Статті в журналах: "Electrolytes Metabolism"

1

Martins, J. A., M. T. Ramos, A. C. T. Miranda, L. A. G. Dimache, A. T. Silva, J. F. Azevedo, C. A. A. Oliveira, V. P. Silva, P. Trigo, and F. Q. Almeida. "Blood and urinary variables in horses supplemented with electrolytes." Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13021.

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This study was designed to evaluate changes on variables in blood, urine and water balance in horses in response to a single dose of electrolyte supplementation. The essay was conducted on a randomised 3×3 Latin Square design repeated over time, with three animals and three treatments: Treatment 1: control group (without supplementation); Treatment 2: supplementation with a medium dose of electrolytes composed of: 0.25 g of NaCl + 0.125 g of KCl + 0.05 g of CaCl + 0.025 g of MgCl per kg of BW; Treatment 3: supplementation with a high dose of electrolytes composed of: 0.625 g of NaCl + 0.3125 g of KCl + 0.125 g of CaCl + 0.0625 g of MgCl per kg of BW, equivalent to 2.5 times the medium dose of supplementation. The electrolytes were supplied through a nasogastric tube 4 h after the morning meal. The diet provided had a forage:concentrate ratio of 70:30, composed of coastcross hay and commercial concentrate, with an estimated consumption of 2% of body weigth (BW). Horses received 116 mg/kg of BW of commercial mineral salt mixed in the concentrate. Samples of blood, urine and digesta were collected over a 12 h period after supplementation for analysis of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and magnesium concentration. Water intake and urine output were also measured. Electrolytic supplementation enhanced (P<0.05) the water intake, water retention and urine output. Blood variables were not altered by electrolyte supplementation (P≯0.05). The supplementation also influenced the sodium and chloride excretion in urine (P<0.05). Urine physicochemical characteristics and the concentration of electrolytes excreted with time were significantly altered as a function of the electrolytes supplementation.

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2

Maksymovych, I. A. "Обмін електролітів у спортивних коней за навантаження". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, № 77 (12 лютого 2017): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7723.

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The article presents the results of research content of electrolytes in the blood sport horses before and after exercise. The study was conducted on 50 horses Ukrainian warmlood, Hanoverian and Westphalian breeds. Research biochemical blood parameters in horses, including the maintenance of electrolytes used to determine the effect of exercise on physical performance of animals. Horses electrolytes play an important role in maintaining osmotic pressure, fluid balance, so it is important to determine the contents of the horses during and after exercise. Established that the content of calcium and phosphorus in serum horses after exercise of medium intensity tended to decrease. Exercise in sport horses not affect the metabolism of magnesium in the blood. After exercise serum sport horses significantly reduced in sodium and potassium, which is due to loss of electrolytes through sweat and development electrolyte imbalance.

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3

Rasyid, Nur Qadri, and Muawanah Usman. "Study of Electrolyte Levels in Diabetic Patients." Jurnal Akta Kimia Indonesia (Indonesia Chimica Acta) 12, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ica.v12i1.5630.

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Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder / disease characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) with changes in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism in the body due to disruption in insulin action, insulin secretion or both. These metabolic changes affect the concentration of electrolytes. Electrolytes contained in the body play an important role in many body processes, such as controlling fluid levels, acid base balance (pH), nerve conduction, blood clotting and muscle contraction. Sodium, potassium and chloride are the most common macroelectrolytes and correlate with diabetes mellitus. In this study, we examined the prevalence of diabetes and its relationship to electrolyte concentrations in 28 subjects, divided into two groups: group A consisted of 14 diabetic patients in Labuang Baji Hospital and group B consisting of 14 non-diabetic subjects. The results of the research conducted showed that serum electrolyte levels (Na +, K +, Cl-) for the control were all in the normal range. In contrast, serum electrolyte (Na +, Cl-) levels have two patients who have Na + electrolyte levels below the normal range.

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NESBAKKEN, RAGNAR, and SISSEL REINLIE. "Magnesium and Phosphorous: The Electrolytes of Energy Metabolism." Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 29 (December 1985): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1985.tb02344.x.

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5

Drummer, C., R. Gerzer, M. Heer, B. Molz, P. Bie, M. Schlossberger, C. Stadaeger, et al. "Effects of an acute saline infusion on fluid and electrolyte metabolism in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 262, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): F744—F754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1992.262.5.f744.

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Several hormonal systems participating in body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis were investigated in six healthy volunteers in a supine body position during a period of 9 days and nights. Under strictly controlled conditions, striking circadian rhythms were observed for plasma levels of vasopressin, renin, aldosterone, guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, cortisol, and epinephrine. Nocturnal decreases and diurnal increases in urine flow rate and urinary excretion of electrolytes were observed and closely paralleled the urinary excretion of urodilatin. During 48 h after an acute isotonic saline infusion (2 liters within 25 min) and after a 48-h control experiment the urinary excretion of H2O and electrolytes, and simultaneously the alterations in endocrine systems participating in body fluid homeostasis, were determined. Urine flow and urinary electrolyte excretion rates were significantly increased during 2 days after the saline infusion. The largest increase in urinary fluid and electrolyte excretion was observed between 3 and 22 h postinfusion. These long-term changes were paralleled by altered H2O and Na balances and also by elevated body weights that returned to baseline values with an approximate half-life of 7 h. These data suggest that vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide, and catecholamines are unlikely to be of major importance for the renal response to this hypervolemic stimulus. The renin-aldosterone system was suppressed during 2 days postinfusion. This suppression correlated with the effects of saline load on Na excretion. However, the closest relation with Na excretion was observed for the kidney-derived member of the atrial natriuretic peptide family, urodilatin, which was considerably increased during the long-term period up to 22 h postinfusion. Thus these data show that the human body in supine position requires approximately 2 days to regulate the amount of Na and H2O provided by an acute saline infusion. The data also suggest that urodilatin and the renin-aldosterone system might participate in the long-term renal response to an acute saline infusion and also in the mediation of circadian urinary excretion rhythms.

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6

Powner, David J., John A. Kellum, and Joseph M. Darby. "Abnormalities in Fluids, Electrolytes, and Metabolism of Organ Donors." Progress in Transplantation 10, no. 2 (June 2000): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152692480001000204.

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Powner, David, John Kellum, and Joseph Darby. "Abnormalities in fluids, electrolytes, and metabolism of organ donors." Progress in Transplantation 10, no. 2 (June 2000): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7182/prtr.10.2.1017381040148m75.

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8

Reshma, Shridhar, Sushith Sushith, Mangalore Balakrishna Prathima, D'Sa Janice, Gopal R. Madan, Pragathi Gowda, Kiran PK Kumar, Mohandas Rai, and Bhuvanesh Sukhlal Kalal. "Serum electrolytes levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study." Diabetes mellitus 23, no. 3 (August 10, 2020): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/dm10302.

