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1
Molina, Victor M., Domingo González-Arjona, Emilio Roldán, and Manuel Dominguez. "Electrochemical Reduction of Tetrachloromethane. Electrolytic Conversion to Chloroform." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 67, no. 3 (2002): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20020279.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The feasibility of electrolytic removal of tetrachloromethane from industrial effluents has been investigated. A new method based on the electrochemical reductive dechlorination of CCl4 yielding chloroform is described. The main goal was not only to remove CCl4 but also to utilize the process for obtaining chloroform, which can be industrially reused. GC-MS analysis of the electrolysed samples showed that chloroform is the only product. Voltammetric experiments were made in order to select experimental conditions of the electrolysis. Using energetic and economic criteria, ethanol-water (1 : 4) and LiCl were found to be the optimum solvent and supporting electrolyte tested. No great differences were found while working at different pH values. Chronoamperometric and voltammetric experiments with convolution analysis showed low kf0 and α values for the reaction. A new differential pulse voltammetric peak deconvolution method was developed for an easier and faster analysis of the electrolysis products. Electrolysis experiments were carried out using both a bulk reactor and a through-flow cell. Thus, three different kinds of galvanostatic electrolyses were carried out. Under all conditions, CCl4 conversions ranging from 60 to 75% and good current efficiencies were obtained.
2
Guo, Hao, and Sangyoung Kim. "Effect of Rotating Magnetic Field on Hydrogen Production from Electrolytic Water." Shock and Vibration 2022 (September 2, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9085721.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to reveal the influence of magnetic field on electrochemical machining, a research method of the influence of rotating magnetic field on hydrogen production from electrolytic water is proposed in this paper. Firstly, taking pure water as electrolyte, this paper selects rigid SPCE water molecular model, constructs the molecular dynamics model under the action of magnetic field, and simulates it. In this paper, the thermodynamics, electric power principle, and electrolytic reaction of hydrogen production from electrolytic water are analyzed, and the working processes of alkaline electrolytic cell, solid oxide electrolytic cell, and solid polymer electrolytic cell are analyzed. Based on solid polymer electrolytic cell, the effects of membrane electrode performance, diffusion layer material, contact electrode plate, electrolytic temperature, and electrolyte types on hydrogen production are analyzed. The experimental results show that the heteroions in the lake electrolyte significantly affect the performance of the membrane electrode, and the number of heteroions in the electrolyte should be controlled during the experiment. The hydrogen production capacity and energy efficiency ratio of the unit are basically not affected by different water flow dispersion. When dilute sulfuric acid electrolyte is selected in the experiment, the concentration should be 0.1%–0.2%; After the proton exchange membrane enters the stable period after the activation period, with the increase of the electrolysis time of tap water, (24 h) the membrane electrode will weaken the catalyst activity and reduce the electrolysis efficiency in the electrolysis process. Furthermore, the correctness of rotating magnetic field on hydrogen production from electrolytic water is verified.
3
Sun, Aixi, Bo Hao, Yulan Hu, and Dewei Yang. "Research on Mathematical Model of Composite Micromachining of Laser and Electrolysis Based on the Electrolyte Fluid." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3070265.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A new technology of composite micromachining of laser and electrolysis is presented through a combination of technological advantages of laser processing and electrolytic machining. The implication of its method is that laser processing efficiently removes metallic materials and that pulse electrolytic machining removes recast layer and controls shape precisely. Machining accuracy and efficiency can be improved. The impacts that electrolyte fluid effectively cools the microstructure edge in the laser machining process and that gas-liquid two-phase flow makes the electrolyte conductivity produce uneven distribution in the electrolytic processing are considered. Some approximate assumptions are proposed on the actual conditions of machining process. The mathematical model of composite micromachining of laser and electrolysis based on the electrolyte fluid is built. The validity of the model can be verified by experimentation. The experimental results show that processing accuracy meets accuracy requirements which are ±0.05 mm. Machining efficiency increases more than 20 percent compared to electrolytic processing.
4
IMAMURA, Koreyoshi. "Factors Affecting Performance of Cleaning Technique for Metal Surfaces Based on Electrolysi of Hydrogen Peroxide, H2O2-electrolysis." Japan Journal of Food Engineering 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2008): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11301/jsfe2000.9.229.
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5
Li, Lin Bo, Juan Qin Xue, Tao Hong, Miao Wang, and Jun Yang. "Preparation of Atomic Oxygen Oxidant by Electrolysis with Ultrasonic." Materials Science Forum 658 (July 2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.658.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The atomic oxygen oxidant—Peroxy-monosulfuric acid was prepared by the method of electrolysis under the condition of with and without ultrasonic. The influence of electrolysis time, electrolyte concentration, electrolytic voltage and the additive concentration on the concentration of oxidant were investigated. The result indicated that with the usage of ultrasonic, combination the cavitation effect and the chemical effect enhanced the concentration of electrolysis oxidant; with the electrolytic time of 3 hours, the electrolytic tension of 6V, the sulfuric acid weight concentration of 35%, the additive concentration of 0.5g/L, the ultrasonic frequency of 40kHz and the power of 150W, the oxidant concentration could reach to 0.9177mol/L. This research is helpful for decreasing the production cost of atomic oxygen oxidant.
6
Riester, Christian Michael, Gotzon García, Nerea Alayo, Albert Tarancón, Diogo M. F. Santos, and Marc Torrell. "Business Model Development for a High-Temperature (Co-)Electrolyser System." Fuels 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 392–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels3030025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are increasing international efforts to tackle climate change by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. As such, the use of electrolytic hydrogen as an energy carrier in decentralised and centralised energy systems, and as a secondary energy carrier for a variety of applications, is projected to grow. Required green hydrogen can be obtained via water electrolysis using the surplus of renewable energy during low electricity demand periods. Electrolysis systems with alkaline and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) technology are commercially available in different performance classes. The less mature solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) promises higher efficiencies, as well as co-electrolysis and reversibility functions. This work uses a bottom-up approach to develop a viable business model for a SOEC-based venture. The broader electrolysis market is analysed first, including conventional and emerging market segments. A further opportunity analysis ranks these segments in terms of business attractiveness. Subsequently, the current state and structure of the global electrolyser industry are reviewed, and a ten-year outlook is provided. Key industry players are identified and profiled, after which the major industry and competitor trends are summarised. Based on the outcomes of the previous assessments, a favourable business case is generated and used to develop the business model proposal. The main findings suggest that grid services are the most attractive business sector, followed by refineries and power-to-liquid processes. SOEC technology is particularly promising due to its co-electrolysis capabilities within the methanol production process. Consequently, an “engineering firm and operator” business model for a power-to-methanol plant is considered the most viable option.
7
Wang, Yu Ling, and Ying Sun. "Three-Dimensional Electrode Used for Wastewater Containing Cu2+ from PCB Factory." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1574.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To study the effects and optimal operating parameters of three-dimensional electrode electrolysis process for PCB wastewater containing Cu2+, the effects of electrolytic voltage, plate distance, material of plate, filling element and electrolyte were inspected to decide optimal experiment conditions. The experimental result showed that the optimal conditions were 3.0cm plate distance, steel ball as the filling material, 10V electrolytic voltage, and 45 min electrolytic time, and the removal rate of Cu2+ wastewater reaches 82.3%. The electricity costs were 1.11 yuan/m3.
