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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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1

Venigalla, Mohan, and Don Pickrell. "Implications of Transient Mode Duration for Spatially Disaggregated High-Resolution Emission Inventory Studies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1587, no. 1 (January 1997): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1587-08.

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High resolution emission inventory studies, such as urban air-shed modeling, often use spatially disaggregated emission parameters in the form of link-specific emissions. A key input variable that influences operating mode mix on highway links is the transient mode duration (TMD) in which start-related emissions occur. The TMD variable also establishes the emission rates to be embedded in emission factor models. The basic emission rates built into the MOBILE model are based on a TMD of 505 seconds, which was based on the federal test procedure (FTP). For newer vehicles, it is indicated that the TMD is much less than 505 seconds. This study examines the effects of variations in TMD on the distribution of cold and hot transient VMT on network links, as well as their effect on overall emissions. A network assignment model developed to track operating modes of vehicles on network links was used on a large California city network. The MOBILE model was used to derive bag-specific emission rates. The experiment includes a series of traffic assignment runs with varying TMD and postprocessing of the assignment output. Link-specific distribution of operating mode mix and total emissions were derived. It is indicated that TMD significantly influences the distribution of operating modes, as well as total emissions. The results indicate that as the TMD decreases, the share of cold transient VMT from freeways diminishes, while that of the local roads increases. It was indicated that total emissions on various link groups may fall within a range of 90 to 300 percent of the total emissions derived from the present FTP duration of 505 seconds. It is recommended that the transient mode duration variable be reexamined for deriving emission rates to be embedded in the future versions of emission factor models.

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2

Murugan, S., Kapura Tudu, and S. K. Patel. "Performance and Emission Studies of a Naturally Aspirated Diesel Engine." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 5, no. 5 (September 2017): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2017.5.5.398.

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3

Liu, Huan, Matthew Barth, George Scora, Nicole Davis, and James Lents. "Using Portable Emission Measurement Systems for Transportation Emissions Studies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2158, no. 1 (January 2010): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2158-07.

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4

Sapkota, Anish, Amir Haghverdi, Claudia C. E. Avila, and Samantha C. Ying. "Irrigation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Review of Field-Based Studies." Soil Systems 4, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4020020.

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Irrigation practices can greatly influence greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of their control on soil microbial activity and substrate supply. However, the effects of different irrigation management practices, such as flood irrigations versus reduced volume methods, including drip and sprinkler irrigation, on GHG emissions are still poorly understood. Therefore, this review was performed to investigate the effects of different irrigation management strategies on the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) by synthesizing existing research that either directly or indirectly examined the effects of at least two irrigation rates on GHG emissions within a single field-based study. Out of thirty-two articles selected for review, reduced irrigation was found to be effective in lowering the rate of CH4 emissions, while flood irrigation had the highest CH4 emission. The rate of CO2 emission increased mostly under low irrigation, and the effect of irrigation strategies on N2O emissions were inconsistent, though a majority of studies reported low N2O emissions in continuously flooded field treatments. The global warming potential (GWP) demonstrated that reduced or water-saving irrigation strategies have the potential to decrease the effect of GHG emissions. In general, GWP was higher for the field that was continuously flooded. The major finding from this review is that optimizing irrigation may help to reduce CH4 emissions and net GWP. However, more field research assessing the effect of varying rates of irrigation on the emission of GHGs from the agricultural field is warranted.

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5

Shih, A., J. Yater, C. Hor, and R. Abrams. "Secondary electron emission studies." Applied Surface Science 111 (February 1997): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(96)00729-5.

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6

Yoo, I. K., S. O. Ryu, C. T. A. Suchicital, J. K. Lee, B. M. Kim, and C. W. Chung. "Ferroelectric emission studies for electron emission lithography applications." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 50, no. 10 (October 2003): 1247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2003.1244740.

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7

Xu, Bin, Tianyuan Feng, and Wenting Yi. "Research on the Establishment of Carbon Emission Management Model Based on the Construction Process-Taking a Stadium for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games as an Example." E3S Web of Conferences 233 (2021): 01094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123301094.

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At present, there are few systematic studies on carbon emission management of construction projects, which can no longer meet the requirements of carbon emission management of the construction of stadiums for Winter Olympics. This paper, taking a stadium for Winter Olympics as an example, discusses the boundaries, scenario setting and accounting methods of carbon emissions in the construction process. And then, we construct the management model and management system of carbon emissions. In this case, the monitoring and collection of carbon emissions and carbon emission reduction measures will be promoted to efficiently finalize the carbon emission pipes for the construction of Winter Olympics stadiums. The management model, technical measures and management system of carbon emissions suitable for Winter Olympics stadiums developed in this research can be further studied and widely applied to carbon emission management in the construction process of various public buildings.

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8

Dey, Sima Rani, Tanzila Sultana, and Mowshumi Sharmin. "Modelling the Asymmetric Relationship Between Urbanization, Energy Consumption and CO₂ Emissions: A Study of Income Classified Economies." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 13, no. 2 (September 2022): 333–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09754253221126769.

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This study investigates how CO2 emissions behave with the increase or decrease in urbanization and energy consumption, employing pooled ordinary least square (OLS) estimator on a panel of 137 countries from 1961–2019. The findings indicate that there is asymmetry between the process of urbanization, energy consumption and CO2 emissions. From a global perspective, the asymmetry of urbanization on CO2 emissions is more prominent than energy consumption, although CO2 emissions are more responsive towards energy consumption in symmetric cases. For low-income economies, urbanization does not exhibit any significant impact on carbon emission, but energy consumption does. For lower-middle income economies, a lower level of urbanization has a greater impact on CO2 emission than an increase in urbanization, but carbon emissions are more reactive towards energy consumption. Moreover, both urbanization and energy consumption posit a significant impact on carbon emission for upper-middle income economies. Therefore, environment-friendly urbanization and efficient energy consumption should be prioritized to offset the negative externalities.

