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Статті в журналах з теми "Electro spark alloy"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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1

Kovacik, Jaroslav, Peter Baksa, and Štefan Emmer. "ELECTRO SPARK DEPOSITION OF TiB2 LAYERS ON Ti6Al4V ALLOY." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 22, no. 1 (March 29, 2016): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v22i1.628.

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<p class="AMSmaintext">The electro spark deposition (ESD) method was used to create hard wear resistant layers of TiB<sub>2</sub> ceramic onto Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. Various deposition parameters and ways and condition of deposition were employed in this study. It was showed that the TiB<sub>2</sub> layer on Ti6Al4Vcan be successfully created even using hand operating ESD equipment. Then, the microstructures of the obtained layers TiB<sub>2</sub> layer on Ti6Al4Vwere investigated using scanning electron microscope. Finally optimal conditions of the electro spark deposition were determined with respect to the obtained microstructure. It was also demonstrated that using of protective argon atmosphere is vital for creation of pore free TiB<sub>2</sub> ceramic layer on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy.</p>

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2

Liu, Dongyan, Wei Gao, Zhengwei Li, Haifeng Zhang, and Zhuangqi Hu. "Electro-spark deposition of Fe-based amorphous alloy coatings." Materials Letters 61, no. 1 (January 2007): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.04.042.

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3

Dolgiy, Zakhar O., Wen Zhu Shao, Arcadiy V. Kozyr, and Sergey V. Martynov. "Formation of Two-Layer Heat-Resistant Coatings on TC11 Alloy by Electro-Spark Alloying Method." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.175.

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Electro-spark alloying (ESA) method was used to create a coating on the surface of TC11 alloy (Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr-0.3Si wt%). The oxidation behavior of the TC11 alloy and its deposited coating was investigated in air at 700°C. The resulting structures were analyzed in great detail by metallographic analysis and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

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4

Ageev, E. V., A. S. Pereverzev, and A. A. Sysoev. "The porosity study of sintered products from electro-erosive materials of alloy Cr17, obtained in lighting kerosene." MATEC Web of Conferences 315 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031501003.

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Анотація:

The article presents the results of porosity study of sintered products from electro-erosive materials of alloy Cr17, obtained in lighting kerosene. It was shown that during the consolidation of electro-erosion materials from Cr 17 alloy by the method of spark plasma sintering, the porosity was 0.27%.

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5

Kumkoon, Piyapong, Chana Raksiri, and Chaiyakorn Jansuwan. "Alloy Inconel 718 by 3D Micro-Electro Discharge Machining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 590 (June 2014): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.239.

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This article aims to show the effects of the Micro-EDM process that influences the hole taper by comparing the parameters values during micro-drilling hole on the inconel 718 material. The condition of Micro-EDM drilling spark on the surface workpiece was 300 μm of depth and 200 μm of diameter tungsten carbide electrode. The experiment was carried out under the cover of hydrocarbon, using fluid dielectric cooling. The experiment parameters included on-time duty factor, off-time, voltage, frequency, and current, respectively. The experiment, it was found that the hole taper an immense effect on the machinability of drilling the workpieces, cause melting and recasting in the spark area, making a decrease in the ability of debris removal. Moreover, the experiment result, the tapered workpiece showed a minimized is 16.87 s, when using parameters at current 32 mA, frequency 150 Hz, and voltage 110 v, respectively. The optimal parameters to affected minimum hole taper is 0.195 degree, when using parameters at current 32 mA, frequency 130 Hz, and voltage 110 v, respectively.

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6

Xu, Yong, Z. N. Guo, Guan Wang, and Y. J. Zhang. "CuCr1 Alloy Surface Hardening via Ultrasonic Assisted Electro-Spark Deposition." Advanced Materials Research 279 (July 2011): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.279.33.

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Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) is a widely used technology. And the rapid wear is the main reason for the short life of RSW electrodes. To improve electrode life during RSW, a novel ultrasonic-aided electro-spark deposition technology (UESD) and device are proposed in this paper. The WC metallurgical bond coating was fabricated on the surface of CuCr1 electrodes by UESD, and some experimental results were also analyzed. Moreover, the surface morphology of WC coating was studied by SEM and the quality of coating wear resistance was analyzed through experimental method. This study provides a novel way to extend the life of common moulds and RSW electrodes.

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7

Wang, Ming Wei, Wen Xin, Xiu Jun Zhao, Qin Yi Ma, and Shu Li. "Characterizations of Electrospark Deposition TA2 Alloy Coating on 7075 Aluminum Alloy Surface." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.873.

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Electro-spark deposition (ESD) is a microwelding process that utilizes short duration of electrical pulses to deposit electrode materials to a metallic substrate. In this paper, taking TA2 bar as electrode, a deposition layer of thickness up to 40μm was built up to on 7075 aluminum alloy substrate by means of ESD. The deposition layer is metallurgical bonded to the substrate. The microstructure, phase composition, and micro-hardness of TA2 coating were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-hardness test. The microstructure of the coating was mainly composed of TiN phase, Al3Ti phase, AlN phase and Al phase. Its micro-hardness reached 295 HV0.05, about 2 times as high as that of the substrate. The hardness at the cross-section of the entire deposition layer showed a gradient distribution.

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8

Zhang, Chun Hua, Yu Xi Hao, Lin Qi, Fang Hu, Song Zhang, and Mao Cai Wang. "Preparation of Ni-Base Alloy Coatings on Monel Alloy by Laser Cladding." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.313.

