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1
Amirkhanyan, Mariya, and Fedor Bryukhan. "Shielding effect of reinforced concrete fences in electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825106006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are one of the main types of physical pollution of the environment in urban lands. The danger of adverse impact of EMF on human health increases with growth of electric power consumption. Therefore, the issues of protection of the population against EMF impact are becoming very important. One of the options for protection against EMF exposure is the use of reinforced concrete fences with shielding properties. Despite the simplicity of such a device against EMF, it can be stated that shielding effect assessment issues are poorly known. The objective of this paper is to assess the shielding effect of reinforced concrete fences in EMF industrial frequency. The shielding effect of the reinforced concrete fences study was conducted on the surrounding area of the thermal power plant (TPP), located on the edge of Mytishchi city of the Moscow Region. The effects of an abrupt increase in the EMF intensity in front of the reinforced concrete fence and its decrease behind the fence are revealed. It is found that these effects are associated with the concrete reinforcement impact inside the fence, in which an alternating electric current is generated. The shielding effect determines the partial reflection of EMF in front of the fence and decrease of EMF inside it. Accounting for the shielding effect of reinforced concrete fences provides perspectives of organizing the protection of the population near residential and industrial buildings, as well as protection of personnel working in the strong EMF areas.
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Cho, Yong-Heui. "High performance metal-only fan-beam reflectarray with a delta source applicable for an electromagnetic fence." International Journal of Contents 7, no. 4 (December 28, 2011): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/ijoc.2011.7.4.044.
Повний текст джерела
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Shein, Alexandr N., Svetlana Yu Artamonova, Vladimir V. Potapov, Nickolay O. Kozhevnikov, and Vladislav E. Ushnitskii. "THE ELECTROTOMOGRAPHY SURVEY IN DIFFICULT GEOTECHNOGENIC CONDITIONS AT THE PEACEFUL UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSION "CRYSTAL" SITE." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 3 (May 21, 2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-2-3-61-68.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper presents the results of measurements in 2019 by electrotomography at the site of the emplacement hole of the peaceful underground nuclear explosion "Crystal", carried in 1974 at a depth of 98 m in permafrost Cambrian carbonate rocks, and the neighboring forest area. The fence made of metal poles and barbed wire around the site, and the buried fragments of the casing of the emplacement hole create significant interference of measurements. To avoid the electromagnetic noise, the measured data of the apparent electrical resistivity was cleaned manually. Data inversion was performed in the Res2Dinv program. Geoelectric models, namely two-dimensional sections of the upper part of the geological environment to a depth of up to 80 m, were obtained. To verify the models, forward modeling was performed using the ZondRes2D program.
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Osinowo, Olawale Olakunle, Michael Oluseyi Falufosi, and Austin Ejimunkonye Okafor. "Integrated Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (Vlf-Em) Geophysical And Hydrogeochemical Study Of Abeku Dumpsite In Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria." GeoScience Engineering 64, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gse-2018-0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and hydrogeochemical studies have been integrated to measure ground conductivity and also determine the concentration of leachate derived contaminants in the groundwater around Abeku dumpsite in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. Ten (10) VLFEM profiles were occupied within and around the dumpsite fence. Water sample from wells were also analyzed to determine the concentration of pollutants in the study area. Qualitative interpretations of VLF-EM results indicate relatively high ground conductivity within the dumpsite, which decreases away from the actual waste dump phase of the dumpsite. Ground conductivity is relatively higher in the south and east of the dumpsite which are located downhill of the groundwater hydrostatic head when compared with the north and west of the study area situated uphill of hydraulic gradient. Hydrogeochemical analyses present NO3−, SO42− and PO42− ions concentration in the range of 9.24 – 13.64 mg/L, 3 – 12 mg/L and 0.33 – 1.07 mg/L respectively. The SO42− and PO42− ions concentrations are within permissible limits, while the NO3− ion concentration is slightly above the Federal Ministry of Environment’s standard for potable water in Nigeria.
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Aguirre, Jerry, Marcos Vargas, and Paul Garland. "Radiation Mechanisms and Electromagnetic Interference in Ceramic Electronic Packages." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 000628–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-wa36.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A full-wave electromagnetic analysis for characterizing typical electromagnetic shielding practices in ceramic electronic packages is presented. Typically in printed circuit board emissions, the power plane emissions, and exposed surface nets are considered, however, the signal interconnect from the PCB to an electronic package can also be a significant source of radiation and hence an electromagnetic interference (EMI) issue. In this paper we describe electromagnetic radiation mechanisms resulting from high-frequency and high-speed applications in ceramic multilayer electronic packages and review the typical practice of implementing via fences to mitigate and reduce the EMI risk within a package substrate and also for the case when the package is part of a package/board configuration.
