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1
Nawaf Al Homud, Nehaya. "Managerial Empowerment and Its Impact on Managerial Creativity: An Empirical Study in Greater Amman Municipality." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n11p32.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many organizations have collapsed due to lack of creativity and others have also made giant strides due to the creative and innovative ideas of the managers. Hence, creativity is important concept that can change the fortunes of organizations. This study has been conducted to examine the impact of the managerial empowerment on managerial creativity in Greater Amman Municipality. Managerial empowerment has been taken as independent variable. Freedom of choice, self-efficacy, and development of job has been used as the proxy dimensions of managerial empowerment. Moreover, managerial creativity has been taken as dependent variable. Creativity in the product, marketing creativity, and regulatory creativity have been used as the proxy dimensions of managerial creativity. Questionnaires have been used to collect data. The results highlighted that all the dimensions of managerial empowerment are statistically significant on the creativity in the product. The study recommended that proper attention should be paid to the empowerment of workers, especially in the lower administrative levels by encouraging them to take on responsibilities and to look at their mistakes in order to enhance the potential for creativity in Greater Amman Municipality.
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Stancliffe, R. J. "Proxy respondents and the reliability of the Quality of Life Questionnaire Empowerment factor." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 43, no. 3 (June 1999): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.1999.00194.x.
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Mahwish, Sadia, Furrukh Bashir, Faisal Azeem Abbassi, and Shahbaz Ali Khan. "Empowering Women through Financial Inclusion and Governance: Evidence from 30 Developing Economies." iRASD Journal of Economics 6, no. 1 (March 7, 2024): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/joe.2024.0601.0196.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gender equality is rooted in the capacity of individuals to independently make decisions regarding their social, political, and economic well-being. Unfortunately, women encounter diminished opportunities for engagement in these spheres, particularly evident in developing economies. UN-SDGs has placed gender equality as a 5th goal in the framework. This study aims to elucidate pathways for women empowerment by investigating the moderating influence of governance within the realm of financial inclusion. Panel data analysis has been employed for 30 developing economies for the time of 2004 to 2020.Data sources are World Development Indicators (WDI) and the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG). The labor force participation rate (LFPRF) was employed as a proxy for women empowerment and is treated as dependent variable. Governance and Financial Inclusion were examined as independent variables, with domestic credit to the private sector (DC) representing financial inclusion and governance stability (GS) acting as a proxy for governance. Gross capital formation (GCF) and gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) were included as control variables. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), FE, and RE regression models were considered appropriate after applying pre diagnostic tests. The study also employed Arellano Bond model for robustness. The Results indicated that 1 % increase in DC increased LFPRF by 1.05%,16%, and 0.16% in OLS, FE, RE respectively. Similarly, 1 % increase in GS increases LFPRF by 2.49% in OLS model and by 0.13% in both FE and RE model. The study also discussed the strategies to promote women empowerment through planned interventions in financial inclusion and governance.
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Dhar, Soma. "Women Empowerment-Economic Development Nexus: Bangladesh and Vietnam in Comparative Perspective." Journal of Governance, Security & Development 3, no. 2 (January 1, 2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52823/alfb4474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to highlight the bidirectional relationship between women’s empowerment and economic development in Bangladesh (South Asia) and Vietnam (Southeast Asia). The study investigates the U-shaped hypothesis for both countries to figure out the impact of economic development on women’s empowerment. With an econometric approach, the research runs the regression model by the Pooled Regression, Fixed Effect, and Random Effect models with Panel data from (1991-2019) to estimate the impact of women’s empowerment on economic development. Female labor force participation rate and Real GDP per capita are used as the proxy indicator of women’s empowerment and economic development respectively. In the regression model, Real GDP per capita is used as the dependent variable, and the female labor force participation rate as the independent variable. Fertility rate, Mortality rate, and Female employment to population ratio are used as controlled variables. The study demonstrates women's empowerment through the Human Development Index and Global Gender Gap Index. In Global Gender Gap Index, Vietnam is ahead in economic participation and opportunity (sub-index), and educational attainment (sub-index), whereas Bangladesh leads in health and survival (sub-index), and political empowerment (sub-index). However, the regression result shows that the female labor force participation rate, fertility rate, and mortality rate have a negative significance on economic development, whereas the female employment to population ratio has a positive significance on economic development in Bangladesh and Vietnam. The existing U-shape in Vietnam proves that women empowerment and economic development nexus is commendable whereas an upward pattern, not a U-shape exists in Bangladesh.
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Strydom, Kariena, Joseph Olorunfemi Akande, and Abiola John Asaleye. "The Quest for Female Economic Empowerment in Sub-Saharan African Countries: Implications on Gender-Based Violence." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 17, no. 2 (January 30, 2024): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17020051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent empirical literature has focused on the social aspect of gender-based violence regarding domestic violence and physical abuse while the implications of economic empowerment in an attempt to reduce gender-based violence remain under-researched. This study investigated the connection between female economic empowerment and factors that could reduce gender-based violence in sub-Saharan African countries. We used the panel fully modified least squares estimation method to investigate the long-run implications. The gender inequality index, the female genital mutilation prevalence, and the number of female children out of school were used as proxies for gender-based violence. Likewise, economic empowerment was a proxy for female economic participation; it was replaced by female employment for the robustness test. Evidence from the panel fully modified least squares estimation showed that female economic empowerment had a negative relationship with the gender inequality index, the number of female children out of primary school, and female genital mutilation. We concluded that an increase in the economic power of females through increased economic participation could reduce gender-based violence in the long run. Based on these findings, this study recommends policies to improve the situation. This study shifts attention to the macro-connection between factors that can reduce GBV and increase female economic empowerment in selected areas of sub-Saharan Africa.
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Tehmeena Iqbal, Ihtsham Ul Haq Padda, and Shujaat Farooq. "Unconditional Cash Transfers and Women Empowerment: The Case of Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) in Pakistan." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (May 3, 2020): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v6i2.1098.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study has explored the welfare impact of Benazir Income Support Program’s (BISP) unconditional cash transfers on women empowerment. The program was initiated in 2011 by the government of Pakistan. The impact has been computed by using two follow up rounds i.e, 2011 & 2016 where baseline was carried out in 2011 and follow-up round was carried out in 2016. Regression Discontinuity Design approach was used to measure casual effects of the BISP cash transfers on women empowerment by selecting target and control groups based on proxy means test. The overtime impact have been estimated by employing Difference in Difference (DiD) model on panel households from 2011-2016. The study observed that BISP led to improve socio-economic wellbeing of the beneficiary women. It has brought improvement in women mobility and women participation in voting. The important contribution is an improvement in the aspect of socio-economic and political empowerment and women mobility across time and overtime. This showed continues support for longer period brought desired results.
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Dempere, Juan, and Shahira Abdalla. "The Impact of Women’s Empowerment on the Corporate Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Disclosure." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (May 17, 2023): 8173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15108173.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research article examines the relationship between women’s empowerment and corporate ESG disclosure variables by analyzing 10,121 publicly traded companies listed worldwide with historical ESG data available in Bloomberg from 2016 to 2020. The paper seeks to answer whether corporate gender diversity directly affects companies’ ESG disclosure by using proprietary Bloomberg ESG disclosure scores and independent variables such as the female board and executive representation. Control variables, like the company’s return on equity, total debt ratio, and the natural logarithm of total assets as a proxy measurement of the firm’s size, are also included. Results provide evidence that policies that foster corporate gender diversity directly benefit from enhanced ESG-related disclosure, thus helping to trigger national dialogues about suitable corporate gender diversity strategies influencing firms’ ESG disclosure. This paper makes a unique contribution to the literature by being the first to analyze the effects of women’s empowerment on ESG disclosure using a globally representative sample. The evidence of the benefits of women’s empowerment associated with corporate ESG disclosure suggests that organizations with a more gender-diverse corporate board and executive team are more likely to have higher levels of ESG disclosure, as gender diversity increases the likelihood of organizational transparency and accountability, and can lead to improved corporate value. Governments should use this evidence to implement policies promoting women’s empowerment in the corporate world, ultimately leading to improved corporate ESG disclosure.
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Sulisto, Detris, Nurhayati Nurhayati, Syafri Syafri, Samuel Fery Purba, and Kezia Br Aritonang. "Does Women’s Role Have an Influence on Economy Growth in Indonesia?" Economics Development Analysis Journal 12, no. 3 (August 3, 2023): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v12i3.67081.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Economic growth is one of the goals that every country strives for because it is a measurement of a country's success. Gender equality and gender empowerment are important goals for Indonesia's development and economic growth. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of women’s role on the indicators of the gender development index, gender empowerment index, women's life expectancy, mean years of schooling for women, and women's income contribution to gross regional domestic product (GRDP), which is a proxy for Indonesian economic growth. This quantitative study uses a panel data regression model, secondary data from Statistics Indonesia, time series data from 2014 to 2021 and cross-section data for 34 provinces in Indonesia. The study's findings yielded 272 observations. Empirical results show that all indicators used to measure women's role, namely gender development index, gender empowerment index, women's life expectancy, mean years of schooling for women, and women's income contribution, have a positive and significant effect on Indonesia’s economic growth. The findings of the study show the Indonesian government's dedication to increasing women's role in various economic sectors in Indonesia. The influence of women's roles indicates additional household income and economic growth.
