Книги: "Emergency camp"

1

Djamaluddin, Dasman. Misssion Accomplished: Catatan Rais Abin Panglima Pasukan Perdamaian PBB Di Timur Tengah 1976-1979. Jakarta,Indonesia: Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2012.

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2

Wolf, Conradin. Ausnahmezustand und Menschenrecht: Unter Berücksichtigung des Falls Guantanamo. Zürich: Labor, 2005.

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3

Borisova, M. Pedagogy of the camp. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/25002.

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Academic edition is a part of the educational complex consisting of a tutorial and workshop, which is designed to help the students in mastering of educational disciplines included in the undergraduate program, and teaching practice. The textbook discusses the history of the emergence and development of summer camps, presents materials that are necessary for the organization of work in children's camp: theoretical foundations of organizing the activities of counselors, guidelines for working with children of different age groups, the performance of the regime moments, forms and methods of organization of process of education in DOLLARS, etc. In the workshop the material presented on the organization of different activities of children and adolescents in the camp. The allowance is aimed at assisting the counselor in working with the temporary children's collective in the conditions of the camp. The content of the textbook meets the requirements of Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation. For students of higher educational institutions enrolled in the fields of study within the enlarged group "Education and pedagogy", as well as professionals of education and all those interested in problems of children's recreation and recuperation.

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4

Villalobos, Francisco Cruces. La ciudad emergente: Transformaciones urbanas, campo político y campo asociativo en un contexto local. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, 1996.

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5

Manyé, Adam. En cos i ànima: Una dècada d'art emergent : Camp de Tarragona, 2000-2010. Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Cultura i Mitjans de Comunicació, 2010.

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6

Shṭal, Tsevi. Jewish ghettos' and concentration camps' money (1933-1945). London: D. Richman Books, 1990.

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7

1962-, Kuhn Helmut, ed. Fünf Jahre meines Lebens: Ein Bericht aus Guantánamo. Berlin: Rowohlt Berlin, 2007.

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8

Muia, Esther. Enhancing the use of emergency contraception in a refugee setting: Findings from a baseline survey in Kakuma refugee camps, Kenya. [Nairobi]: International Rescue Committee, 2000.

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9

N, Raúl Fuentes. La emergencia de un campo académico: Continuidad utópica y estructuración científica de la investigación de la comunicación en México. Jalisco, México: Universidad de Guadalajara, 1998.

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10

Shṭal, Tsevi. Kesef geṭaʼot u-maḥanot rikuz (1933-1945). London: D. Rits'man, 1990.

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11

Guantánamo and the abuse of presidential power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.

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12

Margulies, Joseph. Guantánamo and the abuse of presidential power. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2007.

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13

Benacchio, Rosanna, Alessio Muro, and Svetlana Slavkova, eds. The role of prefixes in the formation of aspectuality. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-698-9.

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One of the most widely debated topics in Slavic linguistics has always been verbal aspect, which takes different forms because of the various grammaticalization paths which led to its emergence. In the formation of the category of aspect in Slavic languages, a key role was played by the morphological mechanism of prefixation (a.k.a. preverbation), whereby the prefixes (which originally performed the function of markers of adverbial meanings) came to act as markers of boundedness. This volume contains thirteen articles on the mechanism of prefixation, written by leading international scholars in the field of verbal aspect. Ancient and modern Slavic varieties, as well as non-Slavic and even non-Indo-European languages, are represented, making the volume an original and significant contribution to Slavic as well as typological linguistics.

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14

Gatter, Melissa. Time and Power in Azraq Refugee Camp: A Nine-To-Five Emergency. American University in Cairo Press, 2023.

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15

Hochhäusl, Sophie, and Erin Eckhold Sassin, eds. States of Emergency. Leuven University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/9789461664334.

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More than one hundred years after the conclusion of the First World War, the edited collection States of Emergency. Architecture, Urbanism, and the First World War reassesses what that cataclysmic global conflict meant for architecture and urbanism from a human, social, economic, and cultural perspective. Chapters probe how underdevelopment and economic collapse manifested spatially, how military technologies were repurposed by civilians, and how cultures of education, care, and memory emerged from battle. The collection places an emphasis on the various states of emergency as experienced by combatants and civilians across five continents—from refugee camps to military installations, villages to capital cities—thus uncovering the role architecture played in mitigating and exacerbating the everyday tragedy of war.

