Статті в журналах: "Electronic load sensing"

1

Li, Yan Jie, Tian Yu Cui, Ji Hai Jiang, and Cai Xin Yu. "The Principle of a Novel Load Sensing Hydraulic System and Design of the Electronic Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 233 (November 2012): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.233.119.

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Abstract. Based on the load-sensing control principle, a novel type of electronic load sensing hydraulic system was developed. Taking a two-loads system for example, the design and analysis of the novel hydraulic system principle was completed and an electronic control system was accomplished using TTC60 controller. A preliminary experimental study was completed. The experimental studies show that the new system can not only achieve the traditional load-sensing control function, but also improve the level of electronic control system.

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2

Liu, Cheng, Yitao Zhuang, Amir Nasrollahi, Lingling Lu, Mohammad Faisal Haider, and Fu-Kuo Chang. "Static Tactile Sensing for a Robotic Electronic Skin via an Electromechanical Impedance-Based Approach." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 16, 2020): 2830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102830.

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Tactile sensing is paramount for robots operating in human-centered environments to help in understanding interaction with objects. To enable robots to have sophisticated tactile sensing capability, researchers have developed different kinds of electronic skins for robotic hands and arms in order to realize the ‘sense of touch’. Recently, Stanford Structures and Composites Laboratory developed a robotic electronic skin based on a network of multi-modal micro-sensors. This skin was able to identify temperature profiles and detect arm strikes through embedded sensors. However, sensing for the static pressure load is yet to be investigated. In this work, an electromechanical impedance-based method is proposed to investigate the response of piezoelectric sensors under static normal pressure loads. The smart skin sample was firstly fabricated by embedding a piezoelectric sensor into the soft silicone. Then, a series of static pressure tests to the skin were conducted. Test results showed that the first peak of the real part impedance signal was sensitive to static pressure load, and by using the proposed diagnostic method, this test setup could detect a resolution of 0.5 N force. Numerical simulation methods were then performed to validate the experimental results. The results of the numerical simulation prove the validity of the experiments, as well as the robustness of the proposed method in detecting static pressure loads using the smart skin.

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3

Agliullin, Timur, Robert Gubaidullin, Airat Sakhabutdinov, Oleg Morozov, Artem Kuznetsov, and Valentin Ivanov. "Addressed Fiber Bragg Structures in Load-Sensing Wheel Hub Bearings." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 6191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216191.

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The work presents an approach to instrument the load-sensing bearings for automotive applications for estimation of the loads acting on the wheels. The system comprises fiber-optic sensors based on addressed fiber Bragg structures (AFBS) with two symmetrical phase shifts. A mathematical model for load–deformation relation is presented, and the AFBS interrogation principle is described. The simulation includes (i) modeling of vehicle dynamics in a split-mu braking test, during which the longitudinal wheel loads are obtained, (ii) the subsequent estimation of bearing outer ring deformation using a beam model with simply supported boundary conditions, (iii) the conversion of strain into central frequency shift of AFBS, and (iv) modeling of the beating signal at the photodetector. The simulation results show that the estimation error of the longitudinal wheel force from the strain data acquired from a single measurement point was 5.44% with a root-mean-square error of 113.64 N. A prototype load-sensing bearing was instrumented with a single AFBS sensor and mounted in a front right wheel hub of an experimental vehicle. The experimental setup demonstrated comparable results with the simulation during the braking test. The proposed system with load-sensing bearings is aimed at estimation of the loads acting on the wheels, which serve as input parameters for active safety systems, such as automatic braking, adaptive cruise control, or fully automated driving, in order to enhance their effectiveness and the safety of the vehicle.

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4

Lin, Hsiung-Cheng, Heng-Chuan Zo, and Bo-Rong He. "Advanced Fast Large Current Electronic Breaker Using Integration of Surge Current Suppression and Current Divider Sensing Methods." Journal of Sensors 2019 (January 13, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6256735.

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Electronic breakers or fuses are most widely used tools to protect the electric-driven facilities from overload or short circuit. However, they may suffer from two major drawbacks: (1) it normally takes more than 0.1 s to react, resulting in facilities not sufficiently protected, and (2) a higher rating size of breakers or fuses is demanded than expected due to lack of a surge current suppression mechanism. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes a fast large current electronic breaker based on the integration of current divider sensing and surge suppressing methods. The load surge current can be effectively suppressed by series negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors. The load current is then divided into a small portion and converted to a voltage signal for amplification and comparison with the predefined threshold value, i.e., the maximum load tolerance current. AC power will be disconnected immediately by the switching circuit once the load current exceeds the tolerance value. The disconnection of power supply will continue for a period of time set by the timer. The experimental results verify that the proposed electronic breaker can provide a large load current protection up to 20 A under effective surge suppression within 10 ms.

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5

Pudur, Rajen, and Sarsing Gao. "Performance Analysis of Savonius Rotor Based Hydropower Generation Scheme with Electronic Load Controller." Journal of Renewable Energy 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4127619.

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This paper describes the performance of electronic load controller (ELC) of asynchronous generator (AG) coupled to an uncontrolled Savonius turbine and variable water velocity. An AC-DC-AC converter with a dc link capacitor is employed to maintain the required frequency. The ELC which is feeding a resistive dump load is connected in parallel with the generating system and the power consumption is varied through the duty cycle of the chopper. Gate triggering of ELC is accomplished through sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) by sensing the load current. A MATLAB/Simulink model of Savonius rotor, asynchronous generator, ELC, and three-phase load is presented. The proposed scheme is tested under various load conditions under varying water velocities and the performances are observed to be satisfactory.

