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Статті в журналах з теми "Electrospark treatment"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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1

PLISZKA, Izabela, Norbert RADEK, and Aneta GĄDEK-MOSZCZAK. "PROPERTIES OF WC-Cu ELECTRO SPARK COATINGS SUBJECTED TO LASER MODIFICATION." Tribologia, no. 5 (October 31, 2017): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5906.

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Анотація:

The article presents the possibilities of using laser surface modification on the way EDM to better tribological properties. The paper tries to expand knowledge in the fields of the application of electrospark deposition. Surface treatment by applying a coating by electrospark deposition has many advantages (e.g., local interface or applying thin layers); therefore, this technology is used in the industry. Concentrated streams of laser beams can effectively modified the state of the electrospark coating, WC-Cu, and improve its performance. The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of laser treatment on the properties of electrospark coatings. Evaluation of the properties of the coatings after laser treatment was carried out by observation of the microstructure, surface geometry analysis, and tribological test.

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2

Scendo, Mieczysław, Norbert Radek, and Joanna Trela. "The Influence of Electrospark and Laser Treatment upon Corrosive Resistance of Carbon Steel ." Advanced Materials Research 874 (January 2014): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.874.107.

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The influence on corrosion resistance of C45 carbon steel in chloride environment covered by coats of tungsten carbide and copper were examined. The coats were put on the surface of steel by electrospark method. The potentiodynamic polarization technique for corrosive investigations was applied. The topography of surface by scanning electron microscope (SEM) was observed. The most corrosion resistance was exhibited for steel covered by mixture of the 25% WC and 75% Cu nanopowders. The top layer of coating is not homogeneous and consists of copper, WC2, tungsten carbide and iron. The laser treatment modifies of the electrospark layer and influences on the correct it usable properties.

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3

Romanov, I. V., and R. N. Zadorozhny. "Selection of electric spark processing modes for electrodes from sintered bronze." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 7, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2021-07-01-96-104.

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The method of electrospark machining has proven itself well in the technology of repair and restoration of parts. The operational properties of coatings obtained by this method depend on the microstructure, chemical and phase composition of the electrode materials. A significant improvement in operational properties, for example, wear resistance, is achieved by the formation of nanostructured coatings using electrodes with a certain content of alloying nanomaterials. It is possible to obtain such materials at the lowest cost by electro-erosion dispersion of machine-building waste. This article discusses the electrodes obtained by sintering bronze powder obtained by the method of electroerosive dispersion. Such materials are new for the process of electrospark machining; therefore, it is important to study and select the optimal application modes, since a qualitative characteristic of the process is the indicator of the transfer of the electrode material to the part, which depends on the processing modes and installation parameters. The aim of the study is to select the modes of the installation for electrospark treatment for optimal deposition of the material, as well as to study the degree of coating increment during electrospark treatment. Coating was carried out using an installation for electrospark treatment mod. «Westron» type AI-007, electrode material was obtained by the technology of spark plasma sintering of bronze powder, surfacing was carried out on steel samples 14 × 14 × 40 mm in size, the work also used an Acculab ALC-210d4 analytical balance and an MG micrometer Н25 GOST 6507-90. All coatings were applied to samples with an equal area in three layers under different processing conditions. After that, the increment in the thickness and mass of the electrode material on the sample surface was measured. Based on the results of the work, formulas were obtained and graphs were built. The most optimal mode of coating with an electrode made of sintered bronze obtained from machine-building waste by the method of electroerosive dispersion was determined, which proves the consistency of this method of obtaining electrode materials.

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4

Filonovich, Alexander, Irina Vornacheva, Artem Chuichenko, and Evgeny Bolotnikov. "The mathematical modeling of the process of hardening treatment of titanium blades of steam turbines." MATEC Web of Conferences 344 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134401006.

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Анотація:

Mathematical models of the surface hardening of VT20 and OT4 titanium alloys by electrospark alloying have been developed. These models can be used in the design of technological processes for the manufacture of titanium blades for steam turbines.

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5

Petrov, Oleksandr, Sergei Petrichenko, Anna Yushchishina, Olena Mitryasova, and Volodymyr Pohrebennyk. "Electrospark Method in Galvanic Wastewater Treatment for Heavy Metal Removal." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 27, 2020): 5148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155148.

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The objective of this research is to improve water treatment use of the electric spark method. Studies on the treatment of multicomponent galvanic effluent by the electric spark method using metal loading (Fe, Al) and low-voltage (up to 1000 V) equipment have been carried out. The factors that have the largest influence on the degree of galvanic wastewaters purification are the conditions and parameters of the discharge pulse—an efficiency of approximately 0.8–0.85 has a specific energy, which at moderate concentrations of pollutants can be less than 65 kJ/dm3 (18 kWh/m3)—and the metal loading height. Other variable technological parameters can serve either as scaling tools or as methods for regulating the operation of electrical equipment. The research shows that the degree of purification depends on the specific energy and the height of the metal loading of the reactor, and it weakly depends on the pulse energy and the speed of its input. The concentrations of heavy metals (Zn2+, Cr6++Cr3+, Cu2+) in the treated water are significantly lower than their maximal permissible concentrations. The electric spark method allows us to achieve highly efficient results of wastewater treatment from heavy metals.