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BACKGROUND:Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disease worldwide. Electrolyte played significant roles in thenormal functioning of the body, and deregulation is indicative of different types of disease and electrolyte disturbances are often reported in type 2 DM (T2DM). AIM:The aim of the study was to estimate the levels of serum electrolytes in outpatients with T2DM and correlate serum electrolytes with random blood sugar (RBS). MATERIALS AND METHODS:Patients with T2DM visiting the outpatient Departments of Medicine, between April 2016 and March 2017 were included. Of 148 diagnosed T2DM cases, 74 were had RBS level 300mg/dL (group-1) and 74 had RBSlevel 300mg/dL (group-2). Serum sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) levels were measured by using the Roche 9180electrolyte analyzer. RESULTS:In this study, there was a significant decrease in serum Na+levels in group 1 (131.834.36 mmol/L) compared to group 2(134.154.90mmol/L).The serum levels of K+was found to be increased in group 1 (4.510.61 mmol/L) in comparison with group 2 (4.260.52 mmol/L). In group-1, an inverse relationship was present between serum Na+(r=-0.342) and Cl-(r=-0.538) with RBS which was statistically significant. In group-2, a significant correlation was present between serum K+and RBS (r=0.356, p0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The study showed lower levels of Na+and higher K+levels in group-1 compared to group-2 subjects. This study showed that the distribution of serum Na+and K+levels is dependent on plasma glucose levels in patients with DM and also suggests that monitoring the electrolyte levels in hyperglycemia is pertinent in the management of diabetes.

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9

Rehman, Andrea Mary, Susannah Louise Woodd, Douglas Corbett Heimburger, John Robert Koethe, Henrik Friis, George PrayGod, Lackson Kasonka, Paul Kelly, and Suzanne Filteau. "Changes in serum phosphate and potassium and their effects on mortality in malnourished African HIV-infected adults starting antiretroviral therapy and given vitamins and minerals in lipid-based nutritional supplements: secondary analysis from the Nutritional Support for African Adults Starting Antiretroviral Therapy (NUSTART) trial." British Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 6 (March 28, 2017): 814–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517000721.

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AbstractMalnourished HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) are at high risk of early mortality, some of which may be attributed to altered electrolyte metabolism. We used data from a randomised controlled trial of electrolyte-enriched lipid-based nutritional supplements to assess the association of baseline and time-varying serum phosphate and K concentrations with mortality within the first 12 weeks after starting ART. Baseline phosphate results were available from 1764 patients and there were 9096 subsequent serum phosphate measurements, a median of 6 per patient. For serum K there were 1701 baseline and 8773 subsequent measures, a median of 6 per patient. Abnormally high or low serum phosphate was more common than high or low serum K. Controlling for other factors found to affect mortality in this cohort, low phosphate which had not changed from the previous time interval was associated with increased mortality; the same was not true for high phosphate or for high or low K. Both increases and decreases in serum electrolytes from the previous time interval were generally associated with increased mortality, particularly in the electrolyte-supplemented group. The results suggest that changes in serum electrolytes, largely irrespective of the starting point and the direction of change, were more strongly associated with mortality than were absolute electrolyte levels. Although K and phosphate are required for tissue deposition during recovery from malnutrition, further studies are needed to determine whether specific supplements exacerbate physiologically adverse shifts in electrolyte levels during nutritional rehabilitation of ill malnourished HIV patients.

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Varyvoda, Ye S., I. Ya Orishchin, V. M. Lutsiv, V. Ye Varyvoda, B. R. Dzis, V. Ye Chaban, R. P. Dzis, and Ye Р. Karpovich. "Application of sorbitol based infusion preparation for normalization of water-electrolyte exchange in surgery patients with direct rectal cancer." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3.1 (October 11, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-3.1-14.

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Objective. To study the effect of intravenous infusions of the complex drug Rheosorbilact polyfunctional action on the indicators of water-electrolyte metabolism in operated patients with rectal cancer after anterior resection of the rectum in the early postoperative period. Materials and methods. Clinical application of the complex drug Rheosorbilact of multifunctional action was carried out in 30 patients with rectal cancer after the operation of anterior resection of the rectum in the early postoperative period. Studies of plasma electrolytes in operated patients were performed before surgery, on the 1st day after surgery, and on the 2nd, 3rd, 5th day after administration of the drug Rheosorbilact. Results. As a result of studies in patients with colorectal cancer after anterior resection of the rectum in the first days after surgery revealed a decrease in potassium, sodium, calcium in blood plasma. To correct the indicators of water-electrolyte metabolism in operated patients after anterior resection of the rectum immediately after surgery intravenously injected infusion drug Rheosorbilact multifunctional action. After repeated, within 5 days, intravenous infusions of the drug Rheosorbilact, revealed normalization of the concentrations of potassium, sodium, calcium in blood plasma in operated patients with colorectal cancer. Conclusions. Repeated intravenous infusions of the complex drug Rheosorbilact multifunctional action lead to normalization of water-electrolyte metabolism in patients with colorectal cancer after anterior resection of the rectum in the early postoperative period. Normalization of water-electrolyte metabolism in operated patients is confirmed by the content of potassium, sodium and calcium ions in the infusion drug Rheosorbilact. Rheosorbilact is recommended for widespread medical use in such patients, especially in the early postoperative period.

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van Bommel, Erik J. M., Frank Geurts, Marcel H. A. Muskiet, Adrian Post, Stephan J. L. Bakker, A. H. Jan Danser, Daan J. Touw, et al. "SGLT2 inhibition versus sulfonylurea treatment effects on electrolyte and acid–base balance: secondary analysis of a clinical trial reaching glycemic equipoise: Tubular effects of SGLT2 inhibition in Type 2 diabetes." Clinical Science 134, no. 23 (December 2020): 3107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20201274.

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Abstract Sodium–glucose transporter (SGLT)2 inhibitors increase plasma magnesium and plasma phosphate and may cause ketoacidosis, but the contribution of improved glycemic control to these observations as well as effects on other electrolytes and acid–base parameters remain unknown. Therefore, our objective was to compare the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors dapagliflozin and sulfonylurea gliclazide on plasma electrolytes, urinary electrolyte excretion, and acid–base balance in people with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). We assessed the effects of dapagliflozin and gliclazide treatment on plasma electrolytes and bicarbonate, 24-hour urinary pH and excretions of electrolytes, ammonium, citrate, and sulfate in 44 metformin-treated people with T2D and preserved kidney function. Compared with gliclazide, dapagliflozin increased plasma chloride by 1.4 mmol/l (95% CI 0.4–2.4), plasma magnesium by 0.03 mmol/l (95% CI 0.01–0.06), and plasma sulfate by 0.02 mmol/l (95% CI 0.01–0.04). Compared with baseline, dapagliflozin also significantly increased plasma phosphate, but the same trend was observed with gliclazide. From baseline to week 12, dapagliflozin increased the urinary excretion of citrate by 0.93 ± 1.72 mmol/day, acetoacetate by 48 μmol/day (IQR 17–138), and β-hydroxybutyrate by 59 μmol/day (IQR 0–336), without disturbing acid–base balance. In conclusion, dapagliflozin increases plasma magnesium, chloride, and sulfate compared with gliclazide, while reaching similar glucose-lowering in people with T2D. Dapagliflozin also increases urinary ketone excretion without changing acid–base balance. Therefore, the increase in urinary citrate excretion by dapagliflozin may reflect an effect on cellular metabolism including the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This potentially contributes to kidney protection.

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12

Toffaletti, J., P. Ernst, P. Hunt, and B. Abrams. "Dry electrolyte-balanced heparinized syringes evaluated for determining ionized calcium and other electrolytes in whole blood." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 1730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.10.1730.