8
Denk, Karel, Martin Paidar, Jaromir Hnat, and Karel Bouzek. "Potential of Membrane Alkaline Water Electrolysis in Connection with Renewable Power Sources." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 26 (July 7, 2022): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261225mtgabs.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hydrogen is an efficient energy carrier with numerous applications in various areas as industry, energetics, and transport. Its potential depends also on the origin of the energy used to produce the hydrogen with respect to its environmental impact. Where the standard production of hydrogen from fossil fuels (methane steam reforming, etc.) doesn’t bring any benefit to decarbonisation of society. The most ecological approach involves water electrolysis using ‘green’ electricity, such as renewable power sources. Such hydrogen thus stores energy which can be used later. Hydrogen, used in the transport sector, can minimize its environmental impact together with preserving the driving range and decrease the recharge/refill time in comparison with a pure battery-powered vehicle. For transportation the hydrogen filling stations network is required. Local production of hydrogen is one of proposed scenarios. The combination of electrolyser and renewable power source is the most viable local source of hydrogen. It is important to know the possible amount of hydrogen produced with respect to local environmental and economic conditions. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis is an extensively studied topic. Among the three most prominent types, which are the alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton-exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis and high-temperature solid-oxide electrolysis, AWE is the technology which is widely used in the industry for the longest time. In the recent development, AWE is being modified by incorporation of anion-selective membranes (ASMs) to replace the diaphragm used as the cell separator. In comparison with the diaphragm, ASMs perform acceptably in environment with lower temperatures and lower concentrations of the liquid electrolyte, thus, allowing for very flexible operation similarly to the PEM electrolysers. On the other hand, ASMs are not yet in a development level where they could outperform the diaphragm and PEM in long-term stability. Renewable sources of energy, predominantly photovoltaic (PV) plants and wind turbines, operate with non-stable output of electricity. Considering their proposed connection to the water electrolysis, flexibility of such electrolyser is of the essence for maximizing hydrogen production. The aim of this work is to consider a connection of a PV plant with an AWE. Power output data from a real PV plant are taken as a source of electricity for a model AWE. The input data for the electrolyser were taken from a laboratory AWE. The AWE data were measured using a single-cell electrolyser using Zirfon Perl® cell separator with nickel-foam electrodes. Operation including ion-selective membranes was also taken into consideration. Data from literature were used to set possible operation range and other electrolyser parameters. Small-scale operation was then upscaled to match dimensions of a real AWE operation. Using the before mentioned data, a hydrogen production model was made. The model takes the power output of the PV plant in time and decides whether to use the power for preheating of the electrolyser or for electrolytic hydrogen production. Temperature of the electrolyser is influenced by the preheating, thermal-energy loss of the electrolytic reactions, or cooling to maintain optimal conditions. The advantage of the created model is its variability for both energy output of the power plant or other instable power source and the properties of the electrolyser. It can be used to predict hydrogen production in time with respect to the electrolyser and PV power plant size. The difference between standard AWE and AWE with ion exchange membrane is mainly shown during start-up time where membrane based electrolyser shows better efficiency. Frequency of start-stop operation modes thus influences the choice of suitable electrolyser type. Another output is to optimize design of an electrolyser to fit the scale of an existing plant from economical point of view. This knowledge is an important input into the plan which is set to introduce hydrogen-powered transport options where fossil-fuel powered vehicles is often the only option, such as unelectrified low-traffic railroad networks. Acknowledgment: This project is financed by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic under grant TO01000324, in the frame of the KAPPA programme, with funding from EEA Grants and Norway Grants.
9
Xia, Wen Tang, Xiao Yan Xiang, Wen Qiang Yang, and Jian Guo Yin. "Effect of Flow Pattern on Energy Consumption and Properties of Copper Powder in the Electrolytic Process." Solid State Phenomena 279 (August 2018): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.279.77.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Because of distinctive properties, such as dendritic structure, high green strength, and low oxygen content, electrolytic copper powder has been widely used in aviation, aerospace, national defense industry and other domains. But at present, energy consumption of the electrolysis process in copper powder production is high, and the current efficiency is only about 90%. Therefore,the decrease in energy consumption of the electrolysis process has become the major bottlenecks in the development of the enterprises. In this paper, a new electrolysis cell with different electrolyte inlet arranged on the cell was manufactured. Then, the effect of flow pattern of electrolyte on the current efficiency, energy consumption and properties of copper powder was investigated. The experimental results showed that the electrolytic process had the higher current efficiency, lower energy consumption and smaller copper powders when the flow rate is 0.5l/min in the paralleled inlet and 1.5 l/min in the traditional inlet. Under the optimal conditions, the current efficiency, energy consumption and copper powder size were 99.10%, 712.90kw∙h/t and 47.80um respectively. This means an obvious rise in current efficiency and decrease in energy consumption compared to traditional feeding method.
10
Lang, Xiao Chuan, Hong Wei Xie, Xiang Yu Zou, Pyong Hun Kim, and Yu Chun Zhai. "Investigation on Direct Electrolytic Reduction of the CaTiO3 Compounds in Molten CaCl2-NaCl for the Production of Ti." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 2082–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.2082.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The CaTiO3 compounds were prepared by sintering the mixtures of the TiO2 and CaO in air. The compounds were used as cathode, the graphite as anode and the molten CaCl2-NaCl as electrolyte. Electrolysis was performed at 800°C and constant-voltage 3.2V in dry argon atmosphere. The results showed that the electrolytic rate could be significantly enhanced because of the additive CaO. The electrolysis time was shortened efficiently than that of direct electrochemical reduction of solid TiO2.
11
Kornienko, Galina Vasil'yevna, Svetlana Nikolayevna Kapaeva, Yuriy Nikolayevich Malyar, Vasiliy Leont'yevich Kornienko, and Oksana Pavlovna Taran. "ELECTROCATALYTIC OXIDATION OF STARCH IN TWO-CHAMBER CELL WITH REGENERATION OF OXIDANT IN SITU ON ELECTRODES FROM Pb/PbO2 AND GRAPHITE." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 14, 2021): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.20210410590.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electrocatalytic oxidation of potato starch was investigated potassium iodate in a two-chamber electrolytic cell with in situ regeneration of the oxidant on Pb/PbO2 and graphite electrodes, depending on the current density, electrolyte pH and electrolysis time. To analyze the samples of the starting and oxidized starch, the methods of photometry, X-ray diffraction, gel permeation chromatography, and IR spectroscopy were used. The optimal conditions for starch dialdehyde production were determined: current density 50 mA/cm2, electrolyte pH 7, electrolysis time 80 min. and a temperature of 25 °С. The weight average molecular weights (Mw) of AIBN samples were determined, which are several orders of magnitude lower (104) than the average molecular weight of native starch (108).
12
Khramenkova, A. V., K. A. Shpanova, and D. N. Ariskina. "Production of an Electrolytic Alloy Nickel-Tin-Bor." Materials Science Forum 945 (February 2019): 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.712.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A method for the preparation and properties of an alloy based on nickel is discussed. An electrolyte for the deposition of a tin-nickel alloy has been developed. The influence of electrolysis regimes and electrolyte composition on the physical and mechanical properties (microhardness, spreading coefficient of solder, transient electrical resistance, coating ability to soldering, phase composition, porosity, adhesion, corrosion resistance) of an electrolytic coating based on nickel-tin alloy precipitated from a chloride electrolyte. The possibility of using a tin-nickel alloy as a solderable coating instead of gold and silver is shown.
13
Bespalko, Sergii, and Jerzy Mizeraczyk. "Overview of the Hydrogen Production by Plasma-Driven Solution Electrolysis." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 7508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207508.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper reviews the progress in applying the plasma-driven solution electrolysis (PDSE), which is also referred to as the contact glow-discharge electrolysis (CGDE) or plasma electrolysis, for hydrogen production. The physicochemical processes responsible for the formation of PDSE and effects occurring at the discharge electrode in the cathodic and anodic regimes of the PDSE operation are described. The influence of the PDSE process parameters, especially the discharge polarity, magnitude of the applied voltage, type and concentration of the typical electrolytic solutions (K2CO3, Na2CO3, KOH, NaOH, H2SO4), presence of organic additives (CH3OH, C2H5OH, CH3COOH), temperature of the electrolytic solution, the active length and immersion depth of the discharge electrode into the electrolytic solution, on the energy efficiency (%), energy yield (g(H2)/kWh), and hydrogen production rate (g(H2)/h) is presented and discussed. This analysis showed that in the cathodic regime of PDSE, the hydrogen production rate is 33.3 times higher than that in the anodic regime of PDSE, whereas the Faradaic and energy efficiencies are 11 and 12.5 times greater, respectively, than that in the anodic one. It also revealed the energy yield of hydrogen production in the cathodic regime of PDSE in the methanol–water mixture, as the electrolytic solution is 3.9 times greater compared to that of the alkaline electrolysis, 4.1 times greater compared to the polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis, 2.8 times greater compared to the solid oxide electrolysis, 1.75 times greater than that obtained in the microwave (2.45 GHz) plasma, and 5.8% greater compared to natural gas steam reforming.