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Abstract. The paper presents the results of a study concerned with the surface hardening of Inconel 625 alloys and Ni-base alloy powder on Monel alloy by electro spark deposition and laser cladding processes. The microstructure, the phase composition and the microhardness of samples are investigated by SEM, EDS, XRD and microhardness instrument. It is shown that, the matrix phase is mainly made up of dendritic structure (γ-Ni), interdendritic eutectic phase (Ni3(B,Fe,Si)) and some precipitates (Cr7C3, Cr23C6). Additional, the microhardness of laser cladding layer can be substantially increased, duo to formation of precipitates.

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9

Li, Zhengwei, Wei Gao, and Yedong He. "Protection of a Ti3Al–Nb alloy by electro-spark deposition coating." Scripta Materialia 45, no. 9 (November 2001): 1099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(01)01146-0.

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10

Khardikov, S. V., A. N. Novikov, and A. E. Ageeva. "The porosity study of sintered products from electro-erosive materials of alloy Cr13, obtained in butyl alcohol." MATEC Web of Conferences 329 (2020): 02020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032902020.

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The article presents the results of a study of the porosity of sintered products from alloy X13 electroerosive materials obtained in butyl alcohol. It is shown that when hardening electroerosive materials from alloy X13 by the method of spark plasma sintering, the porosity was 3.347%.

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11

Yu, Hua, Ke Gao, Ran Feng Qiu, Ke Ke Zhang, and Hong Xin Shi. "Interface Behavior of Joint between CoCr Coating and Steel 35CrMo Substrate Produced by Electro-Spark Deposition." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1096–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1096.

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Steel 35CrMo is widely used to produce the principal axis of machine, but the principal axis is often abraded or scratched during its service. The CoCr coating produced by electro-spark deposition on the machine principal axis of 35CrMo can solve the problem and resume its application. In this study, the interface behavior of joint between the CoCr coating and the 35CrNo steel substrate was studied. The microstructure of CoCr coating was also observed and analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. A narrow layer of elements diffusion containing Co0.72Fe0.28, CoCr and Co7Fe3 was detected in the bonding interface between the CoCr coating layer and the 35CrMo steel substrate. The CoCr coating with higher microhardness was obtained on the substrate. The results reveal that a joint between the CoCr alloy and the steel 35CrMo substrate with stable quality can be obtained by electro-spark deposition.

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12

Jing, Qi Feng, Ye Fa Tan, Jian Tang, Hua Tan, Xiang Hong, and Wei Gang Wang. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cobalt Alloy Coating Deposited by Electro-Spark." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 1400–1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.1400.

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Stellite190 cobalt alloy coating was deposited on 45 carbon steel by electro-spark deposition. Formation mechanism, microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties of the coating were researched, fracture mechanism of the coating was analyzed. The results indicate that, the coating has dense and well distributed microstructure, mainly composed of Co, (CoCrW)6C, Cr7C3. The coating presents excellent mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 731.83 MPa, a bonding strength of 213.01 MPa and good peeling resistance. The mechanism for tensile fracture of the coating is dimple fracture, and for shear fracture is cleavage fracture.

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13

Chandrakant, N. S. Reddy, and Bharat B. Panigrahi. "Electro spark coating of AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy on AISI410 stainless steel." Materials Letters 304 (December 2021): 130580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130580.

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14

Sidhu, Ajaytaj Singh. "Surface texturing of non-toxic, biocompatible titanium alloys via electro-discharge." Reports in Mechanical Engineering 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31181/rme200102051s.

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The developments of Al and V free, biocompatible Ti-alloy have been the subject of researcher in the orthopedic joints replacement domain. The current article addresses the methodology chosen for Ti-alloy design, machinability, and low-cost surface texturing process for a high degree of biocompatibility. It is evident that an astonishing increase in biocompatibility can be achieved by synchronizing electro-discharge spark energy within Ti alloy and tool material coupled with the selection of dielectric medium for surface modification. The finding of this research may benefit a wide range of researchers to design sustainable implants. The positive polarity tool electrode at 10 A is the most desirable process parameter developing the bioactive surface.

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15

WANG, Mao-cai, Wei-fu WANG, Yu-jiang XIE, and Jie ZHANG. "Electro-spark epitaxial deposition of NiCoCrAlYTa alloy on directionally solidified nickel-based superalloy." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 20, no. 5 (May 2010): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(09)60216-8.

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16

Chang-bin, Tang, Liu Dao-xin, Wang Zhan, and Gao Yang. "Electro-spark alloying using graphite electrode on titanium alloy surface for biomedical applications." Applied Surface Science 257, no. 15 (May 2011): 6364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.01.120.

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17

Ebenezer, G., M. Adam Khan, D. Chellaganesh, and J. T. Winowlin Jappes. "Electrochemical behavior of machined Ni55Ti45 alloy by Wire Electro Spark Erosion (WESE) technique." Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021): 7728–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.243.

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18

Tan, Ye Fa, Bin Cai, Guo Liang Jiang, Ting Xu, Chun Hua Zhou, and Hua Tan. "Characterization and Tribological Behavior of Ni-Base Alloy Coatings Prepared by Electro-Spark Deposition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (October 2010): 1453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.1453.

