Статті в журналах: "Electro-hydrostatic actuation"

1

Wang, Tianyi, Zongxia Jiao, and Liang Yan. "Efficiency analysis of moving-magnet linear oscillating motor with dual-resonance for linear electro-hydrostatic actuator." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 231, no. 13 (November 25, 2016): 2487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016677332.

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More-electric aircraft draws considerable attention due to its high efficiency, high reliability, and easy maintenance. Linear electro-hydrostatic actuator is a novel linear actuation system suitable for more-electric aircraft, and offers many advantages over traditional rotary electro-hydrostatic actuator. However, it requires high-frequency reciprocate actuation of linear oscillating motors with both high efficiency and high power factor. In this study, a novel moving-magnet tubular linear oscillating motor with dual-resonance is proposed for linear electro-hydrostatic actuator applications to achieve high efficiency and high power factor simultaneously. Firstly, system impedance model is set up analytically, which helps to analyze the influence of structure parameters on system performance. Based on this model, working efficiency and power factor are compared with the nonresonance design, and validated by experimental results. In order to take real scenario into considerations, the nonlinearity of motor and rectangular-type load is also analytically derived and analyzed with effective resonant frequency tracking method proposed. It shows that dual-resonance design does increase system efficiency and power factor, and can be applied in linear electro-hydrostatic actuator system for more-electric aircraft effectively.

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2

Yu, Li Ming, Shou Qiang Wei, Tian Tian Xing, and Hong Liang Liu. "Reliability Analysis of Hybrid Actuation Based on GSPN." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 1914–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1914.

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Generalized stochastic Petri nets is adopted to develop the reliability models of two operating modes of the hybrid actuation system, which is composed of a SHA (Servo valve controlled Hydraulic Actuator), an EHA (Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator) and an EBHA (Electrical Back-up Hydrostatic Actuator).The dependability of hybrid actuation is got through the Markov chain which the Petri nets sate is isomorphic to and the Monte-Carlo simulation. Simulations are conducted to analyze influences of the operating mode and the fault coverage on system reliability of hybrid actuation system.

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3

Jiang, Ji Hai, Qiao Liu, Jun Long Liu, and Zhen Xiu Hou. "Performance Comparison of Displacement and Speed Control in Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 779 (July 2015): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.779.205.

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In recent years, power by wire (PBW) technique is developed in the European and American aviation field, and one of its important bases is electro-hydrostatic servo technique. In this paper, speed controlled and displacement controlled electro-hydrostatic actuation systems are modeled and simulated, by comparing their Bode graphics and time-zone respond curves, which shows that displacement control has small load inertia and high gain, so its dynamic performance is better. Thus, conclusion can be drawn that speed-displacement composite control may indeed improve the dynamic performance of electro-hydrostatic actuator.

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4

Wang, Zhenyu, Yuchuan Zhu, Renqiang Li, Cheng Liu, and Niyomwungeri Bruno. "Development of a dual magnetostrictive material rods–based electro-hydrostatic actuator." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 13 (May 16, 2019): 1871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19849247.

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Recently, the use of smart material–based electro-hydrostatic actuators is increasingly becoming more attractive to overcome the inherent disadvantages of conventional actuation systems and to offer new opportunities for performance improvement. A new type of a dual magnetostrictive material rods–based electro-hydrostatic actuator is presented in the current study. An active rotary rectification valve is utilized to convert small, high-frequency vibration displacements of the magnetostrictive material rods into continuous, smooth and bidirectional motion of a hydraulic cylinder by fluid rectification. Simulation and experiments were performed to confirm the feasibility of the new concept. The experimental results indicate that the dual magnetostrictive material rods–based electro-hydrostatic actuator exhibits a maximum flow rate that is approximately twice that of a single magnetostrictive material rod–based electro-hydrostatic actuator, and that the operating frequency increases from 110 to 150 Hz.

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5

Navatha, A., Kiran Bellad, Somashekhar S. Hiremath, and S. Karunanidhi. "Dynamic Analysis of Electro Hydrostatic Actuation System." Procedia Technology 25 (2016): 1289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.08.223.