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9

Benrejeb, Hadil, Kevin Soler-Carracedo, Antonio Diego Lozano-Gorrín, Sana Hraiech, and Inocencio Rafael Martin. "Energy Transfer Studies in Tb3+-Yb3+ Co-Doped Phosphate Glasses." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 6782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226782.

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Detailed optical properties of Tb3+-Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glasses were performed based on their emission spectra and decay measurements. Under blue excitation of Tb3+ at 488 nm, the intensity of Yb3+ emissions gradually enhanced upon increasing the Yb3+ content until 1 mol% indicated an energy transfer from Tb3+ to Yb3+. Otherwise, under near infrared excitation of Yb3+ at 980 nm, these glasses exhibit intense green luminescence, which led to cooperative sensitization of the 5D4 level of Tb3+ ions. A cooperative energy transfer mechanism was proposed on the basis of the study on the influence of Yb3+ concentration on up-conversion emission intensity, as well as the dependence of this up-conversion intensity on near infrared excitation power. Moreover, the temporal evolution of the up-conversion emissions have been studied, which was in positive agreement with a theoretical model of cooperative up-conversion luminescence that showed a temporal emission curve with rise and decay times of the involved levels.

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10

Saunois, Marielle, Philippe Bousquet, Ben Poulter, Anna Peregon, Philippe Ciais, Josep G. Canadell, Edward J. Dlugokencky, et al. "Variability and quasi-decadal changes in the methane budget over the period 2000–2012." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 18 (September 20, 2017): 11135–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11135-2017.

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Abstract. Following the recent Global Carbon Project (GCP) synthesis of the decadal methane (CH4) budget over 2000–2012 (Saunois et al., 2016), we analyse here the same dataset with a focus on quasi-decadal and inter-annual variability in CH4 emissions. The GCP dataset integrates results from top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry), inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven approaches. The annual global methane emissions from top-down studies, which by construction match the observed methane growth rate within their uncertainties, all show an increase in total methane emissions over the period 2000–2012, but this increase is not linear over the 13 years. Despite differences between individual studies, the mean emission anomaly of the top-down ensemble shows no significant trend in total methane emissions over the period 2000–2006, during the plateau of atmospheric methane mole fractions, and also over the period 2008–2012, during the renewed atmospheric methane increase. However, the top-down ensemble mean produces an emission shift between 2006 and 2008, leading to 22 [16–32] Tg CH4 yr−1 higher methane emissions over the period 2008–2012 compared to 2002–2006. This emission increase mostly originated from the tropics, with a smaller contribution from mid-latitudes and no significant change from boreal regions. The regional contributions remain uncertain in top-down studies. Tropical South America and South and East Asia seem to contribute the most to the emission increase in the tropics. However, these two regions have only limited atmospheric measurements and remain therefore poorly constrained. The sectorial partitioning of this emission increase between the periods 2002–2006 and 2008–2012 differs from one atmospheric inversion study to another. However, all top-down studies suggest smaller changes in fossil fuel emissions (from oil, gas, and coal industries) compared to the mean of the bottom-up inventories included in this study. This difference is partly driven by a smaller emission change in China from the top-down studies compared to the estimate in the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGARv4.2) inventory, which should be revised to smaller values in a near future. We apply isotopic signatures to the emission changes estimated for individual studies based on five emission sectors and find that for six individual top-down studies (out of eight) the average isotopic signature of the emission changes is not consistent with the observed change in atmospheric 13CH4. However, the partitioning in emission change derived from the ensemble mean is consistent with this isotopic constraint. At the global scale, the top-down ensemble mean suggests that the dominant contribution to the resumed atmospheric CH4 growth after 2006 comes from microbial sources (more from agriculture and waste sectors than from natural wetlands), with an uncertain but smaller contribution from fossil CH4 emissions. In addition, a decrease in biomass burning emissions (in agreement with the biomass burning emission databases) makes the balance of sources consistent with atmospheric 13CH4 observations. In most of the top-down studies included here, OH concentrations are considered constant over the years (seasonal variations but without any inter-annual variability). As a result, the methane loss (in particular through OH oxidation) varies mainly through the change in methane concentrations and not its oxidants. For these reasons, changes in the methane loss could not be properly investigated in this study, although it may play a significant role in the recent atmospheric methane changes as briefly discussed at the end of the paper.

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11

Duhl, T. R., D. Helmig, and A. Guenther. "Sesquiterpene emissions from vegetation: a review." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 6 (November 6, 2007): 3987–4023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-3987-2007.