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Ni-base alloy coatings on carbon steel surface were prepared by electro-spark deposition technology and the characterization and tribological behavior of the coatings were investigated. The research results show that the microstructure of Ni-base alloy coating can be divided into three typical areas: the white alloy zone, transition zone and overheating-affected zone. The hardness across the interface of the coating and substrate, in which chemical elements transferred from the coating to substrate, gradually decreases with the depth away from the coating surface. The friction coefficient slightly decreases, while the wear loss increases with the increase of load. The main wear mechanism of the coating is micro-cutting wear at light load friction, and gradually changes into mixture of micro-cutting wear, multi-plastic deformation wear and adhesive wear at heavy load friction.

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19

Karlsdottir, Sigrun N., Laura E. Geambazu, Ioana Csaki, Andri I. Thorhallsson, Radu Stefanoiu, Fridrik Magnus, and Cosmin Cotrut. "Phase Evolution and Microstructure Analysis of CoCrFeNiMo High-Entropy Alloy for Electro-Spark-Deposited Coatings for Geothermal Environment." Coatings 9, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9060406.

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In this work, a CoCrFeNiMo high-entropy alloy (HEA) material was prepared by the vacuum arc melting (VAM) method and used for electro-spark deposition (ESD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the phase evolution and microstructure of the CoCrFeNiMo HEA as as-cast and electro-spark-deposited (ESD) coating to assess its suitability for corrosvie environments encountered in geothermal energy production. The composition, morphology, and structure of the bulk material and the coating were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The hardness of the bulk material was measured to access the mechanical properties when preselecting the composition to be pursued for the ESD coating technique. For the same purpose, electrochemical corrosion tests were performed in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution on the bulk material. The results showed the VAM CoCrFeNiMo HEA material had high hardness (593 HV) and low corrosion rates (0.0072 mm/year), which is promising for the high wear and corrosion resistance needed in the harsh geothermal environment. The results from the phase evolution, chemical composition, and microstructural analysis showed an adherent and dense coating with the ESD technique, but with some variance in the distribution of elements in the coating. The crystal structure of the as-cast electrode CoCrFeNiMo material was identified as face centered cubic with XRD, but additional BCC and potentially σ phase was formed for the CoCrFeNiMo coating.

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20

Jing, Qi Feng, Ye Fa Tan, Hui Yong Ji, Xiao Long Wang, Li Gao, and Wei Zhao. "Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Stellite21 Coating by Electro-Spark Deposition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 939–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.939.

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Setellite21 cobalt-based alloy coating was deposited on 45 steel by electro-spark deposition. Microstructure and phase composition of the coating were analyzed. Wear resistance and wear mechanism of the coating were researched. The results indicate that the coating with compact structure is mainly composed of Co, Co6W6C, CoCx and CoCr. Average microhardness of the coating is 445.34 HV0.5, which is about 2 times to that of the substrate. The coating presents excellent wear resistance with no obvious peelings and scratches. Wear resistance of the coating is about 2.3~2.7 times to that of the substrate. Wear mechanism of the coating mainly contains abrasive wear and fatigue wear, and along with oxidization wear.

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21

Młynarczyk, P., S. Spadło, and J. Bartos’. "Selected properties of electro-spark deposition on carbon steel using the Alloy 400 electrodes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 461 (December 10, 2018): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/461/1/012055.

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22

Geambazu, Laura Elena, Cosmin Mihai Cotruţ, Florin Miculescu, and Ioana Csaki. "Mechanically Alloyed CoCrFeNiMo0.85 High-Entropy Alloy for Corrosion Resistance Coatings." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 3802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143802.

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Анотація:

High-entropy alloys could provide a solution for corrosion resistance due to their impressive properties. Solid-state processing of high purity Co, Cr, Fe, Ni and Mo metallic powders and consolidation resulted in a bulk material that was further machined into electro spark deposition electrodes. After the stainless steel substrate surface preparation, thin successive layers of the high-entropy alloy were deposited and Pull-Off testing was performed on the newly obtained coating, for a better understanding of the adhesion efficiency of this technique. Good adhesion of the coating to the substrate was proved by the test and no cracks or exfoliations were present. Corrosion resistance testing was performed in a liquid solution of 3.5 wt.% NaCl for 6 h at room temperature and the results obtained validated our hypothesis that CoCrFeNiMo0.85 high-entropy alloys could provide corrosion resistance when coating a stainless steel substrate.

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23

Mukanov, S. K., A. E. Kudryashov, and M. I. Petrzhik. "Surface modification of titanium VT6 alloy obtained by additive technologies using reactive electrospark treatment." Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment 3 (2021): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2021-3-30-39.

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Using additive technologies, in particular selective electro-beam melting (EBM), it is possible to obtain products of a high degree of complexity, reducing production costs while minimizing the required amount of material. However, products obtained by the EBM method are characterized by surface defects and high surface roughness, which limits their use. Electric spark treatment (EST) makes it possible to eliminate defects and strengthen the surface layers of EBM products during the reactive phase formation, the conditions of which are studied in the work. The structure and phase composition of electric spark layers formed on VT6 samples under different treatment modes with a low-melting near-eutectic Al-9Si electrode are studied. Due to the reactive phase formation during electric spark treatment, a modified layer with a thickness of more than 10 µm containing nanoscale grains of TixAly intermetallics was formed. The surface roughness after EST is several times lower, and the wear resistance is higher by an order of magnitude compared to the original EBM sample made of VT6 alloy. It is shown that EST for 310 seconds using a hypoeutectic Al-9Si electrode, applied energy 47,6 kJ and a pulse frequency of 3200 Hz, reduces the surface roughness by ~ 9 times due to plasma smoothing of protrusions and filling in cavities during the spreading melt drops on surface.