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6

Wang, Bin, Nanyue Xu, Pengyuan Wu, and Rongfei Yang. "Simulation on an electro-hydrostatic actuator controlled by a high-pressure piezoelectric pump with a displacement amplifier." Assembly Automation 41, no. 4 (May 28, 2021): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-04-2020-0054.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a new hydrostatic actuator controlled by a piezoelectric piston pump and to reveal its characteristics. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, a piezoelectric pump with passive poppet valves and hydraulic displacement amplifier is designed as a new control component in a hydrostatic actuator for high actuation capacity. A component-level mathematical model is established to describe the system characteristics. Simulation verification for cases under typical conditions is implemented to evaluate the delivery behavior of the pump and the carrying ability of the actuator. Findings By using the displacement amplifier and the passive distributing valves, simulation demonstrates that the pump can deliver flow rate up to 3 L/min, and the actuator controlled by this pump can push an object weighing approximately 50 kg. In addition, it is particularly important to decide a proper amplification ratio of the amplifier in the pump for better actuation performance. Originality/value The piezoelectric pump presented in this paper has its potential to light hydrostatic actuator. The model constructed in this paper is valid for characteristic analysis and performance evaluation of this pump and actuators.

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7

Zhao, Jia, Kai Chang, Fen Ru, Yan Xie, and Wei Li. "Design and Verification of an Electro Hydrostatic Brake System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2228, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2228/1/012020.

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Abstract Electro-Hydraulic Actuation is a distributed power telex technology which integrates machine, electricity and liquid as one. A miniaturized Electro-Hydraulic Brake System is designed by introducing Electro-Hydraulic Actuation Technology into aircraft Anti-skid Brake System. It can transmit power by electricity in brake system. Firstly, the mathematical model of the Electro-Hydraulic Braking System is established. Secondly, the semi physical simulation of the hardware in the loop is completed in the real-time simulation platform to verify the anti-skid braking control function of the system, realize the parameter optimization process, and determine the important parameters, so as to provide guidance for the production of the sample. Finally, the correctness and function of the Electro-Hydraulic Brake System are verified by the test on the inertial platform. The results show that the system can achieve the expected anti-skid braking function, and can provide support for subsequent engineering.

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8

Lu, Jiayu, Chaofan Gu, Yanjun Zhao, Cao Tan, Yingtao Lu, and Changzhong Fu. "Refined Modeling Method and Analysis of an Electromagnetic Direct-Drive Hydrostatic Actuation System." Actuators 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act11100281.

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The hydrostatic actuation system based on linear actuators improves the complex piston force and long transmission path of the traditional electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA). However, new nonlinear factors in the linear actuator and direct-driven piston are introduced into the system, which present challenges to system modeling and control. To improve the accuracy of system performance prediction, this paper analyzed the working characteristics of an electromagnetic direct-drive hydrostatic actuation system (EDHAS). A dynamic model of the electromagnetic linear actuator including the LuGre friction model was established. The high-pressure internal leakage of the direct-drive pump was described by an inclined eccentric leakage model. The Karnopp friction model was applied to solve the problem of switching between viscous and sliding friction in a cylinder. The hydraulic components model was established based on AMESim, and the electromagnetic linear actuator model and the system controller model were established in Matlab/Simulink, to establish a refined electromechanical–hydraulic co-simulation model of the EDHAS with electromagnetic, mechanical, hydraulic, and control coupling. A system performance test platform was built. The simulation results of the direct-drive piston displacement, the system pressure, the system flow rate, and the cylinder displacement match well with experimental results, which verifies the validity and accuracy of the refined modeling method.

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9

Li, Yang, Zongxia Jiao, and Zimeng Wang. "Design, Analysis, and Verification of an Electro- Hydrostatic Actuator for Distributed Actuation System." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030634.

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In order to provide a simplified and low-cost solution of the terminal for a distributed actuation system, this paper proposes an electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) based on the linear drive principle. The proposed actuator is directly driven by a linear pump with a collaborative rectification mechanism, whose performance relies on the collaboration of the internal two units. A pair of linear oscillating motors are employed to drive the two pump units respectively. The control of the actuator is based on the modulation of the oscillating amplitude, frequency, and phase difference of the two motors. The advantage of this actuator is that no more valve control is needed to rectify the linear pump besides the high efficiency of the direct pump drive. In this paper, both schematic and detailed structure of the actuator is presented. The kinematic and dynamic characteristics are analyzed and modeled, based on which the control method is proposed. The experiments verify the validity of the actuator structure and control.

