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Статті в журналах з теми "Empirical p-Value":
Butler, J. S., and Peter Jones. "Theoretical and empirical distributions of the p value." METRON 76, no. 1 (December 11, 2017): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40300-017-0130-2.
Hanifah, Risti Ulfi, Eviatiwi Kusumaningtyas Sugiyanto, and Dian Triyani. "INDUSTRY VALUE: EMPIRICAL STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING." Economics and Business Solutions Journal 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/ebsj.v5i2.3493.
Kung, Liang-Hsi, and Yu-Hua Yan. "Empirical Study on Hospitalist System: A Value Creation Perspective." Healthcare 12, no. 10 (May 7, 2024): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12100953.
Ratmono, Dwi, and Darsono Darsono. "New public management and corruption: Empirical evidence of local governments in Indonesia." Public and Municipal Finance 11, no. 1 (June 7, 2022): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.11(1).2022.05.
Goodman, William M., Susan E. Spruill, and Eugene Komaroff. "A Proposed Hybrid Effect Size Plus p-Value Criterion: Empirical Evidence Supporting its Use." American Statistician 73, sup1 (March 20, 2019): 168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2018.1564697.
Tabansi Okeke, Callistus, Chinwe Ann Anisiobi, and Chinwe Monica Madueke. "Public Debt and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. III (2023): 705–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7309.
Bian, N'dri Hubert. "A goodness-of-fit test based on Kendall’s process: Durante's bivariate copula models." Afrika Statistika 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 2851–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.16929/as/2021.2851.187.
Burucuoglu, Murat, and Evrim Erdogan. "An Empirical Examination of the Relation between Consumption Values, Mobil Trust and Mobile Banking Adoption." International Business Research 9, no. 12 (November 23, 2016): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n12p131.
Kwon, Gee Jung. "The Value Relevance of Corporate Social Responsibility: Focusing on Donation Expenditure." Asian Social Science 12, no. 8 (July 7, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n8p1.
Marsman, Maarten, and Eric-Jan Wagenmakers. "Three Insights from a Bayesian Interpretation of the One-Sided P Value." Educational and Psychological Measurement 77, no. 3 (October 5, 2016): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164416669201.
Дисертації з теми "Empirical p-Value":
Pluntz, Matthieu. "Sélection de variables en grande dimension par le Lasso et tests statistiques - application à la pharmacovigilance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASR002.
Variable selection in high-dimensional regressions is a classic problem in health data analysis. It aims to identify a limited number of factors associated with a given health event among a large number of candidate variables such as genetic factors or environmental or drug exposures.The Lasso regression (Tibshirani, 1996) provides a series of sparse models where variables appear one after another depending on the regularization parameter's value. It requires a procedure for choosing this parameter and thus the associated model. In this thesis, we propose procedures for selecting one of the models of the Lasso path, which belong to or are inspired by the statistical testing paradigm. Thus, we aim to control the risk of selecting at least one false positive (Family-Wise Error Rate, FWER) unlike most existing post-processing methods of the Lasso, which accept false positives more easily.Our first proposal is a generalization of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) which we call the Extended AIC (EAIC). We penalize the log-likelihood of the model under consideration by its number of parameters weighted by a function of the total number of candidate variables and the targeted level of FWER but not the number of observations. We obtain this function by observing the relationship between comparing the information criteria of nested sub-models of a high-dimensional regression, and performing multiple likelihood ratio test, about which we prove an asymptotic property.Our second proposal is a test of the significance of a variable appearing on the Lasso path. Its null hypothesis depends on a set A of already selected variables and states that it contains all the active variables. As the test statistic, we aim to use the regularization parameter value from which a first variable outside A is selected by Lasso. This choice faces the fact that the null hypothesis is not specific enough to define the distribution of this statistic and thus its p-value. We solve this by replacing the statistic with its conditional p-value, which we define conditional on the non-penalized estimated coefficients of the model restricted to A. We estimate the conditional p-value with an algorithm that we call simulation-calibration, where we simulate outcome vectors and then calibrate them on the observed outcome‘s estimated coefficients. We adapt the calibration heuristically to the case of generalized linear models (binary and Poisson) in which it turns into an iterative and stochastic procedure. We prove that using our test controls the risk of selecting a false positive in linear models, both when the null hypothesis is verified and, under a correlation condition, when the set A does not contain all active variables.We evaluate the performance of both procedures through extensive simulation studies, which cover both the potential selection of a variable under the null hypothesis (or its equivalent for EAIC) and on the overall model selection procedure. We observe that our proposals compare well to their closest existing counterparts, the BIC and its extended versions for the EAIC, and Lockhart et al.'s (2014) covariance test for the simulation-calibration test. We also illustrate both procedures in the detection of exposures associated with drug-induced liver injuries (DILI) in the French national pharmacovigilance database (BNPV) by measuring their performance using the DILIrank reference set of known associations
Valentinis, Edi. "Variable interest consolidation (FASB,FIN 46/R) : valve relevance and empirical consequences on financial reporting." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3094.