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6

Radek, N., E. Wajs, and M. Luchka. "The WC-Co electrospark alloying coatings modified by laser treatment." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 47, no. 3-4 (March 2008): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-008-9005-7.

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7

Burkov, Alexander A., Pavel G. Chigrin, and Mariya A. Kulik. "The Influence of the Working Conditions of the Electrospark Granules Deposition on the Formation of Cracks in Ti-Al Intermetallic Coatings." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 814–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.814.

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Electrospark treatment of a titanium alloy Ti6Al4V in a mixture of granules allows the formation of intermetallic Ti-Al coatings. The coating structure is penetrated by a network of cracks with a thickness of 0.46 to 1.19 microns and a specific area of 1.5 to 3.4%. A change in the ratio of Ti to Al in the mixture of granules does not lead to a monotonic change in the thickness and number of cracks. A decrease in the pulse duration from 200 to 20 μs leads to a slight decrease in the thickness of cracks and significantly increases their total area from 2.1 to 3.4%. An increase in the discharge pulse repetition rate can significantly increase the thickness of cracks in Ti-Al electrospark coatings.

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8

Luo, Cheng, Shi Jie Dong, and Xiang Xiong. "Microstructure and Properties of TiC Coating by Vibrating Electrospark Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 373-374 (March 2008): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.373-374.180.

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Protective TiC coating was produced on Cr-Zr-Cu electrode by vibrating electrospark deposition. Microstructure of the functional coating with pre-treatment (clean) and post-treatment (diffusion) were tested respectively. The deposition parameters on the structure of the substrate is discussed. The results indicate that as-deposited substrate consists of four layers. There are many micro-porous and micro-cracks in transition layer where mutual diffusion of Ti and Cu occurs, which provides atomic bonding between the coating and the substrate. Pre-treatment modifies the coating structure with small influence on its hardness whereas post-treatment modifies it and reduces its hardness and thickness. The service time of the specimens with TiC coating 2.4 times exceeds that of the uncoated ones.

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9

Velichko, S. A., P. V. Senin, V. I. Ivanov, and A. V. Martynov. "Investigation into the performance of the friction surfaces developed by electrospark treatment." Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry 52, no. 3 (May 2016): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068375516030133.

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10

Kuznetsov, I. S., and A. V. Kolomeichenko. "Mass Transfer of a Nanocrystalline 5BDSR Alloy during Low-Voltage Electrospark Treatment." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2019, no. 13 (December 2019): 1438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029519130196.

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11

Koval'chenko, M. S., A. V. Paustovslii, V. P. Botvinko, and A. P. Tamarov. "Electrospark alloying followed by laser treatment of high-speed steel cutting tools." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 35, no. 5-6 (May 1996): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01328823.

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12

Burkov, A. A., and V. О. Krutikova. "Deposition of amorphous hardening coatings by electrospark treatment in a crystalline granule mixture." Izvestiya Vuzov. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional’nye Pokrytiya (Universitiesʹ Proceedings. Powder Metallurgy аnd Functional Coatings), no. 2 (June 19, 2019): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2019-2-57-67.

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Анотація:

The article focuses on the preparation of amorphous coatings on the Steel 1035 surface by electric spark treat the coating composition control by changing the granule mixture composition was studied. EDS analysis showed that the coatings obtained contain W, Mo, Co and Ni in different ratios. The weight of granules having different compositions decreased by 11–16 wt.% in 6 hours of treatment as a result of electric erosion. The mass transfer coefficient varied from 33 to 54 %. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the predominance of the amorphous phase in the composition of layers deposited. Annealing of the coatings at 1150 °C led to amorphous phase crystallization into M23(C,B)6 type borocarbide and α-Fe. The coatings had an increased microhardness of 10–15 GPa, and their wear resistance under dry sliding wear conditions at 10 and 50 N loads was 3,3 and 1,6 times higher, respectively, than in Steel 1035. The highest values at both loads were shown by samples without nickel, while samples without tungsten featured the lowest values. The coatings had a friction coefficient within 0,27–0,31 that is lower than for Steel 1035 by 13–30 %. Wear resistance of the coatings under dry abrasive wear conditions at the 25 N load was 3 to 5 times higher as compared to uncoated Steel 1035. Samples without nickel demonstrated the best performance, while samples without cobalt had the worst indicators. Thus, it was shown that tungsten and cobalt increase wear resistance of iron-based amorphous alloys, while nickel and molybdenum tend to worsen their tribotechnical behavior.