14
Wei, Xiang Jia, Hui Wang, Zhao Yong Bian, and Guang Lu. "Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol Using a Pd/MWNTs Gas Diffusion Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 1323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.1323.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a diaphragm electrolyze system with a Ti/RuO2/IrO2 anode and the Pd/MWNTs gas diffusion cathode, the degradation of 4-chlorophenol was fully studied by the electrochemical reduction and the simultaneous oxidation of the cathode and anode. The results indicated that the optimization electrolyte concentration is 0.08 mol/L. The Cl- removal reached 94.8% after 80 min electrolysis with H2 feeding. After 120 min electrolysis, the removal of 4-chlorophenol in the anodic and cathode compartments were 98.5% and 90.6%, respectively. Additionally, the TOC removal reached 65% and 70% in the anodic and cathodic compartment respectively after 140 min. By the UV scanner analysis of the electrolyte, the 4-chlorophenol and benzoquinone were oxidized by the oxides formed on the cathode, while the benzoquinone was found accumulated in the anodic compartment.
15
Pushkarev, A. S., I. V. Pushkareva, S. P. Du Preez, N. A. Ivanova, S. A. Grigoriev, E. P. Slavcheva, D. G. Bessarabov, V. N. Fateev, and A. Sh Aliyev. "IRIDIUM CATALYST SUPPORTED ON CONDUCTIVE TITANIUM OXIDES FOR POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE ELECTROLYSIS." Chemical Problems 17, no. 1 (2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2019-1-9-15.
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16
Liu, Ye Feng, Jun Lin Ma, and Ming Jie Zhou. "Experimental Study on Direct Coupling in a Photovoltaic-Electrolyte Hydrogen Generation System." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hydrogen is the most potential clean energy in the twenty-first century and can be obtained by the electrolysis of water. As a secondary energy, its production would be restricted by large amount of energy consumption and low efficiency. It is advantageous if an electrolyser can be simply and efficiently coupled to a renewable source of electrical energy. In this paper, it investigated the optimal way to maximize the transference of energy from a photovoltaic (PV) array directly coupled to a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyser in a photovoltaic-electrolyte hydrogen generation system (PV hydrogen system). The pivotal strategy is to find the series parallel combination of the PV cells and electrolyser stacks, which produces the highest energy transfer efficiency. The optimal configuration is a PV array consisted of three parallel connected PV cells directly coupled to a PEM electrolyser consisted of twelve series-connected electrolyser stacks with a day energy transfer efficiency of 99.52%. Comparisons between direct coupling systems and traditional ones have been presented. The result shows that direct coupling technology is feasible to improve the energy transfer efficiency in a PV hydrogen system.
17
Arzumanova, A. V., and A. V. Starunov. "Effect of Electrolysis Modes on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Composite Coatings Based on Nickel." Materials Science Forum 945 (February 2019): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.647.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The receiving method and some properties of the composite nickel containing galvanic coating on base nickel-cobalt-oxide silicon-carbide silicon system were discussed. Chloride electrolyte for the application of the composite electroplating coating with firmness to wear and corrosion properties of nickel-cobalt-oxide silicon-carbide silicon system was elaborated. Influence of electrolysis and electrolyte composition on physico-mechanical properties (firmness to wear, corrosion resistance, hardness, internal tensions, porosity, adhesion) of the composite electrolytic coating of nickel-cobalt-silicon oxide system, electroplated from chloride electrolyte, and on the properties of electrolyte (diffusing ability, output current draught) were investigated. The possibility of using for composite electroplating of nickel-cobalt-silicon oxide-carbide silicon system as a firmness to wear coating in instead of chrome was showed.
18
Alif, Admin, Hamzar Suyani, and Hamzar Suyani. "PENARIKAN ION Cu2+ (CuSO4) DARI LARUTAN AIR MELALUI PROSES ELEKTROLISIS SECARA FOTOVOLTAIK DENGAN SEMIKONDUKTOR LAPISAN OKSIDA CuO DAN ZnO DARI KUNINGAN." Jurnal Riset Kimia 5, no. 2 (March 17, 2012): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v5i2.222.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Photovoltaic is a method that can convert sunlight energy into electrical energy. One use ofphotovoltaic electrolysis can be used for metal ions contained in the liquid waste. The research aims electrolyzing Cu2+ ions from aqueous solution using a series of photovoltaic cells with semiconductor CuO and ZnO oxide layer of brass with Na2SO4 electrolyte. The series of photovoltaic cells is associated with an electrolysis cell containing Cu2+ ions to be electrolysed. Semiconductor electrodes made with brass burning in a furnace in a few repetitions at a temperature of 400°C for 1 hour. U-shaped electrolysis cells glass tube containing a solution of CuSO4 1.25 g/L using a carbon rod as anode and cathode. Electrolysis of Cu2+ ions results were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrofotometer (AAS). The results showed that the optimum conditions Na2SO4 electrolyte concentration 0.8 N with semiconductor double-furnace with a strong current 0.829 mA and a voltage of 0.241 mV, the value of efficiency of conversion of solar energy into electrical energy is 0.599%. Electrolysis of Cu2+ ions for 4 weeks could reduce Cu2+ ions concentration of 35 mg/L to 15.909 mg/L (45.45%). CuO and ZnO electrodes was relatively less stable and cause strong currents and voltage drop along the length of the process.
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Yang, Wenyu, Demin Li, Jing Zhang, and Zhaoyang Wang. "Removal of ammonia nitrogen from wastewater by three-dimensional electrode system based on solid waste containing iron." Environmental Engineering Research 27, no. 6 (December 22, 2021): 210411–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2021.411.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to solve the problem of ammonia nitrogen pollution, three-dimensional electrode electrochemical oxidation technology is utilized to transform ammonia nitrogen. The influence of influent pH, power supply and electrolyte concentration on ammonia nitrogen removal by three-dimensional electrode method and its mechanism were discussed by single factor variable analysis. The particle electrode by emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen by three-dimensional electrode is higher than that by two-dimensional electrode. When the aqueous solution is neutral, the direct and indirect oxidation reactions of ammonia nitrogen can reach the best state, and the removal efficiency is the highest. Within a certain range, the electrolytic efficiency will increase with the increase of electrolytic voltage and electrolyte concentration. The reduction of electrode spacing in a certain range can enhance the direct oxidation of ammonia nitrogen and improve the electrolysis efficiency of ammonia nitrogen. Under the conditions of pH 7, power supply voltage 14 V, electrolyte concentration 0.1 mol/L, electrode spacing 1 cm, electrolytic time 50 min, ammonia nitrogen can be completely removed from the three-dimensional electrode.
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Bourbos, Evangelos, Antonis Karantonis, Labrini Sygellou, Ioannis Paspaliaris, and Dimitrios Panias. "Study of Nd Electrodeposition from the Aprotic Organic Solvent Dimethyl Sulfoxide." Metals 8, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8100803.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of organic solvents in an electrolytic system for neodymium electrorecovery by electrolysis at low temperatures is studied in the current work. More specifically, an alternative route, that of the system of DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) with dissolved NdCl3 has been researched and has given promising results. The study of this electrolytic system has been divided into two stages. Firstly, the characteristics of the electrolyte, the dissolution of NdCl3 in DMSO, the conductivity and the viscosity of NdCl3 solutions in DMSO at various temperatures, and the Nd complexation in the solution were studied and secondly, the electrolysis parameters and their impact on the Nd electrodeposition process were evaluated. Finally, the deposits were submitted to SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) analysis and metallic Nd was confirmed to be electrodeposited by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) spectroscopy.
