Дисертації з теми "Élimination des métaux"
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Abanades, Stéphane. "Comportement des métaux lourds dans les procédés d'incinération de déchets ménagers." Perpignan, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PERP0442.
Повний текст джерелаThe main objectives of this study are to understand the physico-chemical phenomena which control heavy metals (HM) behaviour during municipal solid waste incineration and to define the role of operating conditions on the HM release from the waste load
Rouyer, Philippe. "Spéciation et élimination des métaux lourds dans les résidus de digestion anaérobie des déchets urbains." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20241.
Повний текст джерелаGagnepain, Bruno. "Spéciation des métaux lourds dans les résidus solides d'usines d'incinération d'ordures ménagères et contribution à l'interprétation des processus de vaporisation." Perpignan, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PERP0321.
Повний текст джерелаFalcoz, Quentin. "Vaporisation des métaux lourds pendant l’incinération des déchets ménagers : cinétiques et processus de transfert." Perpignan, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PERP1005.
Повний текст джерелаThe main objective of this study is to determinate the vaporisation kinetics of three heavy metal (cadmium, lead and zinc) from realistic artificial wastes (derived from real wastes). A global method was used to identify the kinetics of vaporisation of heavy metals from the on-line analysis of exhaust gas. A method was developed for on-line analysis of vaporised metal in any exhaust gas by coupling an ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) spectrometer to the gas outlet of a laboratory fluidised bed reactor. A calibration device was set up and implemented and a standard gas synthesis protocol was developed to obtain quantitative data. The experimental study, carried out in both a fluidised bed (fast heating rate) and a fixed bed (slow heating rate), addresses the influence of temperature, initial concentration, support matrix, composition of the gas and intern diffusion on vaporisation dynamics. The kinetic laws were obtained by identifying on-line results to mathematical laws and validated by comparison to experimental kinetics. A mathematical model was developed at the particle scale in order to simulate the heavy metal vaporisation during waste combustion. It takes into account the thermal transfer phenomena, the mass transfer and the chemical reactions. This model permit to understand the influence of parameters on the kinetic control of heavy metal vaporisation
Trujillo, Vazquez Agustin. "Caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation du comportement à la lixiviation de déchets de nature minérale." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0099/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe air pollution control (APC) residues are considered as highly toxic residues. A thermal process was developed by the French power supply company (EDF) in order to stabilize the potentially pollutants of APC residues. The storage or reuse of a waste requires knowledge about its long term leaching behaviour and the toxic elements retention in the matrix. This work deals with the dissolution mechanism study for an APC residues vitrified product from EDF, with respect to pH and time influence. First, a mineralogical characterization of the vitrified product was performed using X ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe, Raman and Infrared spectroscopies. The long term behaviour of the vitrified product is strongly linked to its mineralogical composition. So, three minerals from the melilite group (akermanite, gehlenite and hardystonite) were synthesized in order to study their behaviour towards dissolution. The vitrified product and the synthetic minerals were submitted to a standard leaching test to obtain information about the short and long term leaching behaviour. The results show similar leaching behaviour for the vitrified product and the synthetic minerals. Moreover, the characterization of solids recovered after the leaching tests has mainly shown increasing alteration of the crystalline structure when pH decreases. The dissolution of the vitrified product and the synthetic minerals was modelled using the PHREEQC software to assess their long term behaviour taking into account the experimental results. The results taken as a whole show that the dissolution mechanisms of the vitrified product are controlled by the melilite group phases
Delville, Nathalie. "Etude minéralogique et physico-chimique des mâchefers d'incinération des ordures ménagères (M. I. O. M. ) en vue d'une utilisation en technique routière." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF22410.
Повний текст джерелаCerqueira, Nuno. "Fusion de résidus minéraux par arc électrique : Comportement des métaux lourds." Limoges, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIMO0053.
Повний текст джерелаThis work is devoted to the study of heavy metals behavior during arc plasma vitrification of fly ash. In the first part, the fate of heavy metals during incineration of domestic wastes is followed; physicochemical properties of fly-ash and the process - especially vitrification - to stabilize and to solidify this hazardous waste are presented with special attention to long-term containment quality. In the second part, the experimental set-up is described: a crucible, filled with synthetic fly-ash in which metallic salts and oxides are added, is set in the coupling zone of plasma arc transferred between two bipolar electrodes. Metallic vapours densities in the gaseous phase above the melt surface are measured by optical emission spectroscopy. In this chapter, is also briefly presented the mass spectrometric analysis of the exhaust gases. In the third chapter, a model to predict the evaporation of some heavy metals, of chlorine and of sulfur, from the melt is presented: the influence of the chlorine content in the chemical mixture to be vitrified and also the influence of the oxygen partial pressure in the gaseous phase are studied; finally the progressive heating of the system is considered. In the last chapter, for Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr, the experimental results are gathered in front of the modeling ones. The influences of the oxygen partial pressure in the gaseous phase and of chlorine content of the melt are enlightened
Mathon, Muriel. "Devenir et inertage des métaux lourds présents dans les cendres volantes issues de l'incinération d'ordures ménagère : étude thermodynaique des systèmes binaires et ter." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11014.
Повний текст джерелаShen, Cheng. "Nouveau systèmes polymères pour la dépollution de l'eau : rétention des métaux et des bactéries." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13386.
Повний текст джерелаGourram, Abdelhadi. "Valorisation des boues de stations d'épuration des eaux usées par extraction des métaux lourds et conversion hydrothermale en huile, gaz et combustible solide." Mulhouse, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MULH0376.