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24

Jing, QiFeng, and YeFa Tan. "Microstructure and tribological properties of cobalt-based Stellite 6 alloy coating by electro-spark deposition." Materials Research 16, no. 5 (May 28, 2013): 1071–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-14392013005000082.

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25

Hasan, I. K., N. E. Fomin, and V. M. Kyashkin. "Study of the Surface Structure Variations of AK5M7 Alloy after Electro Spark Alloying and Annealing." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1588 (July 2020): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1588/1/012035.

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26

Jing, Qi-Feng, and Ye-Fa Tan. "Tribological properties of cobalt-based alloy coating with different cobalt contents by electro-spark deposition." Rare Metals 32, no. 1 (February 2013): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12598-013-0007-3.

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27

Adam Khan, M., J. T. Winowlin Jappes, P. S. Samuel Ratna Kumar, and Peter Madindwa Mashinini. "Machining parameter optimization using Adam gene algorithm for electro spark erosion on shape memory alloy." Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021): 7487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.159.

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28

Tabrizi, Arvin Taghizadeh, Maryam Pouzesh, Farhad Farhang Laleh, and Hossein Aghajani. "Evaluation of the Corrosion Resistance of WC-Co Coating on AZ91 Applied by Electro Spark Deposition." Powder Metallurgy Progress 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pmp-2020-0004.

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Abstract In order to enhance the surface properties of a magnesium-based substrate, WC-Co coating was applied on AZ91 alloy by electro spark deposition (ESD), successfully for the first time. The optimum parameters of the ESD process were achieved, based on the corrosion behavior and calculated corrosion rate of the coated samples when 5kHz and 25 A were chosen. For evaluation of the corrosion performance of the achieved WC-Co layers, polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests were carried out in the 3.5 wt % Na3PO4 solution at room temperature. Polarization results show that the corrosion rate (mpy) is in the optimum condition almost half of a bulk sample of uncoated AZ91. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to examine the surface morphology of applied coatings. These results show that at a lower current, the amount of deposited WC-Co was reduced. The maximum surface microhardness obtained was 193 HV0.2.

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29

Zhou, Xia, and Guo Hui Qu. "Fe-Based Micro- and Nanocomposite Coatings Produced by Amorphous Alloy Crystallization Based on Electrospark Deposition." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 2205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.2205.

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The aim of this paper is to explore the possibility of a novel surface technique for Fe-based amorphous and micro-nano composite coatings. A kind of iron based amorphous and micro/nano-crystalline alloy powder which contains Fe, Ni, Cr, W, Mo, B, Si, C etc. was first prepared by mechanical alloying method. Iron based amorphous alloy coatings were then deposited on nodular cast iron substrate by electro-spark deposition using electrode materials with the ball-milling iron based alloy and SiC mixed powders. Annealing crystallization treatment of the Fe-based amorphous alloy coatings was conducted at last. The microstructure and surface morphology of the coating were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the amorphous and crystal configuration were confirmed with an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), the microhardness was measured with a micro-sclerometer. The experimental results show that the Fe-based composite coatings are composed of Fe-based amorphous alloy matrix and dispersion strengthened micro- and nanocrystalline particles. The coatings of about 60 m in thickness are uniform, dense and metallurgically bonded to the substrate with high microhardness of about 880 (HV100, 15 S), implying a much improved wear resistance on surface of cast iron.

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30

Chen, Hua, Jing Chao Zhang, and X. Y. Lu. "Oxidation Behavior of TiAl Based Alloys Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.940.

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The spark plasma sintering (SPS) microstructure and high temperature oxidation behavior of TiH2-45Al-0.2Si-5Nb(at.%) alloy were investigated.Emphasis was placed on the effect of SPS microstructures, obtained by blend powder and mechanical alloying powder. The mass gain due to oxidation was measured using an electro balance. The oxide layers as well as its micro-structure were examined by SEM and EDS, and XRD. The results show that sintered microstructure of blend powder is composed of fully lamellar TiAl/ Ti3Al phase, and that of the mechanical alloying powder is composed of finer granular TiAl/Ti3Al phase. The latter oxidation rate is lower, and forms continuous mixed oxide layer of Al2O3 and TiO2. Both SPS microstructure of blend powder and mechanical alloying powder are superior in oxidation behavior to ordinary vacuum sintering.

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31

Ananthi, Narayanasamy, Uthirapathi Elaiyarasan, Vinaitheerthan Satheeshkumar, Chinnamuthu Senthilkumar, Subbarayan Sathiyamurthy, and Kaliyamoorthi Nallathambi. "Parametric effect on material removal rate and surface roughness of electrical discharge machined magnesium alloy." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 6 (2021): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021089.