21
Yuan, Tie Chui, Qi Gang Weng, Zhi Hui Zhou, Jian Li, and Yue Hui He. "Preparation of High-Purity Titanium by Molten-Salt Electrolysis Process." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1477.
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Titanium sponge is used as anode, titanium plate as cathode and NaCl-KCl-TiClx molten salt as electrolyte, to prepare high purity titanium by molten-salt electrolysis at 900~980°C. The effects of feeding TiCl4 temperature, electrolytic temperature, soluble titanium concentration and cathode current density on the content of impurities of cathode products have been studied. The results show that the impurities in product can be controlled when the temperature of feeding and electrolyte is higher. The final product with different morphology and degree of purity can be prepared by controlling the soluble titanium concentration and cathode current density.
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Lipkin, V. M., Y. M. Berezhnoi, and M. S. Lipkin. "Effect of Substrate Nature and Electrolysis Modes on Ultramicron and Nanosized Electrolytic Powders Formation Regularities." Materials Science Forum 843 (February 2016): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.843.22.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article presents the research on the effect of substrate nature and electrolysis modes on ultramicron and nanosized electrolytic powders formation regularities. It was found that the preliminarily electropolishing of titanium cathode in combination with impulse electrolysis mode for nickel and copper powders obtaining provides for the predomination of nanosized fraction. The presence of water soluble polymers in the electrolyte for copper powder obtaining, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyacrilamide (PAA) allows forming stable dendritic powders with low agglomeration. Using of powders stabilized by polymers allows obtaining compositions with uniform particle distribution across the whole volume of the sample which provides for heightened wear resistance of composition materials.
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Savenkova, N. P., A. Yu Mokin, and N. S. Udovichenko. "Investigating Magnetohydrodynamic Stability of an Aluminium Electrolytic Cell under Various Manufacturing Process Conditions." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 5 (134) (October 2020): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2020-5-86-95.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mathematical simulation of industrial aluminium electrolytic cell operation allows us to predict and indicate the causes of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instability and bath level skewing, as well as investigate other features of the aluminium electrolysis process. In order to analyse the MHD stability of the electrolytic cell, we adapted a three-dimensional mathematical model that uses a multi-phase approach to describing the media (aluminium, electrolyte and gas) and treats the hydrodynamic, electromagnetic, thermal and electrochemical processes in the bath as interrelated. Our test calculations confirmed that the model is adequate and that the numerical solution proposed converges with sufficient accuracy. The paper describes our numerical investigation results concerning MHD stability of a multi-anode electrolytic cell when its thermal conditions and working space shape configuration change; our simulation included the metal-electrolyte phase interfaces and took into account the MHD instability developing when replacing burnt-out anodes. We estimated how various initial crust configurations affect the MHD stability. We investigated how the process parameters affect the working space shape in the bath, which is a dynamic object, same as the metal-electrolyte interface and the reverse oxidation zone surface. We specifically studied the way changes in potential affect the MHD stable shape of the working space in the bath. We show that varying the potential between any given pair of anodes can change the shape of the working space, that is, crust melts as potential increases, while lowering potential leads to further accretion. As this happens, we note that there is an increase in the vibration magnitudes of the liquid metal and the lower reverse oxidation zone boundary, but these variations are still within the range acceptable in terms of MHD stability of the electrolysis process
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Martinez, Ana Maria, Karin Sende Osen, Egil Skybakmoen, Ole Sigmund Kjos, Geir Martin Haarberg, and Kevin Dring. "New Method for Low-Cost Titanium Production." Key Engineering Materials 436 (May 2010): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.436.41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present work deals with the investigation of an electrolytic method for titanium production that uses TiO2 enriched titania slag as raw material. The process involves two steps: i) carbothermal reduction of the slag to form titanium oxycarbide powder; and ii) electrolysis in a molten chloride-based electrolyte using a titanium oxycarbide consumable anode. Electrochemical studies show the stability of the different Ti species in the equimolar NaCl-KCl melt at 850oC. These results, together with previous work about the anodic oxidation mechanism of a consumable titanium oxycarbide anode in molten chlorides, allow us to optimize the anode and cathode voltages in the electrolysis experiments. The results show that best quality titanium deposits are obtained when the reduction occurs in a single electrochemical step, i.e. directly from di-valent titanium species to Ti metal. Then, the complete conversion of the Ti(III) ions released from the consumable oxycarbide anode to Ti(II) species by adding Ti sponge to the electrolyte, must be fulfilled.
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Widodo, Didik Setiyo, Linda Suyati, Gunawan Gunawan, and Abdul Haris. "Decolorization of Artificial Waste Remazol Black B using Electrogenerated Reactive Spesies." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.21.1.29-33.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electrolysis method (electrodecolorization) coupled with ●OH radicals and chlorine generation has been performed in decolorizing of artificial waste of remazol black B (reactive black 5). The electrodecolorization as one of advanced oxidation process (AOP) shows its determinant potential in overcoming environmental problems due to dye contained waste as well as its green in desaign and efficiency. The project aim was to decolorize the RBB solution completely and effectively. The mission was completed by designing decolorizing reactor working with electrolytic system in tandem with electrogeneration of reactive species from HCl and NaCl electrolyte. Lead oxide, PbO2 was choosen as anode. The efficiency of decolorization process was comparated with those of Na2SO4 as electrolyte. Data of UV-Vis spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry and COD showed that the performance of electrolysis design was significantly enhanced with the reactive species generation process. Electrolysis of 100 mL sample of 200 mgL-1 RBB with reactive species generation was rearched almost two-fold faster in decolorizing the dye solution rather than in Na2SO4 one. The design rearchs more than 99 % in decoloriziation percentages, reducing COD more than 96 % indicating the potential and effectiveness of electroremediation process.
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Kumar Gupta, Pankaj, Akshay Dvivedi, and Pradeep Kumar. "Effect of Electrolytes on Quality Characteristics of Glass during ECDM." Key Engineering Materials 658 (July 2015): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.658.141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is an ideal process for machining of nonconductive materials in micro-domain. The material removal takes place due to combined action of localised sparks and electrolysis in an electrolytic chamber. The electrolyte is most important process parameter for ECDM as it governs spark action as well as electrolysis. This article presents a comparison of three preferred electrolytes used in ECDM viz. NaCl, KOH and NaOH on drilling of glass workpiece material. The quality characteristics measured are material removal rate (MRR) and hole overcut. Results reveal that NaOH provides 9.7 and 3.8 times higher MRR than NaCl and KOH respectively. MRR and hole overcut are found significantly affected by spark characteristics.
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Siracusano, Stefania, Stefano Trocino, Nicola Briguglio, Vincenzo Baglio, and Antonino Aricò. "Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Diagnostic Tool in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081368.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Membrane–electrode assemblies (MEAs) designed for a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolyser based on a short-side chain (SSC) perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membrane, Aquivion®, and an advanced Ir-Ru oxide anode electro-catalyst, with various cathode and anode noble metal loadings, were investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), in combination with performance and durability tests, provided useful information to identify rate-determining steps and to quantify the impact of the different phenomena on the electrolysis efficiency and stability characteristics as a function of the MEA properties. This technique appears to be a useful diagnostic tool to individuate different phenomena and to quantify their effect on the performance and degradation of PEM electrolysis cells.