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McFarlane, Thomas, Noor Rehman, Katie Wang, Jenny Lee, and Caitlin Carter. "Cutaneous toxicities of new targeted cancer therapies: must know for diagnosis, management, and patient-proxy empowerment." Annals of Palliative Medicine 9, no. 3 (May 2020): 1296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/apm.2019.08.05.
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Aktaria, Erma, and Budiono Sri Handoko. "KETIMPANGAN GENDER DALAM PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v13i2.168.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this research is to analyze the gender inequality in 14 districts/ cities in Central Kalimantan Province by using the Gender Inequality Index (GII), which introduced by UNDP, to analyze the effect of gender inequality with economic growth and compare the use of the GII with the Gender Development Index and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) in relation to economic growth. This research uses panel data from 14 districts/cities during 2004-2007, the analytical methods used were descriptive statistics in analyzing gender inequality and statistical inference to explain the influence of gender inequality on economic growth. Descriptive analysis results showed that there are sharp gender inequality in every district/city. The results of regression analysis shows that there are negative and significant effect of gender inequality to economic growth. Gender inequality is statistically represented by a proxy of the GII is not as strong compared to a proxy of the two others.
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Joo, Baek-Kyoo (Brian), Gil Bozer, and Kathryn J. Ready. "A dimensional analysis of psychological empowerment on engagement." Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance 6, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 186–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joepp-09-2018-0069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of learning organization culture (LOC), learning goal orientation (LGO) and psychological empowerment (PsyEmp) on employee engagement, focusing on the mediating role of each dimension of PsyEmp (meaning, competence, self-determination and impact). Design/methodology/approach Individual perceptions of 329 employees in 9 South Korean for-profit companies were obtained by a cross-sectional survey. Construct validity of each measurement model was examined using confirmatory factor analysis, and the hypothesized structural model was tested by structural equation modeling. Bootstrap analyses were used for testing mediation effects of PsyEmp. Findings The authors found that PsyEmp had a significant effect on job engagement, and that LOC and LGO significantly predicted the level of PsyEmp and engagement. The four dimensions of PsyEmp partially mediated the relationship between the two predictors (i.e. LOC and LGO) and job engagement. LGO had a stronger effect than LOC on both PsyEmp and job engagement. Practical implications Employees who are high in LGO and perceive that an organization provides opportunities for continuous learning with supportive leadership are more likely to experience improved meaning in their work, competence in their knowledge and skills, and foster self-determination with respect to their personal impact on their work and organization. These important facets of PsyEmp that promote employee engagement should be considered by human resource and OD professionals when recommending workplace changes to improve organizational effectiveness and sustainability. Originality/value This study complements the trend to use employee engagement as a proxy for understanding both individual and organizational performance by investigating the relationships among LOC, goal orientation, empowerment and engagement.
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Shah, Ajit. "Association of Suicide Rates for Elderly Age Bands with Gender Equality." Psychological Reports 102, no. 3 (June 2008): 887–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.102.3.887-892.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A lower sex ratio (male to female) of elderly suicide rates in several Asian countries have been attributed to gender inequality on several parameters. The association of two proxy measures of gender equality (value of the gender empowerment measure and the gender-related development index) and the male to female sex ratio of suicide rates in the age bands 65–74 yr. and 75+ yr. was examined using multiple linear regression. The two proxy measures of gender equality did not account for significant variance in the male to female sex ratio of suicide rates in the age bands 65–74 yr. and 75+ yr. Association of gender equality with the male to female sex ratio of suicide rates requires further clarification in both cross-sectional studies across different countries and longitudinal studies within individual countries for all age bands. Such studies should, in addition to the GEM and the GDI, include other measures of gender equality including sex differences in educational attainment, income, poverty, housing, employment, access to healthcare and social welfare services, and urbanisation.
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Singh, Harman, Ajay Singh, Fakhre Alam, and Vikas Agrawal. "Impact of Sustainable Development Goals on Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia: Role of Education and Training." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 14119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sustainable development goals (SDGs) are intended to be attained as a balanced whole. However, significant interactions (the synergies and trade-offs) between the SDGs have caused the need, especially in developing economies, to identify and pursue them in line with their particular developmental needs. The research intends to empirically investigate the relationship between selected UN SDGs and GDP growth rate as a proxy for economic well-being in Saudi Arabia. We also investigate the role of education and training in achieving SDGs in accordance with the Saudi Vision 2030, which places emphasis on the knowledge economy. This research employs multiple regression analysis to explore the relationship between the SDG variables and the GDP. The results show that education and training, gender equity/women’s empowerment, greenhouse gas emissions, and decent employment are positively and significantly related to the GDP growth, whereas poverty, hunger, and health appear to be negatively related. The research indicates that education and training can promote economic, socioeconomic, and health goals without compromising environmental goals. Consequently, the Saudi government should invest more in education and training to maximize synergies and minimize tradeoffs between the SDGs. This will help to promote sustainable employment generation, build human capital, improve socioeconomic empowerment through technology, and boost economic growth.
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Way Ang, Chiew, and Siow Li Lai. "http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/pjssh/browse/regular-issue?article=JSSH-8608-2022." Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 31, no. 2 (June 16, 2023): 885–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.31.2.22.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ensuring gender equality and empowering women is crucial, as they play a significant role in driving economic and societal development. This study examines women’s empowerment levels in Malaysia and Indonesia, two neighbouring countries with a predominantly Muslim population. Data were obtained from the Fifth Malaysian Population and Family Survey 2014 and the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2017. A total of 5,175 Malaysian and 34,467 Indonesian married women aged 15–49 were selected for this study. The variables used include women’s autonomy in household decision-making (a proxy for women’s empowerment), educational level, work status, place of residence, number of children, and women’s age. Findings reveal that Malaysia has a higher proportion of women with tertiary education than Indonesia (25.2% versus 14.7%). However, the proportion of women who were employed was lower in Malaysia than in Indonesia (45.4% versus 57.0%). Concerning household decision-making participation, approximately 46% of Malaysian women participated in all household decisions, as compared to 73% among Indonesian women. Binary logistic regression analysis indicates that all selected independent variables, except the place of residence, were significantly associated with women’s autonomy in household decision-making in both countries at the multivariate level. Women’s socio-economic characteristics greatly influence their status in the household and decision-making autonomy. Enhancing women’s education and employability can empower them and strengthen their decision-making autonomy.
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Tzafrir, Shay S., Yehuda Baruch, and Shimon L. Dolan. "The consequences of emerging HRM practices for employees' trust in their managers." Personnel Review 33, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 628–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483480410561529.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examines the consequences of emerging human resource management (HRM) practices for employees' trust in their managers from a combination of the theory of exchange and a resource‐base perspective. Using a national sample of 230 respondents, the research reported here portrays the paths which link the consequences of emerging HRM practices to employees' trust in their managers. In this framework, HRM consequences represent a proxy in which managers' actions, behaviours, and procedures affect employees' trust in their managers. The results indicate a significant and positive influence of empowerment, organisational communication and procedural justice as determinants of employees' trust in their managers. Using structural equation analysis, findings also indicate that procedural justice mediates the impact of employee development on their trust in their managers. Implications for strategic HR policies in organisations and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Fozia and Lubna Abid Ali. "Iran-Saudi Relations: From Rivalry to Nowhere." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. IV (December 30, 2018): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-iv).04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Iran and Saudi Arabia are the two main powers of the Middle East. Since Islamic revolution (1979) the competition for power, security and regional dominance has resulted in proxy wars in the region, especially, Bahrain, Lebanon, Iraq, Syria and Yemen. Saudi and Iranian rivalry revolves around some key issues such as; their contradictory ideologies (Sunni vs Shiite) PanArab issues like Palestine issue, Saudi inclination towards West, their contradictory policies about energy and desire to become dominant power of entire region. Iran's wants regional hegemony, rolling back US influence in the Middle East, empowerment of Shiite in the Middle East through sectarianism. Sectarianism has always been a major focus in the Persian Gulf and beyond for the Iranian regional policy formulation. Peace and stability in Middle East would not be possible till Riyadh and Tehran end rivalry.
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MCINTYRE, DI, MICHAEL THIEDE, and STEPHEN BIRCH. "Access as a policy-relevant concept in low- and middle-income countries." Health Economics, Policy and Law 4, no. 2 (April 2009): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133109004836.