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Magnesium and its alloys play a vital role in various applications such as automobile, aircraft, biomedical and military etc. Mg alloys have superior characteristics such as light weight, high strength, good damping capacity and easily castability etc. Eventhough it has attractive range of properties, the machining of magnesium alloys using conventional machining methods is difficult. To overcome that issue, non traditional machining is considered as a potential process. EDM is an electro thermal process extensively used for machining hard materials. In this investigation, the ZE41A magnesium alloy is machined using EDM with copper electrode. In order to improve surface characteristics such as material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR), various parameters namely current, pulse on time and pulse off time were selected. The regression values of MRR and SR are 97.20% and 99.62% respectively indicating an empirical relationship between the parameters and responses. Pulse off time was found as a significant parameter on the response followed by pulse on time and current. MRR and SR increased with increasing current, pulse on time and pulse off time. At a current of 5A, the produced spark density is high so that the removed quantity of material from the workpiece is high. At a pulse on time of 95 μs, the spark intensity is high affecting the local temperature in the machined zone, and hence MRR increases. SR drastically increases at increasing current. At higher current, large size crater are observed on the machined surface that made the surface rough, and hence SR increases.

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32

Vizureanu, Petrică, Mirabela Georgiana Minciună, Dragoş Cristian Achiţei, Andrei Victor Sandu, and Kamarudin Hussin. "Mechanical Behaviour of CoCrMo Alloy with Si Content." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 1017–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.1017.

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.The paper present aspects about the obtaining of non-precious dental alloys (type CoCrMo and CoCrMoSi7), the determination of chemical composition by optical emission spectrometry and the experimental tests for determining the tensile strength, made on standard plate samples. The base material used in experiments was a commercial alloy, from CoCrMo system, which belongs to the class of dental non-precious alloys, intended to medical applications. The obtaining of studied alloy was made on arc re-melting installation, under vacuum, type MRF ABJ 900. The process followed to realize a rapid melting, with a maximum admissible current intensity. The samples for tests were obtained by casting in an electric arc furnace, under vacuum, in optimal conditions for melting and solidification and processing by electro-erosion, to eliminate all the disturbing factors which come by processing conditions for the samples. The determination of chemical composition for cobalt based alloys, by optical emission spectrometry, was made on SpectromaxX equipment with spark. The electrical discharge is made with the elimination of an energy quantity, fact which determine plasma forming and light issue. Tensile tests for standard samples, made from cobalt based alloy, was made on Instron 3382 testing machine, and assisted by computer. The obtained results are: elongation, elasticity modulus, tensile strength and offer complete information about the analyzed mechanical properties. For the certitude of obtained experimental results, the tests were made on samples with specific dimensions according ISO 6892-1:2009(E) standard, both for the tensile strength, and also machine operation.

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33

Wang, Xiao Long, Ting Xu, Ye Fa Tan, Li Zhou An, Lu Lu Wang, and Wei Xu. "Tribological Behavior and Mechanisms of the Deloro60 Alloy Coatings by Electro Spark Deposition under Dry Sliding Friction Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 692 (November 2014): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.692.428.

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The Ni-base alloy coatings of Derolo60 were prepared on the surface of carbon steel by electro spark deposition. The tribological properties of the coatings were investigated in a tribometer under dry sliding friction conditions. The results show that the coatings exhibit excellent properties of wear resistance because of their unique microstructure with a rational combination of hard phases and tough matrix. With the increase of the normal loads and sliding speeds, the friction coefficients of the coatings decrease, while the wear losses increase. The main wear mechanisms of the coatings are micro-cutting wear and multi-plastic deformation wear at low speed and light load conditions, and then gradually change into micro-cutting wear and adhesive wear as well as fatigue fracture accompanied by some oxidation wear at high speed and heavy load conditions.

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34

Gaponova, Oksana, Oleksandr Myslyvchenko, and Vitalina Dudchenko. "Quality assessment of AL-C-B coatings on steel surfaces obtained by electro spark alloying." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, no. 94 (December 16, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2021.94.0.13.

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Problem. As a rule, during the operation of the product, the surface layers of materials are most affected. These can be parts that work in aggressive environments, at high temperatures, various force actions, the presence of abrasive particles, etc. Under such conditions, different types of steels and alloys are used, and, most commonly, it is high-alloy, which significantly complicates the manufacturing process and increases the cost of the finished product. Diffusion coating methods are the most widespread in the industry, which is due to the best study and ease of these processes. However, there are alternative methods of surface treatment, which are devoid of the disadvantages of diffusion methods. The goal is to develop a method of obtaining boron-containing coatings of the Al-C-B system by the electro spark alloying (ESA), applying STS to the treated surface, to study the processes of structural and phase formation of surface layers depending on the energy processes of ESA and substrate material. Methology. Samples made of steel 20 and 40 were used for the study, on which a coating consisting of their sulfur ointment, aluminum powder, amorphous boron powder was applied. Without waiting for drying, the ESA surfaces of the samples were carried out with a graphite electrode on an installation with a discharge energy of 0.13, 0.55 and 4.9 J. The surface roughness after treatment was determined on a profilograph-profilometer by removing and processing profilograms. Metallographic analysis of coatings was performed using an MIM-7optical microscope, and durometric studies were made on the PMT-3 device according to standard methods. Results: the article presents the original method for obtaining boron-containing coatings of the Al-C-B system by the ESA method, which involves applying a coating consisting of sulfur ointment, aluminum powder, amorphous boron powder on the treated surface, followed by electric spark doping with a graphite electrode.

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35

Ageev, E. V., and R. A. Latypov. "Obtaining and Investigation of Hard Alloy Billets from Powders, Receiving by Electro Spark Dispersion of Tungsten-Contained Waste." Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Proceedings of Higher Schools. Nonferrous Metallurgy), no. 5 (February 28, 2015): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2014-5-50-53.