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Abstract. This literature review summarizes the environmental controls governing biogenic sesquiterpene (SQT) emissions and presents a compendium of numerous SQT-emitting plant species as well as the quantities and ratios of SQT species they have been observed to emit. The results of many enclosure-based studies indicate that temporal SQT emission variations appear to be dominated mainly by ambient temperatures although other factors contribute (e.g. seasonal variations). This implies that SQT emissions have increased significance at certain times of the year, especially in late spring to mid-summer. The strong temperature dependency of SQT emissions also creates the distinct possibility of increasing SQT emissions in a warmer climate. Disturbances to vegetation (from herbivores and possibly violent weather events) are clearly also important in controlling short-term SQT emissions bursts, though the relative contribution of disturbance-induced emissions is not known. Based on the biogenic SQT emission studies reviewed here, SQT emission rates among numerous species have been observed to cover a wide range of values, and exhibit substantial variability between individuals and across species, as well as at different environmental and phenological states. These emission rates span several orders of magnitude (10s–1000s of ng gDW−1 h−1). Many of the higher rates were reported by early SQT studies, which may have included artificially-elevated SQT emission rates due to higher-than-ambient enclosure temperatures and disturbances to enclosed vegetation prior to and during sample collection. When predicting landscape-level SQT fluxes, modelers must consider the numerous sources of variability driving observed SQT emissions. Characterizations of landscape and global SQT fluxes are highly uncertain given differences and uncertainties in experimental protocols and measurements, the high variability in observed emission rates from different species, the selection of species that have been studied so far, and ambiguities regarding controls over emissions. This underscores the need for standardized experimental protocols, better characterization of disturbance-induced emissions, screening of dominant plant species, and the collection of multiple replicates from several individuals within a given species or genus as well as a better understanding of seasonal dependencies of SQT emissions in order to improve the representation of SQT emission rates.

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12

Starnberg, H. I., and H. P. Hughes. "Photo-emission studies of AgxTaS2." Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 20, no. 8 (March 20, 1987): L97—L102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/20/8/002.

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13

Duncan, John S. "Positron Emission Tomography Receptor Studies." Epilepsia 38, s10 (October 1997): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb00093.x.

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14

Hofsäss, H., S. Winter, S. G. Jahn, U. Wahl, and E. Recknagel. "Emission channeling studies in semiconductors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 63, no. 1-2 (January 1992): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(92)95174-p.

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15

Gómez-Hornillos, M. B., J. Rissanen, J. L. Taín, A. Algora, K. L. Kratz, G. Lhersonneau, B. Pfeiffer та ін. "β-delayed neutron emission studies". Hyperfine Interactions 223, № 1-3 (2 травня 2012): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10751-012-0617-4.

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16

Bebkiewicz, Katarzyna, Zdzisław Chłopek, Hubert Sar, Krystian Szczepański, and Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska. "Influence of the Thermal State of Vehicle Combustion Engines on the Results of the National Inventory of Pollutant Emissions." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 9084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199084.

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The article presents the results of studies on the influence of the thermal state of vehicle combustion engines on pollutant emissions. This influence was analyzed based on data from Poland’s inventory of pollutant emissions for the years 1990–2017. The results show that during engine warm-up, carbon monoxide emission constitutes the largest share (up to 50%) in the national annual total emission. Volatile organic compounds are next in the ranking, whereas the share of nitrogen oxides is the lowest (less than 5%). Under the model traffic conditions, close to those in Poland’s cities in winter, simulation tests regarding additional pollutant emissions from passenger cars during engine warm-up were also carried out. As a result of the cold-start emissive behavior of internal combustion engines, emissions of carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds showed a considerably greater impact on national pollutant emission, as compared to carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. This is particularly evident for the results of the inventory of pollutant emissions from road transport.

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17

Duhl, T. R., D. Helmig, and A. Guenther. "Sesquiterpene emissions from vegetation: a review." Biogeosciences 5, no. 3 (May 14, 2008): 761–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-761-2008.

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Анотація:

Abstract. This literature review summarizes the environmental controls governing biogenic sesquiterpene (SQT) emissions and presents a compendium of numerous SQT-emitting plant species as well as the quantities and ratios of SQT species they have been observed to emit. The results of many enclosure-based studies indicate that temporal SQT emission variations appear to be dominated mainly by ambient temperatures although other factors contribute (e.g., seasonal variations). This implies that SQT emissions have increased significance at certain times of the year, especially in late spring to mid-summer. The strong temperature dependency of SQT emissions also creates the distinct possibility of increasing SQT emissions in a warmer climate. Disturbances to vegetation (from herbivores and possibly violent weather events) are clearly also important in controlling short-term SQT emissions bursts, though the relative contribution of disturbance-induced emissions is not known. Based on the biogenic SQT emissions studies reviewed here, SQT emission rates among numerous species have been observed to cover a wide range of values, and exhibit substantial variability between individuals and across species, as well as at different environmental and phenological states. These emission rates span several orders of magnitude (10s–1000s of ng gDW-1 h−1). Many of the higher rates were reported by early SQT studies, which may have included artificially-elevated SQT emission rates due to higher-than-ambient enclosure temperatures and disturbances to enclosed vegetation prior to and during sample collection. When predicting landscape-level SQT fluxes, modelers must consider the numerous sources of variability driving observed SQT emissions. Characterizations of landscape and global SQT fluxes are highly uncertain given differences and uncertainties in experimental protocols and measurements, the high variability in observed emission rates from different species, the selection of species that have been studied so far, and ambiguities regarding controls over emissions. This underscores the need for standardized experimental protocols, better characterization of disturbance-induced emissions, screening of dominant plant species, and the collection of multiple replicates from several individuals within a given species or genus as well as a better understanding of seasonal dependencies of SQT emissions in order to improve the representation of SQT emission rates.

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18

Zhang, Ya, and You Liang Mao. "On Carbon Emissions Measure and its Influencing Factors of Yunnan Province: 1998-2008." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.539.

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Coming up with the idea of low-carbon economy, numerous studies both at home and abroad on carbon emissions have emerged, nonetheless of which seldom are studies aiming at specific executive agencies and supervisory authorities of government development plan at provincial administrative area level. This paper, by using calculation formulas in carbon emission calculation guide of IPCC and carbon emission coefficient default value, measured the carbon emissions of Yunnan Province during 1998 and 2008 and analyzed relative influencing factors. The study shows economic growth and industrial restructuring increase the carbon emission intensity which is not remarkably affected by energy restructuring. The key to decrease carbon emission intensity is enhancing energy efficiency.