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Abstract:Although access to health care is frequently identified as a goal for health care policy, the precise meaning of access to health care often remains unclear. We present a conceptual framework that defines access to health care as theempowermentof an individual to use health care and as a multidimensional concept based on the interaction (or degree of fit) between health care systems and individuals, households, and communities. Three dimensions of access are identified: availability, affordability, and acceptability, through which access can be evaluated directly instead of focusing on utilisation of care as a proxy for access. We present the case for the comprehensive evaluation of health care systems as well as the dimensions of access, and the factors underlying each dimension. Such systemic analyses can inform policy-makers about the ‘fit’ between needs for health care and receipt of care, and provide the basis for developing policies that promote improvements in the empowerment to use care.
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Dorjee, Binu, Pallabi Saha, and Jaydip Sen. "Hierarchy of Associations Between BMI-for-Agez-Scores, Growth and Family Social Status Among Urban Bengali Girls of Siliguri Town, West Bengal: A St. Nicolas House Analysis." Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India 70, no. 2 (September 29, 2021): 224–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277436x211043631.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present study assesses the association of different socio-economic variables with children’s BMI-for-age z-scores (BAZ) and influence of children’s height on BAZ, a proxy index of nutritional status. The study was undertaken among 322 girls belonging to the Bengali Hindu Caste Population (BHCP) aged 5–13 years. These girls were the students of two schools located in Siliguri town of West Bengal, India. The prevalence of short stature, underweight and overweight was assessed using the World Health Organization’s ( WHO, 2007 , Growth Reference Data for 5–19 years) references. The statistical analyses used were St. Nicolas House Analysis (SNHA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), linear and logistic regression. The prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity was 19.3%, 17.8% and 5.9%, respectively. The prevalence of short stature (−2.0 HAZ) was 8.7%. The range of BAZ was from −5.69 to 4.15. The variation of BAZ explained by height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) was 11.4%. The BAZ was observed to be associated with mothers’ occupation as revealed by 2% variation through SNHA analysis. The present study observed the usefulness of SNHA for non-parametric data with unequal sub-sample or categories. However, SNHA was not devised to assess the direction and magnitude of variables of interest. The finding of the present study supports the use of BAZ as a proxy adiposity measure among the overweight/obese populations and populations with normal growth in height. The study further supports the recommendations that mother empowerment can help improve nutritional status of a girl child.
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Akgungor, Sedef, Kamiar Alaei, Weng-Fong Chao, Alexandra Harrington, and Arash Alaei. "Correlation between human rights promotion and health protection: a cross country analysis." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 13, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-07-2018-0050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the correlation among health outcomes, and civil and political rights (CPR) and also economic, social and cultural rights. Design/methodology/approach The study uses cross-sectional data from 161 countries. The authors use health outcomes and human rights variables in the model. In order to combine dimensions of human rights, this paper uses factor analysis and obtains proxy variables that measure economic, social and cultural rights and CPR. The two proxy variables are used as independent variables to explain variations in health in a regression model. The paper then classifies countries by cluster analysis and explores the patterns of different components of human rights and health outcomes across country clusters. Findings The regression model demonstrates that the economic, social and cultural rights variables explain variations in all health outcomes. The relationship between CPR and health is weaker than that of the economic, social and cultural rights. Cluster analysis further reveals that despite the country’s commitment to CPR, those that highly respect economic, social and cultural rights lead to superior health outcomes. The more respect a country has for economic, social and cultural rights, the better the health outcomes for the citizens of that country. Practical implications National policies should consider equal emphasis on all dimensions of human rights for further improvements in health. Originality/value The sole promotion of CPR such as democracy and empowerment, absence of adequate support of economic, social and cultural rights such as rights to housing, education, food and work can only contribute partially to health.
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Sathar, Zeba Ayesha, and Shahnaz Kazi. "Women’s Autonomy in the Context of Rural Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i2pp.89-110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper explores the elements that constitute women’s autonomy in rural Pakistan. Hitherto most research on women’s status in Pakistan has either been restricted to proxy measures of women’s status generally or to the urban areas. Community or region, each of which has distinctive features, have an overriding influence on this subject. Northern Punjabi women have lower economic autonomy but greater mobility and decision-making authority than women in Southern Punjab. Gender systems at the village level are also important predictors of women’s autonomy. Economic class has a weak and ambivalent influence on women’s autonomy in rural Punjab. Class influences both education and employment of women, these remains the routes to empowerment in rural settings. While most women in rural areas contribute economically, the majority works on the household farm or within the household economic unit. These women do not derive any additional autonomy as a result of this contribution. Paid employment, though offset by other restrictions on poor women, offers greater potential for women’s autonomy. Education, on the other hand, has a lesser influence on female autonomy in the rural Punjabi context.
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Lal, Sumeet, Rup Singh, Keshmeer Makun, Nilesh Chand, and Mohsin Khan. "Socio-economic and demographic determinants of fertility in six selected Pacific Island Countries: An empirical study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 22, 2021): e0257570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257570.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, we seek to perform macro analysis of fertility in a panel of 6 selected Pacific Island Countries (PICs, hereafter). The macro analysis with secondary data, mostly obtained from World Bank database, stretched over the period 1990–2019 was stacked randomly in a balanced panel set-up, within which the most preferred fixed effect model is used for multivariate analysis. Pooled OLS and Random effect estimation techniques were applied for comparing results. Categories such as women’s empowerment, health, connectivity and cost of living were used to classify proxy variables as regressors for fertility determination. The results indicate variables such as contraceptive prevalence rate, female labour force participation rate and consumer price index (inflation) are negatively correlated with fertility at 1% level, while urbanisation is negatively correlated with fertility rate only at 10% significance level. Real GDP has negative relationship with fertility, however it is not statistically significant. Variables that are positively correlated with fertility but hold limited to no significance effects are female secondary enrolment, female population, mobile subscription and infant mortality rate. It is implied that those variables that are negatively associated with fertility, as well as Real GDP will be the major drivers for achieving replacement level fertility in the long run.
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Wittkowski, Kristina, Jan F. Klein, Tomas Falk, Jeroen J. L. Schepers, Jaakko Aspara, and Kai N. Bergner. "What Gets Measured Gets Done: Can Self-Tracking Technologies Enhance Advice Compliance?" Journal of Service Research 23, no. 3 (February 13, 2020): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094670520904424.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Self-tracking technologies (STTs) in the form of smart devices and mobile applications enable consumers to monitor, analyze, and interpret personal performance data on health and physical or financial well-being. As a result of self-tracking, consumers are not only expected to check their personal performance more actively but also to implement service professionals’ advice to improve their well-being more accurately. Despite the growing popularity of STTs, empirical evidence on the extent to which STT use enhances advice compliance remains scant. A field experiment with 538 participants in a health-care setting suggests that STT use does not increase advice compliance per se. Rather, the effectiveness of STTs depends on consumers’ self-efficacy. For consumers low in self-efficacy, STT use can even undermine advice compliance. A lab experiment with 831 participants replicates and generalizes the findings to a nonmedical professional service (i.e., fitness training). As assessments of self-efficacy might be difficult in practice, service providers in health care can use consumers’ body mass index as an easy-to-measure proxy to predict STT effectiveness. Finally, the lab experiment also identifies perceived empowerment and personalization as psychological mechanisms mediating the influence of STT use on advice compliance.
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Megbowon, Ebenezer Toyin, and Abbyssinia Mushunje. "Assessment of food security among households in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2016-0187.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze food security status and its determinants among households in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on the General Household Survey which was conducted in 2014 where 3,033 households were sampled from the province. Specifically, this study examines the determinants of food security proxy by dietary diversity (24-hour recall) using descriptive statistics, Poisson regression. A frequency count of food groups consumed household dietary diversity score was used as the explained variable. Findings The descriptive analysis shows that, although 61.7 percent of households in the study area have a high dietary diversity score, however, food group giving micronutrients are less consumed as food groups having cereals (maize), beef, sugar and oil was mostly consumed. Results on the marginal effect of Poisson regression indicate that household head characteristics (age, gender, education, marital status, and employment status), pension receiving households and geographical location significantly influence household dietary diversity. Originality/value This study advocates for the intensification of rural development and food security programs, formal and informal education for household heads, female empowerment and dietary enlightenment for households in order to promote the consumption of diverse diets and more healthful food groups.
