Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Electrochemical iron-vanadium alloys"

The results of the vanadium reduction laboratory investigation are presented. Experiments were conducted with CaO-SiO2 -Al2 O3 -V2 O3 slags in a wide range of compositions in an air atmosphere. A saturated iron- carbon melt was used as a reducing agent. The reduction kinetics was studied by sampling. V2 O3 reduction from slags having a viscosity of more than 0.5 Pa⋅s and containing less than 7.5–8.0% V2 O3 proceeds in a diffusion mode. The reaction is of the first order in vanadium. The process rate is inversely proportional to the square root of slag viscosity. A good agreement between the obtained data and the results of electrochemical studies on the cathodic reduction of vanadium was found. One made possible to deduce the rate equation of vanadium reduction by an iron-carbon melt depending on the volume concentration, temperature and slag viscosity. The calculated data for different slags acceptably check with those found by experiment.

Titanium alloys are used in odontology applications owing to their excellent biocompatibility. The corrosion resistance of titanium alloys is an important component of their biocompatibility. In this study, the electrochemical corrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V, Ti6Al7Nb, Ti6Al2Nb1Ta1Mo, Ti5Al2,5Fe and commercial titanium in Afnor saliva was investigated. Maintaining titanium and Ti6Al7Nb alloy in Afnor saliva for 7 days results in the formation of a protective layer, the resistance of which is high and could be comparedwith that of a passive layer resulting from electrochemical treatment. The replacement of vanadium with niobium or iron favours the passivation, thus increasing the corrosion resistance.

Abstract The performance of Fe-Si coatings and an iron aluminide (FeAl) intermetallic alloy (FeAl40at%+0.1at%B+10vol%Al2O3) in molten salts containing vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) is reported. Corrosion and fouling by ash deposits containing V2O5 and Na2SO4 are typical corrosion problems in fuel oil-fired electric power units. High-temperature corrosion tests were performed using both electrochemical polarization and immersion techniques. The temperature interval of this study was 600°C to 900°C, and the molten salts were 80wt%V2O5-20wt%Na2SO4. Curves of corrosion current density vs temperature obtained by the potentiodynamic studies are reported, as well as the weight loss vs temperature curves from molten salt immersion tests. Both Fe-Si coatings and FeAl40at%+0.1at%B+10vol%Al2O3 showed good behavior against molten salt corrosion. The final results show the potential of these coatings and alloys to solve the high-temperature corrosion in fuel oil-fired electric power units.

Due to the depletion of high-grade fuels and for economic reasons, use of residual fuel oil in energy generation systems is a common practice. Residual fuel oil contains sodium, vanadium, and sulphur as impurities, as well as NaCl contamination. Metallic dissolution caused by molten vanadates has been classically considered the main corrosion process involved in the degradation of alloys exposed to the combustion products of heavy fuel oils. Iron and nickel base alloys are the commercial alloys commonly used for the high temperature applications, for example, manufacture of components used in aggressive environments of gas turbines, steam boilers, and so forth. Therefore, because the main constituents of these materials are Fe, Cr, and Ni, where Cr is the element responsible for providing the corrosion resistance, in this study the electrochemical performance of Fe, Cr, and Ni in NaVO3at 700°C in static air for 100 hours was evaluated.

Solar and hydrogen energy play an important role in providing a variety of industrial facilities with electricity and heat. One of the priorities of modern industry is to increase the production of environmentally friendly energy source – electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen. Modern methods of electrolysis of water do not meet the need for its use, due to the high cost of electrosynthesis of water-alkaline electrolysis, which depends on the material and energy consumption of electrolysis. The useful energy consumption for the production of energy – hydrogen at the cathode and "unnecessary" costs - for the release of oxygen at the anode, depend on the overvoltage of the respective reactions. Therefore, the most important problem of hydrogen energy is the synthesis of electrode materials with low overvoltage of O2 and H2. Electrode materials with low overvoltage will reduce the specific consumption of electricity in obtaining hydrogen by "classical" electrolysis. The prospects of reducing the cathodic and anodic overvoltage, which is a significant part of the voltage at the terminals of the cell, for the development of highly efficient and competitive technologies for hydrogen production by low-temperature electrolysis of an alkaline solution have been theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed. To reduce the overvoltage of the cathodic hydrogen evolution, it is proposed to modify the surface of the cathodes. The application of a small amount of electrolytic alloys of metals of the iron family with molybdenum and tungsten on nickel, cobalt, titanium and steel electrodes significantly (by 40–50 %) reduces the overvoltage of cathodic release of hydrogen from alkali solution. The use of steel electrodes, the surface of which is modified with vanadium and ni-ckel, reduces the voltage drop on the cell during the synthesis of H2 and O2 by 0.2–0.3 V, which creates conditions for reducing energy costs and energy savings.