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Abstract By analyzing whole blood containing no anticoagulants (uncoagulated whole blood) immediately after collection, we evaluated the relative changes in the concentrations of ionized calcium and other electrolytes in whole blood collected in dry heparinized syringes and in serum prepared from blood collected in evacuated blood-collection tubes. Using these dry heparinized syringes, we collected and analyzed whole blood that contained either 33 or 13 int. units of lithium heparin or 40 int. units of electrolyte-balanced heparin per milliliter of blood. We evaluated the effects both of these heparins at different concentrations of ionized calcium and of the incomplete filling of the syringes. We conclude that: (a) when analyzed within 2-3 min after collection, uncoagulated whole blood provides ionized calcium results unaffected by anticoagulants or cellular metabolism; (b) the preparation of serum unpredictably changes ionized calcium; (c) the use of dry electrolyte-balanced heparin virtually eliminates the interference in ionized calcium concentrations between 0.9 and 1.6 mmol/L; and (d) incomplete filling of electrolyte-balanced heparinized syringes produces no effect in syringes two-thirds full (60 int. units/mL heparin concentration) and a small effect in syringes one-third full (120 int. units/mL heparin).

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Alfarouk, Khalid O., Samrein B. M. Ahmed, Ahmed Ahmed, Robert L. Elliott, Muntaser E. Ibrahim, Heyam S. Ali, Christian C. Wales, et al. "The Interplay of Dysregulated pH and Electrolyte Imbalance in Cancer." Cancers 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040898.

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Cancer cells and tissues have an aberrant regulation of hydrogen ion dynamics driven by a combination of poor vascular perfusion, regional hypoxia, and increased the flux of carbons through fermentative glycolysis. This leads to extracellular acidosis and intracellular alkalinization. Dysregulated pH dynamics influence cancer cell biology, from cell transformation and tumorigenesis to proliferation, local growth, invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, this dysregulated intracellular pH (pHi) drives a metabolic shift to increased aerobic glycolysis and reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, referred to as the Warburg effect, or Warburg metabolism, which is a selective feature of cancer. This metabolic reprogramming confers a thermodynamic advantage on cancer cells and tissues by protecting them against oxidative stress, enhancing their resistance to hypoxia, and allowing a rapid conversion of nutrients into biomass to enable cell proliferation. Indeed, most cancers have increased glucose uptake and lactic acid production. Furthermore, cancer cells have very dysregulated electrolyte balances, and in the interaction of the pH dynamics with electrolyte, dynamics is less well known. In this review, we highlight the interconnected roles of dysregulated pH dynamics and electrolytes imbalance in cancer initiation, progression, adaptation, and in determining the programming and reprogramming of tumor cell metabolism.

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14

Opresnik, Stefan, Harald Gell, Michael Moser, Jürgen Wörgötter, Rupert Hirner, Ines Bäck, Klaus Kisters, and Sepp Porta. "Bungee jumping: Metabolism, cardiovascular changes, and electrolytes in severe mental excitement." Trace Elements and Electrolytes 37, no. 01 (January 1, 2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/tex01578.

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Canovic, Predrag, Ljiljana Nesic, Olgica Gajovic, and Zeljko Mijailovic. "Changes in plasma osmolality in food poisoning." Medical review 59, no. 7-8 (2006): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0608365c.

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Introduction. Changes in plasma osmolality may occur during acute intestinal infections due to dehydration (loss of water and/or electrolytes). Depending on whether the water and electrolyte deficit is primary, or a proportional loss of water and electrolytes, dehydration can be classified into three categories: hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic. Material and methods. Thirty (30) patients with food poisoning were included in this research. All patients were hospitalized because of frequent vomiting, with resultant dehydration. A diagnosis of food poisoning was made based on the clinical picture, short incubation period and positive epidemiological history. Plasma osmolality was measured by a freezing point depression with an osmometer, while effective plasma osmolality was determined by using the following formula: EPO (eff. plasma osmolality) = 2 x serum sodium concentration + serum glucose level. Apart from plasma osmolality, other parameters were also measured in patients' sera: sodium, chloride, potassium, urea, glucose and hematocrit. In order to follow-up the changes in these parameters, they were also measured after treatment of the gastrointestinal disorder. Statistical analysis was performed using the equality of mean values for 2 basic groups. Results. The statistical results showed that the values of total and effective plasma osmolality (TPO and EPO) among patients with gastrointestinal disorders were not significantly higher than values after the alimentary infection. Discussion. Such results suggest that food poisoning is associated with disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism, that is isotonic type of dehydration. .

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16

COENEN, M., H. MEYER, and B. STEINBRENNER. "Effects of NaCI supplementation before exercise on metabolism of water and electrolytes." Equine Veterinary Journal 27, S18 (June 10, 2010): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04935.x.

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17

Ashton, N., and R. J. Balment. "Sexual dimorphism in renal function and hormonal status of New Zealand genetically hypertensive rats." Acta Endocrinologica 124, no. 1 (January 1991): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1240091.

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Abstract. Renal water and electrolyte handling and related plasma hormone levels were measured in male and female New Zealand genetically hypertensive and normotensive rats, in an attempt to etablish any potentially important sex-related differences in these parameters. Male hypertensive rats had higher blood pressure than female hypertensive rats, but normotensive rats showed no such sex difference. Both groups of males had higher fluid turnover rates than respective females, and this was associated with raised plasma vasopressin in hypertensive males. Female hypertensive rats excreted more sodium, potassium and chloride in association with lower plasma aldosterone and higher corticosterone levels compared with the other groups. Plasma electrolytes did not differ between the four groups, but plasma osmolality was higher in hypertensive than normotensive rats of both sexes. A higher rate of electrolyte loss and lower fluid turnover in association with reduced plasma vasopressin may contribute to the lower blood pressure of female compared with male hypertensive rats.

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Halushko, O. "Diagnosis and treatment of water and electrolyte disorders in stroke patients with diabetes mellitus." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 10(116) (December 29, 2016): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2016.116.65.

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The objective: to study the origin and characteristics of the flow of electrolyte abnormalities in patients with acute stroke (OR) on a background of concomitant diabetes mellitus (DM) and the possibility of their correction. Patients and methods. Electrolyte disturbances that occur in patients with acute stroke (AS) is one of the reasons complications of AS. Concomitant diabetes mellitus (DM) affects the severity of stroke and increased mortality rates. Analysis of 416 patients with the treatment of AS was conducted. All patients were divided into three groups: 1) patients with established diabetes before the stroke, 2) patients with newly diagnosed diabetes and 3) patients without diabetes. The second phase was conducted a pilot study with an analysis of the frequency of magnesium and phosphate metabolic disorders in the patients with AS (20 patients with AS on a background of diabetes and 10 stroke patients without diabetes). Results. In general, the different types of electrolyte disorders were observed in 73.9% patients with AS, while in patients with underlying disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, these violations occurred significantly more often than patients without such. In particular, carbohydrate metabolism occurred in 82 (81.2%) and 36 (83.7%) patients 1 and 2 groups versus 134 (65.4%) in the control group (p<0.05). Hypomagnesemia (less than 0.8 mmol/L) was observed in 2 of 10 patients (20%) in AS without carbohydrate disturbances and in 6 of 20 patients (30%) in AS with concomitant diabetes. Hypophosphatemia (phosphate levels less than 0,8 mmol/L) was found in patients without diabetes and AS in 2 patients with concomitant DM or newly diagnosed diabetes. Following the correction of oral medication containing phosphates and magnesium blood electrolyte levels was stabilized and that coincided with the improvement of the patients and the degree of disability. Conclusion: Electrolyte disorders are fairly common problem in patients with concomitant diabetes and AS. In patients with impaired carbohydrate metabolism observed significantly higher frequency (more than 81,2% of patients) occurrence of electrolyte disorders than patients without them. Conclusion. In the case of AS on a background of diabetes electrolyte disturbances occur significantly more frequently than in patients without such comorbid disorders. Key words: stroke, electrolytes, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, phosphate.

