Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Elements mobilities"

Trace elements with a low mobility and with a low transfer are Cu, As, Be, V, Cr, Hg. Copper has at low mobility an increased transfer quotient (content plant/soil). The lowest mobility and transfer show Cr and Hg. Only at the very high contents or increased mobilities of trace elements, which accompany the anthropogenic contamination, soil critical loading for crops can be attained. Because of the amount of the examined extremes, it was not possible to derive the proper critical values. Therefore we were able to assess only critical protective values. They represent minimum total contents of trace elements or their mobile forms, which eliminate risks.

The study of ‘policy transfer’ has been subject to sustained criticism, in particular by critical policy studies scholars. This critique—together with the rather marginal role that policy transfer research has played in criminological debates to date—raises questions about the continued utility of such research in scholarly discussions of crime control and penal policy-making. However, we argue here that such studies can enhance our understanding of the local, national and global influences over crime control policy formation. In particular, the developing interest in comparative criminology, in the political economy of punishment, and in the ‘proximate causes’ of penal change, are all areas to which this work can make a useful contribution. Although we feel that some elements of the critique are over-stated, the critical policy studies notions of ‘mobilities’ and ‘assemblages’ offer important advances that capture more fully the complexities of the processes involved in the cross-national movement of penal policy.

Physical travel has traditionally been viewed as an agent of transformation. The research conducted on this topic, however, is surprisingly narrow in scope. Few studies have attempted to look beyond a particular tourism/travel segment or discipline and most utilise a restricted range of methods and analysis. These investigations have also failed to consider the long-term impacts of corporeal travel and how changes continue to evolve over time. Drawing upon a holistic and interdisciplinary study of transformative travel, this article argues that in a mobile world, it becomes increasingly difficult for individuals to distance themselves from elements that maintain a particular way of thinking and acting. While a traveller may physically remove their body from a specific geographic location, contemporary and historic flows of people, ideas, information, objects, memories and symbols create mobile spaces, places, landscapes and identities, where both familiarity and difference abound. Transformation through physical travel becomes a complex social phenomenon.

Grain boundary networks composed of equal microstructural elements were investigated in a recent paper. In this work a more complicated artificial grain topology consisting of one four-sided, two six-sided and one eight-sided grain is designed to further investigate the influence of grain boundary and triple junction mobilities on the kinetics of the system in more detail. Depending on the value of the equal mobility of all triple junctions, the initially square-shaped four-sided grain changes its shape to become more or less rectangular. This indicates that the grain morphology is influenced by the value of the mobility of the triple junctions. It is also demonstrated that a grain arrangement with low mobility triple junctions controlling the kinetics of grain growth enhances growth of the large eight-sided grains. In addition, grain growth is investigated for different values of mobilities of triple junctions and grain boundaries. A strong elongation of several grains is predicted by the modeling results for reduced mobilities of the microstructural grain boundary elements. The two-dimensional modeling results are compared to micrographs of a heat-treated titanium niobium microalloyed steel. This feature, namely the evolution of elongated grains, is observed in the micrograph due to the pinning effect of (Ti, Nb)C precipitates at elevated soaking temperatures of around 1100 °C. Furthermore, the experiments show that a broader distribution of the grain sizes occur at 1100 °C compared to soaking temperatures, where pinning due to precipitates plays a less prominent role. A widening of the distribution of the grain sizes for small triple junction mobilities is also predicted by the unit cell model.

Large group-I elements such as sodium, rubidium and cesium have recently been incorporated in the gate oxide of SiC power MOSFETs. In the case of sodium incorporation, enhanced field effect mobilities have been definitively observed. Based on density functional calculations, we find large group-I elements serve as a shallow impurities near the interface. The enhanced mobility, observed in the case of sodium, can be explained in terms of an impurity band model.

Repetitive elements provide important clues about chromosome dynamics, evolutionary forces, and mechanisms for exchange of genetic information between organisms. Repetitive sequences, especially the mobile elements, have many potential applications in genetic research. DNA transposons and retroposons are routinely used for insertional mutagenesis, gene mapping, gene tagging, and gene transfer in several model systems. Once they are developed for the zebrafish, they will greatly facilitate the identification, mapping, and isolation of genes involved in development as well as the investigation of the evolutionary processes that have been shaping eukaryotic genomes. In this review repetitive elements are characterized in terms of their lengths and other physical properties, copy numbers, modes of amplification, and mobilities within a single genome and between genomes. Examples of how they can be used to screen genomes for species and individual strain differences are presented. This review does not cover repetitive gene families that encode well-studied products such as rRNAs, tRNAs, and the like.