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13

Ivanov, V. I., F. Kh Burumkulov, A. D. Verkhoturov, P. S. Gordiyenko, Ye S. Panin, and L. A. Konevtsov. "Formation of the surface layer on a low-carbon steel in electrospark treatment." Welding International 27, no. 11 (November 2013): 903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2013.796643.

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14

Aftandilyants, Y. G., and К. G. Lopatko. "The surface state and nanoparticle structure are obtained by electrospark treatment of manganese granules." Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 89, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2019.01.029.

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15

Burkov, A. A., and V. O. Krutikova. "Deposition of Amorphous Hardening Coatings by Electrospark Treatment in a Mixture of Crystalline Granules." Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 61, no. 1 (January 2020): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1067821220010022.

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16

Paustovskii, A. V., and V. P. Botvinko. "Stress state in the surface layers of steel R6M5 after electrospark and laser treatment." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 38, no. 11-12 (November 1999): 586–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02676191.

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17

Mukanov, S. K., A. E. Kudryashov, and M. I. Petrzhik. "Surface modification of titanium VT6 alloy obtained by additive technologies using reactive electrospark treatment." Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment 3 (2021): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2021-3-30-39.

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Анотація:

Using additive technologies, in particular selective electro-beam melting (EBM), it is possible to obtain products of a high degree of complexity, reducing production costs while minimizing the required amount of material. However, products obtained by the EBM method are characterized by surface defects and high surface roughness, which limits their use. Electric spark treatment (EST) makes it possible to eliminate defects and strengthen the surface layers of EBM products during the reactive phase formation, the conditions of which are studied in the work. The structure and phase composition of electric spark layers formed on VT6 samples under different treatment modes with a low-melting near-eutectic Al-9Si electrode are studied. Due to the reactive phase formation during electric spark treatment, a modified layer with a thickness of more than 10 µm containing nanoscale grains of TixAly intermetallics was formed. The surface roughness after EST is several times lower, and the wear resistance is higher by an order of magnitude compared to the original EBM sample made of VT6 alloy. It is shown that EST for 310 seconds using a hypoeutectic Al-9Si electrode, applied energy 47,6 kJ and a pulse frequency of 3200 Hz, reduces the surface roughness by ~ 9 times due to plasma smoothing of protrusions and filling in cavities during the spreading melt drops on surface.

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18

Kudryashov, A. E., Zh V. Eremeeva, E. A. Levashov, V. Yu Lopatin, A. V. Sevost’yanova, and E. I. Zamulaeva. "On Application of Carbon-Containing Electrode Materials in Technology of Electrospark Alloying: Part 1. Peculiarities of Coating Formation Using Electrospark Treatment of Titanium Alloy OT4-1." Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry 54, no. 5 (September 2018): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068375518050083.

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19

Nikolenko, S. V., A. P. Kuz’menko, D. I. Timakov, and P. V. Abakymov. "Nanostructuring a steel surface by electrospark treatment with new electrode materials based on tungsten carbide." Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry 47, no. 3 (June 2011): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068375511030057.

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20

Ivanov, V. I., S. A. Solovev, S. A. Velichko, and D. A. Ignatkov. "Analysis of electric pulsed processes in electrospark treatment of metallic surfaces in a gas medium." Welding International 31, no. 4 (December 12, 2016): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2016.1257244.

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21

Strizhak, V. A., V. V. Kiselev, and A. A. Vainshtein. "Special features of the formation of the surface layer during electrospark treatment of alloy 45NKhT." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 28, no. 6 (June 1986): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00836895.

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22

Strelets, A. V., I. A. Kolomiets, E. A. Levashov, A. E. Kudryashov, and Zh V. Eremeeva. "Effect of secondary electrospark treatment with carbon-bearing materials on the properties of titanium alloys." Metallurgist 53, no. 9-10 (September 2009): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-010-9219-z.

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23

Hasan, I. K., and N. A. Pan’kin. "Microstructure, Phase Composition, Substructure and Residual Stress of AK5M7 Aluminum Alloy after its Electrospark Treatment." Journal of Surface Investigation: X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques 15, no. 5 (September 2021): 1080–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1027451021050281.

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24

Monkova, Katarina, and Peter Monka. "Surface Roughness Characteristics and Structure of Steel C45 after WC-Co Coating and Laser Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.370.

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Анотація:

The article deals with the influence of the laser melting process on the surface roughness characteristics of the coat deposited on material by electrospark way granted by KEGA 035TUKE-4/2011 project of Ministry of education of Slovak republic. The aim of the article is research of material properties after coating by WC-Co and laser treatment. As the research method were used experiments and tools of statistics. Experiments were carried out on WC-Co coat (the anode), which was deposited on C45 carbon steel (the cathode) and molten by a laser beam. After surface treatment were analysed of changes in surface structure of the coat. Results of the research shows influence of parameters of this process to roughness, tribologic properties and morphology of the surface layer prepared by WC-Co coating and laser treatment.