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36

Çakir, A., M. S. Yilmaz, A. Ribalko, and K. Korkmaz. "A Study on Modification of Micro-Alloy Steel Surfaces with Different Hard Materials Via Electro-Spark Deposition Method." Acta Physica Polonica A 127, no. 4 (April 2015): 1410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.127.1410.

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37

Lin, Naiming, Maolin Li, Jiaojuan Zou, Xiaoguang Wang, and Bin Tang. "Study on Fabrication and Corrosion Resistance of Ni-Based Alloy Coating on P110 Steel by Electro Spark Deposition." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 22, no. 5 (October 25, 2012): 1365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-012-0415-9.

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38

Markelova, O., V. Koshuro, A. Fomin, A. Aman, and S. Palis. "Study of hardness and morphology of carbide coatings obtained on complex shaped steel items by electro-spark alloying." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2086, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2086/1/012188.

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Abstract The work investigated the possibility of forming carbide coatings by electrospark alloying on steel products of complex shape. It has been established that electrospark alloying at an AC current of 1.0 to 4.5 A makes it possible to form coatings of hard carbide alloy VK6 and T15K6 characterized by microhardness up to 11.5 GPa and by hardness HRA 86.6 and 81.5 with the nitial hardness of the steel product HRA 80.3.

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39

Golabczak, Andrzej, and Robert Swiecik. "Assessment of Energy Consumption and Internal Stresses in Surface Layer in the Abrasive Electro-Discharge Grinding (AEDG) Process." Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (February 2013): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.89.

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In this work, results have been presented related to the influence of selected electrical parameters of the AEDG process on the energy consumption and state of the internal stresses in the outer layer at this stage of the process, in comparison with conventional grinding. The basis of this work has been possible by investigations of the deep grinding of surfaces of the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V with the use of a CBN grinding wheel and sintered carbide S20S with using diamond grinding wheel with metallic binding agent. For the comparative evaluation of the conventional grinding and AEDG, measurements of the specific grinding energy, energy of the spark discharge and internal stresses in the surface layer have been used.

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40

Prakash, Chander, H. K. Kansal, B. S. Pabla та Sanjeev Puri. "Potential of Silicon Powder-Mixed Electro Spark Alloying for Surface Modification of β -Phase Titanium Alloy for Orthopedic Applications". Materials Today: Proceedings 4, № 9 (2017): 10080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.324.

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41

Liu, Jiang Wen, and Yong Zhong Wu. "An Orthogonal Experimental Analysis of WEDM-HS of Al₂O₃ Particle-Reinforced Aluminum Alloy 6061 with 10-Vol% Al₂O₃." Advanced Materials Research 910 (March 2014): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.910.61.

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In wire electro-discharge machining with an extremely high travelling speed of wire electrode (WEDM-HS), the emulsion is used as working liquid. Because there exists a functional electrolyte, the EDM spark can operate under a relatively large spark gap size condition, and this would facilitate the removal of machined debris. An investigation has been made into the machining feasibility when WEDM-HS has been employed to process Al2O3particle reinforced aluminum alloy 6061 with 10-vol% Al2O3(10ALO). And the material removal rate (MRR) has been examined in this study. Since there are many factors that can influence the MRR in the WEDM-HS process, in order to determine which is the most important factor and to optimize the machining parameters, the relative importance of the various machining parameters on material removal rate was established by utilizing an orthogonal experimental analysis. The results of the analysis suggest that to achieve a high MRR for particulate reinforced aluminum 6061 with 10-vol% Al2O3, the duty cycle is the most influential factor among current, pulse duration and duty cycle. And the impact of the different factors follows the sequence of duty cycle > current > pulse duration.

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42

Miao, P., G. R. Odette, J. Gould, J. Bernath, R. Miller, M. Alinger, and C. Zanis. "The microstructure and strength properties of MA957 nanostructured ferritic alloy joints produced by friction stir and electro-spark deposition welding." Journal of Nuclear Materials 367-370 (August 2007): 1197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.03.232.

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43

Konevcov, Leonid, Vladimir He, Evgeniy Kim, and Kseniya Eremina. "PRODUCTION OF METAL MATRIX ALLOYS FOR WEAR-RESISTANT ELECTROSPARK COATINGS." Transport engineering 2022, no. 4 (April 18, 2022): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2782-5957-2022-4-51-59.

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The study objective is to obtain and study metal matrix alloys based on NiAl intermetallic compound with different concentrations of Ni for forming wear-resistant coatings on steel 45. The problems to which the paper is devoted are: obtaining electrode materials based on NiAl intermetallic compound with different concentrations of Ni and studying their structure; studying the mass transfer during electrospark deposition on steel 45; studying the comparative wear resistance of the coatings obtained. Research methods: electrode alloys are obtained by the method of liquid-phase self-propagating high-temperature synthesis; electro spark alloying is used to create wear-resistant coatings; the microstructure of the obtained alloys is studied by the method of metallographic analysis. The novelty of the work: for the first time, the influence of different Ni concentration values on the wear resistance of NiAl electrospark coatings on steel 45 is studied. Study results: the microstructure of the obtained alloys consists of doped Cr and Co grains of NiAl matrix with a different Ni/Al ratio, along the boundaries of which the compounds of all alloy components are located. When forming coatings by electrospark method, time dependences of changes in anode erosion, cathode gain and mass transfer coefficient are obtained. Conclusions: NiAl metal-based alloys with different concentrations of Ni were smelted using a liquid-phase SHS method using charge consisting of metal oxides and mineral concentrates containing tungsten and zirconium; the microstructure of the obtained alloys consists of doped Cr and Co grains baseds on NiAl, along which boundaries compounds of all the constituent components of the alloy are concentrated, including Zr and W. Experimental results of anode erosion, cathode gain, and mass transfer coefficient were obtained while forming the coatings with the alloys using electrospark method, and it was found during wear resistance tests that with an increase of Ni concentration in the alloy, the wear resistance increases.