Contemporary tourism is omnipresent in development discourses and policies, functioning as a "worldmaking" force in which tourism activities provide a representation and storyline that influence the tourist and their behavior, thus becoming a form of social production. Justifying the inclusion of biopolitics as a response to the questions raised by the worldmaking tenet, this article aims to set the concept of biopolitics as the articulation between dominant structures and agency. As contemporary social life and the reproduction of society are integrated into the scope of market capitalism, and the state exerts its role as protector of the "free" market, biopolitics functions through the internalization of the rules of conduct by individuals, as well as through the economic integration of previously noneconomic spheres. Conducting a systematic literature review to expose the presence of the biopolitical lens in tourism research reveals the relevance of pursuing critical and unconventional research strategies. A diverse yet limited corpus of texts has developed in the context of the persistence and pervasiveness of both biopolitics and tourism in complex and uneven global social, political, and spatiotemporal systems and networks, highlighting new theoretical constellations rooted primarily in Foucauldian biopolitics. This essay uncovers a powerful entanglement of nonlinear and multiscalar tourism elements, and calls for ambitiously undertaking tourism research to address tourism discourses, structures, and practices in place and society.

A subduction zone plays a critical role in forging continental crust via formation of arc magmas, which are characteristically enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs). This trace element pattern results from the different mobilities of LILEs and HFSEs during slab-to-wedge mass transfer, but the mechanisms of trace element transfer from subducting crusts are not fully understood. In this study, thermodynamic simulations are carried out to evaluate the mobilities of K and Zr, as representative cases of LILE and HFSE, respectively, in slab fluids. The fluids buffered by basaltic eclogite can dissolve > 0.1 molal of K at sub-arc depths (~3 to 5.5 GPa). However, only minor amounts of K can be liberated by direct devolatilization of altered oceanic basalt, because sub-arc dehydration mainly takes place at temperatures < 600 °C (talc-out), wherein the fluid solubility of K is very limited (<0.01 molal). Therefore, serpentinite-derived fluids are required to flush K from the eclogite. The solubility of K can be enhanced by the addition of NaCl to the fluid, because fluid Na+ can unlock phengite-bonded K via a complex ion exchange. Finally, it is further confirmed that Zr and other HFSEs are immobile in slab fluids.

Hall-effect and resistivity measurements of semiconductor alloys of the type Culn1−yGaySe2(1−x)Te2x have been made over the temperature range 77–300 K. All materials were p-type with mobilities in the range 1 < μ < 10 cm2/V∙s. The observed electrical properties are interpreted in terms of the presence of intrinsic defects arising from dissimilar evaporation of the constituent elements of the materials during melting and annealing stages.