FASB introduction of FIN 46/R variable interest consolidation model proved revolutionary as it ties up the accounting to the economic/financial frameworks and the judicial one. Legal structures and agreements among stakeholders of entities, creating net assets’ variability, have from now on to be compared with expected losses and expected returns distribution, prior to identify which stakeholder will need to consolidate pursuant this Interpretation. As a result, return variability gains weight in the definition of variable interest entity with consequences still to be completely digested by practitioners and reporting enterprises. Because of the implementation of this Interpretation, consolidation by a party that absorbs most of the entity expected losses will have precedence even over stock-ownership’s control by the parent company (voting rights driven). The revolution though is only meant for a wide, yet selected, subset of entities' classes being securitisations, life and health insurances and governmental organisations aimed for profit, left outside the scope of this Interpretation. Consolidation through variable interest model is the result of four major steps. First alone is the definition of entity, being any legal structure to conduct activities and hold assets. Second, the identification of the variable interests in it, deriving from recognition of the aggregate which fair value changes with changes in fair value of net assets, exclusive of variable interests. These changes in fair value are considered regardless of embedded voting rights; hence, mezzanine finance, preferred stock and any hybrid equity instrument in general need to be detailed in their features prior to taking further decision. Third, the estimate of expected losses and residual returns whose value relevance has been given vast insight in this paper. Fourth and last step, the recognition of the primary beneficiary, when it exists, which is the party that absorbs the greatest share of expected losses and/or that benefits the most from expected residual returns and ultimately, the party that will consolidate the variable interest in object. Throughout the variable interest consolidation process, the concept of ‘equity at risk’ is introduced by FASB to define which is the effective portion of equity that absorbs variability created by net assets of the variable interest entity. Notwithstanding an introduced sufficiency test, aimed at deducting from US GAAP equity, all components that are not legal obligations to capitalise the entity, still difficulties exist. This is due to a series of exclusions namely; legal equity is to be deducted of fees, loans or guarantees thereof, shares issued in exchange of subordinated interests in other VIEs shall be subtracted as well from equity at risk, in the end also investments to be considered non significant shall be deducted. In this regard, valuations are either explicitly or implicitly to be done at fair value, hence book values need to make room for financial analysis giving in this respect value relevance to the Interpretation. The ‘equity at risk’ concept is the result of deductions that run through both sides of the balance sheet. Particular judgment shall be used in evaluating guarantees and other off-balance sheet obligations. This paper takes also in consideration the test proposed by FASB for ‘non significant investments’ proposing a refined method to reduce variability in interpretative judgment by the reporting entity. Furthermore, FASB identifies a new category of VIEs: variable interests in specified subset of assets of a VIE (i.e. a guarantee) which can be treated as distinctive VIEs by FASB only if the fair value of the same assets is greater than 50% of the whole fair value of the entity. If so happens, then equity at risk is to be deducted accordingly and expected losses/residual returns (EXLS/EXRR) of this subset of assets is not considered for sake of determining the primary beneficiary. The distinct VIE, which in accounting goes also under the name of Silo, will have to be treated separately as another VIE. From this analysis on assets and financial structure, which is derived from CON 6, FASB correctly deconstructs the accountancy legacy notion of control by segregating the decision making ability on the VIE from the variability absorption rights and obligations. The former, given by the financial decisions on VIE’s financial structure and by investment on net assets, the latter dictated by obligation to fund losses and to receive residual returns, i.e. by assigning the right to receive future residual returns and the obligation to make future capital contributions. Under a valuation viewpoint, assets and liabilities of newly consolidated VIE are measured at fair value while the ones already pertaining to a primary beneficiary, which is already a parent, remain reported at carrying value being already in the consolidated balance sheet of the controlling company. FIN 46/R in this way allows goodwill to be recognised for acquisitions of VIEs, which constitute businesses for use in this Interpretation. If the consideration paid for the VIE interest (carrying value plus premium/discount) is instead lower than the fair value of its net assets at consolidation, then a decrease in value of the newly consolidated assets shall be reported. Exception is made by cash & marketable securities, tax assets, post retirement plans and the likes. In this regard VIEs, which are not businesses will originate extraordinary gains or losses accordingly, in case of extraordinary gains, the value of the newly acquired assets is stepped-up pro quota. While FIN 46/R valuation principles of expected losses, expected residual returns and definition of balance sheets arising from VIE consolidation, resides on fair values, practitioners and reporting enterprises alike base their forecast from use of private information. This in turn, gives birth to entity-specific values, which take into account private information comprising of entity plans and current competitive strategy, which are a function of present industry positioning. Part of the process in determining EXLS/EXRR and the existence or not of a primary beneficiary, in line with the variable interest consolidation model, is to go through a profit variability analysis