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Zaikov, Yu P., V. P. Batukhtin, N. I. Shurov, and A. V. Suzdaltsev. "High-temperature electrochemistry of calcium." Electrochemical Materials and Technologies 1, no. 1 (2022): 20221007. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/elmattech.2022.1.007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electrolytically produced calcium is one of the most demanded materials in obtaining pure materials. At the same time, the existing technologies and devices for the electrolytic production of calcium were developed in the last century, and at present there are practically no works aimed at optimizing them. However, increasing the capacity and efficiency of existing devices for the production of calcium is in demand. To analyze possible ways to improve calcium production, a comprehensive understanding of the processes occurring at the electrodes and in the electrolyte during electrolytic production of calcium is required. This review briefly outlines the main points concerning the electrolytic production of calcium: from a brief history of the development of methods for the electrolytic production of calcium and established ideas about its physicochemical processes to information about new developments using the electrolysis of CaCl<sub>2</sub>-based melts. Review content: brief history of process development; base electrolyte for calcium production, including preparation of CaCl<sub>2</sub> and influence of additions on it physicochemical properties; data on calcium solubility in CaCl<sub>2</sub>; information about alternative electrolytes for calcium production; short description of electrode processes in the CaCl<sub>2</sub>-based melts; proposed technologies and devices for the electrolytic production of calcium.
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Karabanov, Sergey M., Yulia M. Stryuchkova, Dmitriy V. Suvorov, Gennadiy P. Gololobov, Dmitry Yu Tarabrin, Nikolay B. Rybin, and Evgeniy V. Slivkin. "Electrodeposition of Ni-Mo Defect-Free Alloy from Ammonium-Citrate Electrolyte in Pulse Current Mode." MRS Advances 2, no. 58-59 (2017): 3585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Electrodeposition in pulse current mode of nickel-molybdenum alloy on a nickel substrate was studied. The range of current density variation from 2 to 9 A/dm2 was investigated. The range of pulse and pause step lengths is from tens to hundreds of milliseconds. SEM-images of applied coatings surfaces are obtained. The method of energy dispersive spectroscopy determined that the molybdenum content in the coating is 21-24 wt%. It was found that under transient pulse mode of electrolysis, with the pulse step corresponding to hundreds of milliseconds, the most rigid and smooth coatings of the electrolytic nickel-molybdenum alloy are obtained from ammonium-citrate electrolyte. It is shown that the percentage of nickel in the alloy does not depend on the electrolysis mode.
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Tseluikin, Vitaly, Asel Dzhumieva, Andrey Yakovlev, Anton Mostovoy, Svetlana Zakirova, Anastasia Strilets, and Marina Lopukhova. "Electrodeposition and Corrosion Properties of Nickel–Graphene Oxide Composite Coatings." Materials 14, no. 19 (September 27, 2021): 5624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195624.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nickel-based composite electrochemical coatings (CEC) modified with multilayer graphene oxide (GO) were obtained from a sulfate-chloride electrolyte in the reverse electrolysis mode. The microstructure of these CECs was investigated by X-ray phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The corrosion-electrochemical behavior of nickel–GO composite coatings in a 0.5 M solution of H2SO4was studied. Tests in a 3.5% NaCl solution showed that the inclusion of GO particles into the composition of electrolytic nickel deposits makes their corrosion rate 1.40–1.50 times less.
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Borm, Oliver, and Stephen B. Harrison. "Reliable off-grid power supply utilizing green hydrogen." Clean Energy 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Green hydrogen produced from wind, solar or hydro power is a suitable electricity storage medium. Hydrogen is typically employed as mid- to long-term energy storage, whereas batteries cover short-term energy storage. Green hydrogen can be produced by any available electrolyser technology [alkaline electrolysis cell (AEC), polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), anion exchange membrane (AEM), solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC)] if the electrolysis is fed by renewable electricity. If the electrolysis operates under elevated pressure, the simplest way to store the gaseous hydrogen is to feed it directly into an ordinary pressure vessel without any external compression. The most efficient way to generate electricity from hydrogen is by utilizing a fuel cell. PEM fuel cells seem to be the most favourable way to do so. To increase the capacity factor of fuel cells and electrolysers, both functionalities can be integrated into one device by using the same stack. Within this article, different reversible technologies as well as their advantages and readiness levels are presented, and their potential limitations are also discussed.
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Zeng, Zhi Peng, Hui Wang, Zhao Yong Bian, and Lei Pang. "Degradation of 2-Chlorophenol Using a Pd/MWNTs Gas Diffusion Electrode in the Divided Cell." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.499.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a diaphragm electrolyze system with a Ti/RuO2/IrO2 anode and the Pd/MWNTs gas diffusion cathode, the degradation of 2-chlorophenol was fully studied by the electrochemical reduction and the simultaneous oxidation of the cathode and anode. The results indicated that the Cl- removal reached 90.5% after 80 min electrolysis with H2 feeding. After 120 min electrolysis, the removal of 2-chlorophenol in the anodic and cathode compartments were 88.8% and 98.5%, respectively. Additionally, the TOC removal reached 75% and 85.6% in the anodic and cathodic compartment respectively after 140 min. By the UV scanner analysis of the electrolyte, the 4-chlorophenol and benzoquinone were oxidized by the oxides formed on the cathode, while the benzoquinone was found accumulated in the anodic compartment. Based on the analysis of electrolysis intermediates using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ion chromatography (IC), the electrolysis degradation of 2-chlorophenol was proposed containing the intermediates, such as phenol, hydroquinone, benzoquinone, maleic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid and formic acid.
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Cheong, Amoy Kam, Yvon Bolduc та Jean Lessard. "Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of ketones and of α- and β-diketones on Raney metal electrodes". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 71, № 11 (1 листопада 1993): 1850–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v93-232.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of various ketones was investigated at codeposited Raney metal electrodes in aqueous methanol. The influence of different parameters (pH, supporting electrolyte, and water percentage) on the ECH of cyclohexanone and acetophenone was studied. The relative ease of electrohydrogenation of a variety of monoketones was determined in competitive electrolyses. The ECH of α- and β-diketones was carried out and different products were obtained selectively by the right choice of catalytic material and electrolysis conditions. The diastereoselectivity of the formation of diols was also determined.
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Gorlanov, E. S. "On the question of using solid electrodes in the electrolysis of cryolite-alumina melts. Part 1." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 24, no. 6 (January 13, 2021): 1324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2020-6-1324-1336.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article is aimed at identifying issues associated with the use of solid cathodes in the electrolysis of cryolitealumina melts in order to determine conditions for their practical application. The contemporary technology of using solid anodes and cathodes is reviewed from its inception to the present time. The problems of stable electrolysis are discussed, such as effects of the electrode surface on the technological process. It is shown that all attempts undertaken over the recent 100 years to use solid electrodes, both reactive and inert, have been challenged with the emergence of electrolysis instability, formation of precipitates of varying intensity on the electrodes and impossibility of maintaining a prolonged process at current densities of above 0.4–0.5 A/cm2. Information is provided on the attempts to use purified electrolyte components with different ratios, metal-like and ceramic electrodes with a high purity and a smooth surface in order to approach real industrial conditions. However, to the best of our current knowledge, these experiments have not found commercial application. The authors believe that the most probable reason for the decreased current efficiency and passivation of solid electrodes consists in the chemical inhomogeneity and micro-defects of the bulk and surface structure of polycrystalline cathodes and anodes. It was the physical inhomogeneity of carbon electrodes that directed the development of the nascent electrolytic production of aluminium towards the use of electrolytic cells with a horizontal arrangement of electrodes and liquid aluminium as a cathode. This reason is assumed to limit the progress of electrolytic aluminium production based on the use of inert anodes and wettable cathodes in the designs of new generation electrolytic cells implying vertically arranged drained cathodes. The theoretical and experimental examination of this assumption will be presented in the following parts of the article.
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Gambou, Frank, Damien Guilbert, Michel Zasadzinski, and Hugues Rafaralahy. "A Comprehensive Survey of Alkaline Electrolyzer Modeling: Electrical Domain and Specific Electrolyte Conductivity." Energies 15, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 3452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093452.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Alkaline electrolyzers are the most widespread technology due to their maturity, low cost, and large capacity in generating hydrogen. However, compared to proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers, they request the use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) since the electrolyte relies on a liquid solution. For this reason, the performances of alkaline electrolyzers are governed by the electrolyte concentration and operating temperature. Due to the growing development of the water electrolysis process based on alkaline electrolyzers to generate green hydrogen from renewable energy sources, the main purpose of this paper is to carry out a comprehensive survey on alkaline electrolyzers, and more specifically about their electrical domain and specific electrolytic conductivity. Besides, this survey will allow emphasizing the remaining key issues from the modeling point of view.