Résumé d'une thèse de doctorat en Géographie Physique présentée par Christophe Morhange, sous la direction de Madame Mireille Lippmann Provansal. 269 p., 157 fig. et 2 ann. Université de Provence, Institut de Géographie, unité de rattachement C.N.R.S. U.R.A. 141 et formation doctorale C.N.R.S. U.R.A. 903. Dans un premier temps nous avons analysé la montée relative du niveau de la mer depuis 5000 B.P. sur les côtes rocheuses de la Méditerranée nord-occidentale, grâce à un enregistreur biologique, la corniche à Lithophyllum lichenoides. L'objectif était d'établir des courbes de référence sur des portions de secteurs rocheux différents. Dans une deuxième partie, nous présentons les informations paléo-bathymétriques obtenues à partir des fouilles archéologiques sur côte meuble, afin de mieux cerner la part de chaque facteur : eustasie, géodynamique, bilan sédimentaire et pression anthropique, dans la variabilité du trait de côte. Une dernière partie est consacrée à l'étude des impacts anthropiques sur le fonctionnement de la calanque du vieux Port de Marseille depuis le Néolithique final. Une annexe complète ce travail. Nous présentons un petit atlas des bioconstructions à Lithophyllum, en insistant sur les dégradations des bioconstructions actuelles. Les principaux résultats obtenus sont les suivants : 1. Variations relatives du niveau de la mer sur côtes rocheuses - La similitude entre les nuages de points obtenus dans les différentes stations (diagrammes âge/profondeur et âge/vitesse), dans le cadre de substrats différents, plaide en faveur d'une montée relative du niveau marin sous la dépendance de facteurs globaux (eustatique ou isostatique). Toutes les stations indiquent des ralentissements constants des vitesses globales de montée relative du plan d'eau depuis environ 4500 ans. La transgression marine holocène semble s'achever en Provence vers 500 ans après J.C. Sur côte rocheuse, cette quasi-stabilisation historique de la montée relative du niveau de la mer se matérialise par le développement de larges et épaisses bioconstructions (figures 1 et 2). - Nous insistons sur l'absence d'indice de stationnement marin holocène supérieur au niveau marin actuel sur les côtes de Provence et de Haute Corse. De plus, aucun indice de stationnement ou d'oscillation du niveau marin au cours des 4500 dernières années n'a pu être mis en évidence. - La vitalité du placage de thalles de Lithophyllum, au dessus des bioconstructions, pose un double problème, suggérant à la fois une légère variation positive du plan d'eau, pouvant correspondre à la montée eustatique séculaire enregistrée par les marégraphes. 2. Variations relatives du niveau de la mer sur côtes meubles (Lacydon, actuel Vieux Port de Marseille) - Entre 4000 et 500 ans avant J.C., la vitesse maximale de montée relative du niveau marin est d'environ 0,03 cm/an. Elle est identique à la vitesse de montée sur côte rocheuse pour des âges et des profondeurs comparables. - Entre 500 ans avant J.C. et 250 ans après J.C., la montée relative du niveau de la mer est beaucoup plus rapide (0,13 cm/an). Cette donnée peut autant traduire des déformations du substrat ou des tassements des formations superficielles que la plus faible précision des mesures sur côte meuble. Cependant, la vitesse de montée du niveau de la mer décélère rapidement. En effet, elle est divisée au moins par deux en sept siècles. Cette décélération constante est donc comparable à celles analysées sur côtes rocheuses. - Depuis le V siècle après J.C., le plan d'eau s'est à peu près stabilisé au niveau actuel. Nous n'avons découvert aucun indice de stationnement (ou de pulsation) marin historique supérieur au niveau marin actuel à Marseille ou à Toulon. Au Lacydon, comme sur côte rocheuse, le niveau marin connaît donc une montée relative de plus en plus lente. C'est la décélération constante des vitesses de montée relative du niveau de la mer qui aboutit à une quasi-stabilisation de celui-ci à l'époque actuelle (figure 3). 3. Morphogenèse et impacts anthropiques au Lacydon Dans un contexte transgressif du plan d'eau, le Lacydon connaît une importante progradation des surfaces émergées et un repli concommittant des surfaces en eau. Cette évolution morphologique "paradoxale" s'explique par un bilan sédimentaire positif lié à la conjoncture de l'anthropisation et de l'évolution morpho-climatique des milieux continentaux (figure 4). Sur la rive nord, trois évènements marquent l'histoire paléo-écologique de ce rivage : - Les premiers indices d'une anthropisation du littoral du Lacydon sont décelés, vers 2300 ans B.C. (Néolithique final). Les deux sites, de la rive nord et est du Lacydon, enregistrent les premiers effets d'une érosion des sols, sans doute d'origine anthropique. - La première crise de l'environnement littoral a lieu, vers 1900 ans B.C., caractérisée par la "mort" du maërl, contemporaine d'un envasement et d'un rejet anthropique massif d'huîtres (première crise écologique d'origine anthropique). La part de l'Homme, dans l'histoire écologique du Lacydon, apparaît donc déterminante dès le début de l'Age du Bronze. Cette crise de 3900 B.P. (environ 1900 ans avant J.C.) traduit la transformation du milieu naturel en espace géographique. Le Vieux Port de Marseille, est donc un haut lieu d'activités depuis près de quatre millénaires. Cependant, les apports détritiques restent encore modestes, à l'Age du Bronze, suggérant une occupation du sol sur les collines relativement peu dense et insuffisante pour engendrer une crise érosive. - Quand les Phocéens se sont implantés vers 600 ans avant J.C., la rive nord du Lacydon était donc déjà un écosystème marin fortement dégradé. L'urbanisation des collines de Saint Laurent, de la butte des Moulins, puis de la colline des Carmes, vont entraîner une crise détritique sans précédent et sans comparaison sur les autres rives. Nous l'avons désignée comme la crise détritique phocéenne. Nous interprétons cet épisode comme le passage d'un système morphogénique "naturel" à un système morphogénique urbain, et non pas comme une érosion seulement accélérée. Il est probable que la dégradation climatique régionale, mise en évidence sur d'autres sites de Basse-Provence entre 600 et 300 ans avant J.C., a joué un rôle en favorisant des écoulements concentrés et en augmentant la compétence des cours d'eau. Le site topographique accentue ces phénomènes. Les versants raides induisent une réponse hydro-sédimentaire immédiate aux processus d'urbanisation. En revanche, la rive est, à l'aval du talweg de la Canebière, enregistre une histoire sédimentaire plus calme. Les marécages côtiers, à l'écart de l'urbanisation grecque puis romaine, sont à l'origine d'une réponse sédimentaire tamponnée des effets des fluctuations climatiques et des pressions anthropiques. Nous notons cependant une progradation d'origine terrigène à l'époque grecque et une transgression marine à l'époque romaine. Au total, plus que la remontée relative du niveau de la mer, le facteur anthropique apparaît, à l'échelle historique, déterminant dans la mobilité des littoraux provençaux. Depuis 4000 ans, les principaux changements côtiers sont dûs davantage aux activités humaines, dans un contexte climatique favorable au déplacement des débris jusqu'au littoral, qu'aux variations des niveaux marin ou terrestre. Le colmatage par envasement et l'artificialisation des rives ont en effet largement compensé la remontée historique relative du niveau moyen de la mer. Trois conclusions de cette recherche doivent être finalement soulignées : - La transgression holocène semble perdurer jusque vers 1400-1200 B.P., c'est à dire au haut Moyen-Age. - Le part de l'Homme, dans l'histoire sédimentologique de la calanque du Lacydon, apparaît déterminante à la charnière Néolithique final-Age du Bronze (vers 4000 ans B.P. environ). - Plus que la remontée relative du niveau de la mer, le facteur anthropique apparaît, à l'échelle historique, déterminant dans la mobilité des littoraux provençaux.