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10

Jawaid, Syed Imran, and Liang Wang. "EHA System Integration Design Analysis and Position Tracking Performance by PID Controller." Applied Mechanics and Materials 419 (October 2013): 826–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.419.826.

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Electro-hydraulic actuation is now an emerging and well established technology and currently applicable in almost all fields but most important application of electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) is aerospace industry. This paper will discuss the selection and designing of major sub-assemblies and their integration to form an EHA unit. A complete, compact, and high performance EHA will be designed in different sections of paper and dynamic analysis of major assemblies is carried out to meet the designed requirements. In last section position tracking performance of the EHA is analysed by using a conventional PID Controller and simulation results are discussed.

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11

Kotagond, Aravindkumar D., Somashekhar S. Hiremath, and M. A. Kamoji. "Comparison of Controllers and Actuators Effect on Electro Hydrostatic Actuator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 895 (November 2019): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.895.284.

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Hydraulic actuators play a major role in aircraft flight actuation and control. Primary control systems in an aircraft typically control the components that guide an airplane during flight. Electro Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA) is emerging as a viable option for aerospace as well as industrial machine builders. It is an emerging technology which replaces centralized hydraulic system by a self-contained and localized direct drive actuator system. As most of the aircraft applications use symmetric actuator, Symmetric actuator EHA system configuration is considered in most of the literatures. However in case of many industrial applications, asymmetric actuators are being used. The dynamic response that means how fast an actuator reaches a target position is an important criteria for any application. An indigenous experimental setup of EHA system is developed with measuring instruments and sensors that forms a mechatronic system. The Variable Motor and Fixed Pump configuration of EHA is used for experimentation. In this work the load analysis is carried out on asymmetric and symmetric actuators. Similarly the load analysis is carried out on different controllers like Proportional Derivative (PD), Proportional Integral (PI) and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) over the dynamic response as a output. It is found that symmetric actuator and PD controller gives better results.

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12

Ryu, Jae-Kwan, and Hyung-Tae Seo. "A Feedback Control of Pump-Controlled Electro-Hydrostatic Actuation System." Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 33, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7736/kspe.2016.33.10.837.

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13

Huang, Qitao, Bowen Li, and Hongguang Xu. "The Design and Testing of a PEA Powered Ankle Prosthesis Driven by EHA." Biomimetics 7, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040234.

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Several studies have shown that actuation concepts such as Serial elastic actuator (SEA) can reduce peak power and energy consumption in ankle prostheses. Proper selection and design of the actuation concepts is important to unlock the power source potential. In this work, the optimization design, mechanical design, control scheme, and bench experiments of a new powered ankle–foot prosthesis is proposed. The actuation concept of this prosthesis is parallel elastic actuator (PEA) composed of electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) as the power kernel and a unidirectional parallel spring as the auxiliary energy storage element. After the appropriate motor and transmission ratio was selected, a dynamic model of the PEA prosthesis was built to obtain the appropriate spring parameters driven by biological data. The design of the hydraulic and mechanical system and the controller were provided for the implementation of the designed system. Bench experiments were performed to verify the performance. The results showed that the designed prosthesis meets the biomechanical dynamics requirements. This result emphasizes the feasibility of the EHA as a power source and actuator and provides new ideas for the design of ankle–foot prostheses.

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14

Zhang, Chi, Xu Han, Tatiana Minav, and Yongling Fu. "Multi-Objective Optimization Design of a 30 kW Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." Proceedings 64, no. 1 (November 22, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecat2020-08525.

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Electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHAs) combine the advantages of electric and hydraulic actuation, and it results in a preferable solution for heavy load actuation. The required power level of the EHA is increasing because it is being introduced to large vehicles such as submarines and heavy launch vehicles. Thus, a 30 kW EHA is under development for launch vehicles, which simultaneously require high dynamic performance, light weight, high efficiency, etc. Therefore, a dedicated multi-objective optimization design method is proposed for the preliminary design of the 30 kW EHA. In this study, firstly, the design requirements were analyzed for the launch vehicle application, and the objectives and the constraints of the optimization design were defined for the 30 kW EHA. Secondly, dedicated models were developed for evaluating each objective or constraint, including weight, bandwidth, and efficiency. Thirdly, the multi-objective EHA optimization design was implemented based on the genetic algorithm. Lastly, the optimization design results were evaluated through simulation analysis, which demonstrated that the 30 kW EHA achieved more than 10 Hz bandwidth with under 72 kg weight while the efficiency was also optimized.