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Li, Li, Ying Liu, and Yi Fan Li. "Electrochemical Degradation of Methylene Blue Aqueous Solution on Electrospinning Nanofibers (ESF) Electrodes." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1362.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study mostly investigated the influences of electrolytic conditions and the structure of electrospinning nanofibers electrodes on the degradation of methylene blue in details. For PAN and Fe/PAN electrodes, was prepared by electrospinning.It was found that the ESF electrodes with higher specific surface area, and higher mesopore percentage could be push the electrochemical degradation. As the same time, adjusted the initial pH, increased the current, and added to electrolyte also could improve the treatment effect of electrochemical degradation. After 90min of electrolysis, the color removal efficiency of methylene blue reached 97.6% at current with 100mA, supporting electrolyte of NaCl with 0.1mol/L and initial pH with 3~5. Under the same current conditions with the Pt-Fe/PAN anodes the color removal rate of degradation were higher efficiency than the other two anodes.
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Anuratha, Krishnan Shanmugam, Mia Rinawati, Tzu-Ho Wu, Min-Hsin Yeh, and Jeng-Yu Lin. "Recent Development of Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for Urea Electrolysis in Alkaline Solution." Nanomaterials 12, no. 17 (August 27, 2022): 2970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12172970.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recently, urea electrolysis has been regarded as an up-and-coming pathway for the sustainability of hydrogen fuel production according to its far lower theoretical and thermodynamic electrolytic cell potential (0.37 V) compared to water electrolysis (1.23 V) and rectification of urea-rich wastewater pollution. The new era of the “hydrogen energy economy” involving urea electrolysis can efficiently promote the development of a low-carbon future. In recent decades, numerous inexpensive and fruitful nickel-based materials (metallic Ni, Ni-alloys, oxides/hydroxides, chalcogenides, nitrides and phosphides) have been explored as potential energy saving monofunctional and bifunctional electrocatalysts for urea electrolysis in alkaline solution. In this review, we start with a discussion about the basics and fundamentals of urea electrolysis, including the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and then discuss the strategies for designing electrocatalysts for the UOR, HER and both reactions (bifunctional). Next, the catalytic performance, mechanisms and factors including morphology, composition and electrode/electrolyte kinetics for the ameliorated and diminished activity of the various aforementioned nickel-based electrocatalysts for urea electrolysis, including monofunctional (UOR or HER) and bifunctional (UOR and HER) types, are summarized. Lastly, the features of persisting challenges, future prospects and expectations of unravelling the bifunctional electrocatalysts for urea-based energy conversion technologies, including urea electrolysis, urea fuel cells and photoelectrochemical urea splitting, are illuminated.
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Dimitrov, Aleksandar T. "Study of molten Li2Co3 electrolysis as a method for production of carbon nanotubes." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 28, no. 1 (June 15, 2009): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2009.226.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by electrolysis in molten Li2CO3 was investigated by studying the effect of the electrolyte, temperature of the electrolyte and cathodic overpotential. Cyclic voltametry clearly shows that instead of the expected Li discharge of the cathode as a first reaction, some early electrochemical reaction starts at a potential of –0.1 V, as a result of which, instead of the expected process of intercalation into the graphite lattice and CNTs formation, deposition of carbon occurs with the graphite cathode acting as the substrate. The carbon deposit obtained during the process of electrolysis together with the solidified salt, after dissolving in water, filtering and drying, was inspected with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that, among the observed structures and impurities, there are no CNTs. The morphology of the product is different from others previously observed, with a shape like sheets of flowers, and very small nano-balls. The impurities are metal particles from the salt and the impurities originating from the salt. For better understanding and confirmation of these result, cyclic voltametry and electrolytic deposition of carbon on a molybdenum electrode was also investigated. Molten LiCl was used as a base electrolyte with adding of 1, 5 and 10 % of Li2CO3. SEM observations and cyclic voltammograms confirm that under those conditions a process of carbon deposition occurs.
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Rincón Castrillo, Erick Daniel, José Ricardo Bermúdez Santaella, Luis Emilio Vera Duarte, and Juan José García Pabón. "Modeling and simulation of an electrolyser for the production of HHO in Matlab- Simulink®." Respuestas 24, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.1826.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The electrolyzers work through an electrochemical process, their derivatives (H2,O2 , and HHO) are used as enriching fuels due to the electrolysis of water, being cleaner than gasoline and diesel. This article presents the dynamic model of an alkaline electrolyzer that uses an electrolyte ( KOH o NaHCO3) dissolved in distilled water to accelerate the production of oxyhydrogen (HHO). The model shows the phase change that occurs inside the electrolytic cell. The EES® software was used to determine the values of enthalpy, entropy, and free energy that vary during the electrochemical reaction; the equations were simulated in Matlab-Simulink® to observe their dynamic behavior. The Simulations presented varying every 5 g the electrolyte until reaching 20 g. The flow rate of HHO with potassium hydroxide (20 g) is higher than 0.02 L / s, and with sodium bicarbonate (20 g) it is above 0.0006 L / s, confirming what the literature of alkaline cells state, that the most efficient electrolyte for its energy conversion is KOH.
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de Fátima, Oliveira Marilei, Mazur Viviane Teleginski, Virtuozo Fernanda, and Junior Valter Anzolin de Souza. "Graphite Electrodes for Hydrogen Production by Acid Electrolysis." Materials Science Forum 1012 (October 2020): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1012.158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, humanity has become aware of the consequences that the use of fossil fuels entails, and the latest developments in the energy sector are leading to a diversification of energy resources. In this context, researching on alternative forms of producing electric energy is being conducted. At the transportation level, a possible solution for this matter may lie in hydrogen fuel cells. The electrolysis of water is one of the possible processes for hydrogen production, but the reaction to break the water molecule requires a great amount of energy and this is precisely the biggest issue involving this process. In this work, low cost electrodes of 254 stainless steel and electrolytic graphite were used for hydrogen production, allowing high efficiency and reduced oxidation during the process. The selection of these materials allows to obtain a high corrosion resistance electrolytic pair, by replacing the high cost platinum electrode usually employed in the alkaline electrolysis process. The formic acid of biomass origin was used as an electrolyte. It was observed that the developed reactor have no energy losses through heat and it was possible to obtain approximately 82% conversion efficiency in the gas production process.
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Barnett, Scott A., Qian Zhang, Jerren Grimes, Dalton Cox, Junsung Hong, Beom-Kyeong Park, Tianrang Yang, and Peter W. Voorhees. "(Keynote) Degradation Processes in Solid Oxide Cell Ni-YSZ Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 38 (July 7, 2022): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01381669mtgabs.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Solid oxide cells (SOCs) can have a significant impact on climate change over the next decade and beyond, in applications such as balancing renewable grid electricity via electrolytic fuel production, and producing electricity from bio-fuels combined with CO2 product sequestration. However, long-term performance degradation remains a key variable that may limit further implementation of SOCs. This talk focuses on the Ni-YSZ fuel electrode that is widely used but is known to be an important contributor to SOC degradation. Various processes that cause Ni-YSZ degradation are discussed. Results on 3D tomography measurements of accelerated Ni coarsening are described and a quantitative model is developed to predict long-term degradation. Although the results indicate that coarsening effects can be minimized in well-designed Ni-YSZ microstructures, degradation can still occur, especially during high-current-density electrolysis operation. For operation under low H2O/H2 conditions, high electrolysis current density can yield reduction of zirconia to form Ni-Zr compounds, along with substantial microstructural damage. For operation under high H2O/H2conditions, high electrolysis current density can yield Ni migration away from the electrolyte. A phase-field simulation is described that predicts this Ni migration, using actual Ni-YSZ microstructures measured using 3D tomography as the starting point, and compared with experimental observations. The model assumes that Ni transport is driven by a spatial gradient in surface tensions, i.e., a decrease in the Ni/YSZ contact angle with increasing distance from the electrolyte. Recent results on electrolysis and reversibly operated SOCs, making use of Ceria-infiltrated Ni-YSZ to improve stability, are described.
