4 T cell transmigration. Brain endothelium in normal tissues and MS lesions did not express detectable PD-L1; in contrast, all blood vessels in normal brain tissues were PD-L2-positive, while only about 50% expressed PD-L2 in MS lesions. Therefore, our results demonstrate that under basal conditions, PD-L2 expression by HBECs impedes the migration of activated immune T cells through the BBB, and inhibits their activation. However, such impact is impaired in MS lesions due to down-regulation of PD-L2 levels on the endothelium. The majority of infiltrating CD8 T cells is devoid of PD-1, thus insensitive to PD-L1 inhibitory signal providing by CNS cells once they have entered the CNS.
Sebali, Jennifer. "Role of MCAM+ Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24533.
Повний текст джерелаIn multiple sclerosis (MS), autoreactive T cells upregulate cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), enter the central nervous system (CNS) and mediate damage to myelin. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are one of the key components of immune tolerance, protecting against autoimmune reactions. However, Treg's entry and function in the CNS remains largely unknown. Our lab has demonstrated the contribution of several CAMs, including melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), in the migration of pathogenic lymphocytes across the BBB. The goal of this study is to determine whether Treg migrate into the inflamed CNS using MCAM and exert anti-inflammatory functions, possibly dampening CNS inflammation. The expression of MCAM and Treg functional markers and chemokine receptors (CTLA-4, CCR6, CCR5,), as well as cytokine secretion (IL-10, GrzmB, TGF-ß, IFN-γ, TNF α, GM-CSF, IL-17a), were studied on MS patients and healthy individuals (HC) Treg from the peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and in vitro culture, by flow cytometry, in corroboration with qPCR and ELISA. Moreover, the presence of MCAM+ Treg in the CNS was assessed by immunohistofluorescence (CD4, CD25, Foxp3, MCAM, nuclei) on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) affected mice. Our data showed an increase in the expression of MCAM on Treg during relapse-remitting MS patients (RRMS) compared to HC. We observed a trend for a higher frequency of MCAM+ Treg cells in the CSF versus the peripheral blood of MS patients, suggesting that MCAM might play an important role in the migration of Treg. These MCAM+ Treg seem to have a more functional and anti-inflammatory phenotype than their MCAM- counterparts. Moreover, we found higher levels of MCAM+ Treg in periods of EAE remission, underlining their involvement during this disease phase. Overall, our data depicts MCAM as an essential CAM for Treg homing to the CNS.
Ouimet, Jean-Philippe. "Le rôle de l’expression de nétrine-1 par les cellules présentatrices d’antigènes dans la régulation immunitaire et la sclérose en plaques." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23617.
Повний текст джерелаMultiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by leukocytic infiltration and axonal demyelination. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) play a crucial role in this process by activating myelin-reactive lymphocytes in the periphery. Activated lymphocytes subsequently cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and infiltrate the CNS. These lymphocytes are reactivated in the perivascular space by APCs, following which they contribute to demyelination and axonal damage. Netrin-1 (N1) is an axonal guidance protein with considerable anti-inflammatory properties. The relevance of N1 in maintaining BBB function has been thoroughly established, but its involvement in antigen presentation and T cell activation has yet to be studied. This project investigates the hypothesis that N1 is produced by APCs to regulate neuroinflammation and aims to characterize N1 production by APCs, delineate the impact of N1 on T cell activation and clarify the role of APC-derived N1 in neuroinflammation. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that N1 is produced by mature dendritic cells and M1 macrophages. Furthermore, N1 is shown to increase T cell proliferation, decrease TH17 cell cytokine production and decrease CD8+ T cell perforin expression. N1 does not alter T cell expression of adhesion molecules. Finally, N1 is not expressed by the CNS dendritic cells, macrophages or microglial cells of mice undergoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model for MS. In summary, these results suggest that N1 is produced by APCs to modulate T cell function.
Lécuyer, Marc-André. "ALCAM : cell adhesion molecule or tight junction? The characterization of its role in the context of neuroinflammation." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18564.