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Slavnoe, N. V., V. V. Markov, N. A. Kovpan, V. M. Rudichenko, and G. N. Terekhova. "Peripheral circulation regulation in patients with the hypothalamic syndrome neuroendocrine metabolic form." Problems of Endocrinology 39, no. 6 (December 15, 1993): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11928.

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Peripheral circulation and regulating hormonal (renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system) and electrolytic (plasma sodium and potassium) factors were studied in 102 patients with the hypothalamic syndrome neuroendocrine metabolic form administered pathogenetic therapy with antiserotonin and dopaminergic drugs as well as routine therapy. Blood plasma sodium vasopressin and aldosterone levels were found increased, arterial vessel reactivity in the forearm reduced, and venous circulation disordered in these patients. Routine therapy failed to normalize electrolytes and hormonal parameters and was conducive to a still more marked reduction of arterial vessel reactivity. Peritol therapy resulted in a reduction of vasopressin concentration and normalization of blood plasma sodium and aldosterone, as well as in improvement of the myogenic mechanisms of vascular tone regulation and normalization of venous circulation parameters. A course of parlodel therapy lead to normalization of blood plasma levels of vasopressin, aldosterone, and sodium but no changes in the regional vessels were observed.

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Bahadur, Kandy A., Stacey Johnson, Benjamin Lentzner, Mariam Gangat, Joann Carlson, and Sadana Balachandar. "Hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia and supraventricular tachycardia in a patient with subcutaneous fat necrosis." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 31, no. 4 (March 28, 2018): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2017-0365.

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AbstractBackground:Subcutaneous fat necrosis (SCFN) is a rare, self-limiting condition that has been associated with several complications including hypercalcemia.Case presentation:We present the case of a 6-week-old male who presented to his pediatrician with a dime-sized erythematous nodule consistent with SCFN, who was also found to have supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Laboratory findings revealed hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia. Extensive evaluation for the electrolyte disturbances revealed no other etiology. This case reinforces that SCFN should be considered in newborns with hypercalcemia of unknown etiology. Additionally, this case is the first to suggest a connection between SCFN and hyperkalemia. Electrolyte abnormalities can potentially contribute to arrhythmogenesis and may have triggered the arrhythmia in our patient.Conclusions:Our case highlights the importance of remaining vigilant in the workup of atypical rashes of the infant, which should include early assessment of serum electrolytes.

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Paternoster, Nicolò, Enrico Baggio, and Ettore Pelosi. "Personalized hydratation status in endurance and ultra-endurance: A review." Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 13, no. 3 (September 22, 2020): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/mnm-200434.

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This review aims to investigate the physiological mechanisms that underlie the hydro-electrolyte balance of the human body and the most appropriate hydration modalities for individuals involved in physical and sports activities, with a focus on ultra-endurance events. The role of effective hydration in achieving optimal sports performance is also investigated. An adequate pre-hydration is essential to perform physical and sporting activity in a condition of eu-hydration and to mantain physiologic levels of plasma electrolyte. To achieve these goals, athletes need to consume adequate drinks together with consuming meals and fluids, in order to provide an adequate absorption of the ingested fluids and the expulsion of those in excess through diuresis. Therefore, there are important differences between individuals in terms of sweating rates, the amount of electrolytes loss and the specific request of the discipline practiced and the sporting event to pursue.

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Manas, F. N. U., Shobha Mandal, and Barbara L. Mols-Kowalczewski. "A Rare Case of Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type II or Gordon Syndrome." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.210.

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Abstract Introduction: Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHA II) or Gordon Syndrome is a rare, autosomally inherited disease with unknown prevalence. It is caused by mutations in the WNK1, WNK4, CUL3, or KLHL3 gene. It is characterized by hypertension, hyperkalemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and low plasma aldosterone levels, but otherwise normal kidney function. The age of onset of PHA2 is variable, ranging from infancy or childhood to adolescence and adultdood. The electrolyte and blood pressure abnormalities of PHA II is often managed with salt restriction and hydrochlorthiazide (HCTZ). Here we report a rare case of Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II in an adolescent patient. Case Presentation: A 16-yo female with past medical history of asthma and anemia presented to the emergency department with acute severe abdominal/suprapubic pain, associated with diaphoresis, non bloody diarrhea and non bilious non bloody vomiting. The patient also reported daily headaches relieved with Tylenol. In the ED, she was found to be hypertensive at 190/118 mmHg. Blood count showed mild anemia but normal white count and platelets. Comprehensive metabolic panel showed sodium 140, potassium 6.6, chloride 115, bicarbonate 16, creatinine 0.5, and normal liver enzymes. Urine electrolytes were as follows: sodium 189, potassium 20.8 and chloride 140. Arterial Blood Gas ahowed pH of 7.32. Plasma renin activity was low normal at 0.34 and aldosterone level was 2. CT scan of abdomen and pelvis was unremarkable. The blood work was consistent with pseudohypoaldosteronism type II or Gordon syndrome. The patient was adopted so there was no family history. She was started on hydrochlorothiazide. Later, she developed severe itching reaction with hydrochlorthiazide. She is currently being treated with Indapamide, with well controlled blood pressure and normal electrolytes. Conclusion: Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II or Gordon’s Syndrome is a rare disease, with usually autosomal dominant inheritance, with no specific diagnostic criteria for diagnosis. It should be suspected in adolescent or adult patients with hyperkalemia with normal glomerular filtartion, accompanied by hypertension (can be absent), metabolic acidosis, hyperchloremia, decreased plasma renin, relatively suppressed aldosteronism and family history of similar findings.

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Klyushin, N. M., D. S. Leonchuk, S. N. Luneva, A. A. Rakhmatulina, E. L. Matveeva, and A. G. Gasanova. "COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MINERAL METABOLISM IN SHOULDERS AND CRURA IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOMYELITIS." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 65, no. 8 (July 20, 2020): 482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-8-482-486.

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Chronic osteomyelitis in long tubular bones is generally aggravated by metabolic imbalance in patients’ organisms affecting mineral metabolism. It is critically important that the extent of this imbalance should be determined prior to surgical intervention to choose optimal methodology, proper monitoring of recovery and adequate prognostication of final results. With this in mind a comparative assessment has been carried out to shed light on the intensity of mineral metabolism in the blood serum of patients suffering from osteomyelitis in their shoulders and crura. Dynamics of how indices of electrolytes and activity of acidic and alkaline phosphatases vary have been studied in blood serum samples in 24 patients, 18 patients suffering from osteomyelitis in crus bones and 6 - in shoulders. In addition, correlations between total calcium, inorganic phosphate and phosphatase index have been computed. The mineral metabolism indices which were exhibited by the patients having shoulder osteomyelitis and by the patients with crus osteomyelitis are statistically meaningful differences prior to surgery and 2-3 days after surgery. 21 days after surgical intervention the activity of osseous remodeling enzymes, content of total calcium and phosphates as well as the correlations with the phosphatase index show no significant differences. These specific features of mineral metabolism turn out to level out in the process of treating chronic osteomyelitis in upper and lower limbs with transosseous compression-distraction osteosynthes. It has been the first study aimed at discovering comparative characteristics of mineral metabolism in patients with shoulder osteomyelitis and the ones with crus osteomyelitis at different times following surgical intervention. The study looks into correlations between the electrolytes and the mineralization index and shows specific traits exhibited by patients who suffering from osteomyelitis in shoulder and crus went through reparative regeneration at different periods of treatment.