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25

Khimukhin, Sergey N., Kseniia P. Eremina, and Sergey V. Nikolenko. "Obtaining of Coatings from Ni-Al by Electro Spark Deposition and Surface Smoothing by Ultrasonic Plastic Deformation." Materials Science Forum 1037 (July 6, 2021): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1037.473.

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Анотація:

The article presents the research results on obtaining coatings on steels 1030 and AISI 420 by the method of electrospark deposition and subsequent smoothing by means of ultrasonic surface plastic deformation (USPD). Intermetallic alloys consisting mainly of NiAl and Ni3Al phases were used as materials for obtaining coatings. It was found that the coatings consist of columnar crystallites of complex composition and have high plastic properties. To ensure the minimum parameters of the surface roughness of the obtained coatings, it is necessary to carry out 3-6 times of ultrasonic surface treatment.

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26

Sharifullin, Said N., Ayzat S. Akhmetzyanov, and Tat’yana V. Toporkova. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF ELECTROSPARK FORMATION OF WEAR-RESISTANT COATINGS ON PROCESSED SURFACES." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin 3, no. 144 (September 2021): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2021-59-3-108-115.

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The article considers a new direction in optimizing the process of plasma hardening of the surfaces of cutting elements of agricultural machines based on the use of electric spark discharge energy. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in optimizing the technological process of hardening the surfaces of cutting elements of agricultural machines by the method of electric spark alloying of carbide material elements. (Materials and methods) A device under RF patent No. 2655420, developed by the scientific supervisor of the subject S. N. Sharifullin, was used for electric spark alloying. A tungsten-cobalt rod with a diameter of 4 millimeters, consisting of 94 percent tungsten and 6 percent cobalt, was used as the electrode material for this case. The processed sample of 65G steel, which is the main material of the working bodies of tillage equipment. The physical and chemical properties of the samples were studied with a scanning electron microscope EVO 50 XVP from Zeiss. (Results and discussion) After the electric spark treatment of the alloyed elements, there were about ten, while their spectra also appear at different irradiation energies. The alloyed elements in the surface layer are not only separate, but also in the form of compounds with other elements. Such alloying elements as carbon, cobalt and tungsten appeared in a noticeable amount in the surface layer. Electric spark treatment allows increasing the microhardness of the surfaces of cutting elements of tillage equipment up to three times. (Conclusions) When developing a mathematical model of the electric spark formation of wear-resistant coatings on the treated surfaces, it is necessary to use the energy conservation equations of the electron gas, the Maxwell equations, the continuity and momentum equations. The complex solution of these equations makes it possible to obtain the required output parameters depending on the input ones.

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27

Belik, V. D., R. V. Litvin, M. S. Kovalchenko, A. M. Bloshchanevich, A. A. Rogozinskaya, and V. V. Pasichnyi. "Effect of substrate temperature on the electrospark deposition, structure, and mechanical properties of coatings. III. effect of substrate preliminary treatment on the electrospark deposition and phase composition of coatings." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 51, no. 3-4 (July 2012): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-012-9414-5.

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28

Ivanov, V. I., and V. P. Lyalyakin. "Improving the efficiency of electrospark treatment of metallic surfaces by combining the method with other methods." Welding International 31, no. 2 (November 24, 2016): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2016.1223921.

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29

Klopotov, V. D., Yu A. Denisova, A. D. Teresov, E. A. Petrikova, V. V. Shugurov, M. A. Seksenalina, Yu F. Ivanov, and A. A. Klopotov. "Combined treatment of steel, including electrospark doping and subsequent irradiation with a high-intensity electron beam." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 124 (April 2016): 012125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/124/1/012125.

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30

Loginov, P. A., E. A. Levashov, A. Yu Potanin, A. E. Kudryashov, O. S. Manakova, N. V. Shvyndina, and I. V. Sukhorukova. "Sintered Ti–Ti 3 P–CaO electrodes and their application for pulsed electrospark treatment of titanium." Ceramics International 42, no. 6 (May 2016): 7043–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.01.092.

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31

Plotnikov, E., I. Martemianova, H. L. Tin, D. Martemianov, and H. H. Duong. "EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO WATER PURIFICATION FROM MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION BASED ON NOVEL SURFACE-MODIFIED ADSORBENTS." Resource-Efficient Technologies, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24056537/2020/4/275.

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Анотація:

In this work, we provide a literature review of water treatment techniques and propose a novel resource-efficient solution for the purification of aqueous media from microbiological contamination. Methods: Combined filter sorbents were developed and studied based on novel modified nanostructured filter materials. Synthetic and natural zeolite were used as the mineral base. The production technique was optimized to coat minerals with aluminum oxyhydroxide by means of a sol–gel process. Additional treatment with fine zinc particles obtained by electrospark dispersion was applied to modify the sorbent surface and obtain the surface charge required. Results: The antibacterial, sorption and physicochemical properties of the samples as well as their surface structures were investigated. According to broad microbiological tests, the possibility of purifying bacterial-contaminated water was demonstrated to an acceptable level by means of adsorption filtration. Conclusion: The proposed novel approach for water treatment against bacterial contamination can be considered an alternative to the currently available water treatment technologies.