Повний текст джерелаMontigny, Laurence. "Contribution à l'étude de la mobilité des métaux lourds contenus dans les résidus d'incinération des déchets ménagers, sur le moyen et long terme." Toulon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUL0014.
Повний текст джерелаThe incineration of municipal solid wastes in France releases 70% of the material as fumes, while 27% remains as bottom ashes and 3% as APC -(Air Pollution Control) residues. Because of new strict national regulations, we examined both the short and long-term behaviour of these solid residues. Extraction methods, including a column percolation test and soxhlet extraction, were developed to accelerate weathering processes and to predict the long-term environmental impact of these residues. With both methods, similar leaching behaviour was observed for different residues. Initially, leaching of very soluble compounds such as NaCl, KC1 and CaCl; along with dissolution of slightly soluble compounds such as CaS04 and Ca(OH)2 occurs. After depletion of K+, Na+ and Cl" from the residues, Ca2+ and SO42" ions continue to be leached at low but steady levels. Most of heavy metals released were dissolved in the first liters of water, then concentrations rapidly declined throughout the experiment, indicating that these metals are either slightly or not at all mobilized. Less than 10% of these metals contained by residues were released into the water, indicating that they occur as slightly soluble forms. Using these results, a predictive model was developed in which removal of soluble species occurs during the first several years 1 in a landfill disposal followed by slow migration of less species over a period of two to three hundred years. A quantity of dissolved carbon is also removed during leaching and multidimensional excitation/emission matrix fluorescence was used to identify different types of fluorophores mobilized during the leaching tests
Soutrel, Frédéric. "Comportement de métaux purs (Fe, Ni, Cr ET Al) et de leurs alliages dans des conditions simulant celles rencontrées en incinérateur d'O. M." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10210.
Повний текст джерелаIn the last twenty years, the increase of volume of municipal waste to eliminate has led many European countries to develop incineration. The waste combustion leads to the formation of gases HC1 and S02, which can lead to very rapid degradation which necessitate stopping of the plants. For energetic output reasons, the tendency for waste to energy process is to increase the temperature. Rather than using very resistant but very expensive alloys to make superheater tubes, it can be interesting to apply coatings to carbon steels. In this study, we have tested individual components of alloys, but also binary or ternary alloys which could be used to coat metallic parts, in simulated waste environment. The first part of this work was the characterization of the compounds present in the deposits which are found on the superheaters and waterwall tubes in combustion chamber. These compounds (KC1, NaC1, CaS04) were then used individually in tests consisting to heat the metallic samples at 500eC, in contact with the synthetic ash and a oxidizing gazeous atmosphere containing HC1 and S02. Iron, nickel, chromium, aluminium, binary alloys (Ni-Cr, Fe-Cr, Ni-Al, Fe-Al) and ternary alloys (Ni-Cr-AI, Fe-Cr-AI) were tested in these conditions. Corrosion kinetics and mechanisms could be identified with use of thermogravimetry and characterization of the corrosion products (XRD, SEM, Electron microprobe and DSC). It could thus be found that alkaline components present in the ash have a determining influence on the corrosion processes
Bonazebi, Antoine. "Extraction des composés de métaux lourds contenus dans la jarosite décomposée par des déchets organiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL059N.
Повний текст джерелаChen, Xiaoqin. "Vaporisation réactive à haute température dans les procédés plasmas : application à la vitrification de cendres volantes d'incinération d'ordures ménagères." Perpignan, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PERP0215.
Повний текст джерелаDonze, Sébastien. "Conversion des chlorures de métaux lourds en verres de phosphate." Compiègne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999COMP1222.
Повний текст джерелаDuring fly ash vitrification processes, heavy metals volatilize and are recovered into chlorinated salts, called secondary ashes. Due to the volatility of heavy metal chloride compounds, the thermal treatment of these secondary ashes must involve first the conversion of the toxic chlorinated salts into a thermaly stable form. Therefore, we propose a method for the stabilisation of heavy metal wastes generated in fly ashes vitrification processes, based on the batch conversion of çhlorinated species (heavy metal chlorides and alkali chlorides) with ammonium dihydrogenphosphate, that produces phosphate glasses. Our approach of the problem is dual. First, we have stated, thanks to elemental analyses, the different chemical reactions of the conversion mechanism as a fonction of the batch composition. Secondly, the structural study of the phosphate glasses obtained by the thermal conversion process have been achieved using NMR spectroscopy. To set about this study, we have prepared synthetic mixtures to be converted. The first one is a simplified batch, containing PbC12 and CdCl2 only. The second one contains also also sodium chloride and potassium chloride and the batch compositions are choosen so that they correspond to an average secondary ash composition. Finally, some results about the chemical durability of the phosphate glasses obtained by the conversion process are presented and the improvement of the chemical durability of these phosphate glasses with iron oxide addition is discussed
Chandes, Karine. "Caractérisations physicochimiques de catalyseurs de postcombustion automobiles commerciaux essence et diesel métaux précieux-washcoat-cordiérite." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10265.
Повний текст джерелаPrudent, Pascale. "Origine et spéciation des métaux en traces dans les déchets ménagers, leur évolution au cours du compostage et de la valorisation agricole = Origin and speciation of trace metals in municipal solid wastes, their evolution during composting and agricultural valorization." Aix-Marseille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX11060.