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6

Wang, Yifeng, Shoutai Li, Peigen Wang, Mingyuan Gao, Huajiang Ouyang, Qing He, and Ping Wang. "A multifunctional electromagnetic device for vibration energy harvesting and rail corrugation sensing." Smart Materials and Structures 30, no. 12 (November 2, 2021): 125012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac31c5.

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Abstract A multifunctional electromagnetic device for harvesting rail vibration energy and sensing rail corrugation is proposed. Firstly, the optimal coil position is investigated theoretically and verified through experiments. Then, experimental frequency-sweeping tests are carried out to understand the response characteristics of the harvester. Two sections of a metro line with/without rail corrugations are selected to measure rail roughness and vibration. Using the field-measured rail vibration as excitations, the response characteristics of the harvester are investigated through indoor experiments. Experimental results demonstrate that occurrences of corrugation can be identified through time-frequency analysis of the electromotive forces of the harvester. Besides, electrical load tests under normal rail vibration demonstrate that this harvester will yield its maximum power of 18.6 mW (average power: 1.5 mW) when the resistance of the external electrical load is close to the internal resistance of the coil. The capability to energise small commercial electronic devices is verified by charging a supercapacitor, and driving LEDs, a digital clock, and a thermo-hygrometer to work, respectively. The capabilities of the harvester for powering low-power electronics and sensing rail corrugation pave the wave for designing a self-powered sensing node for rail corrugation monitoring.

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7

Zawawi, Siti Aisyah, Azrul Azlan Hamzah, Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis, and Faisal Mohd-Yasin. "The Fabrication and Indentation of Cubic Silicon Carbide Diaphragm for Acoustic Sensing." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091101.

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In this study, 550 nm thick cubic silicon carbide square diaphragms were back etched from Si substrate. Then, indentation was carried out to samples with varying dimensions, indentation locations, and loads. The influence of three parameters is documented by analyzing load-displacement curves. It was found that diaphragms with bigger area, indented at the edge, and low load demonstrated almost elastic behaviour. Furthermore, two samples burst and one of them displayed pop-in behaviour, which we determine is due to plastic deformation. Based on optimum dimension and load, we calculate maximum pressure for elastic diaphragms. This pressure is sufficient for cubic silicon carbide diaphragms to be used as acoustic sensors to detect poisonous gasses.

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8

Azzam, Baher, Ralf Schelenz, and Georg Jacobs. "Sensor Screening Methodology for Virtually Sensing Transmission Input Loads of a Wind Turbine Using Machine Learning Techniques and Drivetrain Simulations." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 3659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103659.

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The ongoing trend of building larger wind turbines (WT) to reach greater economies of scale is contributing to the reduction in cost of wind energy, as well as the increase in WT drivetrain input loads into uncharted territories. The resulting intensification of the load situation within the WT gearbox motivates the need to monitor WT transmission input loads. However, due to the high costs of direct measurement solutions, more economical solutions, such as virtual sensing of transmission input loads using stationary sensors mounted on the gearbox housing or other drivetrain locations, are of interest. As the number, type, and location of sensors needed for a virtual sensing solutions can vary considerably in cost, in this investigation, we aimed to identify optimal sensor locations for virtually sensing WT 6-degree of freedom (6-DOF) transmission input loads. Random forest (RF) models were designed and applied to a dataset containing simulated operational data of a Vestas V52 WT multibody simulation model undergoing simulated wind fields. The dataset contained the 6-DOF transmission input loads and signals from potential sensor locations covering deformations, misalignments, and rotational speeds at various drivetrain locations. The RF models were used to identify the sensor locations with the highest impact on accuracy of virtual load sensing following a known statistical test in order to prioritize and reduce the number of needed input signals. The performance of the models was assessed before and after reducing the number of input signals required. By allowing for a screening of sensors prior to real-world tests, the results demonstrate the high promise of the proposed method for optimizing the cost of future virtual WT transmission load sensors.

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9

Hirabayashi, Manato, Yukihiro Saito, Kosuke Murakami, Akihito Ohsato, Shinpei Kato, and Masato Edahiro. "Vision-Based Sensing Systems for Autonomous Driving: Centralized or Decentralized?" Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 33, no. 3 (June 20, 2021): 686–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2021.p0686.

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The perception of the surrounding circumstances is an essential task for fully autonomous driving systems, but its high computational and network loads typically impede a single host machine from taking charge of the systems. Decentralized processing is a candidate to decrease such loads; however, it has not been clear that this approach fulfills the requirements of onboard systems, including low latency and low power consumption. Embedded oriented graphics processing units (GPUs) are attracting great interest because they provide massively parallel computation capacity with lower power consumption compared to traditional GPUs. This study explored the effects of decentralized processing on autonomous driving using embedded oriented GPUs as decentralized units. We implemented a prototype system that off-loaded image-based object detection tasks onto embedded oriented GPUs to clarify the effects of decentralized processing. The results of experimental evaluation demonstrated that decentralized processing and network quantization achieved approximately 27 ms delay between the feeding of an image and the arrival of detection results to the host as well as approximately 7 W power consumption on each GPU and network load degradation in orders of magnitude. Judging from these results, we concluded that decentralized processing could be a promising approach to decrease processing latency, network load, and power consumption toward the deployment of autonomous driving systems.

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10

RUGGERI, Massimiliano, and Marco GUIDETTI. "VARIABLE LOAD SENSING AND ANTI-STALL ELECTRONIC CONTROL WITH SLIDING MODE AND ADAPTNE PID." Proceedings of the JFPS International Symposium on Fluid Power 2008, no. 7-2 (2008): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5739/isfp.2008.301.