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19

Oda, Masato, and Nguyen Huu Chiem. "Rice cultivation reduces methane emissions in high-emitting paddies." F1000Research 7 (August 29, 2018): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15859.1.

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Background: Rice is typically understood to enhance methane emissions from paddy fields. However, rice actually has two separate functions related to methane: i) emission enhancement, such as by providing emission pathways (aerenchyma) and methanogenetic substrates; and ii) emission suppression by providing oxygen pathways, which suppress methanogenesis or enhance methane oxidation. The overall role of rice is thus determined by the balance between its enhancing and suppressing functions. Although existing studies have suggested that rice enhances total methane emissions, we aimed to demonstrate that the balance between rice’s emitting and suppressing functions changes according to overall methane emission levels, which have quite a large range (16‍–500 kg methane ha−1 crop−1). Methods: Using PVC chambers, we compared methane emissions emitted by rice paddy fields with and without rice plants in rice fields in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatograph. Results: We found high overall methane emission levels and our results indicated that rice in fact suppressed methane emissions under these conditions. Emission reductions increased with the growth of rice, up to 60% of emission rate at the maximum tillering stage, then decreased to 20% after the heading stage, and finally recovering back to 60%. Discussion: It is known that methane is emitted by ebullition when the emission level is high, and methane emission reductions in rice-planted fields are thought to be due to oxidation and methanogenesis suppression. However, although many studies have found that the contribution of soil organic matter to methanogenesis is small, our results suggested that methanogenesis depended mainly on soil organic matter accumulated from past crops. The higher the methane emission level, the lower the contribution of rice-providing substrate. Conclusion: As a result, during the growing season, rice enhanced methane emissions in low-emission paddy fields but suppressed methane emissions in high-emission paddy fields.

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20

Wei, Wenjuan, Cynthia Howard-Reed, Andrew Persily, and Yinping Zhang. "Formaldehyde emissions from a LIFE reference: emission parameters and factorial studies." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2013, no. 1 (September 19, 2013): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2013.p-1-24-14.

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21

Chen, Yuan, Yingxiang Wang, Sixuan Zhou, He Lei, Siwu Li, and Guangyu Deng. "Inversion studies of CO₂ emission sources in industrial parks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2562, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2562/1/012071.

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Abstract Industrial parks are a significant contributor to global CO2 emissions, making low-carbon development essential in mitigating climate change. In this study, we focus on the Hubei province industrial park as a case study and investigate the inversion of critical information on CO2 emission sources. Firstly, we establish a forward model of CO2 diffusion within the industrial park by employing atmospheric monitoring data and the AERMOD model system. Subsequently, we use a single back propagation (BP) neural network with the particle swarm optimization (PSO), whale optimization algorithm (WOA), and pelican optimization algorithm (POA) for inverse calculation of CO2 emission source locations and emission intensity. Our results show that the POA-BP inversion model has high inversion accuracy and stability, enabling us to locate the CO2 emission sources within the industrial park. This information can provide crucial decision support for the industrial park to tackle climate change and promote green transformation.

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22

Yepifanov, V. P., and V. P. Kuz'menko. "Acoustic Emission Methods Applied to Avalanche-Formation Studies." Journal of Glaciology 34, no. 117 (1988): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000032287.

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AbstractThe relationship between the intensity of snow acoustic emission impulses and snow-cover stability is revealed by measuring the physical and mechanical properties of the snow cover in the starting zones of avalanches. This relationship is fundamental to the remote identification of an avalanche-hazard period.In order to estimate the mechanical properties of a snow layer, a method of applying a rigid penetrometer equipped with a piezo-electric accelerometer is used. The viscosity coefficients of snow under destruction and the specific energy of destruction are determined. The overall effect of different elements of destruction is assessed using both structural investigations and acoustic methods (acoustic emissions).

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23

Yepifanov, V. P., and V. P. Kuz'menko. "Acoustic Emission Methods Applied to Avalanche-Formation Studies." Journal of Glaciology 34, no. 117 (1988): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000032287.

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Анотація:

AbstractThe relationship between the intensity of snow acoustic emission impulses and snow-cover stability is revealed by measuring the physical and mechanical properties of the snow cover in the starting zones of avalanches. This relationship is fundamental to the remote identification of an avalanche-hazard period.In order to estimate the mechanical properties of a snow layer, a method of applying a rigid penetrometer equipped with a piezo-electric accelerometer is used. The viscosity coefficients of snow under destruction and the specific energy of destruction are determined. The overall effect of different elements of destruction is assessed using both structural investigations and acoustic methods (acoustic emissions).

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24

Kajos, M. K., H. Hakola, T. Holst, T. Nieminen, V. Tarvainen, T. Maximov, T. Petäjä, A. Arneth, and J. Rinne. "Terpenoid emissions from fully grown East Siberian <i>Larix cajanderi</i> trees." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 3 (March 8, 2013): 4637–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-4637-2013.