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Hussein, Ahmed Ali. "Using rectangular trace to reduce the crosstalk of the coupled microstrip lines." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 5, no. 1 (December 29, 2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v5i1.4771.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
New electronic products must have high-speed, small size and lower voltages supply. With such layout, signal integrity (SI) becomes an actual important issue because sensitive equipment is affected on electromagnetic interference (EMI). Crosstalk is a major factor in signal integrity (SI) of printed circuit boards (PCBs). Crosstalk noise is usually represented in terms of Near-End crosstalk (NEXT) and Far-End crosstalk (FEXT). Crosstalk is a common problem that degrades circuit performance. To reduce this problem, via hole-fences connected by guard trace between double microstrip lines are used, in this case the crosstalk will be reduce by 6 dB than use 3W rule, but when it replaced by rectangular metal the crosstalk was reduce by 7dB, is better than use via hole-fences by 1 dB. The simulation result was done by using FEKO 5.5 simulator.
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Ferguson, I. J., W. J. Taylor, and K. Schmigel. "Electromagnetic mapping of saline contamination at an active brine pit." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 2 (May 8, 1996): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Frequency-domain and time-domain electromagnetic methods were used to investigate groundwater contamination at an active brine pit in southwestern Manitoba, Canada. The objectives of the survey were to delineate contamination suspected to be occuring at the site and to compare frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM) and time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) measurements in a survey area containing pipelines, fences, and power lines. The survey successfully delineated a region of high conductivity around brine pit, confirming that leakage is occurring from the pit. Modelling of the FDEM results suggests the contamination is spreading within a series of shallow sand units. Comparison of FDEM and TDEM survey results indicate that small-separation FDEM systems are much more useful for mapping in a developed area containing sources of cultural noise. The FDEM systems permit rapid mapping of spatial variations in conductivity, are affected to only a limited degree by cultural features, and provide some resolution of the depth variation of conductivity at shallow depth. It was not possible to obtain useful TDEM measurements anywhere near the active brine pit because of the signal distortion in the late-time response. Key words: geophysics, electromagnetic, brine pit, saline contamination.
8
Krueger, Daniel, Ken Peterson, and Laurie Euler. "Electromagnetic Isolation Solutions in Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC)." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 000760–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-wp3-paper5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) is a commercial ceramic-glass multilayer technology with compelling advantages for microelectronics, microsystems and sensors. High frequency applications require good electrical properties such as low dielectric los,s and newer applications require extreme isolation from electromagnetic interference (EMI) that is even difficult to measure (−150db). Approaches to providing this isolation, once provided by via fences, have included sidewall coating and full tape thickness features (FTTF) that have been introduced by the filling of slots with via-fill compositions. Several techniques for creating these structures have been modeled for stress and temperature effects in the face of other necessary attachments, such as metallic seal frames. The relative effects of attachment media, FTTF geometry, and alternative measures will be reported. Approaches for thick film and thin film implementations are described.
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Qian, Wei, and David E. Boerner. "Electromagnetic response of a discretely grounded circuit—An integral equation solution." GEOPHYSICS 59, no. 11 (November 1994): 1680–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443556.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We derive an integral equation to describe the electromagnetic response of a discretely grounded circuit. This investigation is relevant to the study of man‐made structures such as metallic fences, grounded powerlines, and pipelines, all of which may fall into the class of discretely grounded conductors. The solution developed here is an extension to existing circuit theory and takes into account the self and mutual interaction of the circuit elements. It is possible to ignore these interactions at low frequencies where the grounding impedances dominate the effective impedance of the circuit. However, at frequencies where the electromagnetic skin depth is comparable to the length between adjacent grounding points, the effective impedance of the circuit is proportional to frequency, and the inductance of the circuit dominates its electromagnetic response. Within the quasi‐static limit (i.e., where displacement currents can be neglected) electromagnetic excitation by either horizontal electric or vertical magnetic dipoles produces a constant primary electric field at high frequencies (far‐field). Thus, the electric current in the discretely grounded circuit will always be inversely proportional to frequency for these types of sources. Horizontal magnetic dipole or vertical electric dipole sources generate primary electric fields that are proportional to the inverse square root of frequency in the high frequency limit of the quasi‐static domain, and thus the current in a circuit excited by such sources will decrease as the inverse of square root of frequency. The integral equation solution derived here can be used to investigate the influence from cultural conductors on actual electromagnetic surveys and also provides further insights into the current channeling response of surficial conductors.