Contrairement a ce qu avancent les theories et les modeles de la macroeconomie "standard", et en particulier les modeles type mundell-fleming, un reexamen empirique et theorique de l influence du regime de change sur l autonomie des politiques monetaires conduit a formuler les conclusions suivantes. Les caracteristiques de fonctionnement du marche des changes sous le regime de flottement des monnaies imposent aux politiques monetaires nationales une contrainte externe difficilement gerable par les banques centrales ; en regime de changes fixes, l interdependance des politiques monetaires est de nature differente et peut etre benefique, comme le suggere l experience du systeme monetaire europeen
Contrary to what is expounted by the theories and models of the "standard" macroeconomy, and specially the mundell-fleming-like models, an empirical and theorical reexamination of the influence of the exchange-rate regime on the monetary policies autonomy leads to settle the following conclusions. The characteristics of the foreign exchange market operation under the floating exchange-rate regime impose to the domestic monetary policies an external constraint which the central banks meet some difficulties to manage ; under fixed exchange-rate regime, the interdependence between the monetary policies is of a different nature and may be @profitable, as put forward by the experience of the european monetary system

xix, 141 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
The constant drive to improve material properties has recently led researchers towards metastable nanostructured materials, increasing the need for new synthetic pathways capable of rationally accessing targeted compounds. A method is demonstrated for using physical vapor deposition to create elementally modulated precursors targeting specific compounds. Controlling the modulation length scale of the precursor allows entire families of misfit layered compounds to be synthesized with atomic level control of the structure. Over 100 new misfit layered compounds were synthesized in the [(BiSe) 1.10 ] m (NbSe 2 ) n , [(PbSe) 1.10 ] m (NbSe 2 ) n , [(PbSe) 1.00 ] m (MoSe 2 ) n , and [(SnSe) 1.10 ] m (MoSe 2 ) n , families. The three-dimensional structures of these compounds are examined. These materials are shown to form turbostratically disordered sheets of transition metal dichalcogenide layers interwoven between blocks of rock salt layers. These layers have very small in-plane grain sizes on the order of 10 mn. The interfaces between these layers lack any epitaxial relationship and yet are atomically abrupt and indicate no strain present. The unique metastable structures lead to fascinating properties in these compounds. The turbostratic disorder leads to extremely low thermal conductivity perpendicular to the layering. Thermal conductivities as low as 0.07 W/m/K were measured. Because of the flexible chemistries, a wide range of electrical properties are accessible in these materials, with electrical conductivities ranging from metallic to semiconducting and carrier concentrations ranging from 10 17 to 10 21 cm -3 . Despite the small grain sizes, respectable mobilities have also been measured, up to 21 cm 2 V -1 s -1 . This work consists, in part, of previously published and coauthored material.
Committee in charge: James Hutchison, Chairperson, Chemistry; David Johnson, Advisor, Chemistry; David Tyler, Member, Chemistry; Geraldine Richmond, Member, Chemistry; Richard Taylor, Outside Member, Physics

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans un ensemble de travaux récents qui ont pour objet la contribution des Européens aux processus de création et d’évolution du jazz. Les migrants européens du XIXe et du début du XXe siècle véhiculent avec eux des singularités culturelles qui marquent la musique américaine. Le rôle des Tsiganes et de leurs représentations outre-Atlantique méritent d’être étudiés. Notre démarche historique s’appuie sur l’établissement d’un corpus issu de la lecture de la presse américaine des années 1880 aux années 1940, confronté à des sources variées dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire (histoire de l’art, musique et géographie). Un plan croisé permet d’étudier dans un premier temps la réception de l’image des Tsiganes dans les divertissements américains, dans la musique romantique et dans le jazz. Nous observons l’omniprésence du thème tsigane, l’apparition d’un véritable mythe et son appropriation américaine. Dans un second temps, nous montrons dans quelle mesure les Tsiganes et leurs musiques contribuent à définir le jazz et ses origines. Enfin, nous analysons dans une troisième partie la circulation des Tsiganes en Amérique et leur installation dans les grandes villes des États-Unis où des musiciens tsiganes jouent du jazz
This academic research work is part of a series of recent studies whose aim is to show to what extent Europeans contributed to the birth of jazz and how they marked the development of this new kind of music. American music bears the stamp of the cultural idiosyncrasies that 19th and 20th century European migrants brought along. It is worthwhile focusing on the role played by Gypsies and the way they were perceived across the Atlantic. The reading of the American press from the 1880s to the 1940s, together with a wide variety of other sources, has provided a solid basis for a historical analysis with a multidisciplinary approach including art history, music and geography. A double-entry framework allows one to first study how Gypsies were perceived and represented in American entertainments, romantic music and jazz. What is noticeable is the omnipresence of the Gypsy theme, the emergence of a myth and its Americanization. Secondly, one can see the way Gypsy musics help define jazz music and give clues as to its origins. The third part is devoted to the Gypsies’ nomadic way of life throughout the United States and their settling in large cities where Gypsy musicians played jazz