Повний текст джерелаDel, Fava Joe͏̈lle. "Spéciation des métaux dans les ordures ménagères et leur produit de traitement par digestion anaérobie." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20130.
Повний текст джерелаSoria, José Miguel. "Simulation de l'incinération propre d'ordures ménagères en lit fluidisé." Perpignan, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PERP1236.
Повний текст джерелаFendeleur, Sylvie. "Métaux lourds et incinération de déchets industriels : spécification et localisation des éléments métalliques dans les différentes phases (solides, liquides, gazeuses) issues du traitement." Mulhouse, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MULH0517.
Повний текст джерелаBoucher, Karl. "Biofiltration et captage des métaux lourds de lixiviat de lieu d'enfouissement de matières résiduelles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27888/27888.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPillaud, Jean-Louis. "Application de l'oxydation anodique au traitement de certains effluents industriels." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376089134.
Повний текст джерелаAnzivino-Viricel, Lucie. "Evaluation des expositions et des effets sur la santé des salariés de deux centres de stockage des ordures ménagères." Chambéry, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CHAMS028.
Повний текст джерелаHealth risks related with landfiling municipal solid wastes are largely unknown. In the aim of obtaining more data, a multidisciplinary approach has been developed by the Health and Waste Network and applied to two sites. This original approach consists in : -a chemical and microbiological metrology of sourcves emissions ; -a metrology of selected pollutants and microorganism analysis in the ambiant air at several workplaces, as well as in immediate periphery and close to the first dwellings ;-a survey of health parameters of workers compared to non exposed employees in other commercial or industrial activities. In fact, concentrations of pollutants are low, with the exception of total dusts, manganese and microorganisms. The volatile organic compounds (VOC) are present on the alveola in exploitation, because of the traffic of diesel trucks. The same observation was done for PAHs, which are closed to the urban environement levels. High total dusts levels have been measured (but the levels of alveola were low). Manganese was the more representative metal. Concentrations of microorganisms were high (100 at 1000 times what one recovers in classic environment), with the presence of pollution picks, and characteristic monmorphic bacteria and fungi (Aspergillus and Penicillium). Respiratory symptoms and cutaneous irritation were more often observed among waste landfills workers than among non exposed workers, but no perturbation of the lung function was detected among them. The Stroop test shows a low effect on cognitive functioning in the exposed group. This study brings several elements of knowledge on the ambient air pollution in municipal household waste landfill, and their possible effects on health. It would be necessary to continue the investigations particularly on the sanitary effect of the microbiological pollution
@Exposure and health effects evaluation of workers of two municipal waste landfill
Dazy, Marc. "Caractérisation de la colonisation spontanée par les plantes de sols pollués : rôle des systèmes cellulaires de détoxication." Thesis, Metz, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008METZ027S/document.
Повний текст джерелаWe studied the revegetation of an industrial wasteland soil polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Different approaches were chosen in order to characterize the first steps of a plant succession and to elucidate the cellular mechanisms involved in plant metal tolerance. Experiments on plots filled with a soil collected from the former coke factory site of Neuves-Maisons (54, France) highlighted the importance of soil seed banks and seed rains in the establishment of a pioneer community on a polluted soil. The study of the plots flora allowed us to prove that the pioneer community, essentially composed of annuals and biannuals during the first year, was gradually colonized by perennials and clonal plants which dominated the second successionnal year. In addition, the comparison of communities established on control and polluted soil suggested a soil phytotoxicity leading to losses of species richness and diversity. Nevertheless, such differences seemed to decrease progressively during the succession process. At last, in the species that survived and grew in the polluted soil, leaf antioxidant enzymes responded, confirming their putative crucial role in the colonization success of these species. However, we showed that this success could also be due to a production of seeds more tolerant toward soil contaminants. Moreover, the study of transects in the industrial wasteland of Homecourt (54, France), a former coke factory site, gave supplementary data, highlighting the relationship between community descriptors (species richness, Shannon-Weaver s diversity indice) and soil Cd and Hg concentrations. Moreover, for the species present along the transects (Arrhenaterum elatius, Euphorbia cyparissias or Tanacetum vulgare), the measurements of antioxidants defences and phytochelatin levels revealed a metallic stress. Nevertheless, the abundance of the species was not related to soil pollutant concentrations. The possible environmental applications of these results will be also discussed
Moulin, Isabelle. "Spéciation du plomb, du cuivre, du zinc, du chrome (III) et (IV) dans les hydrates de ciment." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30005.
Повний текст джерелаChoumane, Rana. "Études et optimisation de films minces par électrochimie pour le développement de procédés innovants de décontamination d’eaux polluées." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLE043.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis work, two decontamination processes have been developed versus heavy metals present in aqueous solutions as soluble form. The first method uses birnessite thin films synthesized and optimized by electrochemistry with maximum sorption properties. Among the different samples, birnessite HB.4 thin films present significant adsorption capacities with respect to lead and cadmium, with simplicity in their preparation and their use. Simple and fast electrochemical post-treatment still significantly increases the capacities. The possibility of a total desorption (lead or cadmium) depending on the chemistry of the medium has been shown. This material also has good sorption capacities with respect to nickel and copper.The second electrochemical decontamination process developed in this work is innovative and particularly effective. It allows decontaminating aqueous solutions loaded with Pb (II) up to a removal of 99.99% and thus reaching acceptable concentrations for the environment and drinking-water, even if the solution is concentrated and contains other chemical species or heavy metals. This process also eliminates nickel or copper but not cadmium. This process is based on eliminate the soluble metal in the form of an adherent film on a conductive substrate. The characterizations by SEM, DRX, EDS confirmed the nature of the solids. These formed materials have particular nanostructures that could be valuable. Finally, these two methods have been successfully applied to complex mixtures and real samples
NIESSEN, Sylvie. "Contribution à l'étude de la récupération d'ions nickel (II) en solution par couplage complexation-ultrafiltration-électrolyse." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20074.