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Goldsmith, Steven. "William Blake and the Future of Enthusiasm." Nineteenth-Century Literature 63, no. 4 (March 1, 2009): 439–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2009.63.4.439.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Blake we observe the transition from a theological concept of enthusiasm to a practice of literary-critical engagement as enthusiasm. Although this transition is often eclipsed by the current historicist tendency to locate Blake in the 1790s, with roots even earlier, Blake's enthusiasm performs a work that progressive critics will ask of emotion for the next two hundred years: to supply immediate, experiential evidence of a transformative agency whose effects cannot otherwise be measured. Historicist interest in attaching Blake to premodern affects is bound up with a modern desire to mobilize enthusiasm anew and catalyze a future beyond modernity. Sartre's The Emotions provides a useful framework for understanding the aspirations and anxieties that have led criticism to stake its claims to agency on the evidence of emotion. Describing a machine-world that points back to the constraints of Blake's Urizenic starry mill and forward to the ideological systems we associate with criticism after Foucault, Sartre helps identify a critical legacy that posits a "magical" agency of emotion within and against instrumental reason. He also raises key questions about the origin and efficacy of such affective transformation. When do critical emotions serve as a proxy for the agency we feel we lack? When, if ever, do they open onto a world indifferent to our desires for transformation? Is it possible to think of reading as something other than empowerment?
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Pavlovic, Zoran. "Lifecycle, generational, and period effects on emancipative values in Serbia." Stanovnistvo 60, no. 2 (2022): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv2202029p.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this paper is to analyse the lifecycle, generation?al, and period effects on emancipative value preferences in Serbia. The data used in the analysis was collected in the World Values Survey (WVS), conducted in Serbia in 1996 (N = 1,280), 2006 (N = 1,220), and 2017 (N = 1,046), respectively. As a proxy measure of the respondents? life?cycle stage, the recoded age variable (young/middle-aged/ elderly) was used. Based on the age period during which a person spent their formative years (15-24 years of age), a sixfold typology of political generation membership was constructed. The year in which the survey was conduct?ed was used as a measure of period effects. The results indicate that emancipative values were more likely to be embraced by younger respondents (r = .22**) and in survey waves after 2000 (r = .17**), and less by the members of the socialist generation (p < .01) than by those generations who spent their formative years after 2000, omnibus F(5, 3440) = 58.19**. The results reveal a complex relation?ship between lifecycle, generational, and period effects on emancipative values and call into question the exclusive importance that is usually attributed to generational differences in theory. The conclusion outlines possible implications for the theory of human empowerment and practical implications for the possibility of value change in Serbian society.
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Gudeta, Tolesa Gemeda, Ayana Benti Terefe, Girma Teferi Mengistu, and Seboka Abebe Sori. "Determinants of Dietary Diversity Practice among Pregnant Women in the Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2021: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2022 (May 9, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8086793.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background. Dietary diversification is considered the proxy indicator of dietary quality and nutrient adequacy during pregnancy. Pregnant women have been considered susceptible to malnutrition because of their increased nutrient demands and thus consuming a variety of foods in their diet plays a lion’s role in ensuring adequate nutrient intake. So understanding bottleneck factors associated with dietary diversity practice is very crucial to encouraging adequate dietary diversity practice. Therefore, this paper aimed to assess determinants of dietary diversity practice among pregnant women in the Gurage zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 726 pregnant women, 13 key informants, and 27 focus group discussion discussants in the Gurage zone, southwest Ethiopia, from 1 September to 1 November 2021. A face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. According to the Minimum Dietary Diversity Score for Women (MDD-W) tool, women who consumed more than or equal to 5 of 10 food groups in the previous 24 hours had a diverse diet. Epi data version 3.1 was used for data entry, while SPSSversion 26 was used for analysis. To determine factors associated with dietary diversity, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to obtain crude odds ratio (COR), adjusted odds ratios (AOR), and 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was determined using adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs) and p values less than 0.05. In narrative form, qualitative results were triangulated with quantitative data. Results. The overall prevalence of the adequate dietary diversity practice was found to be 42.1% with 95% CI (48.4–46.1%) and the mean dietary diversity score was 5.30 ± 1.49 standard deviation (SD). Multivariable analysis revealed that primary school level [AOR = 6.471 (2.905, 12.415)], secondary school level (9–12) [AOR = 7.169 (4.001, 12.846)], college and above level [AOR = 32.27 (15.044, 69.221)], women with higher empowerment [AOR = 3.497 (2.301, 5.315)], women with a favorable attitude toward dietary diversity [AOR = 1.665 (1.095, 2.529)], women from wealthier households [AOR = 2.025 (1.252, 3.278)], and having well-secured food status [AOR = 3.216 (1.003, 10.308)] were variables that influence dietary diversity practice. Three FGD and 13 key informant interviews were conducted, and the results of qualitative data generated three major themes. Conclusion. The overall prevalence of adequate dietary diversity practice was found to be low in this study when compared to studies conducted in Ethiopia. Maternal educations, mothers’ attitudes toward dietary diversity, women empowerment, food security status, and wealth index level of the household were determinant factors that influence dietary diversity practice in this study. Therefore, programs aimed to improve pregnant women’s dietary diversity practice should focus on improving the socioeconomic status and creating a congenial environment to promote women's empowerment.
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Shafique, Imran, Bashir Ahmad, and Masood Nawaz Kalyar. "How ethical leadership influences creativity and organizational innovation." European Journal of Innovation Management 23, no. 1 (May 2, 2019): 114–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-12-2018-0269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to answer two questions. What is the impact of ethical leadership on followers’ creativity and organizational innovation? What are the mechanisms through which ethical leadership influences creativity and organizational innovation? Design/methodology/approach Considering a market-oriented criterion to measure organizational innovation, the data were collected from 322 small-sized information technology firms working in Pakistan. Multilevel modeling and hierarchical regression analyses were used to explore the direct and indirect effects of ethical leadership on creativity and innovation, respectively. Findings The results show that ethical leadership is an important predictor of both individual and organizational creativity. For the individual level, the results of multilevel modeling indicate that there is a positive link between ethical leadership and employee creativity. Furthermore, ethical leadership affects employee creativity through knowledge sharing and psychological empowerment. At the organizational level, the results reveal that ethical leadership is positively associated with organizational innovation directly. Practical implications The findings imply that ethical leadership is an important tool to promote creativity and for the advancement of innovation for developing countries as well as for newly developed industries. Originality/value This study is first to highlight the role of ethical leadership for organizational innovation. The main contribution of the study is to explore creativity as potential mediator for ethical leadership–organizational innovation nexus; where a market-oriented criterion is taken as proxy of organizational innovation.
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Sinha, Sweta, Shubham Mohan Sharma, Mudit Sharma, and Vishal Bankawar. "Prevalence of contraceptive practices and its associated factors among women in an urban slum area of North India: An observational study." Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research 10, no. 3 (August 15, 2023): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijogr.2023.067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
: Contraceptive prevalence rate serves as a proxy measure of access to reproductive health services. It is an indicator of health, population, development and women’s empowerment. : To determine the prevalence and pattern of contraceptive usage and also the factors affecting among the married women of reproductive age in an urban field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine, JNU Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur; Rajasthan.: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in urban field practice area of JNU medical college, Rajasthan among women aged 15-49 years with calculated sample size of 402. A predesigned and pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used and data was collected with interview technique. The questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic details, reproductive history and current contraceptive usage. Data was entered in Ms Excel, analyzed using SPPS v.22 and represented in tables and figures. Chi square test was used to show the association and p-value <0.005 was considered statistically significant. : Currently 50.47% of the women were not using any contraceptive method. Maximum usage was of male condom 36.26%. Majority of the participants stated as it was husband’s disapproval (31.28%) for current non-usage of any contraceptive. Socio-economic status was not significantly associated with the contraceptive use.: In our study, male condom was the most common temporary contraceptive used. Misconception and fear of side effects related to the contraceptive usage was a major reason for non-utilization of contraceptives.
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Stites, Shana, Jason Flatt, and Carol Derby. "Intersections of Gender and Cognition in Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2440.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is committed to supporting rigorous science that advances what is understood about the influences of sex and gender in health and disease in order to inform the development of prevention strategies and treatment interventions. In research on aging and Alzheimer’s disease, sex/gender disparities in key outcomes are common. But, much of this research hinges on asking a single question: Is the patient or research participant male or female, man or woman? This practice offers few options for disambiguating sociocultural effects associated with gender from those related to biologic sex. It also assumes that self-reports are a suitable proxy for social phenotypes and that a dichotomous variable adequately captures the wide-range of sociocultural effects attributable to gender. The premise of this symposium is to evaluate how gender interacts with cognitive outcomes in order to advance measurement. This symposium will review evidence from five distinct lines of research on associations between gender and cognition for individuals and for individual’s interactions with their family members: (1) effects of normative shifts in American education on cognition in older adults; (2) hospitalization as a risk factor for cognitive decline in racially diverse American men and women; (3) caregivers who identify as sexual and gender minorities (SGM or LGBTQ+) and care for persons with dementia; (4) correlates of cognitive function in SGM older adults; and (5) differences in adults’ cognition based on childhood exposure to women’s social empowerment in 30+ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.