Processes of post-magmatic element mobilisation have been reported for a number of magmatic-hydrothermal systems occurring in diverse geodynamic contexts. To constrain the processes that control these types of systems is a challenging task because the effects of hydrothermal/metasomatic processes on element distribution are poorly known, also the relationships of alteration types to mineralisation stages have not been well documented. This study presents the results of a detailed petrogeochemical and geochronological investigation, involving mineral and bulk-rock analysis as well as a precise CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb zircon dating. Based on these data, a model has been developed to explain the role of metasomatic processes in mobilising elements in a granitic system and to define the timing of igneous events controlling the mobility of fluids observed at Campiglia Marittima magmatic-hydrothermal system. At Campiglia the occurrence of multiple magmatic events over about 1 Ma generated an intense metasomatic fluid circulation. These magmatic processes began with the emplacement of the Botro ai Marmi monzogranitic pluton (~5.4 Ma), that was followed by mafic and later felsic porphyritic bodies (from 4.9 to 4.5 Ma) crosscutting the contact aureole generated by the monzogranite intrusion in the carbonate host rock. The closing event is represented by the early Pliocene (~4.4 Ma) rhyolitic extrusive complex of San Vincenzo. The hydrothermal metasomatic activity related to the whole igneous cycle generated proximal endo- and exoskarn as well as distal mineralised skarn bodies, exploited for Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag for over twenty-seven centuries and which are considered as a classic example of contact exoskarn generated by the interaction between a magmatic body and a marble host rock. This study focuses on (i) the characterisation of the different metasomatic lithofacies occurring at the pluton-host carbonate contact, resulting from prolonged fluids-rock interaction, (ii) the identification of the metasomatic processes that generated chemical transformation and a consequent replacement of the original granite and host carbonate, (iii) the identification of the geochemical processes responsible for the significant element mobilisation, regarding also the local mobilisation of usually poorly mobile elements, such as HFSE and REE. Thus, this study carried out detailed textural and geochemical investigations of the monzogranite, the host carbonate, and the products of their hydrothermal- metasomatic alteration, in the field, under the optical and electron microscope, and by QEMSCAN, EPMA and (LA)- ICP-MS. The obtained results allowed to discriminate between metasomatic processes occurred at variable temperature, fluid composition and pH, as well as to recognise preferential pathways for fluid circulation. Moreover, the reconstruction of the mineral paragenetic sequence coupled with chemical analysis allows to reconstruct the sequence of these metasomatic events. To define the chronological framework of the multiple igneous episodes occurring in the Campiglia Marittima area and to constrain the multiple hydrothermal episodes, a precise CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb dating has been carried out at the University of Geneva, on carefully selected zircon grains from the Botro ai Marmi monzogranite, the San Vincenzo rhyolite and the Temperino mafic porphyry crosscutting the metasomatic aureole. The Campiglia system offers exposures of the full range of emplacement types for magmas and related fluids, thus represents a prime case study to investigate the timescales of mechanism of magma deep storage, extraction, transfer, and shallow emplacement/eruption. New U-Pb CA-ID-TIMS geochronology from the Campiglia igneous system allows to reconstruct the evolution of crustal-derived and mantle-derived magmas that fed plutonic, subvolcanic and volcanic units over 1000 ka. Distribution of zircon ages is at odds with what can be expected for the crystallization interval of an igneous body. Indeed, that interval is short for the Botro ai Marmi pluton (100 ka), intermediate for the subvolcanic mafic Temperino porphyry (450 ka), and long for the volcanic San Vincenzo rhyolite (700 ka). The youngest zircons from the Botro ai Marmi granite have ages identical to 40Ar-39Ar ages of biotite from the granite and metasomatic phlogopite from skarn crosscutting the granite. The Temperino mafic porphyry and the San Vincenzo rhyolite show younger sanidine ages (emplacement/eruption age). The youngest zircon age from the pluton is therefore assumed to approximate the age of emplacement and final crystallization of the melt, whereas the zircons from the Temperino mafic porphyry and the San Vincenzo rhyolite are considered antecrystic, derived from re-mobilised earlier magma extracted from a deeper reservoir at the emplacement age. The new documentation of an extended period of crystallization for the Campiglia igneous system (about 1000 ka) matches with observations for the long-lived magmatic systems of Larderello and Elba Island. These data support the existence of multiple crustal reservoirs far larger than the outcropping igneous products. The observed mantle signature of metasomatic fluids suggests the presence of hidden mantle-derived reservoir able to activate episodically crustal melting and magma transfer to shallow levels. This sequential magmatic activity (both from mantle and crust) could be controlled by multiple, small batches of mafic magma, that did not lead to the formation of a single, homogeneous, hybrid pluton at the emplacement level.

Promocijas darbs veltīts litija jonu bateriju un to galvanisko elementu balansēšanas risinājumu izstrādei un izpētei individuālās mobilitātes transportlīdzekļiem. Tajā analizēti gan tirgū pieejamie transportlīdzekļi, gan bateriju pārvaldības sistēmas un bateriju elementu balansēšanas zinātniskā literatūra. Darba gaitā izveidotas vairākas baterijas, kas izmantojamas elektriskajam kartingam un ratiņkrēslam. Izstrādāta un eksperimentāli verificēta jauna divpakāpju balansēšanas sistēma, kas apvieno dažādas balansēšanas metodes.