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Abstract. While emissions of many volatile compounds, such as terpenoids, have been studied quite intensively in North American and Scandinavian boreal forests, the vast Siberian boreal forests have remained largely unexplored by experimental emission studies. In this study the shoot scale terpenoid emission rates from mature Larix cajanderi trees growing in their natural habitat in Eastern Siberia were measured. Dynamic flow-through enclosure technique was applied for adsorbent sampling (Tenax-TA and Carbopack-B used as adsorbents), and the samples were analysed offline with a gas chromatograph. The emissions were dominated by monoterpenes, which constituted between 61 and 92% of the total emission. About half of the monoterpene emissions comprised of Δ3-carene; α- and β-pinene had significant emissions as well. Linalool emissions were also substantial, especially in June. Sesquiterpenes accounted for less than 3% and isoprene less than 1% of the total emissions. Based on the measured emission rates, the relative atmospheric concentration of each compound was estimated. Monoterpenes were the species with the highest relative concentration, while linalool and sesquiterpenes had a notably smaller contribution to the estimated atmospheric concentration than to the emission rates. Temperature dependent pool algorithm with a constant β (0.09 °C−1 for monoterpenes and 0.143 °C−1 for sesquiterpenes) was used to normalize the measured emission data. For monoterpenes the emission potential varied between 0.5–18.5 μg gdw−1 h−1 and for sesquiterpenes between 0.02 and 0.4 μg gdw−1 h−1.

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25

Cheng, Pengfei, Xingang Huan, and Baekryul Choi. "The Comprehensive Impact of Outward Foreign Direct Investment on China’s Carbon Emissions." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 16116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142316116.

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Outward foreign direct investment (OFDI), as an important carrier of global technology and industrial transfer, will significantly impact the home country’s environment. Therefore, using data from 30 Chinese provinces gathered between 2004 and 2019, we empirically analyze the impact of OFDI on China’s carbon emissions across two dimensions: total carbon emissions and carbon emission efficiency. In addition, when the previous studies explored the impact of OFDI on carbon emissions, there were few studies on the synergistic emission reduction effect of OFDI. Therefore, based on sorting out previous research, we incorporated OFDI, technological progress, industrial structure upgrading, international trade, and carbon emissions into the same analytical framework. Based on the classic fixed model, we introduce the interaction term further to explore the synergistic emission reduction effect of OFDI. Our model suggests that OFDI has increased total carbon emissions, but the associated reverse technology spillover has improved carbon emission efficiency. We also found a synergistic emission reduction effect between OFDI and technological progress, international trade, and industrial structure upgrading. This synergistic effect suppresses the growth of total carbon emissions and improves carbon emissions efficiency. Robustness testing confirmed these results. This research also provides a relatively novel perspective for China to achieve the goals of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality”.

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Oda, Masato, and Nguyen Huu Chiem. "Rice plants reduce methane emissions in high-emitting paddies." F1000Research 7 (July 25, 2019): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15859.3.

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Background: Rice is understood to enhance methane emissions from paddy fields in IPCC guidelines. However, rice actually has two opposite functions related to methane: i) emission enhancement, such as by providing emission pathways (aerenchyma) and methanogenetic substrates; and ii) emission suppression by providing oxygen pathways, which suppress methanogenesis or enhance methane oxidation. The overall role of rice is thus determined by the balance between its enhancing and suppressing functions. Although previous studies have suggested that rice enhances total methane emissions, we aimed to demonstrate in high-emitting paddy fields that the overall methane emission is decreased by rice plants. Methods: We compared methane emissions with and without rice plants in triple cropping rice paddy fields in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The gas samples are collected using chamber method and ware analyzed by gas chromatography. Results: We found that rice, in fact, suppressed overall methane emissions in high-emitting paddies. The emission reductions increased with the growth of rice to the maximum tillering stage, then decreased after the heading stage, and finally recovered. Discussion: Our result indicates that the overall methane emission is larger than that of rice planted area. In addition, although many studies in standard-emitting paddies have found that the contribution of soil organic matter to methanogenesis is small, prior studies in high-emitting paddies suggest that methanogenesis depended mainly on soil organic matter accumulated from past crops. The higher the methane emission level, the lower the contribution of the rice-derived substrate; conversely, the higher the contribution of the rice providing oxygen. Finally, rice plants reduce methane emissions in high-emitting paddies. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that during the growing season, rice is suppressing methane emissions in high-emitting paddies. This means the significance of using the rice variety which has high suppressing performance in high-emitting paddies.

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Tan, K. L., S. Sapru, and S. B. S. Sastry. "Thermoluminescence, fluorescence, and optical absorption studies on single crystals of rubidium iodide doped with Eu2+." Canadian Journal of Physics 63, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-081.

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Thermoluminescence, optical absorption, and fluorescence studies on the RbI:Eu2+ system indicate that the Eu2+ ions act as donors on irradiation and thereby convert to the Eu3+ ions. On thermal and (or) optical treatment the electrons released are captured back. The integrated light intensity of the system is an order of magnitude higher than that of the undoped samples. Fluorescence measurements show an emission around 2.83 eV. Thermoluminescence emission spectra give two emission bands peaking around 2.48 and 2.83 eV. A tentative energy band diagram is suggested explaining these emissions. Excitation of irradiated samples with F light is used to support this model.

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Kim, Gun-Yeob, Yeon-Jin Lee, Eun-Ji Cho, Jae-In Lee, Eun-Chae Im, Hancheol Hwang, Sang-Yoon Kim, Sung-Chang Hong, Jin-Ho Kim, and Seong-Jik Park. "Investigation of Factors Influencing on Ammonia Emission from Soils in Agricultural Land." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 44, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.444.