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16

Stone, Dan. Concentration Camps: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723387.001.0001.

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Concentration Camps: A Very Short Introduction provides a global history of concentration camps, showing the differences and similarities between the various camp systems that have been used in the 20th century. Setting concentration camps, such as those under the Third Reich, against the longer history of incarceration, it explains how the ability of the modern state to control populations led to the creation of this extreme institution. Looking at their emergence and spread around the world, this VSI argues that concentration camps serve the purpose, from the point of view of the state in crisis, of removing a section of the population that is perceived to be threatening, traitorous, or diseased.

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17

Francisco, Louçã, and Ash Michael. Capital Controls: The Emergency Brakes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828211.003.0011.

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Chapter 10 relates the fall and rise and fall of international capital mobility, a centerpiece of neoliberal policy. Immediately after World War II, the Bretton Woods System established fixed exchange rates and regulated the international movement of capital to facilitate trade and preserve domestic policy capacity. Owners of capital mobilized institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in a decades-long struggle for international capital mobility. Their moment came with a crisis in the Bretton Woods System in the early 1970s, and the era of floating exchange rates and international capital mobility was born. Since its ascension, international capital mobility has been a flashpoint for crisis. Facing criticism for the frequency of financial crises, especially after the deep European crisis beginning in 2010, some parts of the IMF have broken with institutional orthodoxy. The rupture suggests potential for a broader break with the principles of neoliberal governance.

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18

R, Silkenat James, and Shulman Mark R, eds. The imperial presidency and the consequences of 9/11: Lawyers react to the global war on terrorism. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007.

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19

Rightlessness: Testimony and redress in U.S. prison camps since World War II. The University of North Carolina Press, 2016.

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20

Cain, Jim. WWII JAPANESE RELOCATION CAMPS and the WRA: A Prudent, Emergency, War-Time Measure. Independently Published, 2017.

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21

Paik, A. Naomi. Rightlessness: Testimony and Redress in U. S. Prison Camps since World War II. University of North Carolina Press, 2016.

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22

Margulies, Joseph. Guantanamo and the Abuse of Presidential Power. Simon & Schuster, 2007.

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23

Margulies, Joseph. Guantanamo and the Abuse of Presidential Power. Simon & Schuster, 2006.

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24

Margulies, Joseph. Guantanamo and the Abuse of Presidential Power: Guantanamo and the Abuse of Presidential Power. Simon & Schuster, 2006.

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25

Lewis, James R., and Inga Tøllefsen. Introduction. Edited by James R. Lewis and Inga Tøllefsen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466176.013.38.

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New Religious Movements (NRMs) was an emergent subfield in the 1970s and 1980s—a field that has grown to become a substantial category of study, involving at least three specialty journals, regular academic meetings focused on NRMs, and multiple specialty book series. The Introduction discusses how NRM studies came into being in response to the emergence of alternative religions as a significant phenomenon in the wake of the decline of the sixties counterculture, and in response to the “cult” controversy that had its heyday in the seventies. The Introduction also provides a chapter by chapter overview of the Handbook’s contents.

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26

Johnson, Chris, Sarah R. Anderson, Jon Dallimore, Chris Imray, Shane Winser, James Moore, and David Warrell. Oxford Handbook of Expedition and Wilderness Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688418.001.0001.

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Revised for its second edition to include the latest national and international guidelines, the Oxford Handbook of Expedition and Wilderness Medicine enables efficient preparation and planning before the journey, advises on camp logistics, risk management, and medical problems during the trip, as well as highlighting rare but important risks to those visiting remote areas. Focusing on preventative measures, it also contains chapters dealing with crisis management, emergency care, and evacuation from challenging environments. Now containing more guidance about the obligations of a clinician joining an expedition, and the ethical approach to such work, it also provides an increased emphasis on medicine in various extreme environments. With revised and additional illustrations, more colour plates, and an increased use of important algorithms, it has been updated with the support of the Royal Geographical Society, and incorporates the combined knowledge and experience of a team of experienced clinicians and expeditioners.