to be done through discounted cash flow models. To try to shed some more light on this regard we have first refreshed the mathematics of series of random variables with the objective to estimate VIEs’ expected cash flows of income. VIEs are generally modelled as a random variable with statistic mean different from statistic mode, a fact omitted in some passages of FIN 46/R exposition. Subsequently we have underlined that the variability of returns is directly related with the interval of confidence set for distribution functions representing random variables when computing the reporting entity forecast of expected variability. The potential deadlock could be widening when different interest holders are implementing different modelling of the reporting entity which yield to different results, but still acceptable under the Interpretation prescriptions. FASB introduction of non-previous US GAAP measures like EXLS/EXRR are, as we believe, in need to be backed up by a more robust theoretical framework. To do so, we needed to characterise the choice of the discount rate. In this framework, we have once again taken the theoretical basis of cost of capital, highlighting the equivalence of the results of other methods; including pros and cons of the utility functions and certainty equivalence method and the risk adjusted probability method. We have then given evidence on why FASB should use the cost of capital method as the discount rate to compute income variability together with income streams. In fact, by using the cost of capital method, and the WACC deriving from CAPM, all financial risk is embedded in the discount rate leaving the reporting enterprise free to express in the books the operational risks known or of most suitable estimation. Nowadays marginal cost of debt and market value of equity are used in common practice, according with CAPM theory, and have their use extended to private businesses. The cost of capital for private enterprises make use of sensitivity correlation coefficient of the enterprise return over the market return (beta coefficient) are of difficult estimate for private entities although betas can be computed in a number of ways using assumptions which are proper of the enterprise and its industry peers. To close the chapter related to valuation, finally we have focused on how these methodologies are being implemented by corporate America realising that the fears for value relevancy and hardship in tailoring the application to the single entities is a shared feeling and still a process far from crystallisation. In particular, FASB does not impose a clear conversion from book values to either fair values or value-in-use ones. It neither rules out the use of different valuation methods, if not for particular aspects treated within its FSP 46/R-S, in the exercise of computation of expected variability, which we have to recognise has not been proper of the accountancy function until lately. This thesis proposes an algorithm that goes in detail in the application of FIN 46/R for a reporting enterprise taking into account all possible interrelations among interest holders and distinct interest in subset of assets. The algorithm brings to light the weaknesses in application of the Interpretation caused by potential interrelations between expected losses assessment and variable interests in specified assets, wherever the fair value of these is more than 50% of net assets, i.e. distinctive VIEs. The algorithm, despite being in line with FIN 46/R prescriptions, does not cope with situations of cross default of related parties’ investors in the same VIE. However while the application of a cause and effect model is not always possible we think increased consolidation constraints would highly reduce these possibilities. In the process for determining if the reporting entity is a VIE, FASB develops also the ‘at risk’ test, highlighting once again the relevant weaknesses of the concepts of ‘previous ability to finance operations without subordinate financial support’ and ‘comparability with other similar entities which autonomously finance themselves without subordinated support’. We believe that the "at risk test" should only be a numeric test to iron out misinterpretations and gain relevance in consistency. FASB introduction of an exclusion sufficiency test to exclude variable interests for being classified as VIEs leaves, in our opinion, some uncertainties to the ‘participation in VIE design’ concept or to the ‘non significant interest’ one. This test, we believe, ought not to be a determinant factor, the level of polarisation of risk/reward of the consideration should instead be the sole paramount predictor for exclusion. As far as the conditions used to determine if the entity has sufficient equity to sustain its operations without financial support, the condition sine qua non of the minimum 10% of equity value over total assets, coupled with the triad of valuation methods proposed by FASB, should have been more stringent and concise in its ruling. In fact, these methods leave again interpretative flexibility about the inputs used to demonstrate sufficiency. From a thorough profit variability analysis the thesis compares how the responsibilities and efforts to cope with FIN 46/R requirements are distributed among VIE stakeholders, namely auditors, reporting enterprises, standard setters and regulators. This has been done comparing the use of CON 7 approach to the traditional cost of capital approach used in corporate finance. Furthermore, we have put in evidence that by implementing FIN 46/R VIEs entities tend naturally to overstate income variability valuations, being income streams discounted at Rf, heightening capital requirements. We would like to close by making a forecast on long-term developments that we envisage this Interpretation will bring forward, by starting to think on which are the VIEs stakeholders that are bound to be the most disadvantaged. This is again the class of primary beneficiaries of smaller sizes, which will have either to recourse to more lending to cover for capitalisation requirements and increased financial leverage, or face financial distress. Both cases are precursors to industry consolidation and forebears of globalisation, while the class most favoured will be the banking industry.