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Sobotka, Lubos, Simon P. Allison, and Zeno Stanga. "Basics in clinical nutrition: Water and electrolytes during nutritional support." e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 4, no. 2 (April 2009): e59-e61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eclnm.2008.07.012.

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Dubnov-Raz, Gal, Yair Lahav, and Naama W. Constantini. "Non-nutrients in sports nutrition: Fluids, electrolytes, and ergogenic aids." e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 6, no. 4 (August 2011): e217-e222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eclnm.2011.05.001.

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Ulutaş, B., M. B. Özlem, Pınar Alkım Ulutaş, V. Eren, and S. Paşa. "Fractional excretion of electrolytes during pre- and postpartum periods in cows." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 51, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.51.2003.4.10.

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In this study, fractional excretions (Fe) of sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (PO4) were examined with the aim to demonstrate interactions between fractional excretions of these electrolytes within each period and relate them to electrolyte metabolism in clinically normal cows at different stages of lactation and dry period. The material of this study consisted of 20 clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows of the same age and milk yield. Blood and urine samples were collected on 190-200th, 240-250th and 270-280th days of pregnancy and on days 1-7th, 35-45th and 75-85th after calving, altogether 6 times. An increase was observed in FeCa and FeMg during the transition from the lactation to the dry period (p < 0.05), and a decrease in FeCa (p < 0.05), FeMg (p < 0.01) in the 2nd month of the dry period. FePO4 and FeMg, respectively, increased on levels of p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, while FeCa decreased on a level of p < 0.05 after gestation compared to the level before gestation. FeNa and FeK showed a decrease of p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively, between the 1st and 2nd months of the dry period, while after gestation this value showed an increase in FeNa (p < 0.05) and FeK (p < 0.01). FeCl increased significantly (p < 0.05) only from postpartum to the 1st month of lactation. There was a strong positive correlation between FeNa and FeCl in all of the periods. It was concluded that there were significant changes in the Fe of Na, K, Cl, Ca, PO4 and Mg before parturition and during lactation; these changes could have an important role in assessing renal function and electrolyte balance.

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McMurtry, J. P., R. W. Rosebrough, and N. C. Steele. "Insulin metabolism and its effect on blood electrolytes and glucose in the turkey hen." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 86, no. 2 (January 1987): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(87)90335-5.

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Glade, Michael J. "Fluid and Electrolytes in Pediatrics: A Comprehensive Handbook." Nutrition 26, no. 10 (October 2010): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.08.001.

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Muftiana, Ilmi, Linda Suyati, and Didik Setiyo Widodo. "The Effect of KMnO4 and K3[Fe(CN)6] Concentrations on Electrical Production in Fuel Cell Microbial System with Lactobacillus bulgaricus Bacteria in a Tofu Whey Substart." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.21.1.49-53.

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Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is a bioelectrochemical system that utilize metabolism of microorganisms to produce electrical energy. Microbial fuel cell is a bioelectrochemical system involving redox reactions that required an oxidizing agent in the process The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various concentration of electrolyte solution KMnO4 and K3[Fe(CN)6] on electricity produced by microbial fuel cell system with Lactobacillus bulgaricus in tofu whey substrate. The principle of this study was bioelectrochemistry that changes chemical energy into electrical energy which involves a redox reaction by utilizing microbes. This study used a microbe Lactobacillus bulgaricus and substrate tofu whey with 0.39 % carbohydrate content in dual chamber MFC system using a salt bridge as a conductor of protons from anode to cathode. Anode compartment contains a mixture of microbes that have been cultured and phosphate buffer with pH 7 while cathode compartment contained electrolytes KMnO4 or K3[Fe(CN)6] in some various concentration that is 0.25 M; 0.2 M; 0.15 M; 0.1 M and 0.01 M with added potassium phosphate buffer pH 7. The MFC system using Lactobacillus bulgaricus and substrate tofu whey with 0.39% carbohydrate content and electrolyte solution KMnO4 generated maximum potential difference of 99.2 mV at concentration of 0.2 M which was higher than system with electrolyte solution K3[Fe(CN)6] 0.2 M that produced maximum potential difference of 48.6 mV.

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Jeng, Henry, and Julia Rodica Broussard. "Hypercalcemia in an Infant With Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type 1." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A134—A135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.271.

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Abstract Background: Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA1) is an aldosterone resistance syndrome due to insensitivity of target tissues to aldosterone action, with supraphysiologic aldosterone and renin levels. PHA1 presents usually in infancy and is divided into autosomal dominant (AD) and autosomal recessive (AR) form. A secondary form of PHA1 associated with UTI and/or renal malformations was described. In AD PHA1, salt loss is due to renal mineralocorticoid resistance while hyponatremia in AR PHA1 is caused by multi-organ salt loss. PHA1 has variable signs/symptoms associated with hyponatremia and hyperkalemia; thus, this clinical picture can be attributed to more common conditions such as dehydration, poor feeding, congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clinical Case: A 5-month old male was admitted for airway evaluation. He was a 23-week gestation preemie, with chronic lung disease, failure to thrive. Patient was found to have hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, high FeNa of 1.3% (intrinsic renal disease) and elevated BUN/Cr (92/1.15). Renal US found echogenic kidneys with poor cortical medullary differentiation suggesting renal disease. Further evaluation noted high aldosterone (1700 ng/dL) and renin (400 ng/mL/hr) levels. He was placed on low protein formula to help optimize BUN level. Baby was diagnosed with secondary PHA1 due to renal disease and started on NaCl supplementation. This led to normalization of BUN, creatinine and improvement in electrolytes. Patient also had high serum calcium ranging from 11.1 to 12.0 mg/dL. Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia could be attributed to possible CAH, however state screen and ACTH stimulation test were normal. Further workup showed high 25-OH-vitamin D > 99 ng/mL, PTH 46.9 pg/mL, phosphorous 5.4 mg/dL and 1,25-OH-vitamin D 63.1 pg/mL. Urine Ca/cr ratio was 0.522. Vitamin D supplementation was stopped and daily total fluids increased. Subsequently, there was improvement in serum Ca at 10.9 mg/dL and 25-OH Vitamin D of 74 pg/mL. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was carried out, with a focus on the etiology of persisting hypercalcemia, including familial forms of hypercalcemia and Williams Syndrome. NGS revealed a likely pathogenic variant, c.2365 + 2T>C (p.?), in NR3C2, consistent with a diagnosis of AD PHA 1. Conclusion: This is a case of AD PHA1, marked by renal mineralocorticoid receptor resistance associated with persisting hypercalcemia. Initial hypercalcemia could be explained by hypervitaminosis D. It is important to note that electrolyte abnormalities, including persistent hypercalcemia, could be also secondary to the kidney disease found on renal US. There are only few reports of hypercalcemia in patients with PHA1 in the literature. In children with electrolyte abnormalities and failure to thrive, monitoring of serum and urine electrolytes would facilitate early accurate diagnosis and timely treatment.

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Mohsin Jamal Buzdar, Alam Mengal, Talha Shahid Amin, Tahir Hameed, Furqan Ahmed, Farhat Abbas, Farhat Abbas, Hafiza Mehreen Tahir, and Maryum Yousaf. "Impacts of renal insufficiency on hepatic profile among different chronic Lower Urinary tract; patients in Quetta." Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences 2, no. 3 (January 11, 2020): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v2i3.1118.