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27

(Editor), James R. Silkenat, and Mark R. Shulman (Editor), eds. The Imperial Presidency and the Consequences of 9/11 [Two Volumes]: Lawyers React to the Global War on Terrorism. Praeger Security International Multi-volume, 2007.

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28

Freeden, Michael. 2. Overcoming illusions: how ideologies came to stay. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192802811.003.0002.

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The emergence of the concept of ideology from under the Marxist wing is a complex story. ‘Overcoming illusions: how ideologies came to stay’ traces this story and in particular the contributions of three 20th-century thinkers: Karl Mannheim, Antonio Gramsci, and Louis Althusser. Each of them, in their own way, operating from Marxist premises, contributed to the transformation of the conception of ideology. Their key insights led to the removal of much of the pejorative connotations of ideology and ensured that it became a permanent feature of the political and social landscape.

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29

Bailkin, Jordanna. Interlude. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814214.003.0002.

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The Interlude narrates the diverse and often harrowing stories of how refugees arrived in Britain during the twentieth century. But it also questions the fetish of arrival that characterizes many refugee stories. Scenes of arrival (the trains of the Kindertransporte, the small boats from Vietnam rescued by British ships)—iconic though they have become—cut the story of refugees short. They uphold the fiction that each situation was the result of an unprecedented, temporary crisis that was foreign and external to Britain: in short, an emergency. This chapter offers comparative history as a rejoinder to the corrosive discourse of emergency. It argues for seeing refugee camps not as signs of emergency—disconnected from Britain’s own history—but as deeply rooted in that history.

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30

FIVE YEARS OF MY LIFE. Griffin, 2009.

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31

Five Years of My Life: An Innocent Man in Guantanamo. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

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32

When the Future Came: The Collapse of the USSR and the Emergence of National Memory in Post-Soviet History Textbooks. ibidem-Verlag, 2019.

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33

Puche Navarro, Rebeca, Adolfo Perinat, Elda Cerchiaro, and Julio César Ossa Ossa. La certeza de la emergencia. Reflexiones desde una ciencia de sistemas del desarrollo. Editorial Bonaventuriana de la Universidad de San Buenaventura Cali, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/9789585415584.

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Este libro es un hito importante porque reúne los aspectos centrales de la producción intelectual de las dos últimas décadas en el fértil campo de investigación, que ha caracterizado lo que podríamos llamar la Escuela Cali–Barcelona de la psicología del desarrollo. Creo que este esfuerzo sistemático por comprender el desarrollo desde los mejores modelos científicos disponibles, cumple con los requisitos necesarios para justificar esta clasificación como “escuela”. La rigurosa exploración de nuevos modelos formales está firmemente enraizada en las tradiciones piagetianas» de las que la escuela se alimenta, con una coherencia y una comprensión hasta las últimas consecuencias que escapan a las hordas de empíricos alrededor del mundo que siguen recurriendo a las “situaciones piagetianas”.

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34

Michael, Moser, and Bao Chiann. 2 The Legal Arbitration Framework. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198712251.003.0002.

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This chapter is an overview of Hong Kong’s Arbitration Ordinance (Cap 341). An arbitration network established in 1963, the Arbitration Ordinance contains 15 parts and 118 sections and adopts the UNCITRAL Model Law (2006). It adopts a single regime that applies to both domestic and international arbitrations seated in Hong Kong. It also has the benefit of a complete protection of confidentiality, as well as some detailed provisions which empower the arbitral tribunal and Hong Kong courts to issue a broad range of interim relief. Furthermore, the Arbitration Ordinance expressly recognizes the enforceability of any emergency relief granted by an emergency arbitrator in or outside Hong Kong. Finally, the Arbitration Ordinance provides a number of optional provisions which allow greater involvement of the Hong Kong courts.

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35

Gordon, Robert. Billy Elliot and Its Lineage. Edited by Robert Gordon and Olaf Jubin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988747.013.16.

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In the years since 1954, the British musical has in various ways represented the changes that have occurred in social and political attitudes. The camp style of Salad Days and The Boy Friend encodes its critique of the Conservative government’s repressive policies of heteronormative conformity in the early 1950s by exploiting popular traditions of pantomime and music hall performance to valorize an emergent gay sensibility, while the theatre of Joan Littlewood at Stratford East utilized these same popular forms in the construction of a socialist theatre capable of articulating a working-class culture. These two recurrent conceptions of alternative political performance—the subversive queer/camp strategy and the Marxian aesthetic of alternative politics and culture—interact and are combined to startling effect in Billy Elliot, whose dialectical arguments around the relationship between class and gender/sexual orientation, popular and ‘high’ art provide a prime example of British theatre at its most socially aware.