RIASSUNTO (ITALIAN): L’introduzione del FIN 46/R (FASB Interpretazione N. 46/R) da parte del FASB (Financial Accounting and Standards Board) si è dimostrata rivoluzionaria grazie al nuovo modello di consolidamento che si interpone tra il contesto economico finanziario e quello legale delle entità oggetto di questa interpretazione. Forma legale e relativi accordi tra stakeholders delle entità, definite come qualsiasi forma legale di impresa e veicolo finanziario, devono d’ora in poi essere confrontati con un’analisi della variabilità attesa degli utili prima di identificare quale stakeholder debba consolidare l’entità in oggetto (beneficiario primario). Di conseguenza il concetto di variabilità (varianza) dei redditi acquista un peso determinante nella definizione di variable interest entity (VIE) con conseguenze che devono essere ancora completamente digerite da professionisti e imprese che devono adeguarsi a questa interpretazione contabile. In virtù della stessa il consolidamento da parte del portatore di interessi che assorbe la maggioranza delle perdite attese ora avrà la precedenza perfino sull’azionista o sulla controllante che dovesse detenere la maggioranza assoluta dei diritti di voto. Questa rivoluzione è stata per ora intesa per un vasto, ma selezionato, insieme di classi di imprese, essendo ad esempio SPV di assicurazioni vita e veicoli finanziari di enti governativi a scopo di lucro lasciati (per ora) fuori dall’ambito di questa interpretazione. Il consolidamento attraverso il modello variable interest (VI) è il risultato di quattro passi. Innanzitutto, la definizione di entità comprendente qualsiasi forma legale intesa a compiere un’attività economica o a possedere degli attivi. Secondariamente l’identificazione dei cosiddetti interessi variabili nell’entità precedentemente definita; questi VI derivano dall’identificazione dell’aggregato dell’entità in analisi il cui fair value muta di valore al variare del valore dei net assets dell’entità al netto degli stessi interessi variabili. Le variazioni del fair value di questi asset sono considerate indipendentemente dai diritti di voto a loro associati, quindi forme ibride di capitale azionario quali azioni privilegiate, mezzanini e altri strumenti affini devono avere chiaramente dettagliate le loro caratteristiche prima di poter analizzare il loro comportamento e poter prendere una decisione. Terzo punto, la stima della variabilità attesa degli utili (perdite potenziali attese e utili residui attesi) della VIE la cui rilevanza ai fini della teoria del valore è stata data ampia trattazione in questa tesi. Quarto e ultimo passo, l’identificazione del beneficiario primario, quando questo esista, definito come la parte che assorbe la porzione maggiore di perdite e/o beneficia maggiormente degli utili residui e che, in ultima analisi, deve consolidare l’entità a interesse variabile in oggetto. Altrimenti la VIE è considerata tale da distribuire sufficientemente il rischio tra gli stakeholder. Attraverso il processo di consolidamento il concetto di ‘capitale azionario a rischio’ (Equity at risk) è introdotto da FASB per definire la frazione del capitale azionario che assorbe effettivamente la variabilità creata dal capitale investito netto (Net Assets) della VIE. Nonostante un apposito test (condizione sufficiente) sia stato proposto da FASB alcune difficoltà interpretative sono ancora presenti. Queste sono dovute ad una serie di deduzioni dal capitale legale che deve essere dedotto di pagamenti per servizi, prestiti o garanzie degli stessi. Azioni emesse in cambio di interessi subordinati in altre VIE dovranno altresì essere dedotti dal totale dell’Equity at Risk, così pure per gli investimenti di valore cosiddetto trascurabile (non-significant). Tutte le valutazioni al riguardo devono essere fatte al fair value, quindi i valori contabili dovranno sempre fare spazio all’analisi finanziaria dando rilevanza ai fini del valore a questa interpretazione. Il concetto di ‘equity at risk’ è il risultato di deduzioni prese da entrambi i lati dello stato patrimoniale. Particolare attenzione è richiesta nella valutazione delle garanzie e altri obblighi fuori bilancio. Questa tesi prende in considerazione anche il test proposto da FASB per valutare gli investimenti trascurabili (non-significant) proponendone uno alternativo che, secondo il nostro giudizio, ne riduce la varianza interpretativa in ambito di redazione del bilancio. Da questa analisi sugli asset e sulla struttura finanziaria, in accordo con i concetti CON 6, FASB correttamente smonta la nozione di controllo ereditata dall’attuale contabilità separando la capacità di prendere decisioni di gestione della VIE da obblighi e diritti di assorbimento della variabilità dei risultati economici della stessa. La prima è data dalle decisioni sulla struttura finanziaria e da quelle in merito agli investimenti nel capitale investito, la seconda