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Ayangba, Valentine, Vincent Adocta Awuuh, Emmanuel Adombor, Herrick Bapula Sulemani, Edem Kojo Dzantor, Jonas Awindagor Alalbilla, Nyaaba Daniel Ayine, Mahama Alhassan, and Nana Agyemang Opoku Yeboah. "Evidences of Widespread Hunger in Gbeo Community, North East Region, Ghana; the Determinants of Malnutrition and Susceptibility to Extreme Hunger." South Asian Research Journal of Medical Sciences 5, no. 04 (August 12, 2023): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjms.2023.v05i04.004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: The global community aspires towards zero hunger and minimized prevalence of various metrics of malnutrition by 2030 and beyond. Despite mainstream routine nutrition/food surveillance interventions carried out by provincial, national and civil society bodies, the markers of global hunger are rife. This study sought to investigate with the aid of household food insecurity experience scale (HFIES) and nutrition indices, the evidence of hunger, child malnutrition and other forms of extreme household deprivation in Gbeo; a rural hard-to-reach community in the Mamprugu East Municipality, North East Region. Methods: This study was a case analysis of Gbeo community using cross-sectional modalities. Mother – child dyads from 235 systematically selected households were recruited for one-on-one interviews including anthropometric/dietary assessments. Data were obtained on household hunger (using HFIES as proxy), child (6 – 59 months) malnutrition and their potential predictors (SE characteristics, IYCF, WASH, etc.). Child anthropometric growth indices were computed in accordance with WHO (2017) revised standard protocols. Findings: Out of 235 children 34.4% were stunted, 18.8% underweight and 37.9% wasted; these are elevated above Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) data for Northern Region, Ghana as a whole and WHO/UNICEF/World Bank (2021) latest global estimates. Four (1.8%) children had all growth failure and in 5.6% of cases, underweight co-occur with stunting and wasting. The proportion of HHs in the 3rd tertile [T3], 2nd tertile [T2] and 1st tertile [T1] of food insecurity were 33%, 29% and 38% respectively. Multiple logistic regression models showed that mean HFIES scores were higher among households that; has a female food-based decision maker [t (degrees of freedom=1, n=235) = 1.93, significance level p =.000], have not received any form of remittances within the past 12 months [t (1, 235) = 2.65, p = .016], source their food stuffs from predominantly purchasing [t (1, 235) = 2.65, p = .009] and has a caregiver or household head that is an alcoholic [t (1, 235) = 4.01, p = .000]. Conclusion: Food insecurity predicts acute child malnutrition. Social protection and economic empowerment interventions should be integrated with nutrition-based initiatives for holistic household improvement.
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Wong, Rosa S., Keith TS Tung, Hiu Tung Wong, Frederick KW Ho, Hing Sang Wong, King-Wa Fu, Ting Chuen Pong, Ko Ling Chan, Chun Bong Chow, and Patrick Ip. "A Mobile Game (Safe City) Designed to Promote Children’s Safety Knowledge and Behaviors: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): e17756. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17756.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Children have high levels of curiosity and eagerness to explore. This makes them more vulnerable to danger and hazards, and they thus have a higher risk of injury. Safety education such as teaching safety rules and tips is vital to prevent children from injuries. Although game-based approaches have the potential to capture children’s attention and sustain their interest in learning, whether these new instructional approaches are more effective than traditional approaches in delivering safety messages to children remains uncertain. Objective The aim of this study is to test the effectiveness of a game-based intervention in promoting safety knowledge and behaviors among Hong Kong school children in Grades 4-6. It will also examine the potential effect of the game-based intervention on these children’s functioning and psychosocial difficulties. Methods This study comprises the development of a city-based role-playing game Safe City, where players are immersed as safety inspectors to prevent dangerous situations and promote safety behavior in a virtual city environment. The usability and acceptability tests will be conducted with children in Grades 4-6 who will trial the gameplay on a mobile phone. Adjustments will be made based on their feedback. A 4-week randomized controlled trial with children studying in Grades 4-6 in Hong Kong elementary schools will be conducted to assess the effectiveness of the Safe City game–based intervention. In this trial, 504 children will play Safe City, and 504 children will receive traditional instructional materials (electronic and printed safety information). The evaluation will be conducted using both child self-report and parent proxy-report data. Specifically, child safety knowledge and behaviors will be assessed by a questionnaire involving items on knowledge and behaviors, respectively, for home safety, road safety, and sport-related safety; child functioning will be assessed by PedsQL Generic Core Scales; and psychosocial difficulties will be assessed by the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. These questionnaires will be administered at 3 time points: before, 1 month, and 3 months after the intervention. Game usage statistics will also be reviewed. Results This project was funded in September 2019. The design and development of the Safe City game are currently under way. Recruitment and data collection will begin from September 2020 and will continue up to March 1, 2021. Full analysis will be conducted after the end of the data collection period. Conclusions If the Safe City game is found to be an effective tool to deliver safety education, it could be used to promote safety in children in the community and upgraded to incorporate more health-related topics to support education and empowerment for the larger public. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04096196; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04096196 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/17756
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As'ad, Mohamad, Nasrul Firdaus, and Ali Syaifullah. "SETTING JARINGAN MIKROTIK DAN PEMBUATAN CHANNEL YOUTUBE UNTUK MASJID JAMI’ MANARUL HUDA SUMBERSARI KOTA MALANG." Jurnal Terapan Abdimas 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/jta.v6i1.6045.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p><strong><em>Abstract.</em></strong> <em>Information technology is one of the tools in various fields, including in the field of Islamic da'wah. Islamic da'wah with information technology in the form of live streaming recitation to youtube (online da'wah) is viral now. This online da'wah was the wish of Takmir and the congregation of Masjid Jami' Manarul Huda. Setting up the internet network with Mikrotik and making channels on youtube at the Masjid Jami' Manarul Huda was community empowerment, namely the application of science and technology to the community at the Masjid Jami' Manarul Huda. This program was a form of community service from STMIK PPKIA Pradnya Paramita (STIMATA) Malang. This community service aims to apply the knowledge that was on campus to the wider community, especially the </em><em>Masjid </em><em>Jami 'Manarul Huda so that they can carry out wider preaching and serve the congregation. The installation of the Telkom Indihome network was carried out at the end of December 2018 and also proxy settings and the creation of a youtube channel, namely "manarul_huda official" completed in early January 2019. After the internet network and hotspot were built, congregations could use free internet access at the mosque and from routine religious studies could do live streaming or upload videos about da'wah activities at the mosque so that it can be accessed by fellow Muslims even though they don't come to the mosque. Hopefully, this program can provide benefits for the congregation and Takmir of Masjid Jami 'Manarul Huda Malang City.</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstrak.</strong> Teknologi informasi merupakan salah satu alat bantu dalam berbagai bidang tidak terkecuali dalam bidang dakwah Islam. Dakwah Islam dengan teknologi informasi yang berupa pengajian live streaming ke youtube (dakwah online) sekarang ini lagi viral. Dakwah online ini merupakan keinginan dari takmir dan jama’ah Masjid Jami’ Manarul Huda. Setting jaringan internet dengan mikrotik dan pembuatan channel di youtube di Masjid Jami’ Manarul Huda ini merupakan pemberdayaan masyarakat yaitu program penerapan iptek pada masyarakat di Masjid Jami’ Manarul Huda. Program ini sebagai bentuk pengabdian masyarakat dari STMIK PPKIA Pradnya Paramita (STIMATA) Malang. Tujuan Pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah untuk mengaplikasikan keilmuan yang ada pada kampus ke masyarkat luas kususnya Masjid Jami’ Manarul Huda, supaya bisa melakukan dakwahnya lebih luas lagi dan melayani jama’ah. Pemasangan jaringan Telkom Indihome dilakukan pada akhir Desember 2018 dan juga settting mikrotik serta pembuatan channel youtube yaitu “manarul_huda official” selesai awal Januari 2019. Setelah terbangun jaringan internet dan hotspotnya, maka jamaah bisa menggunakan akses internet gratis di masjid dan dari kajian rutin keagamaan bisa melakukan live streaming atau upload video tentang aktifitas dakwah dimasjid supaya bisa diakses oleh sesama muslim walaupun tidak datang ke masjid. Mudah-mudahan program ini bisa memberikan manfaat bagi jama’ah dan takmir Masjid Jami’ Manarul Huda Kota malang.</p><p> </p>
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Galiwango, H., RF Miiro, N. Turyahabwe, and A. Egeru. "Does the climate-smart village extension model enhance farmer empowerment?" Outlook on Agriculture, July 21, 2022, 003072702211136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00307270221113600.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate smart villages (CSVs) are new and promising approaches to tackle the negative repercussions of climate change and to tackle the food insecurity that affects close to one billion people globally. CSVs are envisaged to result into empowerment of participating farmers; however, given the novelty of this concept in different geographical spheres, limited literature exists. This review paper therefore conducted a systematic analysis of some previous studies around this concept and assessed their contribution to understanding empowerment of farmers regarding intrinsic, instrumental, and collective agency. From the results, these studies assessed empowerment majorly in-line with the female gender; some focused on both. Results lacked focus on empowerment in the intrinsic, instrumental, or collective agency realms, though possibility of using proxy concepts can’t be dismissed. However, at the heart of any agricultural extension model, a clearly outlined gender-inclusive farmer empowerment pathway should be a fundamental cornerstone for sustainability.