AbstractThe hospitality industry faces significant challenges from the acceleration of travelers using mobile technology, especially in the Covid-19 aftermath. Consumer behaviour is changing in the service sector, creating new forms of mobilities and types of tourists. Users are taking advantage of the opportunity to access information easier and faster, anywhere causing new promotional strategies for hospitality businesses. However, it is recognized that the adoption of mobile applications does not guarantee competitive advantage. This research is inspired by the success of mobile games, and the importance of delivering fun. It explores hotel visitors’ meaning of ‘fun’ when using a mobile hotel gamified application. This is to give mobile gamified application developers an indication on the fun elements that would make such a technology engaging with the users. Visual materials were used applying game mechanics and aesthetics in a hotel application helping participants understand how the fun elements are incorporated so they can focus/target on the elements they find more attractive.

The border is framed as a political/administrative element, as a space of contact of cultures and geographies, as a line of separation and permeability, generator of mobilities of different scales. During the last decades, the Iberian border has experienced depopulation dynamics and socio-economic reorganisations that have transformed the ways of working, the models of social organisation, occupation, and land use. In this context of growing mobility, tourism has become an important activity for the border due to its ability to generate employment and foster economic and social development. The mobilization of natural and cultural resources assumes significance in the valorization of these spaces, in line with the current policies of cross-border cooperation promoted by the EU and the efforts of the two Iberian countries. The border between central Portugal and Spain is taken as a study object, highlighting the existing dynamics and forms of cooperation, given the heritage values, capable of generating new attractions and functions in the oldest European border.

Although politicians previously nodded in the direction of social mobility, it was under New Labour that it became an increasingly frequent element in manifestos, ministerial speeches and policy proposals. This chapter traces mobility’s rise up the political agenda to today, showing how and when politicians invoked mobility as a solution to problems of social inequalities. Mobility ceased to be a topic of academic research as it was taken up by the politicians. Despite different stances among the parties, there was a consensus that mobility rates were low, had been declining and were lower than other countries. Calling for ‘more mobility’ neglects downward mobility. On the back of this mistaken interpretation, a veritable ‘social mobility industry’ has grown up since 2000, supported by extensive media coverage.

Supported by government funds, many Jewish communities were able to renovate or build new synagogues beginning in the 1950s, a development that peaked around 1960. The organ, however, once a visual and aural symbol of Reform and acculturation could hardly be found in the new sacred spaces and was even removed from existing ones. With regard to the organ in the synagogue, cultural mobility’s obliqueness between change and persistence or continuity does not quite apply in the postwar era. Change had already occurred with the pogroms of November 1938, when the vast majority of instruments were destroyed. As one of the least fixed elements of Jewish musical practice, the organ still left its mark in postwar Germany in different ways: absence, silent presence, and adapted or modified presence. While being a nearly immovable artifact and a constituent of Jewish culture in later modernity, in the postwar era it embodied the near absence of liberal Judaism.

Abstract Mauddud carbonates in the Bahrah Field of Kuwait, with their low permeability, are often considered as unconventional reservoirs, which require multi-stage hydraulic fracturing stimulation. Optimal stage distribution is one of the key elements in this type of completion design. This paper presents the forecasting methodology for estimating the production performance of each stage which can later help to optimize stage placement in long horizontal sections. High-resolution micro-resistivity imaging and an azimuthal sonic tool, in combination with conventional triple-combo logs and formation pressure testing, were run in a 6.125-in. section to help develop an effective and sustainable production plan, based on the petrophysical and geomechanical properties of the heterogeneous tight carbonate reservoir. The use of image data helped to evaluate the permeability distribution close to the borehole wall more accurately than conventional porosity-based permeability relationships, which showed marginal correlation with actual permeability. Sonic and density logs helped to estimate rock mechanical properties. Mobilities derived from the formation pressure build-up curve were used to normalize permeability indicators. The porosity-independent image permeability indicator, which was developed specifically for carbonate formations and is based on the electrical conductivity distribution around the circumference of the borehole, showed fair correlation with the brittleness indicator. The brittleness indicator, on the other hand, exhibited a high degree of correlation in all completion stages with the production logging (PLT) data. The good correlation of production information with the brittleness indicator, derived from Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus, is in line with the main inputs for hydraulic fracture design, which use these mechanical properties. Both brittleness and image permeability indicators were used to improve well placement in the sweet part of the reservoir and played an important role in the success of this complex process. This process also enables the potential for synthetic PLT derivation, which can help to improve understanding of the expected flow profiles from different frac stages. The case study presented in this paper demonstrates the promising benefits of integration of open-hole logs to derive synthetic PLT data that can improve completion design and enhance production forecasting in an unconventional reservoir. The availability of several years of production and formation pressure dynamics data also helped to extend the application of the methodology to forecast future production stability for the field.

In the framework of a broader disciplinary debate (regarding the urban regions’ peri-urban areas and the fragmented and discontinuous dimension of the contemporary territory), the contribution presents a design exploration focusing on the definition of the new guidelines for the functional poles’ territorial agreements in the Metropolitan City of Bologna, Italy. The experience has been developed in connection with the new city’s PTM - Metropolitan Territorial Plan. In this specific context, the functional poles represent the large service structures and settlement on a metropolitan scale, elements at the core of the previous polycentric strategy, linked to railway infrastructures and with the aim of controlled growth. In the process for the new guideline’s definition, a “tester” - composed by a general scheme, guidelines of interventions and a wide range of references - was developed. The need to introduce new elements for the design of the metropolitan poles, in addition to the traditional ones, was strongly indicated and developed. The new guidelines elements are connected to the issues of habitability, regeneration, spatial and functional articulation. In particular, they focus on new forms of mobility’s, connections and paths within the territory, internal structures’ articulation, and poles’ open spaces qualification.