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11

Cheng, Min, Junhui Zhang, Bing Xu, Ruqi Ding, and Geng Yang. "Anti-windup scheme of the electronic load sensing pump via switched flow/power control." Mechatronics 61 (August 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2019.05.003.

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12

Saatchi, Sassan, Kerry Halligan, Don G. Despain, and Robert L. Crabtree. "Estimation of Forest Fuel Load From Radar Remote Sensing." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 45, no. 6 (June 2007): 1726–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2006.887002.

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13

Olasz, Dániel, János Lendvai, Attila Szállás, Gábor Gulyás, and Nguyen Q. Chinh. "Extended Applications of the Depth-Sensing Indentation Method." Micromachines 11, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11111023.

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The depth-sensing indentation method has been applied for almost 30 years. In this review, a survey of several extended applications developed during the last three decades is provided. In depth-sensing indentation measurements, the load and penetration depth data are detected as a function of time, in most cases at controlled loading rates. Therefore, beside the determination of hardness and Young’s modulus, different deformation mechanisms and many other dynamic characteristics and phenomena, such as the dynamic elastic modulus, load-induced phase transition, strain rate sensitivity, etc. can be studied. These extended applications of depth-sensing indentation measurements are briefly described and reviewed.

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14

Guo, Jingjing, Tiesuo Geng, Huaizhi Yan, Lize Du, Zhe Zhang, and Changsen Sun. "Implementation of a Load Sensitizing Bridge Spherical Bearing Based on Low-Coherent Fiber-Optic Sensors Combined with Neural Network Algorithms." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010037.

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Low-coherent fiber-optic sensors combined with neural network algorithms were designed to carry out a load-sensitizing spherical bearing. Four sensing fibers were wound around the outside of the pot support of the spherical bearing uniformly deployed from upper to bottom. The upper three were configured in a distributed way to respond to the applied load as a function of the three strain sensors. The bottom one was employed as a temperature compensation sensor. A loading experiment was implemented to test the performance of the designed system. The results showed that there was a hysteresis in all the three sensors between loading and unloading process. The neural network algorithm is proposed to set up a function of the three sensors, treated as a set of input vectors to establish the input-output relationship between the applied loads and the constructed input vectors, in order to overcome the hysteresis existing in each sensor. An accuracy of 6% for load sensing was approached after temperature compensation.

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15

Muller, Ivan, Renato de Brito, Carlos Pereira, and Valner Brusamarello. "Load cells in force sensing analysis -- theory and a novel application." IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 13, no. 1 (February 2010): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mim.2010.5399212.

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16

Wen, Jian, Chunping Niu, Hailong He, Weilong Han, Yilin Zhong, and Yi Wu. "A Load-Dependent Model of Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Surface Roughness Sensing." IEEE Sensors Journal 21, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 20220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2021.3097776.

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17

Ma, Yanzhao. "Integrated lossless load current sensing method for buck–boost DC–DC converters." Electronics Letters 51, no. 1 (January 2015): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2014.3439.

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18

Eirea, Gabriel, and Seth R. Sanders. "High Precision Load Current Sensing Using On-Line Calibration of Trace Resistance." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 23, no. 2 (March 2008): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2007.915186.

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19

Geernaert, Thomas, Geert Luyckx, Eli Voet, Tomasz Nasilowski, Karima Chah, Martin Becker, Hartmut Bartelt, et al. "Transversal Load Sensing With Fiber Bragg Gratings in Microstructured Optical Fibers." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2008.2007915.

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20

Zhao, Qian, Linbing Wang, Kang Zhao, and Hailu Yang. "Development of a Novel Piezoelectric Sensing System for Pavement Dynamic Load Identification." Sensors 19, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 4668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214668.

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In order to control the adverse effect of vehicles overloading infrastructure and traffic safety, weight-in-motion (WIM)-related research has drawn growing attention. To address the high cost of current piezoelectric sensors in installation and maintenance, a study on developing a low-cost piezoceramic sensing system is presented in this paper. The proposed system features distributed monitoring and integrated packaging, for calculating vehicle’s dynamic load and its wheel position. Results from the laboratory tests show that the total output of the sensing system increases linearly with the increase of the peak load when the loading amplitude is 5–25 kN (equivalent to the half-axis load of 20–100 kN); when the loading frequency is between 15 Hz and 19 Hz (equivalent to a speed of 17.8–23.2 km/h), the total output of the system fluctuates around a value of 1.305 V. Combined with finite-element simulation, the system can locate load lateral position with a resolution of 120 mm. Due to the protection packaging, the peak load transferred to the sensing units is approximately 4.36% of the applied peak load. The study indicates the proposed system can provide a promising low-cost, reliable and practical alternative for current WIM systems.

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21

M. S, Pavan ,., M. Nagabushanam, Sushmita Hawaldar, and S. L. Gangadharaiah. "Capacitor-less Low-Dropout Regulator for Analog Sensing using 90nm Technology." International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 15 (August 30, 2021): 1184–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2021.15.129.

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The capacitor-less-output-low-dropout (CLO-LDO) regulator proposed in this study can manage a wide variety of load currents. To offer temperature independent controlled LDO output, the LDO's 0.844V reference voltage is obtained using BGR, the optimized design is presented that provide full range stability, fast transient response. These benefits allow the proposed LDO regulator to operate over a wide range of operating circumstances, with very high current efficiency 99.99% and low voltage drop 100mV, operating using very low quiescent current of 0.02µA, at the output of regulator. The proposed regulator design is constructed in 90nm CMOS technology, the structure of the regulator is implemented using a Two-stage operational amplifier to obtain large DC gain 50dB to improve supply noise rejection, and a feedback loop, and exhibits better performance in terms of large phase margin 64.516 degrees with no load and 70.63degree full load.