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32

Paustovskii, A. V., and V. P. Botvinko. "Phase composition of the surface layers of high-speed cutting steel after electrospark alloying and laser treatment." Materials Science 36, no. 1 (January 2000): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02805123.

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33

Bayniyazova, Akmaral T., Marat M. Abzhaev, Elizaveta Yu Kudryashova, Ildar A. Fayzrakhmanov, and Said N. Sharifullin. "Vibroplasma hardening of the working bodies of agricultural machines." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-58-1-132-142.

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The article describes the technology of hardening the working bodies of agricultural machines based on the use of the electric spark energy and vibration arc discharges or the energy of vibroplasma. (Research purpose). The research purpose is studying of the influence of vibroplasma treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of 65G steel, which is the main material of many working bodies of agricultural machinery. (Materials and methods). The studies were carried out on samples from a coulter disk of 30x30 mm with a thickness of 2 mm. The processing was carried out at VDGU-2 technological installations of electric spark alloying in accordance with the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2655420 and vibration arc hardening. Tungsten-cobalt and copper-graphite rods with diameters of 4 and 8 mm were used as electrodes. (Results and discussion). In contrast to the initial sample, the spectrum of the relatively large area of the 65G steel sample hardened by electrospark treatment showed that cobalt (4.92 percents) and tungsten (16.83 percents) are present in the treated layer in appreciable amounts. Measurements of the elemental composition of the local processing zone showed that the main components of this region are tungsten (64.20 percents) and cobalt (7.55 percent). Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, iron, manganese, calcium, silicon, aluminum, and a number of other elements are present in the surface layer of the sample with a vibratory arc treatment, but at lower concentrations in comparison with the listed elements for the sample with electric spark treatment. It has been found that the main phases are carbide and iron oxide, as well as metallic iron. After treatment with vibroplasma, there is a so-called zone of thermal influence near the treated zone. (Conclusions). The surface layer formed by processing parts by vibroplasma represents a new composite structure consisting of three layers. The hardening of the base material in the depth of the part during electrospark machining occurs at 0.5-1.0 millimeter, with vibroplasma machining it is up to 3-4 millimeter. The microhardness of the surface layer of products increased by more than three times.

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34

Shvets, Ludmila. "DEVELOPMENT OF DEVICE FOR RESTORATION OF PLACES FOR BEARINGS." Vibrations in engineering and technology, no. 1(100) (March 23, 2021): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2306-8744-2021-1-13.

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Defects of case details include operation of openings under bearings within 0,2 - 0,4 mm on the party, operation of landing belts under sleeves. When restoring them, traditional methods are used: installation of repair bushings, application of polymer and electrolytic coatings, micron smelting, electrospark treatment, etc. Restored parts must have hardness and wear resistance with the parameters of the material of the reducing part (deviation 10 - 15%), have sufficient adhesion to the base metal, corrosion resistance in a humid environment, provide maximum contact area with the conjugate part, no pores, slag, foreign inclusions . The method of restoration must eliminate the thermal impact on the part and be cost-effective. Polymer compositions are usually brittle, subject to breakage and leaching. Surfacing causes warping of the part, bleaching of cast iron, the formation of slag and pores in the deposited layer. The electrospark coating method does not provide sufficient contact area with the conjugate part. The use of electrolytes for iron seats in some enterprises is aggressive, unstable, requires heating or the use of expensive thyristor power supplies, followed by machining, as the microhardness of precipitation reaches a large value depending on the composition of the electrolyte and process modes, have high internal voltage. The proposed device for restoring the bearings simplifies the existing method and meets the technical requirements of manufacturers in terms of machining accuracy (ovality, taper, coaxiality and surface roughness), provides high productivity (2 times higher than the productivity of specialized machines horizontally). and low cost (60 times lower than the cost of specialized machines).

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35

Burkov, Alexander. "Production Amorphous Coatings by Electrospark Treatment of Steel 1035 in a Mixture of Iron Granules with CrMoWCBSi Powder." Metal Working and Material Science 21, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1994-6309-2019-21.4-19-30.

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36

Liu, Yang, Dongpo Wang, Caiyan Deng, Lixing Huo, Lijun Wang, and Shu Cao. "Feasibility study on preparation of coatings on Ti–6Al–4V by combined ultrasonic impact treatment and electrospark deposition." Materials & Design 63 (November 2014): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.06.061.

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37

Liu, Y., D. Wang, C. Deng, L. Huo, L. Wang, and R. Fang. "Study on fabrication of ceramic coatings on Ti–6Al–4V alloy by combined ultrasonic impact treatment and electrospark." Surface Engineering 31, no. 12 (November 14, 2014): 892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743294414y.0000000413.