In this paper, we have explored the response of bipolar junction transistors (BJT) to the controlled application of mechanical stress. Mechanical strains and stresses are developed during the fabrication, assembly and packaging of the integrated circuit (IC) chips. Due to these stresses and strains, it has been observed by many researchers that changes can occur in the electrical performance of both analog and digital devices. Stress-induced device parametric shifts affect the performance of analog circuits that depend upon precise matching of bipolar and/or MOS devices, and can cause them to operate out of specifications. In the past the authors have extensively investigated the stress effects on resistors embedded on integrated chips and were successful in characterizing die stresses for various packaging architectures. We have also observed stress effects on diodes, field effect transistors (FETs), van der Pauw structures and CMOS sensor arrays. In this present work, the stress dependence of the electrical behavior of bipolar transistors has been investigated. Test structures have been utilized to characterize the stress sensitivity of vertical bipolar devices fabricated on (100) silicon wafers. In the experiments, uniaxial normal stresses were applied to silicon wafer strips using a four-point-bending fixture. An approximate theory has also been developed for stress-induced changes in the current gain of bipolar junction transistors. Both the theoretical and experimental results show similar trend for DC current gain vs. stress plots. Multi-Physics based finite element simulations (coupled electro-mechanical-thermal) have been performed to understand the device level mechanisms that cause the stress induced changes in the BJTs and also to characterize and model stress dependence of fundamental silicon material parameters such as bandgap, intrinsic carrier concentration, and electron/hole mobilities. In the future, the developed formulations can be applied to theoretically optimize transistor design, placement, orientation, and processing to minimize the impact of fabrication and packaging induced die stresses.

Abstract We extend the numerically-assisted RTA workflow proposed by Bowie and Ewert (2020) to (a) all fluid systems and (b) finite conductivity fractures. The simple, fully-penetrating planar fracture model proposed is a useful numerical symmetry element model that provides the basis for the work presented in this paper. Results are given for simulated and field data. The linear flow parameter (LFP) is modified to include porosity (LFPꞌ=LFP√φ). The original (surface) oil in place (OOIP) is generalized to represent both reservoir oil and reservoir gas condensate systems, using a consistent initial total formation volume factor definition (Bti) representing the ratio of a reservoir HCPV containing surface oil in a reservoir oil phase, a reservoir gas phase, or both phases. With known (a) well geometry, (b) fluid initialization (PVT and water saturation), (c) relative permeability relations, and (d) bottomhole pressure (BHP) time variation (above and below saturation pressure), three fundamental relationships exist in terms of LFPꞌ and OOIP. Numerical reservoir simulation is used to define these relationships, providing the foundation for numerical RTA, namely that wells: (1) with the same value of LFPꞌ, the gas, oil and water surface rates will be identical during infinite-acting (IA) behavior; (2) with the same ratio LFPꞌ/OOIP, producing GOR and water cut behavior will be identical for all times, IA and boundary dominated (BD); and (3) with the same values of LFPꞌ and OOIP, rate performance of gas, oil, and water be identical for all times, IA and BD. These observations lead to an efficient, semi-automated process to perform rigorous RTA, assisted by a symmetry element numerical model. The numerical RTA workflow proposed by Bowie and Ewert solves the inherent problems associated with complex superposition and multiphase flow effects involving time and spatial changes in pressure, compositions and PVT properties, saturations, and complex phase mobilities. The numerical RTA workflow decouples multiphase flow data (PVT, initial saturations and relative permeabilities) from well geometry and petrophysical properties (L, xf, h, nf, φ, k), providing a rigorous yet efficient and semi-automated approach to define production performance for many wells. Contributions include a technical framework to perform numerical RTA for unconventional wells, irrespective of fluid type. A suite of key diagnostic plots associated with the workflow is provided, with synthetic and field examples used to illustrate the application of numerical simulation to perform rigorous RTA. Semi-analytical models, time, and spatial superposition (convolution), pseudopressure and pseudotime transforms are not required.