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15

Guo, Li Li, Li Ming Yu, Yang Lu, and Dian Liang Fan. "Multi-Mode Switching Control for HSA/EHA Hybrid Actuation System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 1088–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1088.

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According to the switch transients problem existing in the Hybrid Actuation System (HAS), a multi-mode switching control system was proposed. This control system, based on the system feedback correction theory, can cater to the demands of dynamic characteristics and switch transients. To start with, the mathematical model of HAS was established on the basic of HASs operating principle, and the HAS is composed of Hydraulic Servo Actuator (HSA) and Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA). Further, the different operating modes controller are hammered out by employed the PID feedback correction control, and the acceleration feedback controller is added to the switched system to decreasing the switch transients. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the system is precise in tracking displacement signal, and it is validity of mitigating the switch transients by used method of feedback correction.

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16

ANDERSSON, Johan, Petter KRUS, Katarina NILSSON, and Karl STORCK. "MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF HEAT GENERATION IN ELECTRO-HYDROSTATIC ACTUATION SYSTEMS." Proceedings of the JFPS International Symposium on Fluid Power 1999, no. 4 (1999): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5739/isfp.1999.537.

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17

Seo, Hyung-Tae, Dae-Gyeom Kang, Kyung-Soo Kim, and Soohyun Kim. "Backstepping Control of Electro-Hydrostatic Actuation (EHA) Systems With Disturbance Observer." Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems 24, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2018.17.0150.

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18

Komagata, Mitsuo, Tianyi Ko, Ko Yamamoto, and Yoshihiko Nakamura. "Experimental Study on Critical Design of Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators Small in Size and Light in Weight." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 32, no. 5 (October 20, 2020): 911–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2020.p0911.

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Actuation systems for robots and other machines used in critical applications is an area that requires further research. In such applications, a machine works in a human environment and physically interacts with humans. Reliability and backdrivability are still insufficient in current systems. An electro-hydrostatic actuator has the potential advantage of high reliability by nature and high backdrivability in mechanical simplexity when it is designed to be small and light. This study provides a theoretical investigation of the methods for evaluating internal leaks and other mechanical losses, such as Coulomb and viscous friction, and experimentally evaluates two types (trochoid and involute gear) of prototyped hydraulic pumps.

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19

Li, Yanpeng, Zongxia Jiao, Tian Yu, and Yaoxing Shang. "Viscous Loss Analysis of the Flooded Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator Motor under Laminar and Turbulent Flow States." Processes 8, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8080975.

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The electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) is one of the most prevalent types of power-by-wire (PBW) actuation systems. With the increase in EHA power density, using the pump’s leakage oil to cool the motor has been gradually adopted to solve the problem of excessive motor temperature. However, the viscous friction loss caused by the liquid viscosity will seriously affect the heat dissipation effect and dynamic performance of the motor. To calculate the motor viscosity loss accurately, a novel calculation method is proposed in this paper. Using the energy gradient theory, the relationship between the fluid flow state and the rotation speed is analyzed. In addition, the lumped parameter model of viscous loss is established by using the conservation of momentum theory and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. A test rig is designed to test the viscous friction loss for various rotation speeds, and the test results show a good agreement with the theoretical analysis. The present results demonstrate the effectiveness of the lumped parameter model and provide a better calculation method for wet motor viscosity loss calculation.

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20

Casoli, Paolo, Fabio Scolari, Tatiana Minav, and Massimo Rundo. "Comparative Energy Analysis of a Load Sensing System and a Zonal Hydraulics for a 9-Tonne Excavator." Actuators 9, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act9020039.