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38

Ivanov, I. V., K. I. Emurlaev, A. A. Ruktuev, A. G. Tyurin, and I. A. Bataev. "Structure of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy after uniaxial compression and heat treatment." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 10 (November 24, 2021): 736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-10-736-746.

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In this study, we discuss the structure and properties of high-entropy AlCoCrFeNi alloy after casting, cold deformation, and heat treatment. Ingots of the investigated alloys were obtained by arc melting method in argon atmosphere. In order to ensure a homogeneous chemical composition, ingots were remelted several times. Cylindrical samples of 5 mm in diameter and 8 mm in height were cut from ingots by electrospark method for mechanical tests. Subsequently, samples were subjected to uniaxial compression by 5, 11, and 23 %. During the tests, compression curves were recorded, and limit of proportionality of the analyzed alloys was calculated. High-temperature annealing and thermal studies were performed using thermogravimetric analyzer. Thermal studies were carried out in a cyclic mode (3 cycles, including heating up to 1200 °C at a rate of 20 °C/min and cooling at a rate of 20 °C/min). High-temperature annealing was carried out at a temperature of 1200 °C for 5 hours. Such annealing of cast alloys promotes material homogenization and eliminates dendritic structure. The alloy presents limited plasticity. Grain boundaries are effective barriers preventing crack propagation. The studies indicate that plastic deformation has a significant effect on development of relaxation processes during subsequent heat treatment. An increase in strain during the compression leads to a higher rate of healing processes of defects in crystal structure.

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39

Benkovsky, Yu V., D. M. Kroitoru, V. I. Petrenko, P. N. Stoichev, E. V. Yurchenko, and A. I. Dikusar. "Interrelation of the Composition of Steel Treated by Electrospark Alloying and the Properties of Obtained Composite Surface." Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov 58, no. 1 (February 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52577/eom.2022.58.1.01.

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Basing on the study of the elemental composition of surface composites obtained on 45, 65G, and St3 steels by electrospark alloying using processing electrode from T15K6, VK8 hard alloys, as well as 45 and St3 steels (the “steel on steel” option), it was shown that the resulting surface layers are ~70% composed of the material steel substrate modified by electro-discharge treatment. The influence of the steel composition on the coefficients of the processing electrode material transfer on the substrate, on the roughness, microhardness, and wear resistance of the resulting surfaces has been studied. It is shown that the wear resistance of the resulting composites is determined mainly by the nature of the treated surface and, to a much lesser extent, by the processing electrode material, roughness, and microhardness of the surface.

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40

Nadutov, V. M., A. O. Perekos, B. M. Mordyuk, V. Z. Voynash, T. V. Efimova, V. P. Zalutsky, and T. G. Kabantsev. "Influence of Modes of Electrospark Treatment on Formation of Solid Solutions in Alloys of Copper with Iron and Cobalt." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 40, no. 3 (June 29, 2018): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.40.03.0327.

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41

Koshuro, Vladimir, Marina Fomina, Aleksandr Fomin, and Igor Rodionov. "Metal oxide (Ti,Ta)-(TiO2,TaO) coatings produced on titanium using electrospark alloying and modified by induction heat treatment." Composite Structures 196 (July 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.05.005.

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42

Burkov, A. A., and A. V. Zaitsev. "Catalytic Activity of FeCrNiWMoCoCB Metallic Glass Coatings on a Metal Support in Dye Wastewater Treatment." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 18, no. 6 (November 20, 2018): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2018-6-14-19.

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Catalytic activity of FeCrNiWMoCoCB metallic glass (MG) coatings deposited on steel 1035 was studied in decomposition of the model solution of methylene blue. Five samples with different compositions and predominantly amorphous structure were synthesized by depositing MG coatings using the electrospark treatment in the crystalline alloy granule medium. The Ra criterion characterizing the coatings roughness was 9 to 14 mm that indicated the considerable area of interaction between MG and methylene blue. The presence of nickel and cobalt but not tungsten and molybdenum in the metallic glass favored an increase in the catalytic activity of the coatings. The best catalytic properties were inherent in the coatings consisted of Fe33Cr8Ni8W8Mo8Co8C16B11which provided a decrease in the activation energy of self-decomposition of methylene blue to one eighth in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. It was shown that the efficiency of this catalytic system could be increased by a factor of 3 upon etching in 30 % HNO3for 380 s due to an increase in the porosity and in the specific surface area of the coating. The suggested approach makes it possible to decrease considerably the prime cost of the catalytic units of the reactor owing to application of one-stage supporting of MG coating on the metals.

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43

Zhou, Xia, and Guo Hui Qu. "Fe-Based Micro- and Nanocomposite Coatings Produced by Amorphous Alloy Crystallization Based on Electrospark Deposition." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 2205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.2205.