dettata dagli obblighi di ricapitalizzare le perdite e di ricevere utili residui. All’atto del consolidamento gli elementi di stato patrimoniale della VIE vengono misurati al fair value mentre quelli che già sono di pertinenza del beneficiario primario con precedente ruolo di controllante (Parent Company) rimangono iscritte a bilancio al valore di carico essendo già parte del bilancio. In questo modo FIN 46/R permette il riconoscimento di un avviamento (goodwill) all’acquisizione di una VIE che si possa considerare come un’impresa ai fini di questa interpretazione. Se invece il prezzo corrisposto per l’interesse acquisito (valore di carico +/- premium/discount) è inferiore al fair value dei suoi net assets per effetto del consolidamento si dovrà registrare una diminuzione di valore degli asset appena consolidati. Eccezion fatta per cassa, crediti di imposta, fondi TFR e simili. In questo caso VIE che non sono assimilabili ad imprese origineranno conseguentemente una perdita (o utile) straordinaria, in caso di utile straordinario il valore del nuovo asset acquisito è aumentato pro-quota. Mente i principi di valutazione del FIN 46/R che riguardano la definizione di valori di bilancio originatisi dal consolidamento della VIE, risiedono interamente nel fair value, a professionisti e imprese è richiesto invece di basare le loro previsioni di variabilità degli utili su informazioni private, che quindi danno origine a valori di tipo entity-specific, comprensive dei piani aziendali in accordo con la strategia industriale adottata, che sono funzione dell’attuale posizionamento competitivo di settore. Questo è causa di problemi legati alla divulgazione di informazioni e indirettamente alla tracciabilità dei risultati. Parte del processo utilizzato per l’applicazione del VIE model passa per la stima della variabilità degli utili (Expected Lossess, Expected Residual Returns, EXLS/EXRR) e per la verifica dell’esistenza o meno del beneficiario primario. La stima è il frutto di un’analisi di variabilità (varianza) dei redditi attraverso l’uso di DCF (discounted cash flow models). Per fare chiarezza su questo punto abbiamo prima rivisitato alcuni aspetti delle serie di variabili aleatorie con l’obiettivo di caratterizzare il contesto teorico a corredo della stima del reddito/utile atteso della VIE. VIE possono essere generalmente modellizzate come una variabile aleatoria con una media statistica in generale diversa dalla moda statistica, un fatto omesso in alcuni passaggi dell’esposizione del FIN 46/R che può portare ad incertezze in fase implementativa dell’interpretazione. Successivamente abbiamo sottolineato che la variabilità dei redditi è direttamente connessa all’intervallo di confidenza fissato per le funzioni di distribuzione rappresentanti variabili aleatorie durante il calcolo della variabilità attesa della VIE. Il potenziale impasse si potrebbe allargare qualora differenti stakeholders dovessero usare un modello di stima diverso della VIE che potrebbe portare a risultati, seppur diversi, ugualmente accettabili secondo le prescrizioni di questa interpretazione. L’introduzione di definizioni quali EXLS/EXRR, precedentemente non parte dei principi US GAAP, crediamo necessitino di una più robusta trattazione teorica. Per fare questo abbiamo caratterizzato anche la scelta del saggio di sconto che FASB indica come il tasso privo di rischio. In questo contesto abbiamo preso come base la teoria del costo del capitale per poi evidenziare i punti deboli e quelli di forza di alcuni metodi quali l’equivalente certo, il metodo del costo del capitale e quello della probabilità corretta per il rischio (risk adjusted probability). Abbiamo quindi dato evidenza alle ragioni per cui FASB dovrebbe usare il metodo del costo del capitale che è dato dal tasso di sconto impiegato per calcolare la variabilità del reddito derivante dall’attualizzazione dei flussi di reddito. Infatti, usando il metodo del costo del capitale, il WACC derivante dall’implementazione del CAPM sconta tutto il rischio finanziario nel tasso, lasciando all’impresa libertà di esprimere nei libri contabili, e quindi nei flussi di reddito corrispondenti, il rischio operativo che è invece affine all’attività di impresa e reporting. Al giorno d’oggi il costo marginale del debito e il valore di mercato del capitale azionario sono concetti consolidati nella pratica contabile e possono essere estesi a imprese private. Il costo del capitale per queste ultime deriva dall’uso del coefficiente di correlazione degli utili d’impresa su quelli di mercato (coefficiente beta) di difficile stima per aziende private, sebbene questo possa essere ricavato in più di un modo, implementando ipotesi che sono proprie del contesto dove l’impresa e i suoi concorrenti operano. Abbiamo riassunto i modelli emergenti dal modo come queste metodologie vengano correntemente impiegate dalle imprese americane, realizzando