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Objectives : Major factors affecting ammonia emission from the soil and strategies to reduce ammonia emission were investigated through literature surveys.Methods : An academic search was conducted using keywords such as agriculture, ammonia, and fine dust, and the effects of soil characteristics on ammonia emission were summarized for each factor.Results and Discussion : Emissions of ammonia into the atmosphere can reduce economic returns for a farmer and negatively impact the atmospheric environment by acting as a precursor to PM2.5 formations. It is reported that agriculture accounts for 78% of the total ammonia emission sources in Korea. Ammonia emission from the soil is affected by the type of ammonia fertilizer, soil moisture, pH, temperature, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, and soil texture. An increase in soil moisture increases ammonia emissions. As soil pH increases, ammonia emissions increase, noticeably above 7.5. An increase in soil temperature increases the rate of hydrolysis of urea and the rate of conversion to ammonia gas, resulting in increased ammonia emissions. Soils with high cation exchange capacity adsorb ammonium to reduce ammonia emissions. Soils with a high clay content and soil organic matter content are more buffered to changes in soil pH, reducing ammonia emissions.Conclusion : Based on understanding the mechanisms and causes of ammonia emission from the soil, it is possible to establish soil and environmental management to reduce ammonia emissions into the atmosphere.

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29

Jagarnath, Meryl, and Tirusha Thambiran. "Greenhouse gas emissions profiles of neighbourhoods in Durban, South Africa – an initial investigation." Environment and Urbanization 30, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 191–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247817713471.

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Because current emissions accounting approaches focus on an entire city, cities are often considered to be large emitters of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with no attention to the variation within them. This makes it more difficult to identify climate change mitigation strategies that can simultaneously reduce emissions and address place-specific development challenges. In response to this gap, a bottom-up emissions inventory study was undertaken to identify high emission zones and development goals for the Durban metropolitan area (eThekwini Municipality). The study is the first attempt at creating a spatially disaggregated emissions inventory for key sectors in Durban. The results indicate that particular groups and economic activities are responsible for more emissions, and socio-spatial development and emission inequalities are found both within the city and within the high emission zone. This is valuable information for the municipality in tailoring mitigation efforts to reduce emissions and address development gaps for low-carbon spatial planning whilst contributing to objectives for social justice.

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30

Heldt, Józef, Janina R. Heldt, and Jerzy Kamiński. "Steady-state and Time-resolved Spectroscopic Studies of Benzanilides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 54, no. 8-9 (September 1, 1999): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1999-8-909.

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Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic studies of benzanilide (I) and jV-methylbenzanilide (II)were performed at 298 and 77 K in various solvents. The results indicate that benzanilide fluorescencein non-polar solvents at room temperature involves three independent modes of emission: F1 (LE) normalfluorescence from the initially excited state S1 (LE) with λmax = 320 nm, F2´(PT) fluorescence from the proton transfer tautomer with λmax = 468 nm, F2″CT) fluorescence from the species where intramolecular charge transfer appears, with λmax = 510 nm. At 77 K in MCH a new fluorescence band, Fag, appears at λmax=415 nm instead of the F2(PT) and F2″CT) fluorescence. This new emission originates from benzanilide dipolar aggregates or cis-imidol dimers. The decay times of these emission modes aredifferent.N-methylbenzanilide, dissolved in nonpopular and weakly polar solvents at room temperature and at77 K, shows only two fluorescence modes, i.e., the normal and the charge-transfer emissions at 320 nmand 520 nm, respectively. The fluorescence is deactivated with two decay times, 30 ps and 2.05 ns, inMCH solution.

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31

Synylo, Kateryna, Kateryna Ulianova, and Oleksandr Zaporozhets. "Air Quality Studies at Ukrainian Airports." International Journal of Aviation Science and Technology vm02, is01 (June 27, 2021): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23890/ijast.vm02is01.0101.

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Sustainability of aviation must be provided to limit the harmful influence and protect public health and the environment. As a rule, national and international regulations aim to reduce ambient air pollution from the aviation sector. Ukraine and other countries have historically adopted international regulations concerning air quality to protect public health and the natural environment. Local regulations also regulate it. However, these documents cover mainly stationary emission sources. In contrast, mobile sources, especially aircraft, are not considered, although, unlike most transportation modes, aircraft travel great distances at various altitudes, generating emissions that potentially impact air quality. This paper was aimed to study the principles and methods to monitor air pollution from aircraft engines at main airports of Europe, north America, and Asia. Based on measurement campaign analysis at some airports of the world and modelling results by complex model PolEmiCa (Pollution and Emission Calculation), the method and technical characteristics for measurement system detect the aircraft engine emissions. The developed practical recommendations were realised at Ukrainian airports and used for validation of model PolEmiCa. Thus, the modelling results for each engine are in good agreement with the results of measurements by the AC32M Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) analyser system due to considering the jet and plume-regime during an experimental investigation at Boryspol airport. Analysis of measured instantaneous concentration demonstrates a high correlation with the runway movements and take-off at Zhulyany airport.

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32

Herrington, T., and K. Zickfeld. "Path independence of climate and carbon cycle response over a broad range of cumulative carbon emissions." Earth System Dynamics 5, no. 2 (November 24, 2014): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-409-2014.

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Abstract. Recent studies have identified an approximately proportional relationship between global warming and cumulative carbon emissions, yet the robustness of this relationship has not been tested over a broad range of cumulative emissions and emission rates. This study explores the path dependence of the climate and carbon cycle response using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity forced with 24 idealized emissions scenarios across five cumulative emission groups (1275–5275 Gt C) with varying rates of emission. We find the century-scale climate and carbon cycle response after cessation of emissions to be approximately independent of emission pathway for all cumulative emission levels considered. The ratio of global mean temperature change to cumulative emissions – referred to as the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) – is found to be constant for cumulative emissions lower than ∼1500 Gt C but to decline with higher cumulative emissions. The TCRE is also found to decrease with increasing emission rate. The response of Arctic sea ice is found to be approximately proportional to cumulative emissions, while the response of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation does not scale linearly with cumulative emissions, as its peak response is strongly dependent on emission rate. Ocean carbon uptake weakens with increasing cumulative emissions, while land carbon uptake displays non-monotonic behavior, increasing up to a cumulative emission threshold of ∼2000 Gt C and then declining.