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The aim of this paper is to explore the possibility of a novel surface technique for Fe-based amorphous and micro-nano composite coatings. A kind of iron based amorphous and micro/nano-crystalline alloy powder which contains Fe, Ni, Cr, W, Mo, B, Si, C etc. was first prepared by mechanical alloying method. Iron based amorphous alloy coatings were then deposited on nodular cast iron substrate by electro-spark deposition using electrode materials with the ball-milling iron based alloy and SiC mixed powders. Annealing crystallization treatment of the Fe-based amorphous alloy coatings was conducted at last. The microstructure and surface morphology of the coating were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the amorphous and crystal configuration were confirmed with an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), the microhardness was measured with a micro-sclerometer. The experimental results show that the Fe-based composite coatings are composed of Fe-based amorphous alloy matrix and dispersion strengthened micro- and nanocrystalline particles. The coatings of about 60 m in thickness are uniform, dense and metallurgically bonded to the substrate with high microhardness of about 880 (HV100, 15 S), implying a much improved wear resistance on surface of cast iron.

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44

Kochubei-Lytvynenko, Oksana, Olha Chernyushok, Olena Bilyk, and Yulia Bondarenko. "Studying the effect of electrospark treatment of milk whey on the process of its fermentation and quality of thermoacid cheese." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, no. 11 (102) (November 14, 2019): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2019.183712.

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45

Liu, Yang, Dongpo Wang, Caiyan Deng, Lixing Huo, Lijun Wang, and Rui Fang. "Novel method to fabricate Ti–Al intermetallic compound coatings on Ti–6Al–4V alloy by combined ultrasonic impact treatment and electrospark deposition." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 628 (April 2015): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.144.

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46

Dorokhov, Alexey Semyonovich, Vyacheslav Alexandrovich Denisov, Roman Nikolayevich Zadorozhny, Ilya Vladimirovich Romanov, and Vitaliy Aleksandrovitch Zuevskiy. "The Tribotechnical Properties of Electrosparks with a Secondary Bronze Coating." Coatings 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030312.

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The high cost of metal powder materials and the energy consumption of the methods involved in their production have led to an increase in the cost of technologies for the restoration and hardening of parts. One method of solving this problem is the recycling of powders. A promising method for processing the waste from machine-building industries, including those utilizing non-ferrous metals and alloys, is electroerosive dispersion. Metallic powders from secondary raw materials obtained in this manner have good physical and mechanical properties, and their cost is two to three times less than the cost of industrial ones. However, the tribotechnical properties of the secondary powders of non-ferrous metals and their use in technologies for the restoration and hardening of parts are still poorly understood. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the tribotechnical properties of coatings obtained via an electric spark treatment with electrodes composed of bronze CuAl9Fe3 (CuAl8Fe3) (in the state of delivery), and coatings of sintered secondary bronze obtained via the method of electroerosive dispersion followed by spark plasma sintering. The results of the comparative tribotechnical tests under the conditions of dry friction showed that the complex indicator of wear resistance—the wear factor (F)—under dry friction conditions, for mates after an electrospark coating method with sintered secondary bronze, was 1.94 less than for mates with a CuAl9Fe3 (CuAl8Fe3) coating. This confirmed the high tribotechnical properties and the effectiveness of using cheap secondary bronze in repair production in technologies for restoring and strengthening worn parts of machines operating under dry friction conditions.

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47

Montanini, Roberto, Michele Scafidi, Giorgio Staiti, Antonia Marcianò, Leonardo D’Acquisto, and Giacomo Oteri. "Misfit evaluation of dental implant-supported metal frameworks manufactured with different techniques: Photoelastic and strain gauge measurements." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 230, no. 12 (November 11, 2016): 1106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411916676192.

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This study aims to compare in-vitro the fitting accuracy of implant-supported metal frameworks used for full-arch orthodontic restoration. The hypotheses tested were as follows: (1) for a fixed implant morphology, strains developed within the framework depend on how the framework had been fabricated and (2) stresses transferred to the implant–bone interface are related to the amount of framework misfit. Metal frameworks were fabricated using four different manufacturing techniques: conventional lost-wax casting, resin cement luting, electrospark erosion, and computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing milling. Each framework was instrumented with three strain gauges to measure strains developed because of prosthetic misfit, while quantitative photoelastic analysis was used to assess the effect of misfit at the implant–resin interface. All the tested frameworks presented stress polarization around the fixtures. After screw tightening, significantly greater strains were observed in the lost-wax superstructure, while the lowest strains were observed in the luted framework, demonstrating consistent adaptation and passive fitting. No significant difference in stress distribution and marginal fit was found for bars fabricated by either computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing or spark erosion. This study suggested that, in spite of known limitations of in-vitro testing, direct luting of mesostructures and abutments should be the first clinical option for the treatment of complete edentulism, ensuring consistent passive fitting and effective cost–benefit ratio.