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Primary functions of kidneys to filter the blood by its cells called nephrons, products after metabolism and toxics produced by kidneys upper Urinary tract; and stored in Lower Urinary tract; this helps the body for balance of, electrolytes, water, RBCs, leukocytes, ca and blood pressure. If the renal system not work properly it may cause some complications like kidney stones, electrolytes imbalance, which leads to different complications some time may leads to kidney failure .it also effects on blood cells, if kidneys not work properly our body retains water and toxics not excreted form blood steam, so patient may leads to death. The prevalence of kidney diseases is significantly increasing in pediatric population, that is may be due to life style changes i.e. diet changes, environmental changes. .

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FORD, H. C., W. C. LIM, W. N. CHISNALL, and J. M. PEARCE. "RENAL FUNCTION AND ELECTROLYTE LEVELS IN HYPERTHYROIDISM: URINARY PROTEIN EXCRETION AND THE PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF UREA, CREATININE, URIC ACID, HYDROGEN ION AND ELECTROLYTES." Clinical Endocrinology 30, no. 3 (March 1989): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1989.tb02238.x.

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Sobotka, Lubos, Simon Allison, and Zeno Stanga. "Basics in clinical nutrition: Water and electrolytes in health and disease." e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 3, no. 6 (December 2008): e259-e266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eclnm.2008.06.004.

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Riznic, Nikola, Dragan Milovanovic, Slavica Djukic-Dejanovic, Slobodan Jankovic, Dragan Ravanic, Dragana Ignjatovic-Ristic, Dusan Petrovic, et al. "Effects of antidepressants on serum concentrations of bone metabolism markers and major electrolytes in patients from routine psychiatric practice." Vojnosanitetski pregled 74, no. 7 (2017): 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp150828084r.

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Background/Aim. Data about effects of antidepressant on calcium, phosphorous and magnesium metabolisms are very scorce. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of antidepressants on serum concentration of bone metabolism markers and main electrolytes in patients from routine psychiatric practice. Methods. A prospective, before-and-after, time-series research included 9 males and 24 females, with average 53.3 ? 11.5 years-of-age, suffering from depression (n = 26) and neurotic disorders (n = 7), mostly taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. We measured analytes at baseline, and 4th, 6th and 12th weeks during the treatment and tested the parameter changes from baseline and the trends with appropriate statistics at p ? 0.05 significance level. Results. The age above 60 years was a significant factor for appearance of negative cumulative changes (in percent) of 25-hydroxyvitamin D ? 25(OH)D concentrations from the base-line (OR = 11.4, 95% CI 1.2?113.1, p = 0.037). Serum concentrations of calcium significantly correlated with sodium (rs = 0.531, p < 0.001), with chloride (r = 0.496, p < 0.001), with magnesium (rs = 0.402, p < 0.001) and with osteocalcin (r = 0.240, p = 0.019). Significant correlations were among phosphorous with chloride (r = -0.218, p = 0.035); magnesium with sodium (r = 0.295, p = 0.004) and with potassium, (r = 0.273, p = 0.009); osteocalcin with C-telopeptide (r = 0.760, p < 0.001) with sodium (r = 0.215, p = 0.039) and with chloride (r = 0.209, p = 0.041); sodium with chloride (r = 0.722, p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant changes between antidepressant treatment and changes of absolute serum concentration of calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, 25(OH)D, osteocalcin, C-telopeptide, sodium, potassium and chloride. There were no statistically significant changes in frequency of disturbances in values of laboratory analytes (below/above lower/upper normal limits), too. Conclusion. Antidepressant treatment was not significantly associated with the changes in study analytes but some of them positively correlated with each other, suggesting the need for individual patient approach and further research in the field of bone metabolism in patients with mental disorders.

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Kintner, D. B., J. L. Kao, R. D. Woodson, and D. D. Gilboe. "Evaluation of Artificial Plasma for Maintaining the Isolated Canine Brain." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 6, no. 4 (August 1986): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1986.79.

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The use of canine erythrocytes suspended in artificial plasma to maintain the isolated brain was investigated in 18 preparations. Two plasmas were studied: One (AP1) contained electrolytes, amino acids, and albumin; the other (AP2) was similar to CSF and contained a mixture of 37 organic nutrients plus electrolytes and albumin. The CMRO2, CMRglu, and cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) were measured during 2 h of perfusion, and tissue high-energy phosphates were measured at the end of perfusion. The AP1 and AP2 groups were compared with control preparations perfused with canine red blood cells suspended in buffy coat-poor canine plasma. Both CMRO2 and ATP decreased to 60% of the control value; CVR increased to 187% of the control value in both groups following 2 h of perfusion. After 2 h of perfusion, the calculated value of intracellular pH (pHi)—based on creatine kinase equilibrium—remained normal (6.96) for the control brains, but decreased to 6.49 and 6.63, respectively, for the AP1- and AP2-perfused brains. Thus, there appears to be an eventual disruption of normal oxidative metabolism resulting in energy failure, possibly caused by the absence of an essential nutrient from the artificial plasma. For studies of intermediary metabolism in isolated normothermic brain, diluted whole blood appears to be the perfusate of choice.

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Uppara, Sreenivasulu, Bhagyamma Sollapurappa Narayanaswamy, Rama Kishore Akula Venkata, Thanuja Ramanna, and Shyam Prasad B.R. "A Study on Serum Electrolyte Imbalance in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus - A Hospital-Based Study." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 7, no. 48 (November 30, 2020): 2847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2020/583.

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BACKGROUND The multi-organ disorder, diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to be one of the commonest and challenging health-related problems in the 20th century, prevalent in about 9.3 % of the world's population in 2019 and likely to affect 10.2 % by 2030. Diabetes mellitus is a group of chronic metabolic disorders of multiple aetiology, characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia due to derangement in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Electrolytes are crucial in maintaining various metabolic functions and play a pivotal role in maintaining a healthy state's body. Diabetic patients are more prone to and frequently develop a constellation of electrolyte disorders due to hyperglycaemia, polydipsia and polyuria. METHODS Our study comprised a total of 70 subjects in the age group of 35 - 60 years with age and sex-matched controls. They were grouped into two groups; the first group, group-1 (healthy controls) and the second group was group-2 (patients of diabetes mellitus on oral hypoglycaemic agents with poor control). 5 ml of fasting venous blood was collected in a plain vacutainer tube in the morning after a zerocalorie overnight 08 hours fast. Post collection, the blood sample was used as serum or plasma or whole blood to estimate plasma glucose, blood urea, serum creatinine, serum sodium, serum potassium, serum chloride by kit methods using an auto analyser. RESULTS Among the various parameters tested, the mean value of fasting plasma glucose, blood urea, serum creatinine, serum potassium, serum chloride were higher in group-2 (diabetic patients) compared to group-1 (healthy controls) with a p-value of < 0.0001. The value of the mean of serum sodium was lower in group-2 (diabetes mellitus) compared to group-1 (healthy controls) with a p-value of < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that electrolyte abnormalities are present in diabetic patients and maybe a root cause for associated morbidity or mortality. These disturbances are generally seen in decompensated Diabetes Mellitus patients, elderly individuals and in the presence of renal impairment. KEYWORDS Diabetes Mellitus, Serum Electrolytes, Fasting Blood Glucose

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Ihim, Augustine Chinedu, Patrick O. Manafa, Vincent T. Ekechukwu, Manafa I. Vera, Victor N. Chukwudi, and Sabina O. Ogbuowelu. "Myogenin level tends to decrease in adult male cigarette smokers." Universa Medicina 39, no. 3 (October 27, 2020): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2020.v39.178-183.