The study of existing energy-saving materials and obtaining the new ones for reducing the cost of the hydrogen production, is relevant for modern hydrogen energy industry. Such properties can be predicted for materials containing vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten and exhibiting catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction Aforementioned metals can be co-deposited from aqueous solutions with iron subgroup metal-catalysts through the formation of cluster intermetallic compounds with Me-V bond adsorbed on the cathode surface. The induced co-deposition of cobalt with vanadium from the complex citrate electrolyte was investigated in the current work. As a result of the research, it was found that the uniform microcrystalline light-gray high-quality cobalt-vanadium alloy coating is possible to precipitate from a citrate electrolyte with content of 20 g/dm3 vanadium (in terms of metal) as a citrate complex The process was carried out at a current density of 5–10 A/dm2, at a temperature of 30–40°С, pH = 2,8–3,2. The content of vanadium in the coating is 0,37–0,53 % by weight. The maximum vanadium content in the coating is observed at current densities 8–9 А/dm2. The catalytic activity study of the coating that was obtained using cobalt-vanadium alloy in the reaction of hydrogen reduction at the cathode was performed in solution of 2,5М NaOH + 0,02 M NaCl. By increasing the vanadium content in the coating from 0,37 to 0,53% the hydrogen evolution overvoltage is reduced by 0,5 V. It was found that the overvoltage of the hydrogen ion evolution reaction on cathodes from steel 20 with cobalt-vanadium coating is 0.08–0,1 V lower, and the exchange current is higher than on electrodes made of steel 20, which are used in industrial water-alkali electrolysis. This indicates the electrocatalytic activity of the investigated materials for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Electrodes with coating, obtained by cobalt-vanadium alloy can be recommended as a cathode material for the hydrogen electrochemical production. Hydrogen evolution overvoltage reduction also decrease the energy consumption for this process by 15–20 %.

ABSTRACTTitanium possesses an excellent corrosion resistance in biological environments because the titanium dioxide formed on its surface is extremely stable. When aluminium and vanadium are added to titanium in small quantities, the alloy achieves considerably higher tensile properties than of pure titanium and this alloy is used in high stress-bearing situations. But these metals may also influence the chemostatic mechanisms that are involved in the attraction of biocells. V presence can be associated with potential cytotoxic effects and adverse tissue reactions. The alloys with aluminium and iron or with aluminium and niobium occur to be more suitable for implant applications: it possesses similar corrosion resistance and mechanical properties to those of titanium-aluminium-vanadium alloy; moreover, these alloys have no toxicity.In this paper, pure Ti, Ti-6Al-7Nb and Ti-6Al-4Fe with a nanostructured surface were studied. Data about mechanical behavior are presented. The mechanical behavior was determined using optical metallography, tensile strength and Vickers microhardness.For the electrochemical measurements a conventional three-electrode cell with a Pt grid as counter electrode and saturated calomel (SCE) as reference electrode was used. AC impedance data were obtained at open circuit potential using a PAR 263A potentiostat connected with a PAR 5210 lock-in amplifier. The ESEM and EDAX observation were carried out with an environmental scanning electronic microscope Fei XL30 ESEM with LaB6-cathode attached with an energy-dispersive electron probe X-ray analyzer (EDAX Sapphire). After 3 days of immersion in simulated body fluid the nucleation of the bone growth was observed on the implant surface.It resulted that the tested oxide films presented passivation tendency and a very good stability and no form of local corrosion was detected. The mechanical data confirm the presence of an outer porous passive layer and an inner compact and protective passive layer. EIS confirms the mechanical results. The thicknesses of these layers were measured. SEM photographs of the surface and EDX profiles for the samples illustrate the appearance of a microporous layer made up of an alkaline titanate hydrogel. The apatite-forming ability of the metal is attributed to the amorphous sodium titanate that is formed on the metal during the surface treatment.The results emphasized that the surface treatment increases the passive layer adhesion to the metal surface and improves the biocompatibility of the biomedical devices inducing the bone growth on the implant surface.