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NAZAROV, V. D., M. V. NAZAROV, and M. R. KhABIBULLINA. "ELECTROFLOTATION IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER PURIFICATION." Urban construction and architecture 1, no. 2 (July 15, 2011): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2011.02.17.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It has been discovered that the speed of water barbotage with hydrogen gas and oxygen is linearly dependent on current density and does not depend on electrolyte concentration. A new multistage method has been developed to purify oily wastes. It includes consecutive filtering in coalescing load and hydrocarbon liquid, advanced treatment with electroflotation and separating electrolysis gas products using hydrogen as floating agent and oxygen as oxidant. The latter, in combination with catalyst, purifies water from organic matter dissolved in it. A possibility of creating mixed technology of industrial wastewater purification based on electrolytic and flotation methods is outlined.
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Starkov, Sergey O,, and Yury N, Lavrenkov. "Application of spiking neural networks for modelling the process of high-temperature hydrogen production in systems with gas-cooled reactors *." Nuclear Energy and Technology 5, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.5.36474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hydrogen energy is able to solve the problem of the dependence of modern industries on fossil fuels and significantly reduce the amount of harmful emissions. One of the ways to produce hydrogen is high-temperature water-steam electrolysis. Increasing the temperature of the steam involved in electrolysis makes the process more efficient. The key problem is the use of a reliable heat energy source capable of reaching high temperatures. High-temperature gas-cooled reactors with a gaseous coolant and a graphite moderator provide a solution to the problem of heating the electrolyte. Part of the heat energy is used for producing electrical energy required for electrolysis. Modern electrolyzers built as arrays of tubular or planar electrolytic cells with a nuclear energy source make it possible to produce hydrogen by decomposing water molecules, and the working temperature control leads to a decrease in the Nernst potential. The operation of such facilities is complicated by the need to determine the optimal parameters of the electrolysis cell, the steam flow rate, and the operating current density. To reduce the costs associated with the process optimization, it is proposed to use a low-temperature electrolysis system controlled by a spiking neural network. The results confirm the effectiveness of intelligent technologies that implement adaptive control of hybrid modeling processes in order to organize the most feasible hydrogen production in a specific process, the parameters of which can be modified depending on the specific use of the reactor thermal energy. In addition, the results of the study confirm the feasibility of using a combined functional structure made on the basis of spiking neurons to correct the parameters of the developed electrolytic system. The proposed simulation strategy can significantly reduce the consumption of computational resources in comparison with models based only on neural network prediction methods.
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Hsu, Wen-Nong, Teng-Shih Shih, and Ming-Yuan Lin. "Preparation of Al-Mg Alloy Electrodes by Using Powder Metallurgy and Their Application for Hydrogen Production." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/594984.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The choice of an electrode is the most critical parameter for water electrolysis. In this study, powder metallurgy is used to prepare aluminum-magnesium (Al-Mg) alloy electrodes. In addition to pure Mg and Al electrodes, five Al-Mg alloy electrodes composed of Al-Mg (10 wt%), Al-Mg (25 wt%), Al-Mg (50 wt%), and Al-Mg (75 wt%) were prepared. In water electrolysis experiments, the pure Al electrode exhibited optimal electrolytic efficiency. However, the Al-Mg (25 wt%) alloy was the most efficient when the anticorrosion effect and materials costs were considered. In this study, an ultrasonic field was applied to the electrolysis cell to improve its efficiency. The results revealed that the current increased by approximately 23.1% when placed in a 30 wt% KOH solution under the ultrasonic field. Electrochemical polarization impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to evaluate the effect of the ultrasonic field on the reduction of polarization resistance. The results showed that the concentration impedance in the 30 wt% KOH electrolyte decreased markedly by 44%–51% Ω.
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Jang, Jiin-Yuh, and Yu-Feng Gan. "Numerical Simulation of a Two-Phase Flow for the Acrylonitrile Electrolytic Adiponitrile Process in a Vertical/Horizontal Electrolysis Cell." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 2731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102731.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigated the effect of oxygen holdup on the current density distribution over the electrode of a vertical/horizontal electrolysis cell with a two-dimensional Eulerian–Eulerian two-phase flow model in the acrylonitrile (AN) electrolytic adiponitrile (ADN) process. The physical models consisted of a vertical/horizontal electrolysis cell 10 mm wide and 600 mm long. The electrical potential difference between the anode and cathode was fixed at 5 V, which corresponded to a uniform current density j = 0.4 A/cm2 without any bubbles released from the electrodes. The effects of different inlet electrolyte velocities (vin = 0.4, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s) on the void fraction and the current density distributions were discussed in detail. It is shown that, for a given applied voltage, as the electrolyte velocity is increased, the gas diffusion layer thickness decreased and this resulted in the decrease of the gas void fraction and increase of the corresponding current density; for a given velocity, the current density for a vertical cell was higher than that for a horizontal cell. Furthermore, assuming the release of uniform mass flux for the oxygen results in overestimation of the total gas accumulation mass flow rate by 2.8% and 5.8% and it will also result in underestimation of the current density by 0.3% and 2.4% for a vertical cell and a horizontal cell, respectively. The results of this study can provide useful information for the design of an ADN electrolysis cell.
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Jose, T. P., L. Sundar, L. J. Berchmans, A. Visuvasam, and S. Angappan. "Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of BaB6 from molten melt." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 45, no. 1 (2009): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0901101j.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Barium hexaboride (BaB6) crystals were electrochemically synthesized using molten salt technique. Barium carbonate (BaCO3) and boron trioxide (B2O3) was used as reactants. Lithium fluoride (LiF) was used as the supporting electrolyte. The molten electrolyte consisted of 50 wt % BaCO3 and B2O3 with different stiochiometric ratios of Ba and B and 50 wt % lithium fluoride. DTA/TGA studies were made to determine the eutectic point of the melt and it was found to be around 821oC. The electrolytic cell had a high purity graphite crucible, which served as the electrolyte holding vessel and also as the anode for the electrolysis. An electro-polished molybdenum rod was employed as the cathode. The electrolysis was performed at 870?C under argon atmosphere, at current densities ranging from 0.2-0.5 A/cm2. The electrodeposited crystals were examined for the phase identification using X-ray diffraction technique. The AAS and the chemical analysis were made for the determination of chemical composition of the synthesized crystals. The purity of the crystals was also assessed using ICP-MS, XRF and EDX, which reveal that the crystals were associated with trace amount of impurities like oxygen, carbon and iron. The compound is found to be more than 99 % pure. The morphology of the crystals was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). From the above studies, it is concluded that the molten salt process is a simple preparative procedure for the synthesis of sub-micron size barium hexaboride crystals.
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Hung, Nguyen Duc, Vu Nang Nam, and Le Van Trung. "ELECTROCHEMICAL PREPARATION OF NANO SILVER BY HIGH DC VOLTAGE COMBINED WITH ANODIC PLASMA." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 57, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/57/2/12578.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Silver nanoparticles (AgPNs) were prepared by high-voltage electrochemical methods using silver anode to produce silver ions and hydrogen gas at the cathode from electrolysis of distilled water as solvents. The electrolyte solution resulting from the AgPNs product obtained does not contain ions of the electrolyte solution such as conventional chemical or electrochemical methods. Silver anode dissolution process will provide Ag+ and disperse it into distilled water. The process of generating H2 from the electrolysis of H2O disperses into distilled water and escapes upward towards the anode due to the arrangement of the electrolytic vaporizer vertically above the anode and the cathode below. Ag+ and H2's encounter in the aqueous solution will take the oxidation-reduction reaction to form AgPNs. Due to the high-voltage DC electrolytic processes that generate gas on the electrodes, both high-voltage and high magnetic fields, as well as high water-distillation resistance, will increase the solution temperature as favorable conditions to form an electrochemical plasma on the electrodes. The plasma electrode process that separates water into H2 and O2 can occur simultaneously by electrochemical reactions that contribute to the supply of large amounts of gas to participate in oxidative reactions - reducing the formation of AgPNs. The properties of the AgPNs solution prepared by high-voltage DC lines were determined by UV-Vis, electrical conductivity, TEM, zeta potential, particle size distribution as well as content determined by weight lost method, Faraday's law and AAS analysis. Anodic plasma can be generated by stable high voltage mode to decompose water that supports electrochemical reactions that form AgPNs with structural, physicochemical and structural properties as well as comparable constituents be with the current methods.