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33

Herrington, T., and K. Zickfeld. "Path dependence of climate and carbon cycle response over a broad range of cumulative carbon emissions." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 5, no. 1 (June 17, 2014): 747–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-5-747-2014.

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Abstract. Recent studies have demonstrated the proportional relationship between global warming and cumulative carbon emissions, yet the robustness of this relationship has not been tested over a broad range of cumulative emissions and emission rates. This study explores the path dependence of the climate and carbon cycle response using an Earth System model of intermediate complexity forced with 24 idealized emissions scenarios across five cumulative emission groups (1275–5275 GtC) with varying rates of emission. We find the century-scale climate and carbon cycle response after cessation of emissions to be approximately independent of emission pathway for all cumulative emission levels considered. The ratio of global mean temperature change to cumulative emissions – referred to as the transient climate response to cumulative emissions (TCRE) – is found to be constant for cumulative emissions lower than ~1500 GtC, but to decline with higher cumulative emissions. The TCRE is also found to decrease with increasing emission rate. The response of Arctic sea ice is found to be approximately proportional to cumulative emissions, while the response of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) does not scale linearly with cumulative emissions, as its peak response is strongly dependent on emission rate. Ocean carbon uptake weakens with increasing cumulative emissions, while land carbon uptake displays non-monotonic behavior, increasing up to a cumulative emission threshold of ~2000 GtC and then declining.

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34

Schwanz, Daphne, Math Bollen, Oscar Lennerhag, and Anders Larsson. "Harmonic Transfers for Quantifying Propagation of Harmonics in Wind Power Plants." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185798.

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In this paper, primary and secondary emissions in wind power plants are studied by using transfer admittance and current transfer functions between turbines and the public grid. The use of such transfer functions allows harmonic propagation studies without knowledge of the emission from individual turbines or the background voltage distortion. The transfer functions are calculated for one synthetic and one existing wind power plant, and results are discussed. Primary emission, secondary emission from other turbines and secondary emission from the public grid are shown to be of the same order of magnitude. Furthermore, the paper addresses the impact of turbine converter modelling, public grid impedance and the change in the aggregation exponent with frequency on the propagation. All three are shown to have a significant impact and should be considered. The main challenge for future studies is in obtaining relevant models for turbine impedance versus frequency.

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35

Kumar, Ashish, Vinayak Sinha, Muhammed Shabin, Haseeb Hakkim, Bernard Bonsang, and Valerie Gros. "Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) fingerprints of major urban and agricultural emission sources for use in source apportionment studies." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 20 (October 26, 2020): 12133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12133-2020.

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Abstract. In complex atmospheric emission environments such as urban agglomerates, multiple sources control the ambient chemical composition driving air quality and regional climate. In contrast to pristine sites, where reliance on single or a few chemical tracers is often adequate for resolving pollution plumes and source influences, the comprehensive chemical fingerprinting of sources using non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and the identification of suitable tracer molecules and emission ratios becomes necessary. Here, we characterise and present chemical fingerprints of some major urban and agricultural emission sources active in South Asia, such as paddy stubble burning, garbage burning, idling vehicular exhaust and evaporative fuel emissions. A total of 121 whole air samples were actively collected from the different emission sources in passivated air sampling steel canisters and then analysed for 49 NMHCs (22 alkanes, 16 aromatics, 10 alkenes and one alkyne) using thermal desorption gas chromatography flame ionisation detection. Several new insights were obtained. Propane was found to be present in paddy stubble fire emissions (8 %), and therefore, for an environment impacted by crop residue fires, the use of propane as a fugitive liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) emission tracer must be done with caution. Propene was found to be ∼ 1.6 times greater (by weight) than ethene in smouldering paddy fires. Compositional differences were observed between evaporative emissions of domestic LPG and commercial LPG, which are used in South Asia. While the domestic LPG vapours had more propane (40 ± 6 %) than n-butane (19 ± 2 %), the converse was true for commercial LPG vapours (7 ± 6 % and 37 ± 4 %, respectively). Isoprene was identified as a new tracer for distinguishing paddy stubble and garbage burning in the absence of isoprene emissions at night from biogenic sources. Analyses of source-specific inter-NMHC molar ratios revealed that toluene/benzene ratios can be used to distinguish among paddy stubble fire emissions in the flaming (0.38 ± 0.11) and smouldering stages (1.40 ± 0.10), garbage burning flaming (0.26 ± 0.07) and smouldering emissions (0.59 ± 0.16), and traffic emissions (3.54 ± 0.21), whereas i-pentane ∕ n-pentane can be used to distinguish biomass burning emissions (0.06–1.46) from the petrol-dominated traffic and fossil fuel emissions (2.83–4.13). i-butane ∕ n-butane ratios were similar (0.20–0.30) for many sources and could be used as a tracer for photochemical ageing. In agreement with previous studies, i-pentane, propane and acetylene were identified as suitable chemical tracers for petrol vehicular and evaporative emissions, LPG evaporative and vehicular emissions and flaming-stage biomass fires, respectively. The secondary pollutant formation potential and human health impact of the sources was also assessed in terms of their hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity (s−1), ozone formation potential (OFP; gO3/gNMHC) and fractional benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) content. Petrol vehicular emissions, paddy stubble fires and garbage fires were found to have a higher pollution potential (at ≥95 % confidence interval) relative to the other sources studied in this work. Thus, many results of this study provide a new foundational framework for quantitative source apportionment studies in complex emission environments.