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Background The World Health Organization has warned that cigarette smoking is an avoidable risk factor for endothelial injury. Myogenin might play a role in muscle metabolism and energy utilization. Electrolytes and minerals are involved in most cellular activities. The objective of this study was to compare myogenin and electrolyte levels between adult male cigarette smokers (CS) and non-smokers (NS). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 90 subjects, consisting of 55 CS and 35 NS. The sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine myogenin levels while the ion-selective electrode method was used to determine electrolyte levels. The levels of sodium, potassium, and chloride and the body mass index (BMI) were measured. Mann-Whitney and independent t-test were used to analyse the data. Results The BMI of CS was significantly lower than that of NS (p < 0.05). The mean serum levels of sodium (145.23 ± 1.87), potassium (4.00 ± 0.31) and chloride (103.95 ± 1.60) were significantly higher in the CS than in the NS (these being 142.38 ± 2.49, 3.83 ± 0.33, and 101.48 ± 2.08, respectively) (p<0.05). Myogenin levels (44.24 ± 14.60 pg/mL) tended to decrease in the CS group compared to the NS group (59.66 ± 61.73 pg/mL), but the difference was statistically not significant (p=0.769). Conclusion The study demonstrated that higher concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride with lower concentrations of myogenin in smokers may be associated with higher risk of skeletal muscle tissue injury probably due to the inability of the affected small blood vessels to transport electrolytes to tissues.

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Christie, P. M., G. S. Knight, and G. L. Hill. "Metabolism of body water and electrolytes after surgery for ulcerative colitis: Conventional ileostomyversus J pouch." British Journal of Surgery 77, no. 2 (February 1990): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800770211.

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Moser, Marvin, Jan Basile, and Domenic Sica. "Roundtable Discussion: Electrolytes in Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension." Journal of Clinical Hypertension 5, no. 6 (November 2003): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-6175.2003.02641.x.

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40

Koch, Alexander, Lukas Bündgens, and Frank Tacke. "Ernährungstherapie des Intensivpatienten." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 144, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 897–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0665-6749.

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AbstractNutritional therapy is an elemental component of intensive care treatment. Therapeutic goals are the enteral or parenteral provision of calories, protein, electrolytes, vitamins and trace elements. Pathophysiologically, metabolism in critical illness is characterized by a catabolic stress status. This results from an underlying systemic inflammatory response and is associated with increased rate of infections, multiple organ failure and unfavourable outcome. In this article, the principles and strategies of nutrition support therapy in critically ill patients are presented, based on current guidelines.

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Krishnan, Preethi, Gaurav Bhalla, Julie Akright, and Saleh Aldasouqi. "Abstract #812: Caution: Watch Electrolytes During High-Dose Mgso4 Therapy." Endocrine Practice 22 (May 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1530-891x(20)45146-8.

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Orlov, Yu P., N. V. Govorova, M. S. Neifeld, and I. A. Gorst. "Positive water balance and consequences for water-electrolyte metabolism in patients with polytrauma." Medical alphabet 2, no. 31 (November 12, 2019): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2019-2-31(406)-37-40.

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Objective. To assess the effect of a three-day positive water balance (PWB) during infusion therapy on the level of blood plasma electrolytes (sodium, chlorine), hematocrit, the concentration of total hemoglobin and the influence of the studied factors on patient survival in the intensive care unit.Materials and methods. In 47 patients with polytrauma who had multiple organ dysfunction and signs of systemic inflammation, using non-parametric analysis, the ROC-curve method, logistic regression, and relative risk analysis, we studied the effect of PWB on sodium and chlorine metabolism, hematocrit, total hemoglobin concentration and evaluated their relationship with treatment outcome. The subjects were divided into two groups: I — surviving patients whose PWB level for three days was less than 3,000 ml (n = 28) and II — the died (n = 19) whose PWB level for three days was more than 3,000 ml.Results. The average value of sodium for three days was significantly higher in patients of group II: 140.267 ± 3.713 mmol/l against the patients (138.067 ± 2.515 mmol/l; p = 0.020906) of group I. By the end of three days, the level of total hemoglobin was statistically significantly lower in group II (101.89 ± 18.27 g/l) than in group I (120.30 ± 21.70 g/l); p < 0.000025. The hematocrit index was also significantly lower in patients of group II (29.40 ± 4.85 %) than in group I (34.30 ± 6.03 %); p < 0.000034.Conclusion. At a PWB level of three days over 3,000 ml, there is an increase in blood sodium with a tendency to hypernatremia, a hemodilution effect with a decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit. A negative effect of PWB on water-electrolyte metabolism, an acid-base state, the disorders of which cause an increased risk of death, is observed several times more often in patients with excess PWB (more than 3,000 ml in three days) than among patients with lower PWB (less than 3,000 ml for the same period).

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Borhan, Marisa Khatijah, and Florence Hui Sieng Tan. "Life-Threatening VIPoma Crisis in an Immunocompromised Patient." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A998—A999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.2043.

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Abstract Background: Vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPoma) are rare neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) that present with a triad of profuse watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria. The resulting renal impairment, electrolytes and acid-base imbalances pose a high risk of morbidity and mortality. We describe a case of life-threatening VIPoma crisis in an immunocompromised patient. Clinical Case: A 64-year-old man was intubated after he was brought in unconscious with tachypnea. Upon review, he had experienced persistent watery diarrhea for the past 6 months, with a weight loss of 18 kg. He had severe hypokalemia (potassium 1.9 mmol/L, n= 3.5-5.0), metabolic acidosis (blood gases pH 6.927, bicarbonate 4.8 mmol/L, base excess -25.9 mmol/L), and acute kidney injury (urea 47.9 mmol/L, creatinine 980umol/L). He continued to have electrolyte imbalances and acidosis due to persistent diarrhea, despite hydration and dialysis support. His biohazard screening results were positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with a CD4 count of 101 cells/µl. He was given courses of antibiotics for treating pathogenic infections; however, his septic workups were negative for infection, including HIV-related opportunistic infections. Later, pancreatic CT revealed a well-defined heterogeneously enhancing pancreatic head mass, size 6.8x5.2x7.5 cm. Further laboratory investigations confirmed the diagnosis of VIPoma, with elevated VIP levels (1600 pg/ml, n < 75). Eventually, subcutaneous octreotide was started, with resolution of the diarrhea and normalization of his electrolytes and renal function. After a 6-week hospital stay, he was discharged well with monthly octreotide and initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART). After 3 months of ART, his CD4 count improved, and he remained diarrhea-free with octreotide. He is scheduled for tumor debulking surgery. Conclusion:This case highlights the importance of having a clinical suspicion of NETs, especially in immunocompromised patients. Further investigations and imaging studies to rule out noninfectious pathologies should be considered in patients who respond poorly to standard therapy. In VIPoma, somatostatin analog is an antisecretory treatment and it is highly effective for controlling diarrhea. High-dose octreotide up to 1500 µg/day has previously been studied for treatment of refractory diarrhoea in the setting of HIV infection² and it has been found to be helpful in reducing stool volume and frequency. Lastly, delays in the diagnosis and treatment of VIPoma in immunocompromised patients can be fatal. References1/ Hoffland J., Kaltsas G., de Herder W. Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Endocrine Reviews, Volume 41, Issue 2, April 2020, Pages 371-403.2/ Farthing MJ. Octreotide in the treatment of refractory diarrhoea and intestinal fistulae. Gut 1994;35:S5-10.