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36

Barrett, Rusty. From Drag Queens to Leathermen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390179.003.0001.

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This chapter provides theoretical background for the analyses contained in From Drag Queens to Leathermen: Language, Gender, and Gay Male Subcultures. The chapter reviews prior research on gay male subcultures and gay male language. The chapter then presents theoretical background related to language ideology, performativity, and indexicality. A general discussion of gendered ideologies in gay male subcultures is presented, discussing the role of stereotypes, appropriation, and the use of camp forms of interactional style. A basic history of the emergence of gay male subcultures is presented, focusing on communication within subcultures, such as the hanky code in clone subculture. The chapter ends with a brief overview of the contents of the remaining chapters in the book.

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37

Simpson, Erik. Germaine de Staël’s and the Early Usage of Improvisation in English. Edited by George E. Lewis and Benjamin Piekut. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195370935.013.019.

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This chapter describes the emergence of the terminology of improvisation in the English language. Terms relating to improvisation began to appear in the eighteenth century and came to be used frequently in the nineteenth. Germaine de Staël’s 1807 novel Corinne ou L’Italie (published in French and translated into English the same year) was an important part of this emergence of improvisation. By attending to the content and language of Corinne, including the novel’s earliest translations, the chapter argues that the novel helped create a sense of improvisation as an Italianate artistic practice with political overtones specific to the context of the Napoleonic Wars. For the Staëlian improviser, art and history alike progress not toward pre-ordained goals but by taking new information into account and improvising new ends.

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38

Cherny, Robert W. DETCOM and COMSAB, 1945–1953. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040788.003.0009.

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During the early Cold War, the Arnautoffs attracted more FBI surveillance. Victor was designated as DETCOM (Communist to be detained in case of national emergency) and COMSAB (potential Communist saboteur). With the rise of abstract expressionism, Victor’s social realism became marginalized, but he found a new cultural home in the California Labor School. He strongly defended the work of Anton Refregier at San Francisco’s Rincon Annex postoffice when it came under attack from anti-Communists. The Arnautoffs continued to be active in the Communist party and applied again to emigrate to the Soviet Union but were again denied

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39

Circh, Ryan. Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0022.

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Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is defined as an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma in someone who has not recently had close contact with the health care system. Common presentations include abrupt fever and chills, productive cough, purulent sputum, dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, and the absence of rhinorrhea and sore throat. Prompt antibiotics and admission to the correct level of care are essential in emergency management. Chest radiographs and dry computed tomography (CT) scans can be extremely useful in confirming the diagnosis of CAP in immunocompetent patients. Assessment of the airway, breathing, and circulation is essential. Adequate fluid resuscitation, early appropriate antibiotics, and careful attention to monitoring are still mainstays of treatment. Clinical decision tools like CURB-65 and PORT score can help identify low-risk patients when making decisions about whether or not to admit.

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40

Schiller, Dan. Networked Financialization. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038761.003.0003.

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This chapter examines how networked financialization exacerbated capitalism's crisis tendencies. Financialization, a formative aspect of the rise of digital capitalism in response to the crisis of the 1970s, evolved out of multiple impulses. One spur came as millions of workers who experienced wage repression were brought to depend on debt for immediate consumption as well as for housing and automobiles, education, and medical care. Another came from the fact that finance grew ever larger in the strategies of transnational manufacturers, retail chains, agribusinesses, and service suppliers. The chapter also discusses the impact of information and communications technology (ICT) on financialization as well as the role of networks in the emergence of a high-tech financial system. It concludes by looking at three major trends, including the possibility that the financial crisis was unlikely to end without a profoundly conflicted restructuring of the global political economy.

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41

Gould, Rebecca Ruth. The Persian Prison Poem. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474484015.001.0001.