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With the rising demand for energy efficiency, displacement-controlled or so-called pump-controlled systems have become an attractive research topic for applications in construction machinery and other off-road vehicles. Pump-controlled systems can be implemented with electro-hydrostatic actuators as electro-hydraulic zones, which are located next to the end actuator as a replacement for the traditional valve-controlled hydraulic actuation systems. In this paper a 9-tonne class excavator is utilized as a study case. A mathematical model of the conventional machine, validated with tests carried out on both the excavator and the single hydraulic components, was previously developed within the Simcenter AMESim© environment. This mathematical model was modified with electric components for simulating a zonal hydraulics excavator and compared with a conventional load sensing (LS) machine. The energy efficiencies of both the LS circuit and the new solution were evaluated for typical duty cycles, pointing out the obtainable energy efficiency improvements, which were mainly due to the absence of the directional valves and pressure compensators. The results also point out the effect of the pipe losses when the circuit layout requires the pipe for connecting the pump with the actuator; moreover, the effect of a diesel engine downsizing on the energy saving was evaluated.

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21

Sun, Xiaozhe, Xingjian Wang, Zhiyuan Zhou, and Zhihan Zhou. "Active Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy for More Electric Aircraft under Actuation System Failure." Actuators 9, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act9040122.

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The aircraft hydraulic system is very important for the actuation system and its failure has led to a number of catastrophic accidents in the past few years. The reasons for hydraulic loss can be leakage, blockage, and structural damage. Fortunately, the development of more electric aircraft (MEA) provides a new means of solving this difficult problem. This paper designs an active fault tolerant control (AFTC) method for MEA suffering from total hydraulic loss and actuation system failure. Two different kinds of scenarios are considered: leakage/blockage and vertical tail damage. With the application of the dissimilar redundant actuation system (DRAS) in MEA, a switching mechanism can be used to change the hydraulic actuation (HA) system into an electro-hydrostatic actuation (EHA) system when the whole hydraulic system fails. Taking account of the gap between HA and EHA, a degraded model is built. As for vertical tail damage, engine differential thrust control is adopted to help regain lateral-directional stability. The engine thrust dynamics are modeled and the mapping relationship between engine differential thrust and rudder deflection is formulated. Moreover, model reference control (MRC) and linear quadratic regulator (LQR) are used to design the AFTC method. Comparative simulation with the NASA generic transportation model (GTM) is carried out to prove the proposed strategy.

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22

Li, Yongzhe, Vinh Tung Le, Nam Seo Goo, Tae Heun Kim, and Chang Seop Lee. "High actuation force of piezoelectric hybrid actuator with multiple piezoelectric pump design." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 18 (February 1, 2017): 2557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x17692048.

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The piezoelectric hybrid actuator is a new electro-hydrostatic actuator with broad prospects for development. Compared with the traditional hydraulic pump, the piezoelectric hybrid actuator is characterized by a simple structure, small size, lightweight, and low power. However, it has a well-known weakness: It produces only a small actuation force and then cannot be used in real applications. Because the maximum force produced by a one-piezoelectric pump design cannot be increased much due to limitations in the power supply and piezoelectric materials, researchers have moved to the use of multiple piezoelectric pumps. In this research, a double-piezoelectric pump-hydraulic cylinder hybrid actuator was designed, manufactured, and tested in order to increase the actuation force. Key design factors such as the connection method and driving method were investigated to realize the double-piezoelectric pump design and achieve a high level of performance. A total of three kinds of double-piezoelectric pump-hydraulic cylinder hybrid actuator designs were selected by a theoretical approach and implemented using two identical piezoelectric pumps. A manual valve system was installed for switching the connection method (series and parallel modes). The driving method, phase, or voltage was controlled by a LabVIEW program. The maximum blocking force of 4615 N was measured at 250 Hz for cross driving, series connection and φ30-mm cylinder. The maximum velocity of 68.3 mm/s was measured at 300 Hz for cross driving, series connection and φ21-mm cylinder. Fluid structural interaction analysis using ANSYS software confirmed the experimental results. The performance of double-piezoelectric pump-hydraulic hybrid actuator meets the minimum requirements for mechanical and aerospace actuator applications.

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23

Cui, Wang, Li, and Shi. "System Reliability Assessment Based on Energy Dissipation: Modeling and Application in Electro-Hydrostatic Actuation System." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 18, 2019): 3572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183572.