Повний текст джерелаBernard, Stéphane. "Contribution à l'étude du traitement par plasma d'arc transféré de particules de types REFIOM : Etude des synergies d'évaporation." Limoges, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIMO0040.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this study was the development of a high temperature process to treat fly ashes from municipal wastes incinerators by a transferred arc plasma working with argon. The goal of this work was the understanding of the evaporation phenomena of volatile and heavy metals during their vitrification in a plasma furnace
Stock, Pierre-Côme. "Etude de revêtements métalliques pour la protection des surchauffeurs d'usines d'incinération de déchets urbains." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10076.
Повний текст джерелаAt present, the combustion of household refuse in incineration plants leads to the forming of gas such as HC1 and SO2, which are very corrosive to the installation. Industrials today tend to use protective coating, less expensive than solid materials. This study is thus focused on this particular aspect, and is structured in three parts. In a first phase, a physico-chemical characterization of 8 coatings was carried out, which consisted of a thorough metallographic study (chemical composition, microstructure, hardness, porosity. . . ) of the various coatings deposited on low carbon steel. In a second phase, all the coatings were tested in a corrosion known as "stand by" ( a corrosion due to the rehydratation of deposits and the condensation of corrosive gas. )This study was carried out through the standard electrochemical methods, in a acid environment highly concentrated in chlorides, simulating the conditions met by the industries. In a same type of conditions the influence of the oxydes obtained after differents thermals processings (variations in the temperature and the durations) were studied. This study thus allowed us to determine which oxides give the best protection against this type of corrosion. Finally, a protocol for testing the various coatings in incineration conditions has been completed. For this purpose, three temperatures and two gas composition were used. The coatings were embedded in incinerator deposits and tested in those conditions. After these tests, the observations of the samples allowed us to go back to the degradation mechanisms and to establish a classification. This classification seems to be in good agreements with industrials tests realized in plants
Pinel-Raffaitin, Pauline. "Suivi des métaux et métalloïdes dans les effluents de centres de stockage de déchets : Spéciation et devenir des composés de l'arsenic et de l'étain dans les lixiviats et les biogaz." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00134725.
Повний текст джерелаKaravan, Maria. "Phosphorylated calixarenes for the recognition of f-elements." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6207.
Повний текст джерелаThe treatment of radioactive wastes issuing from nuclear power is one of the most important industrial problems. This work aims at acquiring basis data for the separation of long-lived radionuclides by using three families of new polyfunctional macrocyclic compounds based on calix[n]arenes: derivatives substituted with phosphine oxides either at the wide or the narrow rims, and derivatives substituted at the wide rim with diphosphonate groups. Two approaches were used to evaluate the interactions between La3+, Eu3+, Yb3+, Am3+, Th4+, Pu4+, UO22+ and TcO4- ions and the new ligands: (i) extraction of the metal salts, from aqueous solutions of nitric acid into an organic solution (m-nitrobenzotrifluorure, dichloromethane); (ii) complexation in methanol and acetonitrile using UV absorption spectrophotometry and isothermal titration microcalorimetry. The latter technique revealed to be particularly useful for the determination of the complex stoichiometry and allowed their full thermodynamic characterization (DG, DH and DS). The results show the high affinity of these compounds for Eu3+, Am3+ and UO22+ cations. The influence of the acidity of the aqueous phase on the distribution coefficients and the influence of some structural features of the ligands (nature of the functional groups and substituents, condensation degree) on the thermodynamic parameters have been examined. The remarkable water solubility of the wide rim phosphine oxide calix[4]arenes allowed the development of a new actinide separation method based on micellar extraction, which was tested on real wastes
Quilici, Laeticia. "Le carbone organique dans les mâchefers d'incinération d'ordures ménagères : extraction, structures et rôle sur l'environnement." Toulon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOUL0010.
Повний текст джерелаLn France, about 50 % of municipal solid wastes are incinerated (with or without energy recuperation). The main solid residue from incineration process is bottom ash. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash storage or valorisation poses an ecological and economic problem for industrials and local communities. This study is about characterisation of organic fraction present in MSWI bottom ash as well as its influence in short and long term behaviour of bottom ash. Differentia] Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is applied to speciation and evaluation of carbon in MSWI residues. This innovative recognition approach highlights and quantifies different types of carboned materials in bottom ash: Labile Organic Carbon (LOG) and Refractory Carbon (RC). Characterisation and dosage of organic compounds (paraffins, carboxylic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are realised with various extraction (traditional extraction (Soxhlet) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)) and identification (Gas Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MSD)) methods. This fine characterisation of organic matter has permitted to evaluate the short and long term available and mobilisable organic reservoir, and also the complexation possibility of some metals with carboxylic acids generously present in bottom ash. Moreover, any ecotoxicity tests performed on studied residues gets a new approach of bottom ash characterisation. A direct correlation with bottom ash physico-chemical parameters (usually studied) and its biotests responses is not possible. In opposite, a relation with carboxylic acids content and ecotoxic indice bottom ash is highlight
Lakhchaf, Nadia. "Nanofiltration d'ions et de complexes en solution. Application au traitement d'effluents nickelés par couplage complexation, nanofiltration, électrolyse." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20122.