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The Persian Prison Poem is the first study of the prison poem genre (habsiyyat) across twelfth-century Central, South, and West Asia. While documenting the emergence of a concept of poetry as a form of political resistance, the book shows the profound entanglements of poetry and power across premodern Eurasia. This book traces the political role of poetry in shaping the prison poem genre across twelfth-century Central, South, and West Asia. The emergence of the genre is indebted to the changing role of the poet, who came into increasing conflict with Ghaznavid and Saljuq sovereigns as the genre developed. Uniting the polarities of perpetuity and contingency, the poet’s body became the medium for the prison poem’s oppositional poetics. Bringing modern European theorists such as Ernst Kantorowicz, Walter Benjamin, and Theodor Adorno into conversation with classical Persian poetics, this book offers an unprecedented account of prison poetry before modernity, and of premodern Persianate culture within the framework of world literature and global politics.

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42

Salazar Celis, Edward, ed. Estudios de la moda en Colombia. Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21789/9789587253269.

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En este libro, que compila 19 trabajos diversos de autores nacionales, predomina la mirada desde los estudios culturales y de manera emergente desde el campo teórico y metodológico de los estudios de moda. También reconoce los diferentes caminos que han existido en Colombia para hablar de este tema: experiencias investigativas y reflexivas desde las pedagogías y la práctica del diseño, el periodismo narrativo y crítico como una forma fundamental del análisis de la moda en el país, la voz del sector productivo de la moda, así como las miradas históricas, sociológicas y culturales que beben de la larga tradición de las ciencias sociales. Es decir, se ha tratado de un campo en formación de carácter multidisciplinar y multimetodológico, en donde se mezclan la investigación, la creación, la pedagogía y la productividad económica de la moda.

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43

Meyer, Sabine N. “Talking against a Stonewall”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039355.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the emergence of a High License consensus in Minnesota during the period 1888–1897. In the decade after the passage of the High License Law, there was an almost complete standstill of temperance reform in Minnesota due to the existence of a High License consensus. The moderate reformers, the leaders of the Republican Party, and even many of the law's opponents argued in favor of maintaining it. This situation did not change when two groups of Minnesotans joined the radical reformist camp: the Scandinavian Americans and the members of the state's Populist movement. This chapter also discusses the temperance activism of Irish women, with particular emphasis on the Woman's Christian Temperance Union's fight for women's rights, and the German Americans' use of the temperance movement to strengthen their ethnic position in American society. Finally, it considers how the High License consensus resulted in greater cooperation among the High License Law's opponents and in the founding of the Minnesota Anti-Saloon League (ASL).

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44

Denton, Kirk A. The Landscape of Historical Memory. Hong Kong University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528578.001.0001.

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The Landscape of Historical Memory explores the place of museums and memorial culture in the contestation over historical memory in post–martial law Taiwan. The book is particularly oriented toward the role of politics—especially political parties—in the establishment, administration, architectural design, and historical narratives of museums. It is framed around the wrangling between the “blue camp” (the Nationalist Party, or KMT, and its supporters) and the “green camp” (Democratic Progressive Party, DPP), and its supporters) over what facets of the past should be remembered and how they should be displayed in museums. Organized into chapters focused on particular types of museums and memorial spaces (archaeology museums, history museums, martyrs’ shrines, war museums, memorial halls, literature museums, ethnology museums, ecomuseums, etc.), the book presents a broad overview of the state of museums in Taiwan in the past three decades. The case of Taiwan museums tells us much about Cold War politics and its legacy in East Asia; the role of culture, history, and memory in shaping identities in the multiply “postcolonial” landscape of Taiwan; the politics of historical memory in an emergent democracy, especially in counterpoint to the politics of museums in the People’s Republic of China, which continues to be an authoritarian single party state; and the place of museums in a neoliberal economic climate.

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45

Lecourt, Sebastian. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812494.003.0001.

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The introductory chapter sketches the emergence of the anthropology of religion over the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Reading this history through the lens of recent scholarship on secularization, it explores how different anthropological constructions of religion came to underpin competing understandings of modernity itself. It then traces how specifically liberal views of religion in Britain diverged during the 1860s around what one might call the split between political and aesthetic liberalisms: the liberalism of abstract individualism and the liberalism of intellectual free play and diverse experiences. The Victorian period saw these two liberalisms first part ways over the normative nature of religion and what kind of subjectivity it defined.