che i sentimenti connessi all’adattamento dell’interpretazione FIN 46/R alle caratteristiche proprie dell’impresa siano di timore e incertezza dati da una notevole difficoltà di applicazione compresa quella di estrapolare un sufficiente grado di rilevanza ai fini del valore dai propri eventi contabili. La situazione é prodroma di processo ancora lontano dalla cristallizzazione. In particolare FASB non impone una chiara conversione dei valori contabili in fair value oppure in value in use. Nemmeno sono esclusi metodi alternativi di valutazione a quelli menzionati di sopra se non fosse per alcuni aspetti trattati dall’FSP 46/R-S nell’esercizio di determinare la variabilità attesa degli utili che dobbiamo riconoscere non è stata propria della contabilità fino a poco tempo fa. Per entrare in dettaglio nel processo applicativo di identificazione di una VIE questa tesi propone un algoritmo che entra in dettaglio nell’applicazione del FIN 46/R da parte di un’impresa e tiene in considerazione tutte le possibili interrelazioni tra portatori di interessi nella VIE e/o solamente in specifici asset della stessa. L’algorimo pone in luce le debolezze sul piano applicativo causate da possibili interrelazioni tra la stima delle perdite attese e interessi in asset specifici, laddove il fair value di questi sia superiore al 50% del capitale investito netto. L’algoritmo, nonostante sia in accordo con le prescrizioni dettate dal FIN 46/R, essendo di tipo causa-effetto non affronta situazioni di cross-default di parti correlate con investimenti nella stessa VIE. Benchè l’applicazione di un modello causa-effetto non sia sempre possibile, pensiamo che un aumento dei vincoli che portano al consolidamento riduca ampiamente queste possibilità di difficile modellizzazione. Nel processo per la determinazione se l’impresa sia o meno una VIE, FASB sviluppa un test ‘at-risk’ che contiene a nostro avviso alcuni passi nella propria trattazione di relativa debolezza quali ‘precedente abilita a finanziare le attività senza supporto finanziario subordinato’ e ‘ confrontabilità con simili entità che autonomamente si finanziano senza supporto finanziario subordinato’. Crediamo che questo test ‘at-risk’ dovrebbe essere solamente un test di tipo numerico per appianare qualsiasi fonte di erronea interpretazione ed incrementarne quindi la rilevanza e consistenza. L’introduzione di FASB di una condizione sufficiente da applicare ad una entità per la sua esclusione dalla categoria delle VIE lascia a nostro avviso alcune incertezze nell’interpretazione del concetto di ‘partecipazione nella definizione della VIE’ o in quella di ‘interesse trascurabile’. Questo test crediamo non debba essere trattato come un fattore determinante; la polarizzazione tra rischio e rendimento invece crediamo debba essere il fattore primario per l’esclusione o meno. Per quanto riguarda le condizioni in uso per determinare se l’entità ha sufficiente capitale per sostenere le proprie attività senza sostegno finanziario, conditio sine qua non del 10% di equity sul capitale investito netto, accoppiata ad una triade di metodi valutativi sempre proposti da FASB, pensiamo avesse dovuto essere maggiormente concisa e vincolante nelle sue pronunciazioni. Infatti siamo dell’opinione che questi metodi lascino troppa flessibilità interpretativa circa l’uso delle ipotesi concesse per dimostrare la sufficienza del capitale investito. Questi temi sono stati trattati dal punto di vista operativo con una serie di esempi creati ad hoc per illustrare i passi più significativi, dal punto di vista finanziario, nell’applicazione del VIE model e sollevare potenziali criticità proponendone una loro soluzione. Infine, questa tesi confronta come le responsabilità e gli sforzi nell’affrontare le disposizioni del FIN 46/R siano distribuite tra gli stakeholders di una VIE, cioè imprese che redigono il bilancio, parti correlate, revisori, standard setters ed enti di controllo. Abbiamo messo in evidenza come l’implementazione del FIN 46/R spinga naturalmente ad una sovrastima della variabilità stimata degli utili, innalzando i requisiti di capitalizzazione in accordo con questo modello di rischio/rendimento. Questo a svantaggio di beneficiari primari di modeste capitalizzazioni, che dovranno affrontare sia il rischio di essere acquisiti che quello di un maggiore ricorso al debito. Le classi più avvantaggiate saranno invece il settore del credito, seppure lo stesso sarà portato internamente verso il consolidamento.
XXI Ciclo
1972
Werning, Jan P. [Verfasser], Stefan [Gutachter] Spinler, and Carl Marcus [Gutachter] Wallenburg. "The transition from linear towards circular economy business models : theoretical and empirical study of boundary conditions and other effects on the value chain / Jan P. Werning ; Gutachter: Stefan Spinler, Carl Marcus Wallenburg." Vallendar : WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1231792108/34.