Abstract Ductile iron (DI) owes many of its attractive mechanical properties to the graphite nodules in its structure. However, since galvanic coupling can occur between the graphite nodules and the matrix in aggressive environments, these nodules can, at the same time, reduce its corrosion resistance. In this study, composite carbide coatings were grown on the surface of GGG-80 using the thermoreactive diffusion (TRD) process. The process was carried out at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C for 1 h using nanosized Fe-V and Fe-Cr powders. The coatings were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), two-dimensional profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and microhardness tests. The corrosion behavior of the coatings were evaluated in three different solutions (3.5 wt% NaCl, 5 wt% H2SO4, and 5 wt% HNO3) using electrochemical open-circuit potential (OCP) and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. Microstructures and hardness tests showed that the nodular graphite in the surface was dissolved at the TRD process temperatures and that a coating of 12–36 µm thickness and 2461–3200 HV0.05 hardness was obtained. The corrosion resistance of the composite coating was up to 10, 33.5, and 75 times higher than the uncoated GGG-80 in NaCl, H2SO4, and HNO3, respectively. The improvement in corrosion resistance was a direct result of the formation of complex carbides and the elimination of graphite nodules in the surface of the alloy.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.03 – технічна електрохімія. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2018 р. Дисертація присвячена розробці технологічного процесу виробництва водню з використанням нових електродних матеріалів на основі ванадієвих сплавів і алюмінієвих сплавів. Матеріал електрода на основі ванадію виключає утворення феритів при лужному електролізі. Алюмінієві сплави виключають виділення кисню на анодах через корозійний процес з деполяризацією водню. Тому на обох електродах можна виділяти водень на електролізерах без мембрани при електролізі лужної води. Досліджені основні показники анодних процесів на сплаві алюмінію АМЦ в лужних розчинах з домішками хлоридів. В інтервалах густин струму 1-5 А/дм² та температурах 18-20 ⁰С розчинення сплаву забезпечується негативними потенціалами. При збільшенні швидкості розчинення в умовах анодної поляризації потенціал аноду зміщується в позитивну область на 150-200 мВ. Керування гальваностатичним режимом електролізу в досліджуваних розчинах дозволяє збільшити швидкість виділення водню при розчиненні сплаву за рахунок прискорення дифузійних процесів в анодному просторі та забезпечення відведення продуктів електролізу в прианодному шарі. Визначено кінетичні залежності і механізми виділення водню на алюмінієвих сплавах, що призводить до зменшення перенапруги реакції виділення водню на катодах і утворення водню на анодах шляхом розчинення алюмінію. Наведено дослідно-промислові випробування безкисневого електросинтезу на вдосконалених електролізерах при напругах електролізу 0,3-1 В. Це дозволяє знизити матеріальні та енергетичні витрати на електроліз.
Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Technical sciences in speciality 05.17.03 – Technical Electrochemistry. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute", Kharkiv, 2018. The thesis deals with the development of the technological process of hydrogen production using new electrode materials based on vanadium alloys and aluminum alloys. The vanadium based electrode material exclude the formation of ferrites in alkaline electrolysis. Aluminum alloys exclude the oxygen evolution on the anodes due to the corrosion process with hydrogen depolarization. Therefore it is possible to produce hydrogen on both electrodes in electrolyzers without membrane in alkaline water electrolysis. The kinetic dependences and mechanisms of hydrogen evolution on aluminum alloys have been determined, which leads to the reduce of overvoltage of hydrogen evolution reaction on cathodes and produce hydrogen on anodes by aluminum dissolving. Experimental-industrial tests of oxygen-free hydrogen production in developed electrolyzers at cell voltages of 0.3-1 V are presented. This allows to reduce the material and energy costs of electrolysis.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.03 – технічна електрохімія. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2018 р. Дисертація присвячена розробці технологічного процесу виробництва водню з використанням нових електродних матеріалів на основі ванадієвих сплавів і алюмінієвих сплавів. Матеріал електрода на основі ванадію виключає утворення феритів при лужному електролізі. Алюмінієві сплави виключають виділення кисню на анодах через корозійний процес з деполяризацією водню. Тому на обох електродах можна виділяти водень на електролізерах без мембрани при електролізі лужної води. Досліджені основні показники анодних процесів на сплаві алюмінію АМЦ в лужних розчинах з домішками хлоридів. В інтервалах густин струму 1-5 А/дм² та температурах 18-20 ⁰С розчинення сплаву забезпечується негативними потенціалами. При збільшенні швидкості розчинення в умовах анодної поляризації потенціал аноду зміщується в позитивну область на 150-200 мВ. Керування гальваностатичним режимом електролізу в досліджуваних розчинах дозволяє збільшити швидкість виділення водню при розчиненні сплаву за рахунок прискорення дифузійних процесів в анодному просторі та забезпечення відведення продуктів електролізу в прианодному шарі. Визначено кінетичні залежності і механізми виділення водню на алюмінієвих сплавах, що призводить до зменшення перенапруги реакції виділення водню на катодах і утворення водню на анодах шляхом розчинення алюмінію. Наведено дослідно-промислові випробування безкисневого електросинтезу на вдосконалених електролізерах при напругах електролізу 0,3-1 В. Це дозволяє знизити матеріальні та енергетичні витрати на електроліз.
Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Technical sciences in speciality 05.17.03 – Technical Electrochemistry. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute", Kharkiv, 2018. The thesis deals with the development of the technological process of hydrogen production using new electrode materials based on vanadium alloys and aluminum alloys. The vanadium based electrode material exclude the formation of ferrites in alkaline electrolysis. Aluminum alloys exclude the oxygen evolution on the anodes due to the corrosion process with hydrogen depolarization. Therefore it is possible to produce hydrogen on both electrodes in electrolyzers without membrane in alkaline water electrolysis. The kinetic dependences and mechanisms of hydrogen evolution on aluminum alloys have been determined, which leads to the reduce of overvoltage of hydrogen evolution reaction on cathodes and produce hydrogen on anodes by aluminum dissolving. Experimental-industrial tests of oxygen-free hydrogen production in developed electrolyzers at cell voltages of 0.3-1 V are presented. This allows to reduce the material and energy costs of electrolysis.