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Yar-Mukhamedova, G., M. Ved’, I. Yermolenko, N. Sakhnenko, A. Karakurkchi, and A. Kemelzhanova. "Effect of Electrodeposition Parameters on the Composition and Surface Topography of Nanostructured Coatings by Tungsten with Iron and Cobalt." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 22, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj926.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The electrodeposition of binary and ternary coatings Fe-W and Fe-Co-W from mono ligand citrate electrolyte has been investigated. The Fe-Co-W coatings were formed from electrolytes, which composition differs in the ratio of the concentrations of the alloying components and the ligand content. The investigation results indicate a competitive reduction of iron, cobalt and tungsten, the nature of which depends both on the ratio of electrolyte components, and electrolysis parameters. The effect of both current density amplitude and pulse on off time on quality, composition and surface morphology of the galvanic alloys was determined. Coatings deposited on a direct current with a density of more than 6.5 A/dm2, crack and peel off from the substrate due to the inclusion of Fe (III) compounds containing hydroxide anions. The use of non-stationary electrolysis allows us to extend the working range of current density to 8.0 A/dm2 and form electrolytic coatings of sufficient quality with significant current efficiency and the content of the refractory component. The presence of the Co7W6, Fe7W6, α-Fe, and Fe3C phases detected in the Fe-Co-W deposits reflects the competition between the alloying metals reducing from hetero-nuclear complexes. The surface of binary and ternary coatings is characterized by the presence of spherical agglomerates and is more developed in comparison with steel substrate. The parameters Ra and Rq for electrolytic alloy Fe-W are of 0.1, for Fe-Co-W are 0.3, which exceeds the performance of a polished steel substrate (Ra = 0.007 and Rq = 0.010). These properties prospect such alloys as a multifunctional layer are associated with structural features, surface morphology, and phase composition.
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Gaysin, A. F., F. M. Gaysin, L. N. Bagautdinova, A. A. Khafizov, R. I. Valiev, and E. V. Gazeeva. "Plasma-electrolyte discharges in a gas-liquid medium for the production of hydrogen." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-2-27-35.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
THE PURPOSE. Comprehensive study of the effect of direct current electric discharge plasma in a gas-liquid medium of inorganic mixtures in order to obtain gaseous hydrogen. Obtain volt-ampere, volt-second and ampere-second characteristics of the discharge at various concentrations of electrolyte. Study the process of electrolysis, breakdown, discharge ignition and discharge flow in a dielectric tube at a constant current. METHODS. To solve this problem, experimental studies were carried out on a model installation, which consists of a power supply system, a discharge chamber, equipment for monitoring and controlling the operation of the installation and measuring the characteristics of an electric discharge. To analyze the stability of the discharge, the time dependences of the voltage ripple and the discharge current were obtained. RESULTS. Experimental studies were carried out between the electrolytic cathode and the electrolytic anode at constant current and at atmospheric pressure with the following parameters: discharge voltage U = 0.1-1.5 kV, discharge current I = 0.02-2.3 A, interelectrode distance l = 100 mm , 1%, 3% and 5% solutions of sodium chloride in tap water were used as electrolytes. CONCLUSION. It is shown that electrical breakdown and ignition of a discharge that is stable in time depends on the conductivity of the gas-liquid medium of the electrolyte. The nature of the current-voltage characteristics depends on the random processes occurring in the gas-liquid medium, which is associated with numerous breakdowns occurring in the gas-liquid medium of the electrolyte, combustion and attenuation of microdischarges, the appearance of bubbles, and the movement of the electrolyte inside the dielectric tube. It is shown that the generation of hydrogen and hydrogen-containing components can occur both at the stage of electrolysis and during discharge combustion. A feature of this method is that electrical discharges in the tube increase the release of hydrogen. In this installation, inorganic and organic liquids of a certain composition and concentration can be used. The results of experimental studies made it possible to develop and create a small-sized installation for producing gaseous hydrogen. Tests have shown that a small-sized plant can be taken as the basis for a industrial plant for the production of hydrogen gas.
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Lebedev, V. A., and V. V. Polyakov. "Production of finely dispersed titanium powder by volumetric reduction of its ions with sodium dissolved in the BaCl2–CaCl2–NaCl melt." Izvestiya vuzov. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya i funktsional’nye pokrytiya, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2022-1-4-16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The research is intended to develop a technology for the production of finely dispersed (10 to 100 μm) powders of titanium and its alloys suitable for use in additive technologies after classification and spheroidization. A eutectic mixture was used as electrolyte, mole fractions: BaCl2 – 0.16, CaCl2 – 0.47, NaCl – 0.37, melting point of 452 °C. Electrolytes with a similar composition are used in industry for the electrolytic production of sodium with high current efficiency. No titanium salts were added to electrolyte. Sodium losses due to evaporation, corrosion, and ion recharge were replenished by a periodic increase in electrolysis current. A VT1-0 titanium plate was used as an anode. The walls of a steel crucible served as a cathode. Sodium was released on these walls and dissolved in electrolyte. Titanium ions were reduced in the bulk of electrolyte and in the anode layer. It is the first time that the results obtained were interpreted using the data on the electrode potentials of Ti3+/Ti, Ti2+/Ti, Ti3+/Ti2+ systems. It was shown that the concentration of slowly moving complex Ti3+ ions increases in the anode layer, and sodium dissolved in electrolyte reduces mainly Ti2+ ions in the electrolyte volume in the first 12 min of electrolysis. Starting from the 20th min, the concentration of Ti2+ ions in the anode layer begins to increase rapidly according to the reaction: 2Ti3+ + Ti = 3Ti2+ as titanium powder accumulates in the electrolyte volume. At the same time, the proportion of sodium consumed for the reduction of Ti3+ ions to Ti2+ decreases, which contributes to an increase in current efficiency and cathode potential stabilization for 30 minutes at –2.963 V. After the 50th min, the reactivity of the salt melt begins to decrease, the concentration of Ti3+ ions increases steadily until it levels off with the concentration of Ti2+ ions at the 85th min. This sharply increased the current consumption for ion recharge and made it necessary to stop electrolysis after switching on a current of 12 A for a short time (for 40 s). After 10 s, judging by the change in the cathode potential, sodium dissolved in electrolyte was almost completely consumed for titanium ion reduction. After 6 min, the potentials of electrodes returned to the initial anode potential value indicating that the system returned to its original state with the near-zero content of titanium salts and dissolved sodium. 95 % of powder was obtained in the electrolyte volume. Current efficiency was 84.0 % and turned out to be close to the value calculated from the average valence of titanium ions and the loss of anode weight (87.0 %). After ultrasonic dispersion, more than 80 % of powder was in the 10–100 μm range with a maximum at 36 μm. X-ray phase analysis showed that this is practically pure α-titanium (93.06 %) and oxygenated α-titanium (5.45 %). The originality of the research consists in the use of a volumetric, intensive, electrolytic method for producing finely dispersed titanium powders with no dissolved sodium and titanium chlorides in the initial and final electrolytes, in a stepwise increase in the current and potentiometric process control. The uniqueness of the research consists in the titanium powder obtained where the major part is in the melt volume in the form of intergrowths that are easily crushed by ultrasonic dispersion into individual crystals. Over 80 % of these crystals were in the range of 10–100 μm required for additive technologies with an average size of 36 μm.