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�rskov, L., M. Worm, O. Schmitz, A. Mengel, and P. Sidenius. "Nerve conduction velocity in man: influence of glucose, somatostatin and electrolytes." Diabetologia 37, no. 12 (December 1994): 1216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00399795.

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Schmitz, O., A. Mengel, P. Sidenius, L. �rskov, and M. Worm. "Nerve conduction velocity in man: influence of glucose, somatostatin and electrolytes." Diabetologia 37, no. 12 (November 1, 1994): 1216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050238.

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Peuhkurinen, Keijo J., Heikki V. Huikuri, Markku Linnaluoto та Juha T. Takkunen. "Changes in myocardial metabolism and transcardiac electrolytes during simulated ventricular tachycardia: Effects of β-adrenergic blockade". American Heart Journal 128, № 1 (липень 1994): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(94)90015-9.

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Kusuma, Diah Ayu, and Indranila Kustarini Samsuria. "Hubungan Kadar Kreatinin Serum Dengan Kadar Mineral Pada Pasien Chronic Kidney Disease." Medica Hospitalia : Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 2 (November 19, 2020): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36408/mhjcm.v7i2.510.

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Pendahuluan : Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) merupakan gangguan fungsi ginjal yang irreversible, yaitu kemampuan tubuh gagal untuk mempertahankan metabolisme dan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit dan juga mineral. Sebagian besar proses metabolisme memerlukan dan dipengaruhi oleh elektrolit. Konsentrasi elektrolit mineral yang tidak normal dapat menyebabkan banyak gangguan . Saat fungsi ginjal semakin memburuk menjadi Stadium CKD 4 dan 5, ekskresinya cenderung berkurang dan tidak dapat dikompensasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat pengaruh CKD pada mineral yaitu magnesium dan calcium. Metode : Penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional retrospektif dengan pendekatan belah lintang (cross sectional) dengan melihat rekam medik pada senter tunggal di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang selama periode 1 Januari 2017 – 31 Desember 2018 untuk kemudian dilihat hubungan pengaruh kadar kreatinin serum dengan magnesium dan calcium pada pasien CKD dengan terapi hemodialisis. Hasil dan pembahasan: Terdapat hubungan signifikan positif lemah antara kreatinin serum dengan magnesium (p=0,032, r= 0,327). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara kreatinin serum dengan kadar kalsium. Simpulan : Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara statistik terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kadar kreatinin serum dengan magnesium pada pasien Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) dengan terapi hemodialisis. Kata Kunci Kreatinin, mineral, magnesium Chronic Kidney Disease, hemodialisis. ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an irreversible kidney function disorder, which is the body's ability to fail to maintain metabolism and balance fluid and electrolytes and minerals. Most metabolic processes require and are influenced by electrolytes. Abnormal mineral electrolyte concentrations can cause many disturbances. When kidney function getting worse to stages CKD 4 and 5, the excretion tends to decrease and cannot be compensated. The purpose of this study is to look at the effect of CKD on minerals namely magnesium and calcium. Method: This study was a retrospective observational study with a cross sectional approach by looking at medical records at RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang during the period of 1 January 2017 - 31 December 2018 to see the correlation of influence of serum creatinine levels with magnesium and calcium in CKD patients with hemodialysis therapy. Results and discussion: There was a significantly weak positive correlation between serum creatinine and magnesium (p = 0.032, r = 0.327). There is no correlation between serum creatinine and calcium levels. Conclusion: The results of the study it can be concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation between serum creatinine levels with magnesium in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients with hemodialysis therapy. Keywords Creatinine, minerals, magnesium Chronic Kidney Disease, hemodialysis.

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Filho, José Dantas Ribeiro, Paulo Vinícius de Morais Santos, Samuel Rodrigues Alves, Lorena Chaves Monteiro, Caio Monteiro Costa, Rinaldo Batista Viana, Marcel Ferreira Bastos Avanza, Waleska de Melo Ferreira Dantas, and Micheline Ozana da Silva. "Effects of time and temperature on blood gas and electrolytes in equine venous blood." Acta Veterinaria Brno 89, no. 3 (2020): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb202089030239.

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This study aimed to evaluate the viability time of horse venous blood samples kept at laboratory temperature (LT) and in water with ice (WI), to perform blood gas analysis. Eleven blood samples were collected in duplicates from 10 healthy horses. The samples were transported to the laboratory and subjected to one of the 24 h storage method. Each pair of syringes was distinctly kept at LT or submerged in WI. Blood gas tests were performed at times T0h, T1h, T2h, T3h, T4h, T5h, T6h, T8h, T10h, T12h and T24h after collection. Analyses of electrolytes were also performed from the same samples. A difference in blood pH was found between the treatments (P < 0.05). From T4h, pH decreased in samples kept at LT, but in WI, pH did not change. For partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), a difference between treatments (P < 0.05) was noted starting at T8h. In samples kept at LT, pCO2 increased; no changes occurred in samples stored in WI. There was a decrease in the base concentration beginning at T5h in samples kept at LT (P < 0.05), but no variation in samples kept in WI. These changes can be attributed to the erythrocyte metabolism, still active in vitro, which generates lactic acid from anaerobic glycolysis. The potassium concentration increased in samples kept in WI from T4h, with a gradual increase until T24h. Conservation of equine venous blood samples in WI is efficient in reducing cellular metabolism, thereby increasing the viability of samples for examination and interpretation of results.

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Whiting, Susan J., and Wade A. Barabash. "Dietary Reference Intakes for the micronutrients: considerations for physical activity." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-021.

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The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of recommendations for healthy persons. For the most part, recommendations are determined experimentally under controlled conditions of light activity. During increased physical activity, it is expected that micronutrient requirements would increase relative to the inactive state. Micronutrients of interest to athletes are those associated with oxygen handling and delivery, such as iron, and vitamin D, a newly emerging function of which is to maintain muscle strength. The DRI report on electrolytes (including water) is the most recent set of recommendations. In addition to recommendations for intakes to meet needs, many micronutrients have an upper level that indicates caution in consuming a large amount. We illustrate the process of setting DRI values for the micronutrients (including electrolytes and water), and provide a summary of instances where physical activity needs were considered when DRI values were derived. Understanding the origin of DRI values for micronutrients will assist in understanding how to use the values in assessment and planning.Key words: iron, vitamin D, electrolytes, physical activity, nutrient reference standards, adverse effects.

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Wehling, Martin, Stefan Kuhls, Helmut Witzgall, Ursula Kuhnle, Decio Armanini, and Karl Theisen. "Effects of aldosterone on intralymphocytic sodium and potassium in patients with primary aldosteronism." Acta Endocrinologica 116, no. 4 (December 1987): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1160555.

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Abstract. In vitro effects of aldosterone have been described with regard to the intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations of human mononuclear leukocytes. In the present paper the in vitro effect of aldosterone on the intracellular sodium and potassium of human mononuclear leukocytes in 6 patients with primary aldosteronism was investigated. Except for one patient with elevated intracellular electrolytes, sodium and potassium in mononuclear leukocytes of patients with aldosteronism without incubation were within the range for normals. In the patients, no significant change of intracellular sodium or potassium was observed during incubation with or without aldosterone (1.4 nmol/l), whereas in normals, the loss of sodium and potassium during incubation without aldosterone was prevented by 1.4 nmol/l aldosterone. This insensitivity to aldosterone indicates that intracellular electrolytes in mononuclear leukocytes of patients with primary aldosteronism are kept in normal ranges by mechanism which are independent of mineralocorticoids and may represent the cellular correlate to the renal 'escape' phenomenon in aldosteronism.

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