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This paper addresses a new reliability model, based on energy dissipation, considering performance degradation behaviors. Different from the two-state reliability model and traditional reliability model based on failure rate statistics, this paper focuses on the component energy loss due to its fault evolution, such as fatigue, aging and wear, and presents a reliability model based on the component’s energy dissipation, as well as establishing a power dissipation constrained reliability model for degradation-based reliability assessment. As a demonstration, the proposed method is applied to model and evaluate the failure behavior of the electro-hydrostatic actuation system. The results indicate that the proposed method is effective in describing its life-cycle degradation in the energy field, and provides a reliability assessment based on energy dissipation.

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24

Yang, Rongrong, Yongjie Ma, Jiali Zhao, Ling Zhang, and Hua Huang. "Automatic Current-Constrained Double Loop ADRC for Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator Based on Singular Perturbation Theory." Actuators 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2022): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act11120381.

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For an electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA), the position, speed, and current cascade three-loop control architecture are dominant in existing active disturbance rejection control (ADRC). However, this architecture suffers from many problems, such as severe noise sensitivity of the extended state observer (ESO), excessive complexity of control structure, and too many tuned parameters, which makes the controller not easy to implement in practice. Aiming at the above drawbacks, a novel cascade double-loop ADRC strategy that is automatic current-constrained is proposed, which makes the whole ADRC architecture simplified to the position and the integrated speed–current double-loop architecture. Firstly, for the position control loop, the singular perturbation theory is used to reasonably reduce the order of the model for the position subsystem of EHA. A reduced order ADRC controller (ROADRC) is synthesized, which not only effectively reduces the noise sensitivity of ESO, but also circumvents use of the actuation acceleration information in the controller design process. Secondly, the integrated speed–current ADRC controller is designed by taking the speed and current subsystems of EHA into synthesis, which avoids the problem of excessive current loop bandwidth in conventional three-loop control architecture, and the number of tuned parameters is significantly reduced. Additionally, an uncomplicated and effective automatic current-constrained ADRC controller (CACADRC) is designed to solve the problem in the integrated speed–current ADRC that the current cannot be automatically constrained. Finally, by comparing the three-loop PI controller with the traditional three-loop ADRC, a detailed simulation analysis is carried out to verify the effectiveness and merits of the proposed controller. The simulation results show that the proposed controller not only inherits the advantages of high precision and strong disturbance rejection performance of the conventional ADRC, but can also efficiently decrease the noise sensitivity of ESO and effectively achieve the current-constrained control.

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25

Guo, Tuanhui, Xu Han, Tatiana Minav, and Yongling Fu. "A Preliminary Design Method of High-Power Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators Considering Design Robustness." Actuators 11, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act11110308.

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Electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHAs) are expanding their application fields due to their combined advantages of electric and hydraulic actuation. However, the control performance, the weight, and the efficiency turn out to be more challenging requirements when the EHA power level increases to over 30 kW. Therefore, a preliminary design dedicated to trading off the system-level EHA performance based on multi-domain coupling analysis is necessary considering the comprehensive performance requirements and the parameter uncertainties. However, the existing methods are deficient in responding to all these design challenges. In this paper, an EHA preliminary design method is proposed to achieve the optimum system-level performance with robustness. First, the design parameters are analyzed and selected. Second, an optimization design of EHAs is realized by developing multi-disciplinary performance simulation models. The robustness is also considered during the optimization design. Third, the optimization results are evaluated by a specifically built EHA model, which realizes high fidelity than the models used for optimization. As a result, the general high-power EHA requirements are fully considered during the preliminary design and an optimum EHA performance is achieved. The proposed method is demonstrated in a design case of a 30 kW EHA for aerospace applications, which achieved the optimum performance of 8 Hz bandwidth and 69.92 kg weight. The preliminary design results also outline the input information for the following detailed design. Therefore, the proposed method demonstrated its applicability for delivering robust EHA design results for engineering applications.

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26

Chen, Pei, Huanguo Chen, Wenhua Chen, Jun Pan, and Jianmin Li. "An improved EKF based on excitation equivalent conversion for EHA multi-factor fault diagnosis." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 10 (October 2022): 168781322211312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221131292.