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22

Kuras, Przemysław, Łukasz Ortyl, Tomasz Owerko, Marek Salamak, and Piotr Łaziński. "GB-SAR in the Diagnosis of Critical City Infrastructure—A Case Study of a Load Test on the Long Tram Extradosed Bridge." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 3361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203361.

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This article describes a case of using remote sensing during a static load test of a large bridge, which, because of its location, belongs to a critical city infrastructure. The bridge in question is the longest tram flyover in Poland. This is an extradosed-type concrete structure. It conducts a long tram line over 21 other active lines of an important railway station in the center of Cracow. The diagnostic of such bridges involving the load test method is difficult. Traditional, contact measurements of span displacements are not enough anymore. In such cases, remote sensing becomes an indispensable solution. This publication presents an example of using the close-range radar remote sensing technique of ground-based radar interferometry. However, the cross-sections of the huge bridge were observed using several methods. The aim was to confirm the conditions and efficiency of radar displacement measurements. They were therefore traditional contact measurements using mechanic sensors conducted, if possible, to the bottom of the span, for precise leveling and measurement using electronic total station. Comparing the results as well as the discussion held demonstrated the fundamental advantages of remote sensing methods over the other more traditional techniques.

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23

Liu, Shaopeng, Yourong Li, Tao Wang, and Yi Luo. "A piezoelectric active sensing method for detection of bolt load loss." Sensor Review 34, no. 4 (August 26, 2014): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-04-2013-657.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a bolt loosening detection approach which integrates piezoelectric ceramics with active sensor technology. Design/methodology/approach – When the ultrasonic wave propagates across the contact surface at the bolted joints, because of the existence of imperfect interface, only part of the ultrasonic wave energy is passed through it. According to the Hertz contact theory, the passed energy depends on the true contact area which is decided by the bolt pretension. Hence, by measuring the received energy with the sensing piezoelectric material, the bolt pretension or bolt loosening can be detected. Findings – The experiment revealed that the wave energy propagated across the interface is strongly correlated to the torque level. This relationship will be a good indicator to detect the status of bolted joints. The presented method has a potential application for the monitoring of bolt load loss in-site. Moreover, some factors which will affect the propagation of ultrasonic wave across the bolted joints are discussed in this paper. Originality/value – This paper provides a good criterion to detect bolt load loss.

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24

Zhanpei, Li, and Liu Tingzhang. "Improved particle filter based soft sensing of room cooling load." Energy and Buildings 142 (May 2017): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.010.

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25

Esposito, Marco, Massimiliano Mattone, and Marco Gherlone. "Experimental Shape Sensing and Load Identification on a Stiffened Panel: A Comparative Study." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031064.

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The monitoring of loads and displacements during service life is proving to be crucial for developing a modern Structural Health Monitoring framework. The continuous monitoring of these physical quantities can provide fundamental information on the actual health status of the structure and can accurately guide pro-active condition-based maintenance operations, thus reducing the maintenance costs and extending the service life of the monitored structures. Pushed by these needs and by the simultaneous development in the field of strain sensing technologies, several displacement reconstruction and load identification methods have been developed that are based on discrete strain measurements. Among the different formulations, the inverse Finite Element Method (iFEM), the Modal Method (MM) and the 2-step method, the latter being the only one able to also compute the loads together with the displacements, have emerged as the most accurate and reliable ones. In this paper, the formulation of the three methods is summarized in order to set the numerical framework for a comparative study. The three methods are tested on the reconstruction of the external load and of the displacement field of a stiffened aluminium plate starting from experimentally measured strains. A fibre optic sensing system has been used to measure surface strains and an optimization procedure has been performed to provide the best fibre pattern, based on five lines running along the stiffeners’ direction and with a back-to-back measuring scheme. Additional sensors are used to measure the applied force and the plate’s deflection in some locations. The comparison of the results obtained by each method proves the extreme accuracy and reliability of the iFEM in the reconstruction of the deformed shape of the panel. On the other hand, the Modal Method leads to a good reconstruction of the displacements, but also exhibits a sensitivity to the choice of the modes considered for the specific application. Finally, the 2-step approach is able to correctly identify the loads and to reconstruct the displacements with an accuracy that depends on the modeling of the experimental setup.

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26

Tian, Xin, Patrick Stump, Andrea Vacca, Stefano Fiorati, and Francesco Pintore. "Power-Saving Solutions for Pre-Compensated Load-Sensing Systems on Mobile Machines." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 5 (2021): 1435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14376.

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HighlightsTwo methods (VPM and HVM) are proposed to improve the hydraulic system efficiency of agricultural tractors.VPM and HVM both target reducing the power loss at the flow control valve of the hydraulic system.The solutions are presented conceptually and then numerically modeled, and VPM is tested on an actual tractor.Results show that the VPM solution achieves 6.7% power saving, while HVM achieves 15.6% power saving.Abstract. Load sensing (LS) is a dominant fluid power actuation technology in mobile machines, particularly in construction and agriculture. It has the advantage of guaranteeing good controllability in systems with multiple actuators while promoting higher energy efficiency. Several variants of LS systems have been proposed over the years, and research on cost-effective methods to further increase their efficiency is still of interest for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and the fluid power community. This article presents two solution, referred to as variable pump margin (VPM) and hybrid variable margin (HVM), suitable to improve the energy efficiency in pre-compensated LS systems such as those used in agricultural tractors. Both methods allow either downsizing the control valves or reducing the power consumption over the working range. Compared to a standard LS system, the VPM solution lowers the pump pressure using an electronic proportional pressure-reducing valve (ep-PRV), while the HVM solution uses a second ep-PRV in the compensator’s pilot line to further minimize the pressure differential across the LS valve. Simulation and experimental results show that, among the main working conditions, the VPM solution on average achieved 6.7% power saving over the standard LS system, while the model predicted an average improvement of 15.6% for the HVM solution. Keywords: Efficiency, Experiments, Hydraulic, Load sensing, Modeling, Pump.