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44

Shafyei, Hassan, Mehdi Salehi, and Abbas Bahrami. "Fabrication, microstructural characterization and mechanical properties evaluation of Ti/TiB/TiB2 composite coatings deposited on Ti6Al4V alloy by electro-spark deposition method." Ceramics International 46, no. 10 (July 2020): 15276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.03.068.

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45

Takale, Adik, and Nagesh Chougule. "Optimization of process parameters of wire electro discharge machining for Ti49.4Ni50.6 shape memory alloys using the Taguchi technique." International Journal of Structural Integrity 10, no. 4 (August 12, 2019): 548–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-10-2018-0058.

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Purpose Ti49.4Ni50.6 (at. %) shape memory alloy (SMA) is a unique class of smart materials because of unbeatable property which given a wide variety of their applications across a broad range of fields including an orthopedic implant. It plays a very important role in the constructions of novel orthopedic implants application (like dynamic compression plate) because of lower Young’s modulus compared to other biomedical implant materials, high mechanical strength, excellent corrosion resistance and unique property like shape memory effect. Conventional machining of Ti-Ni yields poor surface finish and low dimensional accuracy of the machined components. Hence, wire electro-discharge machining (WDEM) of Ti-Ni has been performed. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of variation of five process parameters, namely, a pulse-on time, pulse-off time, spark gap set voltage (SV), wire feed and wire tension on the material removal rate, surface roughness (SR), kerf width (KW) and dimensional deviation (DD), in the WDEM of Ti49.5Ni50.6 SMA. Design/methodology/approach The effect of machining parameters on Ti49.4Ni50.6 has been fully explored using WEDM with zinc coated brass wire as an electrode. In this work, L18 orthogonal array based on Taguchi method has been used to conduct a series of experiments and statically evaluate the experimental data by the use of the method of analysis of variance. Scanning electron microscope images of the machined surface, at the highest and lowest pulse-on time, have been taken to evaluate the quality of surface in terms of their SR values. Findings For the highest pulse-on time, it is observed that blow holes, cracks, melted droplets and craters have been formed on the machined surface with an SR of 2.744 µm, while for the lowest pulse-on time, these are not formed with an SR of 0.862 µm. It is seen that the pulse-on time is the most significant process parameter for MRR, SR and KW, while the DD is significantly affected by spark gap SV. The optimal values of the process parameters have been obtained by the method of analysis of mean and the confirmatory experiments have been carried out to validate results of optimization. Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis of the machined surface of Ti49.4Ni50.6 has shown a certain amount of deposition of material on the machined surface. Originality/value This is an original paper.

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Burkov, A. A., L. A. Konevtsov, M. I. Dvornik, and N. M. Vlasova. "Influence of the Grain Size of Tungsten Carbide in the VK8 Anode Material on the Formation of an Alloyed Layer of Steel 35." Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov 57, no. 5 (October 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52577/eom.2021.57.5.13.

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The influence of the grain size of tungsten carbide of tungsten-cobalts hard alloy, received as anode material for the electro-spark deposition (ESD) of steel 35, on its erosion resistance, on the weight gain of the substrate material, and on the coefficient of electro-mass transfer. It is shown that in the preparation of new anode materials with different structure, density, porosity, fracture strength, and grain size of tungsten carbide, a pressing charge with additives of 0.4% Cr3C2–0.4% VC grain growth inhibitors and grinding in alcohol and argon atmosphere at a grinding time of 20 to 320 minutes was used. The results of the erosion resistance and the use of the obtained new anode materials in the ESD of steel 35 are shown. When performing kinetic studies, a number of indicators of the efficiency of the formation of the doped layer were identified, taking into account the obtained values of the of additional weight of the cathode, the time of the ESD, the specific surface area of 1 cm2, and the coefficient of electro-mass transfer at the ESD of the studied anode materials. The results of the studies of the structure, thickness, composition of the doped layer, and of the heat resistance and wear resistance of the coating are shown. It was revealed that among the created new anode materials, the best oxidation resistance of the coating after ESD with the selected processing modes were obtained using a new nanodispersed anode material WC8%Co–0.4%Cr3C2–0.4%VC, with an average grain size of 0.8 microns WC.

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47

Ageeva, E. V., A. Yu Altukhov, S. S. Gulidin, and A. S. Pereverzev. "ELEMENT COMPOSITION COMPARISON OF ELECTRIC-SPARK COATINGS AND ELECTROSPARKSINTERED MATERIAL." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-2-6-15.