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Khandekar, Sujata, Vinaya Ghewde, Anita Kamble, Anwari Khan, Pallavi Palav, Dwarka Pawar, Sheela Pawar, Mumtaz Shaikh, and Lakshmi Lingam. "Feminist cooperative inquiry: Grassroots women define and deepen empowerment through dialogue." Action Research, September 26, 2020, 147675032096080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476750320960807.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is an account of feminist research influenced by Cooperative Inquiry (CI) described as Feminist Cooperative Inquiry. A team of grassroots women leaders-turned-co-researchers, from different marginalised social locations (on gender, caste, class, education, livelihood axes) in India, developed this methodology to collectively analyse their own empowering journeys to make meanings of empowerment. The diversity of co-researchers in this research led to making additions or deviations in the CI protocol. By bringing in nonliterate or low-literate women from marginalised groups as coresearchers, the research added political value by extending centre of collective knowledge building towards marginalised groups. The paper also discusses how the research processes further empowered the coresearchers for their own interpretations, abstractions and their selfdefined viewpoint in the domain of empowerment. Calling empowerment as primarily an ‘internal reflective process’ co-researchers defied oversimplified, quantifiable proxy indicators as any measure of empowerment.
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Boumeester, Marc. "Cinematic Perception and the Image by Proxy." AVANCA | CINEMA, September 21, 2022, 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.37390/avancacinema.2022.a373.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper describes a research project that aims to contribute to the further development of a new tenet in the taxonomy of the image. Driven by the appearance of (the role of) images generated by new ideo-technological developments – set against an emerging awareness of the implications of the agency of the Anthropocene - this research will build upon the existing classifications of the image. This new type of image has qualities that do not fit into the current understanding of (or any classification) of the image, yet it is operating on our awareness daily. However, the goal is not to forefront the taxonomy as main mode of output, rather the emphasis should be on the interplay between the image and its setting that produces and is produced by its relational qualities. In order to understand the role and significance of this type of image in ‘the making of reality’ - with bifurcations into technology, ideology, inclusivity, empowerment and factuality - they need to be studied and classified in order for scholars and students to further their understanding of the agency arising from what is now provisional named: The “Image by Proxy”. A crucial key to develop an understanding of the workings of the Image by Proxy, is to instrumentalize our knowledge of the construction of cinema and extrapolate its premises to a level of population thinking. On this level, cinematographing perception implies that the creation of a reality includes both actualized and non-actualized components, that constantly act, intertwine, disrupt and otherwise modulate each other’s existence. This paper will examine how this construction of reality is produced in the imagescape, in which the journey to create the scape itself has bifurcations in both enlightened and mundane acts of codification, situation, commodification and signification, whilst its affects call for an expansion of our existing taxonomy of the image.
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Roy, Chandan Kumar, and Huang Xiaoling. "Achieving SDG 5, gender equality and empower all women and girls, in developing countries: how aid for trade can help?" International Journal of Social Economics, March 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2020-0813.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate whether aggregate and sectoral disbursement of aid for trade (AfT) facilitates achieving gender equality and women empowerment in aid-recipient developing countries for the period 2005–2019.Design/methodology/approachThe study develops static and dynamic panel data and empirical specifications and employs fixed effects and generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation techniques to estimate the impact of aggregate AfT and different categories of AfT on women empowerment. The study uses the Gender Inequality Index (GII) and Global Gender Gap Index (GGI) as the proxy measures of SDG-5, where the higher (lower) value of GII (GGI) implies higher gender disparities and lower women empowerment, and vice versa.FindingsThe study finds that aggregate AfT and aid disbursement for the development of economic infrastructure, productive capability building and trade policy and regulations contribute significantly to achieve women empowerment by reducing gender inequalities concerning the labour force and political participation, education enrolment and better healthcare and by increasing gender gap index in relation to economic participation, educational attainment, health and survival and political empowerment. The impact of aggregate AfT and its different categories is found significant only in low- and lower-middle-income developing countries. The findings also indicate that the impact of AfT is not noticeably different across different regions of the world as well as the religious belief of the developing countries.Practical implicationsThe study recommends that more allocation of gender-responsive AfT, whether aggregated or disaggregated, significantly helps women empowerment and assists developing economies to achieve SDG-5.Originality/valueThis study is one of the few that investigate the impact of aggregate AfT on gender inequality and women empowerment. This is the foremost study that examines the effects of each individual category of AfT on women empowerment vis-à-vis SDG-5.
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Prodip, Mahbub Alam. "Cultural obstacles to women’s political empowerment in India and Bangladesh: A comparative perspective." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, February 3, 2021, 205789112199074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891121990742.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This comparative case study explores the cultural obstructions that women members in reserved seats confront with regards to their political empowerment at the local council level – in the Gram Panchayat in India and the Union Parishad in Bangladesh. Primary data was collected from West Bengal in India and Rajshahi in Bangladesh between July 2018 and February 2019. The results are mixed, and varied significantly from country to country. Patriarchal behaviours are less dominant in the workplace for Indian women, whereas major challenges for Bangladeshi women come from their male colleagues. Proxy representation is still a significant form of male domination in India, while this is not a serious issue in Bangladesh. However, the interference of politicians is another form of male domination which restricts women from effective participation in local councils in India and Bangladesh. Harassment is extensively used to control women in politics in Bangladesh, whereas this is less exercised in India. Religion is no longer a dominant barrier to women’s political participation in either countries. Women members in both countries should fight against patriarchal behaviour and male domination in order to create an environment where they can talk about women’s interests in the decision-making process.
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Friedman, Jed, Isis Gaddis, Talip Kilic, Antonio Martuscelli, Amparo Palacios-Lopez, and Alberto Zezza. "The Distribution of Effort: Physical Activity, Gender Roles, and Bargaining Power in an Agrarian Setting." World Bank Economic Review, January 3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhac029.
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Abstract Physical effort is a primary component in models of economic behavior. However, applications that measure effort are historically scarce. This paper assesses the differences in physical activity between men and women through wearable accelerometers and uses these activity measures as a proxy for physical effort. Crucially, the accelerometer-generated data measures the level of physical activity associated with each activity or task recorded in the data. In this rural setting, women exert marginally higher levels of physical effort. However, differences in effort between men and women among married partners are strongly associated with differences in bargaining power, with larger husband-wife effort gaps alongside differences in age, individual land ownership, and an overall empowerment index. Physical activity can exhibit an unequal distribution between men and women suggesting that gender disadvantage, at least within couples, extends to the domain of physical effort.
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Phali, Lerato, Maxwell Mudhara, Stuart Ferrer, and Godswill Makombe. "Evaluation of water-user performance in smallholder irrigation schemes in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa: A stochastic meta-frontier analysis." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 6 (December 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.1022410.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Smallholder Irrigation Schemes (SIS) are pivotal in sustaining livelihoods and creating employment in rural communities of South Africa. However, despite the revitalization and rehabilitation of SIS by the government, the performance of farmers is still below par. This study evaluates the performance of water-users across four SIS in KwaZulu-Natal Province (KZN). Technical Efficiency was used as a proxy for performance and the Stochastic Meta-Frontier Analysis method was employed to measure the overall efficiency across 306 households. The efficiency model results showed that governance index, psychological capital, land tenure security, credit access and gender affect water-users' technical efficiency. The study concludes that interventions should be geared toward strengthening institutions and the empowerment of farmers through relevant training and access to credit. Furthermore, adequacy of water and its availability in the schemes should be improved to ensure profitability and productivity of water.
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Mawardi, Imron, Tika Widiastuti, Muhammad Ubaidillah Al Mustofa, and Fifi Hakimi. "Analyzing the impact of productive zakat on the welfare of zakat recipients." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, July 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-05-2021-0145.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This study aims to investigate the effects of zakat and business assistance on the growth and well-being of mustahiqs (zakat recipients). This study also investigates the impact of macroeconomic variables on the welfare of mutahiqs. Design/methodology/approach The partial least squares-structural equation modelling method is used in this quantitative study, examining data from 137 mustahiqs. The data was collected from seven zakat institutions, which run effective zakat programmes to empower mustahiqs. Findings Zakat empowerment programmes and business assistantships positively impact the growth of mustahiqs’ businesses, beneficial to their well-being. Nevertheless, their well-being is unaffected by the proxy of the macroeconomy. Originality/value This study adds to the zakat literature by identifying the relationship between zakat, business growth, macroeconomic conditions and mustahiq welfare. Accordingly, this approach was made by combining primary and secondary data. This research offers a unique measure of welfare based on the concept of the Islamic objectives (Maqasid al-Shariah).