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Electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA), as an emerging power-by-wire (PBW) actuation mechanism with high energy efficiency and fast responsiveness, has been widely used in modern flight control systems. As a pivotal component, the fault diagnosis of EHA is necessary to ensure the reliability of the aircraft. Although researchers have proposed many effective fault diagnosis techniques at present, most of them can only deal with single-factor faults effectively. Recent studies on multi-state reliability and competing failure show that complicated systems such as EHA are more prone to multi-factor failures than single-factor failures. Therefore, an improved EKF based on excitation equivalent conversion is proposed in this paper to achieve the multi-factor fault diagnosis of EHA. First, the existing fault diagnosis methods for EHA and their limitations in multi-factor fault diagnosis are discussed. Then, multi-parameters estimation and observability, the key issues to achieve multi-factor fault diagnosis, are analyzed. Based on the structural characteristics and observability analysis of the second-order system, excitation equivalent conversion is introduced to establish additional available equation about the unknown state parameters to realize the multi-parameter estimation when system is unobservable. Finally, simulation and prototype test experiments have been performed, and the results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method, which outperforms that of the traditional single-factor failure analysis methods by comparison.

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27

Park, Y. H., and S. H. Park. "Identification and Control of Position Control System for Electro-Hydraulic Actuator (EHA)." Journal of the Korea Society For Power System Engineering 15, no. 2 (April 30, 2011): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.9726/kspse.2011.15.2.069.

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28

Li, Wending, and Guanglin Shi. "Novel dual-redundancy electro-hydrostatic actuator research and controller design." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 16 (June 14, 2019): 5874–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219855093.

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The paper proposes a novel dual-redundancy motor pump for the electro-hydrostatic actuator. Rather than the traditional single motor pump electro-hydrostatic actuator system, the system proposed in this paper can operate in three working modes and automatically adjust its operating condition in accordance with task requirements. The novel dual-redundancy electro-hydrostatic actuator system prototype was developed, and a high-performance control method was proposed and applied to the system, combining proportional–integral–derivative and sliding mode control to study the control strategy and implementation method of double closed loop. In addition, a physical model simulation was conducted on the basis of Amesim for this electro-hydrostatic actuator under several working conditions. Results showed that the dual-redundancy electro-hydrostatic actuator can decrease power loss and demonstrate excellent performance and reliability.

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29

Song, Yu, and S. R. Habibi. "Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator Modeling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 307 (February 2013): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.307.131.

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This paper demonstrates the modeling of an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator prototype. The mathematical derivation of the physical model is reported.Parametric model was obtained through system identification.

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30

Guo, Yazi, Yuchuan Zhu, Yuyang Li, Shangshu Fei, Bin Zhu, Xinbin Zhang, and Xiaolu Wang. "Model and experimental research of a hybrid self-contained electro-hydrostatic actuator using piezoelectric stack." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 7 (October 9, 2017): 1348–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x17733329.

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Smart material–based electro-hydrostatic actuators are a potential alternative to traditional hydraulic actuators. Piezoelectric materials are a type of smart materials that can deliver large blocked forces. In this article, a piezoelectric stack–based electro-hydrostatic actuator is first introduced by presenting the schematic diagrams of its structure and work principle. Next, according to the research of the piezoelectric stack–based electro-hydrostatic actuator working principle, a mathematical model that can describe the dynamic characteristics of piezoelectric stack–based electro-hydrostatic actuator was established. The output displacement model of the piezoelectric stack–based actuator was established based on the improved asymmetric Bouc–Wen model. The simulation model was built in MATLAB/Simulink. Finally, experiments under different working conditions were conducted, as well as the corresponding simulations. The experimental results demonstrate that the prototype no-load output flow reaches its maximum at 275 Hz and the output flow peak is close to 1.6 L/min. Moreover, the load capacity is more than 20 kg and the maximum load is more than 50 kg according to the trend forecast. The simulation results exhibit good agreement with the experimental results, which means that the piezoelectric stack–based electro-hydrostatic actuator model is feasible.

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31

Zhu, Yuchuan, Zhenyu Wang, and Shangshu Fei. "Development of a magnetostrictive material–based electro-hydrostatic actuator with an active rotary rectifying valve." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 233, no. 8 (November 16, 2018): 994–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651818809185.