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27

Vivek, Kema. "Detecting Power Grid Synchronization Failure on Sensing Frequency or Voltage Beyond Acceptable Range." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35959.

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This main objective of this paper is to build a simulation model of a system ,in proteus software ,which monitors voltage and provides a breakpoint by low and high voltage tripping mechanism that keep away from any damage to the load, Majority of industrial and domestic systems would encounter fluctuation in the AC mains supply. The chance of damaging electronic devices is very big as they are quite sensitive to these fluctuations. So, Tripping system that avoids any damage to these loads is necessary. This system has tripping mechanism that monitors the input voltage and trips according to limits provides. The system delivers an error as soon as the input voltage falls out of the window range. This system is also configured with an alarm that goes on as soon as tripping takes place.we use mainly microcontroller, comparator and led display for detection of over/under voltage and frequency and we also use GSM to send notification in web terminal.

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Zhang, Ji Ping, Xin Ping Han, Shi Jin Ma, and Zhao Feng Yang. "The Development of the LWD-200B Full Hydraulic Open Cut Mine Drill." Applied Mechanics and Materials 318 (May 2013): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.318.267.

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In order to improve the technical level, perforation efficiency and ability of LWD-200B full hydraulic open cut mine drill to adapt to the complex geological conditions, we developed LWD-200B multi-function full hydraulic open cut mine drill, the drill has rotary cutting, impact and roller bit drill three functions.The drill travel use hydraulic motor to drive crawler belt running gear, low speed high torque hydraulic motor to direct top drive drilling rod. Pressure and lifting system use a long stroke hydraulic cylinder, wire rope and pulley mechanism, load sensing constant power variable pump , load sensing electromagnetic proportional multi-way directional valve. The control system uses electronic control handle and PLC controller, design pressure, speed, length, temperature sensors etc. and GPS base station, with real-time data acquisition, display, lithology automatic identification, closed-loop feedback control, GPS precise positioning , the manual and automatic drilling, specified depth or level drilling function. It applies to drilling diameter 150mm ~ 200mm blast hole in various types of open pit mine.

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Shahidi, Arash M., Theodore Hughes-Riley, Carlos Oliveira, and Tilak Dias. "An Investigation of the Physical and Electrical Properties of Knitted Electrodes When Subjected to Multi-Axial Compression and Abrasion." Proceedings 68, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2021068002.

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Knitted electrodes are a key component to many electronic textiles including sensing devices, such as pressure sensors and heart rate monitors; therefore, it is essential to assess the electrical performance of these knitted electrodes under different mechanical loads to understand their performance during use. The electrical properties of the electrodes could change while deforming, due to an applied load, which could occur in the uniaxial direction (while stretched) or multiaxial direction (while compressed). The properties and performance of the electrodes could also change over time when rubbed against another surface due to the frictional force and generated heat. This work investigates the behavior of a knitted electrode under different loading conditions and after multiple abrasion cycles.

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Yao, Jiantao, Lizheng Zu, Haoqi Ruan, Dajun Cai, Yundou Xu, and Yongsheng Zhao. "A heavy load miniature six-component force sensing mechanism with hybrid branches." Measurement 157 (June 2020): 107623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.107623.

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Gong, Cihun-Siyong Alex, Shiang-Wei Li, and Muh-Tian Shiue. "A Bootstrapped Comparator-Switched Active Rectifying Circuit for Wirelessly Powered Integrated Miniaturized Energy Sensing Systems." Sensors 19, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 4714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214714.

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Human life expectancy has gradually increased in part through rapid advances in technology, including the development and use of wearable and implantable biomedical electronic devices and sensing monitors. A new architecture is proposed in this paper to replace the traditional diode circuit implementation in wireless power supply systems applied to the above-mentioned devices and monitors. By achieving near-ideal power transistor switching and leveraging the characteristics of conventional diodes to prevent reverse current, the proposed approach greatly improves the performance of the energy harvester in power conversion. The MOS harvester used in the uninterrupted permanent wireless near-field power supply described here for use in biomedical systems was designed and verified using the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) standard 180-nm process, achieving performance results of Voltage conversion efficiency (VCE) = 73.55–95.12% and Power conversion efficiency (PCE) = 80.36–90.08% with the output load (0.1–1 kΩ) under 3.3 V ac input with an overall area of 1.189 mm2. These results are expected to create an important technical niche for new “green-energy” miniaturized energy sensing systems including cutting edge wirelessly powered biomedical electronics applications.

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Kim, Kyungrim, Taeyang Kim, Jinwook Kim, and Xiaoning Jiang. "A Face-Shear Mode Piezoelectric Array Sensor for Elasticity and Force Measurement." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030604.

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We present the development of a 6 × 6 piezoelectric array sensor for measuring elasticity and force. The proposed sensor employs an impedance measurement technique, sensing the acoustic load impedance of a target by measuring the electrical impedance shift of face-shear mode PMN–PT (lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate) single crystal elements. Among various modes of PMN–PT single crystals, the face-shear mode was selected due to its especially high sensitivity to acoustic loads. To verify the elasticity sensing performance, gelatin samples with different elastic moduli were prepared and tested. For the force measurement test, different magnitudes of force were loaded to the sensing layer whose acoustic impedance was varied with applied forces. From the experimental results, the fabricated sensor showed an elastic stiffness sensitivity of 23.52 Ohm/MPa with a resolution of 4.25 kPa and contact force sensitivity of 19.27 Ohm/N with a resolution of 5.19 mN. In addition, the mapping experiment of elasticity and force using the sensor array was successfully demonstrated.