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Chaudhary, Anchala. "Role of Remittance in Gender Transformation- A Study of Women Labor Migration in Pokhara Metropolitan City." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, December 31, 2022, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jis.v11i1.58675.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The power, authority, and empowerment attained with the aid of economic capitals not only aids in the transformation of gender roles, but social and cultural capital also facilitates various facets of life, including: the standard of education, the types of employment involvement, the level of awareness, the types of family living, and the modes of interaction. As a result, both benefits and drawbacks can be found in the daily lives of both migrants and non-migrants due to the growing trend of female labor migration. In a traditionally patriarchal nation like Nepal, the migration of women for labor raises moral concerns about their moral decency as they struggle to reintegrate into their families and communities. The gender shift in the slum community of Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal, is the main emphasis of this paper's examination of the various features of remittances and ways through which they are transferred. Particular focus is placed on the conversion of economic capital into social and cultural capital as well as the function of proxy managers in managing household duties and remittances. Data from both secondary literature and original sources are used to support the arguments made here. The data came from 199 households of women migrants' families who had moved away at least three years prior to the survey, which was conducted between March and July 2022. The data collecting and analysis techniques used were both quantitative and qualitative. The numerous facets of remittances are examined in this paper. The findings explain the diverse forms of capital accumulation and how women gain more influence in various spheres of social life. The study also offers a more nuanced view of how women are becoming more involved in household decision-making as a result of economic empowerment and how to address forthcoming socio-cultural barriers that prevent their engagement in public sphere.
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Mayes, E. Carolina. "Citizen Science in News Media: Boundary Mediation of Public Participation in Health Expertise." Science, Technology, & Human Values, January 9, 2023, 016224392211124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01622439221112458.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article, I examine how scientific boundary work describes or represents citizen science as credible forms of expertise. Citizen science is an ambiguous concept, and I leverage that ambiguity to examine citizen science as a proxy for nonprofessional or noninstitutional scientific practices more generally. I argue that media representations of citizen science perform boundary work through different articulations of institutional “buy-in” to the legitimacy or credibility of citizen science. Using a discourse analysis of mainstream news media, I trace three framings of citizen science’s relationship to institutional networks, which I describe as subservient to, corrective to, and exceeding the norms of institutional expertise. I find that the perspectives of professional, credentialed scientists dominate public discourse concerning citizen science and perform different adjudications of how citizen science contributes to networks of expertise. By focusing on citizen science concerning human health and medicine, I additionally show how mainstream framings of citizen science engage with overlapping media representations of personal health responsibility and patient empowerment. I suggest that representations of citizen science as a form of “missing expertise” can conflict with portrayals of citizen science as “going too far” in the pursuit of treatments or interventions.
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Mejía-Guevara, Iván, Beniamino Cislaghi, and Gary L. Darmstadt. "Men’s Attitude Towards Contraception and Sexuality, Women’s Empowerment, and Demand Satisfied for Family Planning in India." Frontiers in Sociology 6 (December 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.689980.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Whilst the prevalence of unmet need and contraceptive use remained unchanged for 10 years (between 2005–2015) in India, gender restrictive norms and power imbalances also have persisted, preventing married women from meeting their family planning desires. Data for this study are from the 2015–6 National Family Household Survey, which contains information on fertility preferences and family planning for women in reproductive age. As a proxy for men’s attitudinal norms, we aggregated men’s perceptions regarding contraception (contraception is women’s business, women who use contraception may become promiscuous) and control over their wife (if his wife refuses to have sex, men have the right to deny financial support, have sex with another woman, or beat wife) at district level. Using a three-level random intercepts model, we assessed individual and contextual-level associations of men’s attitudinal norms and met need for contraception among sexually active women (aged 15–49) with any demand for family planning, while adjusting for women’s empowerment indicators [education, job status, and adult marriage] and individual demographic factors. Our results indicate that men’s attitudinal norms are negatively associated with women’s contraceptive use; for instance, a 1 standard deviation increase in the proportion of men who believe that contraception is women’s business was associated with a 12% reduced likelihood of contraceptive use (OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.82–0.95). Similar associations remained or were stronger after considering only modern methods, or when excluding female sterilization. Furthermore, our contextual effects analysis revealed that women’s higher education or wealth did not improve contraceptive uptake in communities with strong attitudinal norms, but working women or women married as children were more likely to use contraception in those communities. Our results suggest that men’s attitudinal norms may be dominating over women’s empowerment regarding family planning choices among reproductive age women. However, employment appeared to play a strong protective role associated with women’s contraceptive use. It is important for programs seeking to transform gender equality and empower women in making contraceptive choices to consider women’s employment opportunities and to also address male attitudinal norms in the context of the ecosystem in which men and women coexist and interact.
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Sinharoy, Sheela Selin, Jillian Waid, Masum Ali, Kathryn M. Yount, Shakuntala Haraksingh Thilsted, and Amy Webb‐Girard. "Women's Empowerment, Household Dietary Intake, and Individual Dietary Intakes in Urban Bangladesh: Repeated Cross‐Sectional Study." FASEB Journal 31, S1 (April 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.639.22.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectiveWe aimed to assess how women's resources for empowerment influence their household‐ and individual‐level food consumption and quantify possible pathways through women's agency.MethodsWe analyzed data collected from 598 households in 30 poor neighborhoods of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data collectors visited each household three times, in rounds between February 2015 and February 2016, as part of a study of urban food consumption and intra‐household distribution. We defined resources for empowerment as grades of schooling (less than secondary versus any secondary). To measure women's agency, we used exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to identify two latent factors for decision‐making and voice with husband. We measured household food frequency as the number of times any household member consumed a given food group (of nine groups) in the prior seven days. Of the three components of food security (availability, access, and utilization), household food frequency measures the utilization component, when controlling for household wealth as a proxy for access. We measured women's individual dietary diversity using a quantitative 24‐hour recall, with data categorized into ten food groups using the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDDW‐10) scale. The household and individual consumption variables were each averaged across the three survey rounds, to capture dietary practices over one year, accounting for seasonal and other variation. We used structural equation modeling to estimate indirect effects, direct effects, and total effects, adjusting for household wealth and clustering.ResultsIn adjusted models, women's secondary schooling was directly and positively associated with household food frequency (β=2.91, p<0.001) and women's dietary diversity (β=0.219, p=0.001) scores but not with decision‐making agency nor voice with husband (p=0.49 and p=0.052, respectively). Neither decision‐making agency nor voice with husband was associated with household food frequency (p=0.20 and p=0.52, respectively). While decision‐making agency was directly positively associated with women's dietary diversity (β=0.62, p=0.001) there was no significant association between voice with husband and women's dietary diversity (p=0.54). Household food consumption was directly and positively associated with women's dietary diversity (β=0.051, p<0.001).ConclusionsOur study is the first to examine how selected resources for women's empowerment were associated with household‐ and individual‐level dietary patterns in urban Bangladesh, directly and indirectly through aspects of women's agency. We observed positive associations of secondary schooling with household food consumption and women's dietary diversity; however, this relationship did not appear to operate through the dimensions of women's agency measured here. Neither dimension of women's agency was associated with household consumption, but decision‐making agency was associated with women's dietary diversity. Thus, household consumption and wealth being equal, women with more decision‐making agency may improve their own dietary diversity in this urban context. Future research should explore the influence of other resources for women's empowerment to understand potential pathways of influence on women's dietary diversity. Research is also needed on how other domains of women's agency influence food security and nutrition in urban poor populations.Support or Funding InformationDeutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), WorldFish, and Laney Graduate School of Emory University
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Mariam Abbas Soharwardi, Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad, Mussab Ali Khan Manj, and Rana Ejaz Ali Khan. "Correlates of mothers’ nutritional status in developing economies: evidence from demographic and health surveys." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, April 13, 2021, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.954.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objective: The paper investigates the determinants of nutritional status of mothers in developing countries. Method: For a panel of 38 developing countries, data were obtained from the nationally representative Demographic Health Surveys (DHS). Married women of reproductive ages (15 to 45 years), currently living with their husbands were selected as the target population. Body mass index was used as a proxy measure to gauge nutritional status. Both bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were employed to assess the socioeconomic determinants of mothers’ nutritional status. Results: As compared to the reference category, the probability of being malnourished was: the lowest (OR=0.397, 95% CI=.0341-0.462) among the mothers with higher education, the highest (OR=1.112, 95% CI=1.043-1.186) among the mothers who belonged to the age category 15-19 years at their first birth, the lowest (OR=0.309, 95% CI=0.280-0.341) among the mothers with higher women empowerment status, high (OR=1.003, 95% CI=.848-1.18) among the women having one year birth interval, higher (OR=1.724, 95% CI=1.669-1.186) among the women who take no antenatal visit during pregnancy, higher(OR=1.795, 95% CI=1.757-1.836) among the mothers having total number of children ever born more than four, relatively higher (OR =0.846, 95% CI=0.796-0.899) among the mothers who belonged to poorer households, and was lower (OR=0.758, 95% CI=0.717-0.801) among the mothers living in the urban areas. Continuous...