Повний текст джерелаAim: The loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis. It is associated with a disorganization of junctional molecules and an upregulation of cell adhesion molecules essential for immune cell transmigration. Identifying novel key players involved in this process is thus crucial for the development of MS therapies aimed at promoting BBB integrity and decreasing leukocytes trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS) during neuroinflammation. In this study, the specific role of the adhesion molecule ALCAM, found on BBB endothelial cells (BBB-ECs) and subsets of leukocytes, was assessed. Methods: We first identified ALCAM as an important molecule upregulated during inflammation in a proteomic screen of in vitro cultured primary human BBB-ECs. In order to study the effects of ALCAM on leukocyte transmigration, both active and passive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in ALCAM KO and WT animals. The specific role of ALCAM during leukocyte transmigration was also assessed using a modified adhesion assay under sheer-stress, in which leukocytes flow across a capillary-like channel lined with a monolayer of BBB-ECs under physiological pressure. Results: Using the modified adhesion assay, we demonstrated that anti-ALCAM blocking antibodies significantly reduce the rolling and the adhesion of human CD14+ monocytes interacting with primary human BBB-ECs, as well as prevent their overall decrease in velocity. Concurrently, we also observed a significant reduction in the migration of ex vivo CD14+ monocytes, across a monolayer of human BBB-ECs. These monocytes also migrated more rapidly and in higher number across meningeal endothelial cells, as compared to BBB-ECs. While similar observations were made using ex vivo CD4+ T lymphocytes, we failed to reproduce these results using in vitro activated Th1 and Th17 cells. In opposition to our in vitro data, ALCAM KO mice developed a more severe active EAE associated with a significant increase in perivascular infiltration of pro-inflammatory lymphocytes (Th1/Th17) and M1 monocytes/macrophages, as compared to WT controls. In addition, EAE transfer experiments, in which ALCAM KO mice received WT MOG-reactivated splenocytes, suggested that the pathophysiology observed in active EAE was linked to the absence of ALCAM on BBB-ECs. Phenotypic characterization of un-immunized ALCAM KO mice revealed a reduced expression of BBB junctional proteins. Further analysis showed that ALCAM is indirectly associated with tight junction molecules of the BBB-ECs, which explains the increased CNS parenchymal blood vessel in vivo permeability in ALCAM KO animals. Correlating with these data, primary culture of mouse brain BBB-ECs was shown to possess a lower TEER and an increased permeability coefficient. Conclusion: Collectively, our data provide evidence of the implication of ALCAM in monocyte transmigration, but not Th1 or Th17 lymphocyte diapedesis across CNS endothelium. Our results also point to a biologically crucial function of ALCAM in maintaining BBB integrity by acting as an adaptor molecule between tight junctions and the cytoskeleton. As such, the absence of ALCAM at the level of BBB-ECs indirectly promotes the recruitment of pro-inflammatory leukocytes in the CNS of EAE animals by increasing the BBB vessels permeability.
Ifergan, Igal. "Modulation de la réponse immunitaire dans le cerveau par la barrière hémato-encéphalique : implication en sclérose en plaques." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7042.
Повний текст джерелаMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by multifocal areas of leukocyte infiltration and demyelination associated with a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Typically, demyelination is centered around perivascular accumulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) that arise from migration of peripheral blood immune cells across the CNS microvascular endothelium. We have thus suggested that the migration across the BBB of immune cells subsets from the blood is controlled by molecular mechanism specific for each cell type. To answer this hypothesize, we have performed four different studies. We first show a beneficial effect of statins on the BBB, restricting the migration of lymphocytes and monocytes as well as the diffusion of soluble molecular tracers. This phenomenon is mediated through abrogation of isoprenylation processes that is probably inhibiting the ability of endothelial cells of the BBB to contract. We also show that CD14+ monocytes migrate across the inflamed human blood BBB and differentiate into DCs in response to BBB-secreted TGF-beta and GM-CSF. These DCs then promote the proliferation and expansion of inflammatory CD4+ T lymphocytes. We demonstrate that the migration of monocytes is controlled by a new adhesion molecule called Ninjurin-1. Ninjurin-1 neutralization specifically abrogated the adhesion and migration of human monocytes across endothelial cells of the BBB, without affecting lymphocyte recruitment. Moreover, Ninjurin-1 blockade reduced clinical disease activity and histopathological indices of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Finally we show that migration of CD8+ T lymphocytes across BBB is dependent on alpha-4 integrin. Also, the majority of CD8+ T lymphocytes found in the cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients, and in the CNS of EAE mice as well as the CNS of mouse infected with hepatitis virus are showing an effector memory phenotype. These data could explain the numerous cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy seen in natalizumab treated MS patients. In conclusion, our study unveils an important role of peripheral monocytes in MS. The inhibition of migration of these cells to the CNS could be a beneficial therapy since it would allow immune surveillance of the brain. The statins could also be a very interesting option since these molecules would reduce the inflammatory processes involved in MS.