Callegaro, Ilaria <1997>. "How corporate hedging affects firm value: Empirical evidence from European experience." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20202.
Rahal, Abbas. "Bayesian Methods Under Unknown Prior Distributions with Applications to The Analysis of Gene Expression Data." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42408.
De, Luca Roberto. "Brand value, marketing investments and capital structure. An empirical analysis." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/263.
An ever growing number of businesses is becoming aware that one of the highest value business assets in the current competitive context is the brand associated with a company’s products or services. In a world which is becoming ever more complex and turbulent, individuals and businesses today find themselves having to confront a wider range of choices than ever before, while having less and less time in which to consider their buying decisions. Consequently, the ability of a brand to simplify consumer choices, reduce perceived risk and create expectations has significant value. The aim of the present work is to take an in depth look at some aspects relating to brands, placing particular emphasis on brand equity, on the process relating to brand valuation, and on the influence of brand equity on corporate finance, normally considered to be unrelated to factors not themselves closely connected to financial logics. The first part of the research, of a theoretical type, is dedicated to a wide literature review, with the aim of analysing the contributions on the subject already present in the academic world, providing, in addition, some innovative ideas, especially regarding: - The evolution of brand and brand equity and the role of the aforementioned over the years, moving from a customer-based viewpoint to a stakeholder-based perspective. - The problems connected to brand valuation and the most used techniques, making an attempt, moreover, to offer an innovative viewpoint and enrichment of the methodologies and techniques used up until now for brand valuation. - Implementation of the first borderline models which connect the brand equity aspect with finance and accounting profiles. - The influence of brand and brand-building investments on corporate finance, including aspects such as IPOs, the value of shares on the stock market, company value etc. The second part of the research paper, detailed in the fourth and final chapter, is reserved for empirical analysis with the purpose of evaluating whether or not some of the hypotheses theoretically outlined previously find a basis in reality. Through a prevalently quantitative investigation an attempt will be made to demonstrate the existence of a link between marketing spend, especially investments aimed towards brand building, brand value expressed in monetary terms and business capital structure. The examination of this correlation, which has not yet been explored in existing literature, constitutes an important plus, and hopefully is an element of great originality. In addition, if the output of the analysis should prove to be statistically significant, it will be possible to attribute ulterior scientific relevance to the research activities carried out. [a cura dell'Autore]
IX n.s.
NATALE, ELISA. "La value relevance: aspetti teorici e verifiche empiriche nel settore bancario europeo." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/77102.
SOLERIO, CHIARA. "LE VERE ESPERIENZE DI MARCA. UNA RICERCA EMPIRICA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6048.
This study examines how a brand experience can really be defined as such. There are several calls in the marketing literature for research to develop a greater understanding of brands (Ballantyne and Aitken, 2007; Brodie et al., 2006; Jevons, 2007) especially using new perspectives. At the same time, on the market side, consumers want increasingly to be engaged by brands and companies project a growing amount of brand experience. However, there’s a deep mismatching between brands and people. This article wants to make advances in applying experience theory to brand dimension by clarifying the boundaries and specifying the relational mechanisms that occurs between the two main constructs: brand and experience. Field research in Thununiversum context (Eisenhardt&Graebner, 2007) is combined with analysis of existing theory to develop the findings of this study (Burawoy, 1991). This qualitative study explores the main brand meanings that precede then promote the experiential consumption. Then, based on the experience literature, a typology is derived that classifies the core dimensions within a brand experience setting. The findings suggest that the experience provided by a brand contributes to a process of individual meanings’ requalification. The emerging model try, finally, to design a new concept of brand experience.
SOLERIO, CHIARA. "LE VERE ESPERIENZE DI MARCA. UNA RICERCA EMPIRICA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6048.
This study examines how a brand experience can really be defined as such. There are several calls in the marketing literature for research to develop a greater understanding of brands (Ballantyne and Aitken, 2007; Brodie et al., 2006; Jevons, 2007) especially using new perspectives. At the same time, on the market side, consumers want increasingly to be engaged by brands and companies project a growing amount of brand experience. However, there’s a deep mismatching between brands and people. This article wants to make advances in applying experience theory to brand dimension by clarifying the boundaries and specifying the relational mechanisms that occurs between the two main constructs: brand and experience. Field research in Thununiversum context (Eisenhardt&Graebner, 2007) is combined with analysis of existing theory to develop the findings of this study (Burawoy, 1991). This qualitative study explores the main brand meanings that precede then promote the experiential consumption. Then, based on the experience literature, a typology is derived that classifies the core dimensions within a brand experience setting. The findings suggest that the experience provided by a brand contributes to a process of individual meanings’ requalification. The emerging model try, finally, to design a new concept of brand experience.
SARTOR, MAUREEN A. "TESTING FOR DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES AND KEY BIOLOGICAL CATEGORIES IN DNA MICROARRAY ANALYSIS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1195656673.