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Abdel-Meguid, Ahmed, Mostafa Abuzeid, Moataz El-Helaly, and Nermeen Shehata. "The relationship between board gender diversity and audit quality in Egypt." Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, September 29, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeas-08-2022-0199.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThis paper aims to examine whether female representation on boards is significantly associated with audit fees paid by top Egyptian listed companies.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collect data on audit fees, board of directors' characteristics and financial data for the top 100 companies listed on the Egyptian Exchange (EGX100) for a period of six years. The authors employ an ordinary least squares regression model to capture the relationship between board diversity (i.e. the proportion of female board directors) and the natural logarithm of audit fees while controlling for firm and industry fixed effects as well as other known firm characteristics.FindingsThe authors find that audit fees are significantly associated with the proportion of females serving on firms' boards of directors. The findings suggest a complementary relationship between females on boards, as a quality-enhancing board attribute; and audit fees, as a proxy for audit effort and audit quality.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations of this study arise first from the relatively small sample size, and second from the fact that inferences may be specific to the Egyptian context and similar markets.Practical implicationsThe results have important implications for Egyptian policy makers and regulators in terms of board composition.Social implicationsThis study provides empirical evidence that further enforces the business case for women's empowerment and the impact of this on the effectiveness of corporate governance.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first archival study to examine the association between female board representation and audit fees in Egypt.
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Gomes, Sofia, João M. Lopes, and Luís Ferreira. "The impact of the digital economy on economic growth: The case of OECD countries." RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie 23, no. 6 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-6971/eramd220029.en.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: This longitudinal study analyzes the impact of the digital economy on economic growth in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’s countries, divided into groups by their level of development (transition and innovation countries). Originality/value: Empirical studies on information and communications technology (ICT)’s impact on countries’ economic growth have increased over the last few years. However, there are still no studies that analyze this problem for the group of OECD countries, let alone divide these countries according to their level of economic development to assess the differences between more developed countries and less developed. The study of this gap in the literature allows us to infer important implications for policymakers to implement the digital agenda more efficiently. Design/methodology/approach: We used a panel data sample from the World Bank covering 36 OECD countries from 2000 to 2019. A statistical analysis of the variables was carried out separately for all OECD countries and the transition and innovation countries groups. We then performed a correlation analysis between the variables, and three models were estimated using the generalized moments panel method (GMM) using a fixed cross-section. Findings: The impact of the digital economy as measured by the technology proxy – internet, mobile phone, and fixed-broadband – on the economic growth of OECD countries depends on their level of development and the measures of the technologies that capture the digital economy. ICTs positively influence the development of the economies of OECD countries and can be used as instruments by policymakers. These agents must implement policies that strengthen the physical and technological infrastructures of the ICTs, the digital empowerment of human capital, and more significant social equity in accessing the ICTs.
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Doraiswamy, Sathyanarayanan, Sohaila Cheema, Patrick Maisonneuve, Anupama Jithesh, and Ravinder Mamtani. "Maternal mortality in the Middle East and North Africa region – how could countries move towards obstetric transition stage 5?" BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 22, no. 1 (July 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04886-7.
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Abstract Background Maternal mortality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region decreased significantly between 1990 and 2017. This was uneven, however, with some countries faring much better than others. Methods We undertook a trend analysis of Maternal Mortality Ratios (MMRs) of countries in the region in order to understand differences in reduction across countries. Data were extracted from several databases for 23 countries and territories in the region on measures of women’s empowerment, availability of vehicles and human resources for health (as a proxy to the three delays model). We identified factors associated with MMR by grouping countries into five different Stages (I-V) of obstetric transition from high to low MMRs. Results Among the four Stage II countries, MMR is associated with “antenatal care coverage (% with at least one visit)” and “medical doctors per 10,000 population”. Among the eight Stage III countries, MMR is associated with “Gender Parity Index in primary and secondary level school enrolment” and with “nursing and midwifery personnel per 10,000 population”. Among the 10 countries and one territory in Stages IV and V, MMR is associated with “GDP per capita”, “nursing and midwifery personnel”, and “motor vehicle ownership/motorization rate”. Two factors were associated with changes in MMR from the period 2006–2010 to 2011–2015: 1) change in adolescent birth rate (r = 0.90, p = 0.005) and 2) Gender Parity Index in primary level school enrolment (r = − 0.51, p = 0.04). Conclusion Though impressive reductions in MMR have been achieved across countries in the MENA region since 1990, governments should realize that there exists an opportunity to learn from each other to bring MMRs as close to zero as possible. Immediate steps in the right direction would include investment in human resources for health, particularly nurses and midwives; measures to improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health; and greater investments in achieving gender equity in education.
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Agaba, Monicah, Fusta Azupogo, and Inge D. Brouwer. "Maternal nutritional status, decision-making autonomy and the nutritional status of adolescent girls: a cross-sectional analysis in the Mion District of Ghana." Journal of Nutritional Science 11 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jns.2022.95.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A mother's nutritional status and participation in household decision-making, a proxy for empowerment, are known determinants of improved nutrition and health outcomes for infants and young children; however, little is known about the association among adolescents. We examined the association between maternal nutritional status, decision-making autonomy and adolescent girls’ nutritional status. We analysed data of 711 mother–adolescent girl pairs aged 10–17 years from the Mion District, Ghana. Maternal nutritional status and decision-making autonomy were the independent variables while the outcomes were adolescent girls’ nutritional status as defined by anaemia, stunting and body mass index-for-age Z-score categories. Girl-level (age, menarche status and the frequency of animal-source food consumption), mother-level (age, education level, and monthly earnings) and household-level (wealth index, food security status and family size) covariates were adjusted for in the analysis. All associations were examined with hierarchical survey logistic regression. There was no association between maternal height and adolescent girls being anaemic, underweight or overweight/obese. Increasing maternal height reduced the odds of being stunted [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0⋅92, 95 % CI (0⋅89, 0⋅95)] for the adolescent girl. Maternal overweight/obesity was positively associated with the girl being anaemic [OR 1⋅35, 95 % CI (1⋅06, 1⋅72)]. The adolescent girl was more than five times likely to be thin [OR 5⋅28, 95 % CI (1⋅64–17⋅04)] when the mother was underweight. Maternal decision-making autonomy was inversely associated with stunting [OR 0⋅88, 95 % CI (0⋅79, 0⋅99)] among the girls. Our findings suggest that intergenerational linkages of a mother's nutritional status are not limited to childhood but also during adolescence.
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Khalil, Merette, Kashi Barbara Carasso, and Tamar Kabakian-Khasholian. "Exposing Obstetric Violence in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Review of Women's Narratives of Disrespect and Abuse in Childbirth." Frontiers in Global Women's Health 3 (April 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2022.850796.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundObstetric violence (OV) threatens the provision of dignified, rights-based, high-quality, and respectful maternal care (RMC). The dearth of evidence on OV in the Eastern Mediterranean Region poses a knowledge gap requiring research to improve rights-based and respectful health practice and policy. While efforts to improve the quality of maternal health have long-existed, women's experiences of childbirth and perceptions of dignity and respect are not adequately or systematically recorded, especially in the said region.AimThis study centered on the experiences of women's mistreatment in childbirth to provide an overview of OV and offer recommendations to improve RMC.MethodsA scoping review was conducted, and a total of 38 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using Bowser and Hill's framework of the seven typologies of Disrespect and Abuse (D&A) in childbirth. D&A in childbirth (or violations to RMC) is a manifestation of OV and served as a proxy to analyze its prevalence in the EMR.Findings and DiscussionThis study indicated that across the EMR, women experienced every type of D&A in childbirth. This happens regardless of health systems' strength or country's income, with 6 out of 7 types of D&A found in almost two-thirds of included countries. In the EMR, the most common types of D&A in childbirth are physical abuse (especially overused routine interventions) and non-dignified care (embedded in patriarchal socio-cultural norms). The intersections of these abuses enable the objectification of women's bodies and overuse of unconsented routine interventions in a hierarchical and patriarchal system that regards the power and autonomy of doctors above birthing women. If unchecked, the implications include acceptance, continuation, and underreporting of D&A in childbirth, as well as passivity toward human-rights violations, which all further cause the continuing the cycle of OV.ConclusionIn order to eliminate OV, a paradigm shift is required involving infrastructure changes, education, empowerment, advocacy, a women-centered and gender-sensitive approach to health system strengthening, and policy development. Recommendations are given at individual, community, health systems, and policy levels to ensure that every woman achieves her right to health and birth in a dignified, respectful, and empowered manner.