Abstract This paper is a continuation of the work presented in URTeC 3718584 (Carlsen & Whitson, 2022), and focuses on practical usage of ‘fractional RTA’ theory when applied to both simulated data and field data from the SPE data repository. Most of the theory presented in Part 1 is kept for completeness. An inherent assumption in most industry RTA is equally spaced fractures. However, as shown in several field studies (Raterman 2017, Gale 2018), the distance between individual fractures tends to be unevenly spaced along the wellbore (e.g., "fracture swarms"). In this paper, we extend the original numerical RTA workflow proposed by Bowie and Ewert (2020) to account for uneven fracture spacing. Acuna's (2016, 2020) heterogeneity parameter, delta (δ), is introduced to generalize the linear flow parameter (LFP) to account for complex fracture systems (LFP’ = Akδϕ1-δ = 4nfhxfkδϕ1-δ). For evenly spaced fractures, δ = 0.5, simplifying LFP’ to the familiar LFP = A√k = 4nfhxf√k. For uneven fracture systems, 0 ≤ δ ≤ 0.5. With known (a) well geometry, (b) fluid initialization (PVT and water saturation), (c) relative permeability relations, and (d) bottomhole pressure (BHP) time variation (above and below saturation pressure), three fundamental relationships exist in terms of LFP' and OOIP. Numerical reservoir simulation is used to define these relationships, providing the foundation for numerical RTA, also wells with complex fracture systems. Namely, that wells: (1) with the same value of LFP', the gas, oil and water surface rates will be identical during infinite-acting (IA) behavior; (2) with the same ratio LFP'/OOIP, producing GOR and water cut behavior will be identical for all times, IA and boundary dominated (BD); and (3) with the same values of LFP' and OOIP, rate performance of gas, oil, and water will be identical for all times, IA and BD. These observations lead to an efficient, semi-automated process to perform rigorous RTA, assisted by a symmetry element numerical model. The numerical RTA workflow proposed by Bowie and Ewert solves the inherent problems associated with complex superposition and multiphase flow effects involving time and spatial changes in pressure, compositions and PVT properties, saturations, and complex phase mobilities. This paper extends the approach to complex fracture systems that can be described by the Acuna parameter δ. Numerical RTA workflow decouples multiphase flow data (PVT, initial saturations and relative permeabilities) from well geometry and petrophysical properties (L, xf, h, nf, φ, k, δ), providing a rigorous yet efficient and semi-automated approach to define production performance for many wells. Contributions include a technical framework to perform numerical RTA for unconventional wells, irrespective of fracture spacing. Semi-analytical models, time, and spatial superposition (convolution), pseudopressure and pseudotime transforms are not required.

Abstract In complex and sensitive environments such as the northern Barents Sea, operations face multiple challenges, both technically and logistically. The use of logging while drilling (LWD) technology mitigates risks and assures acquisition of formation evaluation data in a complex trajectory. All data gathering was performed in LWD and provided the kernel for interpretation; alternate scenarios utilizing pipe conveyed wireline elevated risk factors as well as higher overall costs. Novel technology was required for this data acquisition, including fluid mapping while drilling (FMWD) that allows fluid identification with the use of downhole fluid analysis (DFA) using optical spectrometry as well as the retrieval of downhole fluid samples and a unique sourceless multifunction LWD tool delivering key data for the petrophysical evaluation. This paper presents a case study of the first application of a combination of FMWD and a petrophysical LWD toolstring in the Barents Sea. An excellent contribution to the operator of the PL229 that have pushed the boundaries of the formation sampling while drilling and set the basis to challenge the potentiality of this technique and improve the knowledge of the methodology that are the ultimate goals of this paper. Methods, procedures, process Hydrocarbon exploration, production, and transport in the Barents Sea are challenging. The shallow and complex reservoirs are at low temperature and pressure, potentially with gas caps. The Goliat field is the first offshore oil development in this environment, producing from two reservoirs: Realgrunnen and Kobbe. As part of the Goliat field infill drilling campaign with the aim of adding reserves and increase production, PL229 license operator drilled a highly deviated pilot hole to confirm hydrocarbons contacts in the undrained Snadd formation, which lie between two producing reservoirs. A successful data acquisition would not only provide information on the structure of the reservoir but would also assess the insitu movable fluid: type of hydrocarbon or water. FMWD allowed insitu fluid identification with the use of DFA, enabling RT evaluation of hydrocarbon composition as well as the filtrate contamination prior to filling the sampling bottles for further laboratory analysis. All data was acquired while drilling and using a comprehensive real-time visualization interface. Results, observation, conclusion Extensive prejob planning was conducted to optimize the operation. Dynamic fluid invasion simulations were used to estimate the required cleanup times to reach low contaminations. Simulations showed there was significant advantage in cleanup times when sampling soon after drilling. Honoring the natural environment, a unique sourceless multifunction LWD tool was used to acquire data for petrophysical evaluation-GR, resistivity, radioisotope-free density and neutron porosity, elemental capture spectroscopy, and sigma. Fluid mapping in a single run was key to efficiently resolve the insitu fluid type and composition. Critical hydrocarbon samples were collected soon after the formation was drilled to minimize mud filtrate invasion and reduce cleanup times. Multiple pressure measurements were acquired and six downhole fluid samples at low contamination (∼3% confirmed by laboratory) collected at several stations in variable mobilities. One scanning station was done at a zone were a physical sample was not required to confirm absence of gas cap. The DFA capabilities and ability to assess composition and control the fluid cleanup from surface allowed critical decisions to complete the acquisition program in this remote complex environment, all while drilling. In conclusion, FMWD results facilitated the placement decisions of the horizontal drain in this reservoir. This green BHA is unique in the LWD world. It eliminates radioactive source-handling and all related environmental risks to provide a comprehensive reservoir characterization. FMWD contributes formation pressure and fluid characterization and enables the physical capture of fluid samples in a single run. The combination of these two technologies completed the formation and fluid evaluation needs in this remote and environmentally sensitive area while drilling.