Частини книг з теми "Empirical p-Value":
Gill, Ofer, and Bud Mishra. "SEPA: Approximate Non-subjective Empirical p-Value Estimation for Nucleotide Sequence Alignment." In Computational Science – ICCS 2006, 638–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11758525_87.
Meyer, Vanessa, Sarah Lang, and Payam Dehdari. "Cargo-Hitching in Long-Distance Bus Transit: An Acceptance Analysis." In iCity. Transformative Research for the Livable, Intelligent, and Sustainable City, 77–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92096-8_7.
Hartung, Joachim, Bärbel Elpelt-Hartung, and Guido Knapp. "A Modified Gauss Test for Correlated Samples with Application to Combining Dependent Tests or P-Values." In Empirical Economic and Financial Research, 145–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03122-4_9.
Ramos-Galarza, Carlos, Hugo Arias-Flores, Omar Cóndor-Herrera, and Janio Jadán-Guerrero. "Literacy Toy for Enhancement Phonological Awareness: A Longitudinal Study." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 371–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58805-2_44.
Kraus, Jakob, Simon Brehm, Cameliu Himcinschi, and Jens Kortus. "Structural and Thermodynamic Properties of Filter Materials: A Raman and DFT Investigation." In Multifunctional Ceramic Filter Systems for Metal Melt Filtration, 111–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40930-1_5.
Bausell, R. Barker. "False-Positive Results and a Nontechnical Overview of Their Modeling." In The Problem with Science, 39–55. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197536537.003.0003.
Barney, Jay B. "Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck, and Business Strategy." In Resources, Firms, And Strategies, 146–60. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198781806.003.0012.
Reina, Rocco, Concetta Lucia Crtistofaro, Anna Maria Melina, and Marzia Ventura. "Cultural Organizations Push for Territory's Growth." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 138–59. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2050-4.ch008.
Smith, Gary. "Squeezing Blood from Rocks." In Distrust, 103–26. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192868459.003.0006.
Targowski, Andrew. "Asymmetric Communication." In Information Technology and Societal Development, 345–62. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-004-2.ch015.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Empirical p-Value":
Zhu, Yuliang, Jing Ma та Peipei Dong. "The Improvement of k-ε Model in the Turbulent Wave Boundary Layer". У ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79815.
Nilforoush, R., J. Nilimaa, N. Bagge, A. Puurula, U. Ohlsson, M. Nilsson, G. Sas, and L. Elfgren. "Fracture Energy of Concrete for Bridge Assessment." In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0692.
Crawford, Victoria G. "Faster Guarantees of Evolutionary Algorithms for Maximization of Monotone Submodular Functions." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/229.
Wang, Siyang, Mofeng Qu, Huiqing Jiang, Yunjie Zhao, and Dong Yang. "Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer and Frictional Characteristics of Vertical Upward Rifled Tube in the Advanced Ultra Supercritical Steam Generator." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3292.
Heričko, Tjaša, Boštjan Šumak, and Saša Brdnik. "Towards Representative Web Performance Measurements with Google Lighthouse." In 7th Student Computer Science Research Conference. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-516-0.9.
He, Xiang, and Kam K. Leang. "A New Quasi-Steady In-Ground Effect Model for Rotorcraft Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." In ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2019-9025.
Silva, Thiago Geraldo, Luis Kin Miyatake, Rafael Madeira Barbosa, Andre Goncalves Medeiros, Otavio Ciribelli Borges, Marcia Cristina Oliveira, and Felipe Mauro Cardoso. "AI Based Water-in-Oil Emulsions Rheology Model for Value Creation in Deepwater Fields Production Management." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31173-ms.
Banuti, Daniel T. "Supercritical Pseudo Boiling in Cubic Equations of State." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58788.
Ohara, Junichi, and Shigeru Koyama. "Falling Film Evaporation of Binary Refrigerant Mixture in Vertical Rectangular Minichannels Consisting of Serrated-Fins." In ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2014-22184.
Chaikovska, Olha, Oksana Palyliulko, Liudmyla Komarnitska, and Maryna Ikonnikova. "Impact of mindset activities on psychological well-being and efl skills of engineering students in wartime." In 22nd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2023.22.tf057.
Звіти організацій з теми "Empirical p-Value":
Lunsford, Kurt G., and Kenneth D. West. Random Walk Forecasts of Stationary Processes Have Low Bias. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202318.
Araya, Mesele, Caine Rolleston, Pauline Rose, Ricardo Sabates, Dawit Tibebu Tiruneh, and Tassew Woldehanna. Understanding the Impact of Large-Scale Educational Reform on Students’ Learning Outcomes in Ethiopia: The GEQIP-II Case. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2023/125.
Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.