10
Cuinas, Inigo. "An Introduction to Cybersecurity at Physical Layer: Obstacles at Radio Channel to Mitigate Hackers’ Chance." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 26, no. 6 (December 18, 2020): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.26.6.28006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cybersecurity commonly focuses on higher layers of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, as it is a discipline associated to Computer Science. However, physical layer is the front line of the defence of a system against external attacks, and Electrical Engineering, concretely Radiofrequency Engineering, can provide tools to reinforce radio networks also in terms of information security. This paper analyses different techniques related to site shielding. From hard traditional shielding, similar to Faraday cages, to different soft shielding solutions as vegetation fences and frequency selective surfaces (FSS), the variety of solutions is broad and would be useful in actual deployments. Finally, Building Information Modelling (BIM) appears as an interesting tool that could be incorporated along the design and construction of an office building to improve the electromagnetic behaviour, and subsequently the cybersecurity issues of the communication networks hosted by the building itself.
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BIEŃKOWSKI, PAWEŁ, HALINA ANIOŁCZYK, JOLANTA KARPOWICZ, and JAROSŁAW KIELISZEK. "Exposure to the electromagnetic field in the work space during the use of transmitting devices of radiocommunication systems. The method of in situ measurements of the electromagnetic field – specific requirements." Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy 33, no. 2(92) (May 25, 2017): 89–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Labour law sets out the obligation to identify and evaluate electromagnetic hazards in the vicinity of radiocommunication equipment and installations emitting an electromagnetic field (EM-field). Following the regulation of the Ministry of Labour, which established provisions regarding health and safety regarding the EM-field, the "broadcasting tele- and radiocommunication systems” and “mobile phone base stations” have been mentioned among the typical sources of an EM-field (Regulation...., OJ 2016 item 950, amended by item 2284, Annex 1, items 4 and 5). Radiocommunication devices also include “mobile and cordless phones and wireless short distance devices (Regulation...., OJ 2016 item 950, amended by item 2284, Annex 1, item 3), which are devices in common use that do not require a radiocommunication permit, and so are not the subject of this article. Today, radiocommunication devices and systems are among the most common sources of the EM- -field, and while emissions the EM-field of protective zones exists in the vicinity of antennas and some other elements of such systems. The radiocommunication systems are usually operation-free, though they require adjusting and maintenance so workspaces may be identified in their vicinity. The conditions of the workers’ exposure to the EM-field while using radiocommunication systems must undergo periodic inspections made according to the recommended and validated methods, in order to identify electromagnetic hazards and to take appropriate protective measures (Regulation..., Journal of Laws 2011, item 166; Regulation..., OJ 2016 item 950, amended by item 2284). The methods of measuring the EM- -field to the extent necessary to meet these requirements are currently not standardised. Therefore, the aim of the work presented in this article was to develop a recommended method for measuring the parameters of the EM-field in situ in the workspace, while using radiocommunication devices. The recommended measurement method is based on a detailed investigation of the characteristics of exposure to the EM-field surrounding typical radiocommunication devices and systems operated in Poland in the vicinity of systems of antennas and transmitters of mobile phone base stations, broadcasting transmitters of radio and low power television and radio-television broadcasting centres. The work is based on the own results of measurements, as well as published literature and reports from inspection measurements of the EM-field. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that, besides the antennas, which create primary sources of EM-field (in some cases also transmitters and elements of the antenna feeder), in the workspace in their vicinity there are also secondary sources of EM-field: metal structures (ladders, handrails, fences, antennas supports, pipes and groundings) and receiving or inactivated transmitting antennas exposed to the EM-field from active transmitting antennas. In the article, the worked out method is shown for measuring the EM-field in the work space in the vicinity of stationary transmitting radio-communication devices and systems, requiring a radiocommunication permit. The most important sources of uncertainty concerning EM-field measurements near these devices were also discussed.