Повний текст джерелаDao, Thanh Duong. "Procédés membranaires pour l'élimination des métaux lourds : application de la distillation membranaire à l'élimination de l'Arsenic contenu dans les eaux." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAT0040/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD work deals with vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) for arsenic removal from groundwaters. Contamination of water resources with arsenic was identified in 105 countries. Approximately 150 million people are being exposed to arsenic contamination, and 147 million of these people live in Asia. In Vietnam, chosen as the case study of this work, 13% of the population is being in risk of arsenic poisoning. Drinking water resources present not only high arsenic concentration (1 – 3050 ppb) but also high salinity (5 – 15 g/L). This work allowed demonstrating the feasibility of VMD to remove arsenic and also salts contained in groundwaters. As(III) concentration in the permeate of VMD was always lower than the standard level for drinking water (10 μg.L-1), even for high As(III) concentrations in the feed (up to 2000 μg.L-1). With VMD, a pre-oxidation step was not necessary to convert As(III) into As(V), as it is the case for other conventional treatment processes. Moreover, a coupling between reverse osmosis (RO) and VMD was studied. RO was considered as a first step to concentrate NaCl and As(III) before this retentate stream was further concentrated by the VMD. VMD could work efficiently with 99.9% of As(III) andNaCl rejections at a very high RO retentate concentrations ([NaCl] = 300 g/L and [As(III)] = 7000 ppb). Arsenic in the permeate was still lower than the required standard for drinking water. Finally, a simulation of the coupling was performed. By coupling of RO and VMD, ahigh global recovery of 96% could be achieved
Rogemond, Eric. "Caractérisations physico-chimiques de catalyseurs de post-combustion automobile de type trois-voies." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10016.
Повний текст джерелаTrabelsi, Fakher. "Les ultrasons de haute fréquence : étude d'un réacteur, application à la dégradation de composés organiques par sonochimie et sonoélectrochimie." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT053G.
Повний текст джерелаAsthana, Abhishek. "Modélisation mathématique de la formation des NOx et de la volatilisation des métaux lourds lors de l'incinération sur grille d'ordures ménagères." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL018N/document.
Повний текст джерелаAs a tool for controlling the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incineration process and its possible pollutant emissions, a mathematical model of the MSW bed burning on travelling grate of an incinerator was developed. The model describes most of the physico-chemical and thermal phenomena taking place in incineration like the drying and pyrolysis of the feed, combustion and gasification of char, oxidation of pyrolysis gases, heat transfer, bed shrinking, feed stirring, etc. Also described in the model are the mechanisms of Heavy Metals (HM) volatilization and NOx formation. Kinetics of HM release was modelled using the approach of additive reaction times accounting for the various transport mechanisms involved: external transfer, intra-particle diffusion and actual volatilization. In the case simulated, i.e. of Cd, almost total volatilization is predicted, which is confirmed by literature findings. The NOx sub-model takes into account most of the common mechanisms of formation like thermal, prompt, fuel, N2O intermediate and also NOx reduction by homogeneous reburning and heterogeneous reduction by char. Calculations show that NOx formation is predominated by the fuel mechanism and destruction by the heterogeneous reduction. Finally, the bed model was applied to study the influence of various operating parameters like flow rate, temperature and distribution of air under grates, waste particle size, feed stirring and the stirring scheme. The results are presented and discussed in detail and the influence of operating conditions on process efficiency and on emissions of Cd and NOx is analyzed
Salasc, Sophie. "Etude de la réactivité des atomes d'oxygène des supports cérine et cérine-zircone dans les catalyseurs trois-voies PtRh-CeO2-Al2O3 et PdRh-Ce1-xZrxO2-Al2O3." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10215.
Повний текст джерелаTagne, Fotso Romuald. "Imprégnation aux métaux et métalloïdes en population générale du Nord–Pas-de-Calais : niveaux, déterminants et liens avec le débit de filtration glomérulaire." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S031/document.