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48

Chornyi, V. N., S. V. Petrichenko, T. H. Mysiura, N. V. Popova, and V. L. Zavialov. "Extraction of Amber Raw Materials under Conditions of Electric Spark Action." Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov 57, no. 5 (October 2021): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52577/eom.2021.57.5.58.

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The paper presents the results of amber extraction, which was subjected to high-voltage electric pulse treatment in order to intensify the extraction of target components. This method of processing made possible to achieve a high degree of grinding of the material and the appearance of additional micro- and macropores, which increased a total contact area of the phases required for an effective process of extracting raw materials. The processing was carried out in chambers of a high-voltage pulse-periodic generator with the storage capacities of 0.25 and 1.0 μF, an output voltage of 50 kV, and different number of pulses for the corresponding capacitor capacitance. For research, amber stones with an average size of 8.2 mm were selected. The process was carried out in an alcoholic medium with different electrical characteristics. As a result, the dependences of changes in the dry matter content, total mineralization, content of organic acids, active acidity pH, and optical density in the extract on a number of discharges at different pulse energies were obtained. The density of amber before and after processing was determined, which shows the ability of electric spark discharges to create additional porosity of the material necessary to ensure effective internal mass transfer. The results of the work can be used for the industrial implementation of electrospark processing of amber in order to obtain extracts with a complex of useful substances applicable in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

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49

Tarelnyk, N. V. "A new method for restoring worn surfaces of steel parts of pumping equipment, nuclear power plants." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, no. 2(51) (December 28, 2021): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9965-2021-2(51)-32-39.

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The paper proposes a new method of restoring worn surfaces of steel parts of pumping equipment used at nuclear power plants and subjected to radiation irradiation. The method belongs to the field of electrophysical and electrochemical treatment, in particular to electrospark alloying (ESA), and is applicable to repair parts of machines of nuclear power plants. The EBS method has a number of specific features: the anode material (alloyed material) can form a coating layer on the cathode surface (alloyed surface) that is extremely strongly bonded to the surface; the alloying can be performed in strictly specified places without protecting the rest of the part surface; the ESA technology for metal surfaces is very simple, and the necessary equipment is compact and transportable. The method includes coating of the worn surface of the part by electroplating with the same metal electrode - an instrument made of material (steel 12X18H10T or nickel) without special additives of cobalt and other elements that form long-lived isotopes in the active working environment. The electrodeposition is carried out in two stages. Before the first stage of coating with metallic electrode-tool a layer of coating with graphite electrode-tool with discharge energy Wp = 0.02 J and capacity 0.3 cm2/min is applied to the worn-out steel surface by ESA method, Then the first stage of coating layer application by ESA method by the metal electrode/tool at discharge energy 0.20-0.55 J and productivity 1.6-2.5 cm2/min ensuring surface thickness 0.09-0.16 mm and its continuity 100% , after that the surface obtained is subjected to the second stage of coating layer application by ESA method by the same metal electrode/tool with discharge energy 0.55-0.90 J and productivity 2.5-3.4 cm2/min.

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Buglaev, Anatoly M. "Device for Wood-Cutting Tool Hardening." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 5 (October 15, 2021): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-134-141.

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Choosing effective methods and devices for surface hardening of wood-cutting tools is problematic due to the variety of their designs and operating conditions. In this regard, the development of such devices becomes an urgent task. According to the literature, one of the effective methods for increasing the service life of machine parts and tools is electrospark hardening or electrospark alloying. Industrial electrospark installations such as “EFI” (electrophysical measurements) and “Elitron” with manual vibrators are used for electrospark hardening. However, using manual vibrators significantly increases the labour intensity and hardening time. Moreover, the surface quality after hardening with manual vibrators is often unsatisfactory. Various mechanized installations have been developed in order to reduce the labour intensity of electrospark hardening. Nevertheless, these installations are designed to harden specific parts and do not allow hardening tools of various designs, including woodcutting tools. The surface quality after hardening in mechanized installations does not always satisfy the customer. Further surface plastic deformation treatments, such as rolling and unrolling with rollers and balls, as well as diamond burnishing, are often used to improve the surface quality after electrospark hardening. The surface quality after additional processing by these methods boosts, although the labour intensity and cost of the hardening process increase. To increase the wear resistance of machine parts and tools, it is reasonable to reduce the height parameters of roughness, increase microhardness, and form the residual compressive stresses, which is ensured by the methods of surface plastic deformation. In this regard, it becomes necessary to use electrospark hardening simultaneously with surface plastic deformation. The work presents the design and features of using the device for hardening. The device was used to strengthen the thicknesser machine knives, which made it possible to almost double their durability. Applying this device, in comparison with using the electrospark hardening with a manual vibrator, reduces the roughness of the hardened surface and improves the surface quality of the processed workpieces. The modes of hardening have been installed, making it possible to effectively harden wood-cutting tools. For citation: Buglaev A.M. Device for Wood-Cutting Tool Hardening. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 5, pp. 134–141. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-134-141

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