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Smith, Ray L., Magdy F. Iskander, Octavio Andrade, and Hal Kimrey. "Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Simulation of Microwave Sintering in Multimode Cavities." MRS Proceedings 269 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-269-47.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTMicrowave sintering of ceramics in multimode cavities, particularly the use of picket-fence arrangements, has recently received considerable attention. Various types of ceramics have been successfully sintered and, in some cases, a desirable and unique “microwave effect” has been observed.At present, various aspects of the sintering process such as sample sizes and shapes, types of insulations, and the desirability of including a process stimulus such as SiC rods are considered forms of art and highly dependent on human expertise. The simulation of realistic sintering experiments in a multimode cavity may provide a better understanding of critical parameters involved and allow for the development of guidelines towards the optimization of the sintering process.In this paper, we utilize the FDTD technique to model various geometrical arrangements and material compatibility aspects in multimode microwave cavities and to simulate realistic sintering experiments. The FDTD procedure starts with the simulation of a field distribution in multimode microwave cavities that resembles a set of measured data using liquid crystal sheets. Also included in the simulation is the waveguide feed as well as a dielectric loading plate placed at the base of the cavity. The FDTD simulation thus provides realistic representation of a typical sintering experiment. Aspects that have been successfully simulated include types of insulation, role of SiC rods on the uniformity of the resulting fields, problems that may result from presence of thermocouples, and the possible shielding effects that may result from excessive use of SiC. These results as well as others showing the electromagnetic fields and power-deposition patterns in multiple ceramic samples are presented.
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Nikolovski, S., and T. Barić. "Computer Aided Design of Transformer Station Grounding System Using CDEGS Software." Acta Polytechnica 44, no. 2 (January 2, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/552.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents a computer-aided design of a transformer station grounding system. Fault conditions in a transformer station can produce huge damage to transformer station equipment if the grounding system is not designed properly. A well designed grounding system is a very important part of the project for transformer station design as a whole. This paper analyses a procedure for transformer grounding system design and spatial distribution of touch and step voltage on the ground surface level, using the CDEGS (Current Distribution Electromagnetic Interference Grounding and Soil Structure Analysis) software. Spatial distribution is needed for checking and finding dangerous step and touch voltages above and around the transformer station. Apparent earth resistivity data is measured and analyzed using the RESAP module of the CDEGS software. Because of the very high current flow into the grounding system during a single line to ground fault or a three phase fault in the transformer station, very high and dangerous potentials can be induced on the metallic structures including the fence, which can cause dangerous situations for people and animals near the station and for the personnel inside the station. The PLOT module of CDEGS is used to view the results of the scalar potential, step and touch voltage on the surface. Graphic displays include equipotent contour lines and potential profiles (gradients) in 3D and 2D perspective and apparent soil resistivity (Wm) versus inter electrode spacing (m). The results of alternative grid designs may be displayed simultaneously for the purpose of comparison.
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Wu, Xidong, and Xiang Guo. "Terahertz electromagnetic fences on a graphene surface plasmon polariton platform." Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (June 6, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03205-x.
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Lee, Jae-Yeong, Jaehyun Choi, Bumhyun Kim, Yerim Oh, and Wonbin Hong. "Performance Enhancement of mm-Wave Phased Arrays for Mobile Terminals Through Grounded Coplanar Waveguide Feeding Networks With via Fences." Frontiers in Communications and Networks 2 (October 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2021.741533.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents a design methodology focused on feeding networks that can improve the insertion loss and coverage efficiencies of millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) phased arrays in mobile terminals. This enhancement is accomplished by using a grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) transmission line (TL) with via fences fabricated on single-layer FR-4 PCB. The exemplified 8-element phased arrays incorporating a compact one-dimensional electromagnetic bandgap (1-D EBG) antenna are fed through a 1 × 8 T-junction power divider, which includes the predetermined phased delay lines. To achieve high radiation performance with minimum leakage power or spurious waves in the T-junction power divider, an island-shape GCPW TL topology with via fences featuring high-impedance surfaces (HIS) is devised and fabricated. For further investigation on the radiation performance and spherical coverage of the mm-Wave mobile antenna, a mobile device prototype equipped with two sets of the 8-element phased arrays is prepared and studied. Through extensive simulation and experimental studies, it can be ascertained that the proposed GCPW TL topology with via fences can improve the realized gain at a coverage efficiency of 50% by more than 3 dB, between 26 and 36 GHz.