Повний текст джерелаHuman Biomonitoring allows us to evaluate our exposure to chemicals by measuring substances themselves or their metabolites or markers of health effects, from body fluids or tissues. The information collected through epidemiological surveys provide information on human exposure and are valuable databases in the research of exposure-response relationships in humans. This thesis is part of the cross-sectional IMePoGe survey conducted between 2008-2010 in the Nord–Pas-de-Calais region (in northern France), including 2,000 adult residents aged 20 to 59 years old, and aimed to quantify the impregnation levels of the population to 14 metals and metalloids (aluminum, antimony, total arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, thallium, vanadium, zinc) chosen for their toxic effects and the frequency of occupational and environmental exposure. The specific objectives of this thesis were, which a special interest for lead and cadmium, two nephrotoxic metals known in the literature: i) to establish the distribution of impregnation metals into the northern population of France and compare the exposure regional level to metals and metalloids with the national and international data; ii) to identify the major factors of variation of the impregnation and the sources of exposure to lead and cadmium in the general population; iii) to study the relationship between the change in glomerular filtration rate and the impregnation levels to metals. Overall, blood and urinary concentrations of most metals and metalloids were higher than those found in the national nutritional health survey conducted during the same period in the French population, with the exception of urinary vanadium and blood lead. The regional mean of blood lead level (geometric mean) was 18.8 μg/L. Several sources of lead exposure existed in the population and were link to the occupational, environmental and consumption parameters. Regarding cadmium, smoking was the main source of recent or chronic exposure to metal: the geometric mean of blood cadmium, reflecting a recent exposure, was 0.39 μg/L and increased from 0.26 μg/L in non-smokers to 0.84 μg/L in smokers; the geometric mean of urinary cadmium, reflecting the chronic exposure, was 0.37 μg/L (0.33 μg/g creatinine) and increased from 0.33 μg/L (0.29 μg/g creatinine) in non-smokers to 0.46 μg/L (0.37 μg/g creatinine) in smokers. Finally, as part of the study of the relationship between the metal levels and the glomerular filtration rate, our study showed that taking into account the multiple exposure to the other potentially nephrotoxic metals and metalloids upset considerably the previous associations specifically reported with lead and cadmium, in the context of low levels exposure in the general population
Hazotte, Claire. "Traitement de la matière active d’accumulateurs Ni-Cd en fin de vie par couplage électrolixiviation/électrodéposition." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0238/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the development of a protocol for selective extraction of metals from spent Ni-Cd batteries. Conventionally, hydrometallurgical processes applied to this type of solids involve several steps, the main ones being the leaching and the metal recovery by electrolysis. The method used consists in coupling Electroleaching to Electrodeposition operation (denoted E/E) within the same cell. The technique is based on the leaching of the active material of Ni-Cd batteries by protons generated at the anode: the cations (Co2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+) released by leaching migrate to the cathode where the cadmium is selectively reduced. We studied the possibility of metals recovery, but also tried to understand the phenomena occurring in the cell during the E/E experiments. Initially, it was preferred to manually dismantle batteries due to the complexity of industrial waste crushed. The active matter of Ni-Cd has been characterized. Its average composition is as follows: Cd(OH)2: 45.3%, Cd0: 0.02%, Ni(OH)2: 30.0%, Ni0: 12.9%, NiOOH: 0.9%, Co(OH)2: 2.4%. In view of these different mineralogical forms, this solid can be considered a model for the waste treatment. Before considering the E/E treatment, chemical leaching of the active matter by H2SO4 was first studied. Modelling of the tests carried out showed that the kinetics of Cd(OH)2 dissolution is governed by mass transfer of protons and the dissolution of Ni(OH)2 and Co(OH)2 by the surface chemical reaction. Under these conditions of soft leaching, metal nickel is not oxidized and is found in the solid residue, with carbon. We had to demonstrate the cadmium electrowinning selectivity, for separation from Co2+ and Ni2+ species, with a current efficiency up to 99% at a current density of 350 A.m-2. The kinetic study of the E/E showed that electroleaching is mainly governed by H+ generation at the anode. Besides, the overall process is largerly controlled by cations transport from the anode to the cathode side: this transport phenomenon had also been modeled. The E/E applied to the electrode materials for 5 h 30 allows the leaching of 97% of the cadmium initially present. The residual solid is composed by 82% of nickel, mainly in the metallic form, 4% of cadmium, 0.5% of cobalt and 3% carbon. The deposition of cadmium is obtained with a purity greater than 97% and a current efficiency greater than 74% at a current density of 350 A.m-2. The feasibility of the E/E coupling applied to the spent Ni-Cd batteries treatment has been demonstrated despite the complexity of the matrix. The first tests to apply this treatment to industrial samples (Cd(OH)2: 36.1% Ni(OH)2: 24.1% Ni0: 16.6% NiOOH: 5.5% Co(OH)2: 2.4% and Fe: 1% by weight) confirm the results obtained with the electrode material from the manual dismantling
Loffreda, David. "Modélisation théorique de l'adsorption et de la réactivité de la molécule NO sur les surfaces de catalyseurs à base de palladium, de rhodium et d'alliages palladium-manganèse." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10295.
Повний текст джерелаZakaria, Khaled. "Caractérisation d'un nouveau matériau et valorisation dans les barrières perméables réactives." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00805274.
Повний текст джерелаWalaszek, Milena. "Dynamique des flux de micropolluants et mécanismes de dépollution des rejets pluviaux urbains stricts à travers une technique alternative : approche multi-échelles par des méthodes expérimentale et numérique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAD002/document.
Повний текст джерелаStormwaters are identified as a major source of pollution for waterbodies. Particularly, metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in stormwater are known as the most toxic compounds for the fauna and flora. To limit the impact of these micropollutants on hydrosystems quality, stormwater constructed wetlands (SCW) have been built worldwide. This study aims i) to assess the efficiency of a 5-years-old SCW that combined a sedimentation pond followed by a vertical flow sand filter in urban area (Strasbourg 67, France), ii) to determine micropollutants storage in water and soils during dry period, (iii) to investigate the seasonality impacts on SCW performances, (iv) to evaluate copper, lead and zinc sorption behavior on the filter sand and (v) to model micropollutants and rain water fluxes from the catchment to the filter output. 3 years of on-site monitoring and 13 rain event sampling campaigns have shown that SCW hydraulic and treatment performances are constant over the year. Rain water is characterized by high loads of zinc and its micropollutants loads depend on the rain event depth. Then, chemical analyses, sequential extractions and batch experiments performed on the SCW substrate highlight that metals mobility in the filter is affected by pH and metal concentration. A model based on the Richard’s equation has been developed and predicts with success the 1-D vertical flow in the filter
Monte, Atenas Gonzalo. "Rôle de l'état de surface du fer métal sur le mécanisme et la cinétique de décomposition de colorants azoïques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL032N.