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Lin, Tianliang, Yuanzheng Lin, Haoling Ren, Haibin Chen, Zhongshen Li, and Qihuai Chen. "A double variable control load sensing system for electric hydraulic excavator." Energy 223 (May 2021): 119999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.119999.

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Yuan, Bing, Xinquan Lai, and Yuxin Liu. "Load current‐sensing circuit integrated in high‐frequency PWM/PFM hybrid DC–DC buck converter." Electronics Letters 50, no. 18 (August 2014): 1310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2013.4206.

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Jian, Xudong, Ye Xia, Jose A. Lozano-Galant, and Limin Sun. "Traffic Sensing Methodology Combining Influence Line Theory and Computer Vision Techniques for Girder Bridges." Journal of Sensors 2019 (May 27, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3409525.

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Collecting the information of traffic load, especially heavy trucks, is crucial for bridge statistical analysis, safety evaluation, and maintenance strategies. This paper presents a traffic sensing methodology that combines a deep learning based computer vision technique with the influence line theory. Theoretical background and derivations are introduced from both aspects of structural analysis and computer vision techniques. In addition, to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed traffic sensing method through field tests, a systematic analysis is performed on a continuous box-girder bridge. The obtained results show that the proposed method can automatically identify the vehicle load and speed with promising efficiency and accuracy and most importantly cost-effectiveness. All these features make the proposed methodology a desirable bridge weigh-in-motion system, especially for bridges already equipped with structural health monitoring system.

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Xu, Yawei, Lihong Dong, Haidou Wang, Xiaozhu Xie, and Peng Wang. "Surface crack detection and monitoring in metal structure using RFID tag." Sensor Review 40, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-06-2019-0153.

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Purpose RFID tags for sensing are available to operate and transmit sensing data to measurement equipment without battery and wires, which is a great advantage in establishing IoT environment. For crack sensing tags, however, the short service life of tags restricted their application. This paper aims to introduce a method of surface crack detection and monitoring based on RFID tag, which makes it possible for tags to be reused. Design/methodology/approach Metal plate to be monitored, acting as the ground plane of microstrip patch antenna, is underneath the crack sensing tag. The propagating surface crack in metal plate will change the electric length of tag’s antenna that is directly proportional to the crack depth and length. Thus, the deformation of sensing tag introduced by the load on metal structure is no longer a prerequisite for crack sensing. Findings The simulated and experimental results show that the proposed crack sensing tag can sense the change of surface crack with mm-resolution and sense surface crack propagation without a deformation, which means the proposed crack sensing tag can be reused. Originality/value The key advantage of the proposed method is the reusability of the RFID tags.

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37

Chong, Yung Sin, Keat Hoe Yeoh, Pei Ling Leow, and Pei Song Chee. "Piezoresistive strain sensor array using polydimethylsiloxane-based conducting nanocomposites for electronic skin application." Sensor Review 38, no. 4 (September 17, 2018): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-11-2017-0238.

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Purpose This paper aims to report a stretchable piezoresistive strain sensor array that can detect various static and dynamic stimuli, including bending, normal force, shear stress and certain range of temperature variation, through sandwiching an array of conductive blocks, made of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite. The strain sensor array induces localized resistance changes at different external mechanical forces, which can be potentially implemented as electronic skin. Design/methodology/approach The working principle is the piezoresistivity of the strain sensor array is based on the tunnelling resistance connection between the fillers and reformation of the percolating path when the PDMS and MWCNT composite deforms. When an external compression stimulus is exerted, the MWCNT inter-filler distance at the conductive block array reduces, resulting in the reduction of the resistance. The resistance between the conductive blocks in the array, on the other hand, increases when the strain sensor is exposed to an external stretching force. The methodology was as follows: Numerical simulation has been performed to study the pressure distribution across the sensor. This method applies two thin layers of conductive elastomer composite across a 2 × 3 conductive block array, where the former is to detect the stretchable force, whereas the latter is to detect the compression force. The fabrication of the strain sensor consists of two main stages: fabricating the conducting block array (detect compression force) and depositing two thin conductive layers (detect stretchable force). Findings Characterizations have been performed at the sensor pressure response: static and dynamic configuration, strain sensing and temperature sensing. Both pressure and strain sensing are studied in terms of the temporal response. The temporal response shows rapid resistance changes and returns to its original value after the external load is removed. The electrical conductivity of the prototype correlates to the temperature by showing negative temperature coefficient material behaviour with the sensitivity of −0.105 MΩ/°C. Research limitations/implications The conductive sensor array can potentially be implemented as electronic skin due to its reaction with mechanical stimuli: compression and stretchable pressure force, strain sensing and temperature sensing. Originality/value This prototype enables various static and dynamic stimulus detections, including bending, normal force, shear stress and certain range of temperature variation, through sandwiching an array of conductive blocks, made of MWCNT and PDMS composite. Conventional design might need to integrate different microfeatures to perform the similar task, especially for dynamic force sensing.

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Huang, Zhen, Qiang Lu, Rijian Su, and Kaibo Zhou. "Optimal Distribution Method of Photoelectric Sensing Radio Frequency Identification Multi-Tags Using Ant Colony Algorithm." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 15, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2020.2785.