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One of the promising methods of powder obtaining practically from any conductive material, including hard alloy, characterized by relatively low energy costs and cleanliness of the process, is method electroerosion dispersion (EED). Currently there is no full information on initial composition, regimes and environment impact on the properties of disperse systems and recommendations on the effective technologies providing their sintering and hardening in the scientific and technical literature. Thus this prevents from the use of this method. For sintered parts hardening, it is helpful to use electric spark machining (ESM). ESM is technologically flexibilite, cheap and it helps to obtain coverings with a wide range of properties. However, in many cases the properties of electrospark coatings depend both on the composition, structure and properties of the electrode material, and on the properties of the substrate material. Complex theoretical and experimental studies are required to develop a complex technology for the production of disperse systems using electroerosion dispersion method and their hardening by electric spark machining, charecterised by good stress-related properties and performance. The purpose of this work is to research the elemental composition of electrospark coatings and electroerosion sintered substrates made of high-speed steel. When the experiments were set up, a metal powder was obtained from the waste of high-speed steel grade P6M5 when using a device for electroerosion dispersion of conductive materials. The resulting electroerosion powder consisted of particles of a spherical and elliptical shape measuring from 25 nm to 50 μm. The average particle size of the powder was 19.72 μm, and the specific surface area was 16725.95 cm2 / cm3. The electro-erosion powder was pressed by a hydrostatic method using an EPSI press. The powder was poured into a rubber hermetical mold then it was placed in a hydrostat working chamber where there was a liquid pressure of 300 MPa created by means of a high-lift pump. Nabertherm VHT 8/22 GR. Sintering was held in a vacuum at a temperature of 1050 ° C for 2 hours . Electrospark coatings on sintered sample material made from electroerrosion high-speed steel were produced using VK8 electrodes and UR-121 machine. Using EDAX energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer, built into QUANTA 200 3D scanning electron microscope, spectra of characteristic X-ray radiation were obtained at various points on the surface of the sample and along the cross-section. Based on the conducted studies it was established that the main elements in the electrospark coating are iron, molybdenum and tungsten, and sintering was held in a vacuum at a temperature of 1050 ° C for 2 hours . Electrospark coatings on sintered sample material made from electroerrosion high-speed steel were produced using VK8 electrodes and UR-121 machine. Using EDAX energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer, built into QUANTA 200 3D scanning electron microscope, spectra of characteristic X-ray radiation were obtained at various points on the surface of the sample and along the cross-section. Based on the conducted studies it was established that the main elements in the electrospark coating are iron, molybdenum and tungsten, and in the substrate only iron and molybdenum. the substrate only iron and molybdenum. Based on the conducted studies it was established that the main elements in the electrospark coating are iron, molybdenum and tungsten, and the main elements in the substrate are only iron and molybdenum.

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Kishimoto, Satoshi, and Norio Shinya. "Fabrication Method for Metallic Closed Cellular Materials Containing Different Materials from that of Cell Walls by SPS Method." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 3184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.3184.

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Several methods of fabricating metallic closed cellular materials a spark plasma sintering (SPS) system have been developed. Powdered polymer particles coated with a nickel-phosphorus alloy layer using electro-less plating were pressed into pellets and sintered at high temperatures in a furnace using SPS system. Metallic closed cellular materials containing different materials from the cell walls were then fabricated. The physical, mechanical and damping properties of these materials were measured. The results of the compressive tests show that this material has different stressstrain curves among the specimens that have different cell wall thicknesses and the sintering temperatures of the specimens affect the compressive strength of each specimen. Also, it seems that the results of the compressive tests show that this material has a high-energy absorption. The internal friction of this material was measured and the results show that this internal friction is the same as that of pure aluminum. These results suggest that this material can be utilized as an energy absorbing and passive damping material.

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49

Oppong Boakye, Gifty, Laura E. Geambazu, Arna M. Ormsdottir, Baldur G. Gunnarsson, Ioana Csaki, Francesco Fanicchia, Danyil Kovalov, and Sigrun N. Karlsdottir. "Microstructural Properties and Wear Resistance of Fe-Cr-Co-Ni-Mo-Based High Entropy Alloy Coatings Deposited with Different Coating Techniques." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 19, 2022): 3156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063156.

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Materials can be subjected to severe wear and corrosion due to high temperature, high pressure and mechanical loads when used in components for the production of geothermal power. In an effort to increase the lifetime of these components and thus decrease cost due to maintenance High-Entropy Alloy Coatings (HEACs) were developed with different coating techniques for anti-wear properties. The microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of CoCrFeNiMox (at% x = 20, 27) HEACs deposited by three different technologies—high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), laser cladding (LC) and electro-spark deposition (ESD)—are presented in this study. The relationship between surface morphology and microstructural properties of the as-deposited coatings and their friction and wear behavior is assessed to evaluate their candidacy as coatings for the geothermal environment. The wear rates were lower for the HVOF coatings compared to LC and ESD-produced coatings. Similarly, a higher hardness (445 ± 51 HV) was observed for the HVOF HEACs. The mixed FCC, BCC structure and the extent of σ + µ nano precipitates are considered responsible for the increased hardness and improved tribological performance of the HEACs. The findings from the study are valuable for the development of wear-resistant HEAC for geothermal energy industry applications where high wear is encountered.

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Umanskyi, A. P., M. S. Storozhenko, V. E. Sheludko, V. B. Muratov, V. V. Kremenitsky, I. S. Martsenyuk, M. A. Vasilkovskaya, et al. "Properties of AlB$_{12}$–Al Electric Spark Coatings on D1 Aluminium Alloy." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 43, no. 11 (December 30, 2021): 1443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.43.11.1443.

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