Повний текст джерелаWastes produced by textile industry involve strongly recalcitrant molecules which can be hardly degraded by water treatment technology. The aim of fuis work is to monitor, understand and evaluate the mechanisms of azo- dyes degradation in aqueous solution in the presence of metallic iron in weak acidic solutions. Three dyes with specific molecular structure were investigated: orange II. Orange 1 and orange GG. Surface and interface analytical techniques like: FTIR-external reflection spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy were applied to monitor interface phenomena. UV-Vis spectrophotometry and atomic absorbance spectroscopy (AAS) were used to perform the solution analysis. Metallic iron interaction with and without dye solution were investigated. There are striking relationships between solution pH, iron surface composition, kinetics and reaction pathways of different orange decompositions. At pH 3 a thin surface layer is formed composed by FeO and Fe(OH)2 which thickness remains constant over reaction time. At pH 5. These products are intermediates and lepidocrocite is the final surface layer product which amount increases with time. The presence of dye in the soJution contacted with metaJJic iron does Dot produce significant ch. Wges in the iron surface layer composition already mentioned but modify importantly the oxidation rates. The decomposition mechanisms were elucidated. The first step of reaction involves dye adsorption through sulphonate groups. Afterwards, a reduction step lead to the cleavage of -N=N- bond and the formation of two amine intermediates. One stars adsorbed on the surface and undergoes immediately further decomposition white the second one is released to solution. Generally, the lower the open circuit potential (OCP) of iron, the faster the dye decomposition. Though, orange GG does not show this relationship. Modifications of iron surface layer composition and structure provide changes in kinetics and reaction pathways
Thouin, Hugues. "Transfert de polluants inorganiques dans un technosol de brûlage d’armes organo-arséniées soumis à un apport de matière organique et à des cycles de saturation/désaturation : expérimentation en mésocosme." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2069/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe thermal destruction of chemical munitions from World War I, on the site of “Place-à-Gaz”, induced intense local top soil contamination by arsenic and heavy metals. The heat treatment mineralized As from organoarsenic warfare agents, resulting in a singular mineral assemblage, composed of Zn, Cu and Fe arsenates and of an amorphous phase rich in Fe, As, Zn, Cu and Pb. The amorphous material was the principal carrier of As and metals in the central part of the site. The site undergoes environmental changes which may alter the stability of inorganic contaminants. To assess the impact of water saturation episodes and input of bioavailable organic matter on the biogeochemical cycles of metal(loid)s, a mesocosm study was conducted. Results showed that amorphous phase was instable in saturated conditions, and released contaminants in soil water. As previously observed on site, the most mobile contaminants were Zn and As. The addition of organic matter induced the immobilization of As by trapping of As V onto hydrous ferric oxides in the saturated soil. Microbial characterizations including counting, bacterial community structure, respiration, and determination of As IIIoxidizing activities were performed. Results showed that microorganisms actively contribute to the metabolisms of C and As.The addition of organic matter induced the increase of As III-oxidizing and As V-reducing microorganisms concentrations and modified the bacterial diversity. However, a negative effect of organic matter on the activity of As III oxidation was observed resulting in higher As III concentration in soil water. This study showed that the natural deposition of forest organic litter on the site, induced antagonist effects on the transfer of inorganic pollutants did not immobilize all the Zn and As and even contributed to As III transport to the surrounding environment. These results provide more information about the environmental impact of the Great War and more generally about the processes driving the behavior of metals/metalloids on polluted sites
Austruy, Annabelle. "Aspects physiologiques et biochimiques de la tolérance à l'arsenic chez les plantes supérieures dans un contexte de phytostabilisation d'une friche industrielle." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00745701.
Повний текст джерелаBenyahia, Mohamed. "Etude de la contamination du bivalve d'eau douce Dreissena polymorpha par le plomb : bioaccumulation, distribution tissulaire et élimination du métal : incidence de paramètres biotiques et abiotiques." Metz, 1991. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1991/Benyahia.Mohamed.SMZ9112.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаFreshwater mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were exposed to lead under laboratory conditions. Patterns of accumulation in whole animals were linear at low concentrations and the tissues lead concentrations were proportional to lead in the medium. At high concentrations of lead in the medium, the accumulation proceeded at a high rate in a saturating mode. Under cyclic conditions of exposure, kinetic of lead accumulation showed a pronounced biphasic mode. It is argued that the biphasic course of accumulation seemed to indicate that the animal acts as a multi-compartments accumulation system. The chelation of lead by EDTA decreased strongly its toxicity and bioaccumulation. In the presence of zinc, uptake of lead in whole Dreissena was reduced in the initial phase of accumulation. Thereafter, the antagonistic effect of Zn decreased and became not significant at the end of exposure period. A rise in temperature decreased lead accumulation by mussels. The results also indicate that accumulation were greatly affected by seasonal conditions. In spring, the rate of uptake was the faster and lead body burden was the most important. By means of histochemical staining method and microanalytical technique (LAMMA), lead has been localized mainly in granules of renal cells and in cytoplasm of granulocytes in gills, pericardial gland, byssal gland and digestive epithelium. The depuration process were low and occured sloly compared to accumulation. The original lead concentrations in the soft parts did not influence significantly the rate of elimination. The presence of EDTA or a rise in tempeature enhanced the rate of lead elimination. In all conditions, the total depuration were not attained and the tissue lead concentrations remained at high levels in comparison to controls
Ternova, Dariia. "Malonamide, phosphine oxide and calix[4]arene functionalized ionic liquids : synthesis and extraction of actinides and lanthanides." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAE041/document.