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In this study, RFID technology and wireless photoelectric sensor (WOSN) technology were combined in the acquisition of traffic information. RFID tag and photoelectric sensor were used as a node to build a traffic information collection network. To improve the life cycle and load performance of the network, and achieve the optimal distribution among nodes, the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm was taken as the research object, and the network node distribution routing algorithm of multiple RFID tags-photoelectric sensor nodes was designed. The improved ACO based on energy and distance was selected for self-organizing distribution, so that the nodes distributed locally could be regarded as a whole. Then, each local head node transmitted information based on the route generated by the improved ACO, so that the traffic information obtained by each head node was sent to the aggregation node at the lowest cost. In the experiment, the multi RFID tag-photoelectric sensor node distribution based on the improved ACO can extend the network life cycle, and achieve a balanced network load.

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Silvestre-Blanes, Javier, Víctor Sempere-Payá, and Teresa Albero-Albero. "Smart Sensor Architectures for Multimedia Sensing in IoMT." Sensors 20, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051400.

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Today, a wide range of developments and paradigms require the use of embedded systems characterized by restrictions on their computing capacity, consumption, cost, and network connection. The evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) towards Industrial IoT (IIoT) or the Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT), its impact within the 4.0 industry, the evolution of cloud computing towards edge or fog computing, also called near-sensor computing, or the increase in the use of embedded vision, are current examples of this trend. One of the most common methods of reducing energy consumption is the use of processor frequency scaling, based on a particular policy. The algorithms to define this policy are intended to obtain good responses to the workloads that occur in smarthphones. There has been no study that allows a correct definition of these algorithms for workloads such as those expected in the above scenarios. This paper presents a method to determine the operating parameters of the dynamic governor algorithm called Interactive, which offers significant improvements in power consumption, without reducing the performance of the application. These improvements depend on the load that the system has to support, so the results are evaluated against three different loads, from higher to lower, showing improvements ranging from 62% to 26%.

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Hinderdael, Michael, Marc Moonens, Julien Ertveldt, Dieter De Baere, and Patrick Guillaume. "Analytical Modeling of Embedded Load Sensing Using Liquid-Filled Capillaries Integrated by Metal Additive Manufacturing." IEEE Sensors Journal 19, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 9447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2019.2925206.

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41

Noh, Kim, and Kim. "Comparative Performance of Four Electrodes for Measuring the Electromechanical Response of Self-Damage Detecting Concrete under Tensile Load." Sensors 19, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 3645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173645.

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Self-damage or/and stress-sensing concrete is a promising area of research for measuring the electromechanical response of structural materials using more robust sensors. However, the copper and silver paste sensors widely used in such applications can be expensive and have detrimental effects on the load carrying capacity and durability of the structural systems upon which they are installed. Accordingly, this study compared the performance of four electrode types—conventional copper tape with silver paste (CS), copper film with type 1 carbon tape (CC1), copper film with type 2 carbon tape (CC2), and copper wire and film with type 2 carbon tape (WC2)—to develop an economical and practical electrode for measuring the electromechanical response of self-damage-detecting concrete. The CC1 electrode exhibited comparable performance to the CS electrode in measuring the electromechanical response of self-damage-detecting concrete, despite requiring a longer polarization time (80 s) than the CS electrode (25 s). The CS electrode exhibited a higher damage-sensing capacity (GF2), whereas the CC1 electrode exhibited a higher strain-sensing capacity (GF1), as well as good damage-sensing capacity. Therefore, the CC1 electrode using copper film with type 1 carbon tape was determined to be the best alternative to the conventional CS electrode.

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Kavitha, A., V. Prabhu, D. Ruban Thomas, D. Banupriya, S. Dharanya, and M. Roobini. "A Design of Multichannel Data Transmission Through Power Line Communication." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.24 (April 25, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.24.11958.

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Smart Metering in the power grid is the present popular technology in and around the world. Future Generation is requiring new method for data transfer. This paper introduces a novel method called Power Line Communication (PLC) transceivers. PLC has many number of smart grid applications. This work proposes mainly about the transmission of data’s through Power Line. This work includes both electrical and electronic concept. Here, transmission process takes place through electrical line by using electronic equipment. This paperaddresses the important role of transferring data’s from one place to other. In this concept, dc loads are controlled by giving commands through power line. This work does not require additional medium for transmitting data’s. This paper reduces the human efforts and systematic transmission takes place. In this work, data transmission through power line communication takes place by passing constant 5v. Hence fluctuations are avoided in PLC transceivers, this protects the electronic device and dc load from damage. Here the dc loads are operated by giving ON and OFF commands. These commands can be coded in binary form or it can also be variables. Voltage sensors are used for sensing the current at the receiver (dc loads). The current which is sensed by the sensors are stored by using batteries. These currents can be retrieved for future use. This paperprovides advancement in data transmission process for future generation.

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Biswas, Kalyan. "Design of a Sensor System Using Fiber Bragg Grating for Liquid Level and Liquid Density Measurement." Sensor Letters 18, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4304.

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In this work, a simple but versatile sensing system for very accurate sensing of liquid level and liquid density is presented. The sensor works based on basic strain sensitivity of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and principle of liquid obeying Archimedes’ law of buoyancy. In this system, a cylindrical shaped mass suspended from a Fiber Bragg Grating and partially immersed in the liquid to be sensed. If the liquid level in the container or liquid density varies, that change the up thrust on the suspended mass and load on the Fiber will be changed accordingly. The change in the load on Fiber changes strain on the FBG and the reflected Bragg wavelength also changes. The proposed device with proper calibration should be able to carry out real time and nonstop liquid level and liquid density measurements. A mathematical analysis of the system considering liquid properties and geometrical structure of the suspended mass is presented here. Sensitivity of the system for liquid level monitoring is also reported. Achieved results shows the path for the utilization of the proposed sensor system for precise liquid density measurement and liquid level sensing in very large storage tanks used for commercial/residential applications.