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46

Como, David R. “Lawless Tyranny” and “Destructive Accommodation”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541911.003.0006.

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This chapter explains how the outbreak of the civil war led to serious divisions within parliament’s camp. These divisions, over the nature of the war, the character and function of the king, and the propriety of negotiation and compromise with the royalists, reflected and further intensified shifts in the nature of political ideology. These emergent ideological shifts, first articulated in the petitions and pressure campaigns of hard-line supporters in the city, were bolstered by the publication of tracts and pamphlets, which revealed the increasingly radical tenor of the political thought gestating among pro-parliamentary militants. Examination of those tracts shows that, by early 1643, some parliamentarians were coming to reject Westminster’s official line on the war effort, along with fundamental features of the “ancient constitution” as it had been understood before 1642.

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47

Samalin, Zachary. The Masses are Revolting. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501756467.001.0001.

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This book reconstructs a pivotal era in the history of affect and emotion, delving into an archive of nineteenth-century disgust to show how this negative emotional response came to play an outsized, volatile part in the emergence of modern British society. Attending to the emotion's socially productive role, the book highlights concrete scenes of Victorian disgust, from sewer tunnels and courtrooms to operating tables and alleyways. The book focuses on a diverse set of nineteenth-century writers and thinkers whose works reflect on the shifting, unstable meaning of disgust across the period. It elaborates this cultural history of Victorian disgust in specific domains of British society, ranging from the construction of London's sewer system, the birth of modern obscenity law, and the development of the conventions of literary realism to the emergence of urban sociology, the rise of new scientific theories of instinct, and the techniques of colonial administration developed during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. By bringing to light disgust's role as a public passion, the book reveals significant new connections among these apparently disconnected forms of social control, knowledge production, and infrastructural development.

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48

Berman, Sheri. Democracy and Dictatorship in Europe. Oxford University PressNew York, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197539347.001.0001.

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Abstract At the end of the twentieth century, many believed the story of European political development had come to an end. Modern democracy began in Europe, but for hundreds of years, dictatorship rather than democracy had been the norm. Now, though, the entire continent was in the democratic camp for the first time. But by the beginning of the twenty-first century the story had already begun to unravel. Some of the continent's newer democracies were backsliding toward dictatorship, while citizens in many of its older democracies began questioning democracy's functioning and even legitimacy. Democracy and Dictatorship in Europe traces the long history of democracy in its cradle, Europe. It takes readers through more than two centuries of turmoil, revolutions, fascism, civil wars, communism and-finally-the rebuilding of democracy in Western Europe after 1945 and the emergence of democracy in Eastern Europe after 1989. Democracy and Dictatorship in Europe explains why democracy proved so difficult to achieve in Europe and draws lessons from Europe's past that can help us understand the conditions necessary for democracy to flourish.

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Newman, Daniel. The Arabic Literary Language. Edited by Jonathan Owens. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764136.013.0021.

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This article discusses the developments in formal written Arabic in the early Modern period, which started with Napoleon’s invasion and occupation of Egypt (1798–1802), when the Arab Muslim world first came into direct contact with the West. The article first discusses the emergence and development of Modern Standard Arabic. Then it details the calls for language reform and revival, spurred by widening political and financial encroachments of Western powers all over the Muslim world. Finally, the article describes the establishment of language institutions aimed at preserving the language from foreign terms. It shows that the existence of multiple normative institutions was inherently self-defeating. Driven by political and ideological reasons, it resulted in petty rivalries between the various organizations, each vying for authority.

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Dann, Michael. Between History and Hagiography. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622183.003.0013.

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The chapter analyzes accounts of two prominent women of the early Imami (Twelver) Shi’i tradition, the mother of the Imam Hasan al-Askari (d. 874) and one of his concubines. It considers a group of polemical accounts regarding the crisis of succession that followed his death, in which these two women played an exceptional historical role. It also unpacks the construction of an extensive hagiographical portrait that would come to define the popular memory of Hasan’s concubine in particular. The phenomenon of dynastic succession that characterized Imami Shi’ism and Abbasid imperial practice alike was the central determining factor in the emergence of the two women onto the stage of history and the construction of the elaborate hagiographical tradition that came to surround them.

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