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Kang, Seongmin, Goeun Kim, Joonyoung Roh, and Eui-chan Jeon. "Ammonia Emissions from NPK Fertilizer Production Plants: Emission Characteristics and Emission Factor Estimation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116703.

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Fertilizers are made from manure, but they are also produced through chemical processes. Fertilizer is an ammonia emission source; it releases ammonia when used. Ammonia is also emitted during the production process. Although many studies related to fertilizer application have been conducted, there are few research cases related to the production process and related emissions are not calculated. In this study, the ammonia emissions from NPK (nitrogen phosphorus Potassium oxide) fertilizer production facilities were checked through actual measurement and related characteristics were analyzed. In addition, emission factors were developed, and the necessity of developing emission factors was also confirmed. As a result of the development of the emission factor, it was found to be 0.001 kgNH3/ton, which is like the range of emission factors in related fields. The NPK ammonia emission factor of this study was found to be higher than the minimum emission factor currently applied in South Korea, and it was judged to be a level that can be used as an emission factor.

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37

Zhu, Anyu, Qifei Wang, Dongqiao Liu, and Yihan Zhao. "Analysis of the Characteristics of CH4 Emissions in China’s Coal Mining Industry and Research on Emission Reduction Measures." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 7408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127408.

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CH4 is the second-largest greenhouse gas and has a significant impact on global warming. China has the largest amount of anthropogenic coal mine methane (CMM) emissions in the world, with coal mining emissions (or gas emissions) accounting for 90% of total energy industry emissions. The results of CH4 emission inventories from previous studies vary widely, with differences in the spatial and temporal dimensions of gas emission factors of belowground mining being the main points of disagreement. Affected by the policies of “eliminating backward production capacity” and “transferring energy base to the northwest”, China’s coal production layout has changed greatly in the past ten years, but the closely related CH4 emission factors have not been dynamically adjusted. This paper investigated 23 major coal producing provinces in China, obtained CH4 emission data from coal mining, calculated CH4 emission factors in line with current production conditions, and studied the reduction measures of coal mine gas emission. According to the CH4 emission data of China’s coal mines in 2018, 15.8 Tg of methane is released per year in the coal mining industry in China, and 11.8 Tg after deducting recycling. Shanxi Province’s CH4 emissions are much higher than those of other provinces, accounting for 35.5% of the country’s total emissions. The weighted CH4 emission factor of coal mining in China is 6.77 m3/t, of which Chongqing is the highest at approximately 60.9 m3/t. Compared with the predicted value of the IPCC, the growth trend of CCM has slowed significantly, and the CH4 utilization rate has gradually increased. This change may be aided by China’s coal industry’s policy to resolve excess capacity by closing many high-gas and gas outburst coal mines. In addition, the improvement of coal mine gas extraction and utilization technology has also produced a relatively significant effect. This paper determines the distribution of methane emissions and emission sources in China’s coal mining industry, which is useful in formulating CCM emission reduction targets and adopting more efficient measures.

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38

FUKUDA, Hiroshi. "Neuroreceptor Studies Using Positron Emission Tomography." Seibutsu Butsuri 31, no. 4 (1991): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.31.4_26.

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39

Diener, Hans-Christoph. "Positron Emission Tomography Studies in Headache." Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 37, no. 10 (November 1997): 622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4610.1997.3710622.x.

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40

Martin, W. R. "Parkinson's Disease: Positron Emission Tomographic Studies." Seminars in Neurology 9, no. 04 (December 1989): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1041344.

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41

Eidelberg, David. "Positron Emission Tomography Studies in Parkinsonism." Neurologic Clinics 10, no. 2 (May 1992): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8619(18)30219-6.

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42

Chun, M. S., E. C. Sung, H. K. Moon, and Y. I. Byun. "Spectroscopic Studies of Emission Line Galaxies." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 159 (1994): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900176247.

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Spectroscopic Observations were made to study 42 emission line objects. The analysis of these long slit spectra shows that 15 out of 42 galaxies are blue compact galaxies (BCGs). 21 of them are starforming or HII galaxies and 3 were found to be normal galaxies.

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43

Hwang, Young-Nam, Dae Hong Jeong, Hyun Jong Shin, Dongho Kim, Sae Chae Jeoung, Seon Hee Han, Jae-Suk Lee, and Gyoujin Cho. "Femtosecond Emission Studies on Gold Nanoparticles." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 106, no. 31 (August 2002): 7581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp020656+.

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44

Leroux, Charles, and Denis Blachier. "Light emission microscopy for reliability studies." Microelectronic Engineering 49, no. 1-2 (November 1999): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9317(99)00437-2.

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45

Nilsson, Anders. "X-ray emission studies of adsorbates." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 93, no. 1-3 (June 1998): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0368-2048(98)00167-4.

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46

Boness, R. J., S. L. McBride, and M. Sobczyk. "Wear studies using acoustic emission techniques." Tribology International 23, no. 5 (October 1990): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-679x(90)90001-6.

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47

Mishra, D. P. "Emission studies of impinging premixed flames." Fuel 83, no. 13 (September 2004): 1743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2004.02.019.

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48

Dong, Hao, Ling-Dong Sun, and Chun-Hua Yan. "Upconversion emission studies of single particles." Nano Today 35 (December 2020): 100956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100956.

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49

Rudkovskii, V. N., I. P. Rayevsky, and L. M. Rabkin. "Exoelectron emission studies of reduced BaTiO3ceramics." Ferroelectrics 131, no. 1 (June 1992): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199208223428.

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50

Jayakumar, T., V. Moorthy, D. K. Bhattacharya, and B. Raj. "Acoustic emission studies for leak detection." NDT & E International 25, no. 6 (December 1992): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(92)90649-2.

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