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Kim, Kyungrim, Shujun Zhang, and Xiaoning Jiang. "Surface acoustic load sensing using a face-shear PIN-PMN-PT single-crystal resonator." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 59, no. 11 (November 2012): 2548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2012.2488.

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Yokokura, Yuki, and Kiyoshi Ohishi. "Fine Load-Side Acceleration Control Based on Torsion Torque Sensing of Two-Inertia System." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 67, no. 1 (January 2020): 768–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2018.2881944.

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Gaiola, Andrea, Barbara Zardin, Paolo Casoli, Massimo Borghi, Francesca Mazzali, Francesco Pintore, and Stefano Fiorati. "The Hydraulic Power Generation and Transmission on Agricultural Tractors: feasible architectures to reduce dissipation and fuel consumption – Part I." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 07009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019707009.

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This paper is aimed at investigating the benefits in terms of energy efficiency of new electro-hydraulic architectures for power distribution systems of a medium-size agricultural tractor, with a focus on the hydraulic high-pressure circuit. The work is part of a wider industrial research project called TASC (Smart and Clean Agricultural Tractors [1]). Traditional and alternative architectures have been modelled and energetically compared through simulation, using a lumped parameter approach. Experimental data previously acquired have been used to validate the models and to replicate real working conditions of the machine in the simulation environment. A typical on-field manoeuvre has been used as duty cycle, to perform an effective energetic analysis. The standard hydraulic circuit is a multi-users load sensing system that uses a single variable displacement pump to feed steering, trailer brake and auxiliary utilities in that order. The key idea of the proposed solutions is the separation of steering from the other implements, to optimize the entire energy management. In particular, the paper investigates new and flexible solutions for the auxiliary utilities, including an electro-hydraulic load sensing architecture with variable pump margin, an electronic flow matching and flow sharing architecture, and an electronic strategy for automatic pressure compensation. The simulation results show that good energy saving can be achieved with the alternative architectures, so that physical prototyping of the most promising solutions will be realized as next step of the project.

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Grosinger, Patrik, Jan Rybář, Štefan Dunaj, Stanislav Ďuriš, and Branislav Hučko. "A New Payload Swing Angle Sensing Device and Its Accuracy." Sensors 21, no. 19 (October 4, 2021): 6612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196612.

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Measuring the swing angle of a crane load is a relatively well-known but unsatisfactorily solved problem in technical practice. This measurement is necessary for the automatic stabilization of load swing without human intervention. This article describes a technically simple and new approach to solving this problem. The focus of this work is to determine the accuracy of the measuring device. The focus of this work remains on the design, the principle of operation of the equipment, and the determination of accuracy. The basic idea is to apply the strain gauge on an elastic, easily deformable component that is part of the device. One part of the elastic component is fixedly connected to the frame; the other part is connected to the crane rope by means of pulleys close to the rope. In this way, the bending of the elastic component in proportion to the swing angle of the payload is ensured.

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Won, Jongbin, Jong-Woong Park, Junyoung Park, Junsik Shin, and Minyong Park. "Development of a Reference-Free Indirect Bridge Displacement Sensing System." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 5647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165647.

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Bridge displacement measurements are important data for assessing the condition of a bridge. Measuring bridge displacement under moving vehicle loads is helpful for rating the load-carrying capacity and evaluating the structural health of a bridge. Displacements are conventionally measured using a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), which needs stable reference points and thus prohibits the use of this method for measuring displacements for bridges crossing sea channels, large rivers, and highways. This paper proposes a reference-free indirect bridge displacement sensing system using a multichannel sensor board strain and accelerometer with a commercial wireless sensor platform (Xnode). The indirect displacement estimation method is then optimized for measuring the structural displacement. The performance of the developed system was experimentally evaluated on concrete- and steelbox girder bridges. In comparison with the reference LVDT data, the maximum displacement error for the proposed method was 2.17%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the displacement monitoring of a tall bridge (height = 20 m), which was very difficult to monitor using existing systems.

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Zhao, Lilong, Bo Liu, Yongfeng Wu, Yaya Mao, and Tingting Sun. "Photonic crystal all-fiber Interferometer for Temperature and Transverse Load Sensing based on phase demodulation." Optik 216 (August 2020): 164754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164754.

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Ohme, Bruce W., and Mark R. Larson. "Analog Component Development for 300°C Sensor Interface Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, HITEC (January 1, 2012): 000199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-2012-wp11.

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The development of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) for base-load electrical power generation will require electronics for sensing and control during exploration and drilling and also during production. The operating temperature environments for these applications will generally be more extreme than those encountered by electronics currently deployed for oil and gas development and production monitoring. To address this requirement, electronic components have been designed and fabricated for operation at temperatures of 300°C. These integrated circuits use silicon-on-insulator (SOI) fabrication processes to achieve high temperature operation. High-fidelity simulation models have been developed by characterization of SOI devices at 300°C. These device models were employed to design components required for the development of a down-hole orientation module. A wide-bandwidth, low-noise operational amplifier has been developed for use with MEMS accelerometer sensors. A multi-channel synchronous voltage-to-frequency converter with built-in reference and oscillators has also been developed for use with 3-axis flux-gate magnetometers. The components themselves are general purpose and could easily be used for other high-temperature sensor-interface applications. .

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