Повний текст джерелаRadioactive waste treatment is a crucial problem nowedays. This work was dedicated to the development of the new extracting systems for radionuclides on the basis of "green" solvents Ionic Liquids {Ils). For this purpose Ils were functionalized with various extracting patterns: phosphine oxide, carbamoyl phosphine oxide groups and malonamide fragment. Also the calix[4]arene platforms were used for the synthesis of functionalized ionic liquids (Fils) and their precursors. The Fils of both types cationic and anionic have been obtained. The synthesized Fils were tested for the liquid-liquid extraction of radionuclides. lt was found that extraction well occurs due to the extracting patterns, however a charge of a modified ion influences extraction.The various extracting experiments and mathematical modelling have been performed to determine the mechanisms of extraction. These studies showed that each extracting system is characterized by a different set of extracting equilibria, based mostly on cationic exchange
Krausova, Rambure Katerina. "Vers de nouvelles matrices minérales pour l’immobilisation et la valorisation des déchets ultimes de l’incinération des déchets ménagers." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1118/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe overall objective of this thesis is to transform ultimate and hazardous waste containing heavy metals, into chemically stable mineral materials. The increasing municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is a problem ranging to global concern. Among various MSW treatment methods, incineration is a technology, which may provide an efficient and environmental friendly solution. Problem of this treatment is the production of fly ash. Fly ash may contain large amounts of toxic metal compounds and is considered as hazardous waste with obligation of final disposal into specialized landfills. Three types of materials for immobilization of lead and cadmium have been investigated: glass ceramics, sintered ceramics and geopolymers. We manage to synthetize a glass-ceramic based purely on the incinerated ashes and to decrease the volatilization during its production. Promising results have been obtained for Ca-Mg-Si-O bearing glass-ceramic with high sustainable incorporation of cadmium into crystalline structures and lead into an amorphous structure. Crystalline structure was evaluated being more resistant against acid attack because of its embedding into a glass matrix that generates a double protection. The future research should be done on possibility obtaining this phase by addition of commercial oxides into fly ash. Sintered ceramic investigated was based on Ba-Mg-Ti-O system. We obtained three mineral phases presented in SYNROC (hollandite, perovskite and rutile) where cadmium substituted the site of magnesium while lead occupied the site belonging to barium. The sintered ceramic is satisfactory in terms of toxic elements incorporation and of chemical and mechanical resistance. For production of resistant geopolymer from fly ashes, it is favorable to use ratio L/S =1.2 and drying at room temperature. It was observed that sintering affects the rate of structural reorganization with apparition of sodalite phase (Na4Si3Al3O12Cl), which consists of tunnels where heavy metals can be incorporated. Lead and cadmium stay mainly below the limit of TCLP standards. The heat treatment over 500°C increases density of the sample. When fly ash mixed with other types of waste such as bottom ash or waste glass powder, it is possible to obtain a more resistant. It was found that all three matrices are a good prospect for a stabilization technique with respect to the major pollutants lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd)
Theulier, Cyril Alexis. "Ligands ambiphiles et coopérativité métal - acide de Lewis." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30013.
Повний текст джерелаThe present work is dedicated to the study of metal/Lewis cooperativity. Over years gold has proven its reluctance to undergo elementary steps classicaly disclosed in the coordination chemistry of transition metals. The initial concept behind this research project consist in the installation of a Lewis acid in the first coordination sphere through the coordination of ambiphilic ligands. The ultimate objective is to take full advantage of the assistance provided by the acceptor to extol the reactivity at gold and achieve challenging transformations. The introductive chapter delivers a bibliographic overview of the organometallic chemistry encountered with gold. A peculiar interest is paid to the limitations araising from an intrinsic difficulty to access high oxidation state. The coordination chemistry of ambiphilic ligands is subsequently introduced. The relation between the coordination mode of the ligand and the reactivity of the ensuing complexe is highlighted. To support this research a new mono-ortho-phenylene-phosphinoborane bearing an extremely Lewis acidic boron has been developed. The second chapter brings forward the synthesis of neutral species by coordination of the ambiphilic ligand on gold(I) aryl, methyl and trifluoromethyl complexes. The presence in those species of a gold to boron dative interaction (Z interaction) allowed to assess and discuss the sigma-acceptor ability of the new ligand. Then their reactivity towards oxidative addition has been studied. The third chapter results from a serendipitous discovery made over attemts to generalize the former reactivity. The phosphine borane was found to react with gold(I) alkynyl and alkenyl complexes. via a stereo and regioselective 1,1-phosphaboration process. Zwitterionic complexes stemming from a migration of the organic fragment from the gold to the boron have been authenticated as key intermédiates. Kinetic and DFT investigations suggest a stepwise pathway including the decoordination of the phosphine followed by the anti nucleophilic attack to the unsaturated bond henceforth activated by gold. The boron center acts as a relay and tether for the organic moiety. The last chapter is devoted to the Au(III)/Au(I) reductive elimination. The complexation of a mono-ortho-phenylene-phosphinoborane has shown to foster the challenging C(sp3)-C(sp3) reductive coupling. Kinetic studies emphasised a strong impact of the ligand's Lewis acidity supporting the participation of the acceptor in the mechanism. DFT calculations were performed to elucidate the mechanism and shed light onto a gold/Lewis acid cooperativity