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A magnetostrictive material–based electro-hydrostatic actuator with an active rotary valve for fluid rectification is presented in this article, which consists of a magnetostrictive material–based pump, an active rotary valve and a hydraulic cylinder. First, the magnetostrictive material–based pump plunger motion model is established, and the factors that affect the phase lag between the magnetostrictive material–based pump plunger displacement and the input voltage are discussed. Second, the flow area model of the active rotary valve and the kinetic model of the cylinder are established. After that, the phase compensation for the input voltage that influences the synchronous motion between the magnetostrictive material–based pump plunger and the valve spool is investigated. Finally, the simulation model is built in MATLAB/Simulink, and the results are subsequently verified with experimental data. The results indicate that the phase lag of magnetostrictive material–based pump plunger output displacement is mostly influenced by magnetization with a low driving frequency and by an eddy current with a high driving frequency. The compensation angle for the input voltage affects the output flow of the magnetostrictive material–based electro-hydrostatic actuator and the moving direction of the cylinder piston rod. For a magnetostrictive material–based electro-hydrostatic actuator rectified by the active rotary valve, at the driving frequency of 200 Hz, the peak output flow can reach 2.4 L/min, which is much higher than 1.1 L/min of a magnetostrictive material–based electro-hydrostatic actuator rectified by the passive reed valve.

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32

Tanaka, Hirokazu, Hiroshi Kaminaga, and Yoshihiko Nakamura. "Pressure Feedback Control Based on Singular Perturbation Method of an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator for an Exoskeletal Power-Assist System." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 24, no. 2 (April 20, 2012): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2012.p0354.

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This paper describes control methods of an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA) for an exoskeletal power-assist systems. By increasing backdrivability of the electro-hydrostatic actuators, the exoskeletal power-assist systems can achieve haptic interaction with a human. We propose a pressure feedback controller based on singular perturbation method, which is used in a power-assist controller of the exoskeletal power-assist system. The controller assists human movements by increasing the sensitivity of the electrohydrostatic actuator with estimated torque feedback. The controllers were implemented on an exoskeletal power-assist system for a knee joint with an electrohydrostatic actuator. Their efficacy was evaluated by experiments.

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33

YAMAMOTO, Satoru. "Electro-hydrostatic actuator for power-by-wire." Journal of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences 38, no. 433 (1990): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass1969.38.77.

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34

Belloli, D., F. Previdi, S. M. Savaresi, A. Cologni, and M. Zappella. "Modeling and Identification of an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 43, no. 18 (2010): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20100913-3-us-2015.00020.

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35

Yang, Yousheng, Wenqian Niu, and Jing Zhao. "Design and Numerical Study of Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1288 (August 2019): 012088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1288/1/012088.

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36

GAO, Bo, Yong-ling FU, Zhong-cai PEI, and Ji-ming MA. "Research on Dual-Variable Integrated Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 19, no. 1 (February 2006): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1000-9361(11)60271-9.

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37

Alle, Navatha, Somashekhar S. Hiremath, Singaperumal Makaram, Karunanidhi Subramaniam, and Apratim Talukdar. "Review on electro hydrostatic actuator for flight control." International Journal of Fluid Power 17, no. 2 (April 15, 2016): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14399776.2016.1169743.

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38

Zhou, Guozhe, Xin Lv, Tieshan Feng, and Luoning Gan. "Position Based Impedance Control of Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1601 (August 2020): 062050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1601/6/062050.

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39

PACHTER, M., C. H. HOUPIS, and K. KANG. "MODELLING AND CONTROL OF AN ELECTRO-HYDROSTATIC ACTUATOR." International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 7, no. 6 (June 1997): 591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1239(199706)7:6<591::aid-rnc293>3.0.co;2-m.

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40

Zhufeng, Lei, Qin Lvjun, Wu Xiaodong, Jin Wen, and Wang Caixia. "Research on Fault Diagnosis Method of Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." Shock and Vibration 2021 (January 25, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6688420.

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Electrohydrostatic actuator is a type of actuator that uses hydraulic energy as the energy transmission carrier, which has the advantages of small size and high power. Since it is commonly used in harsh conditions such as strong vibration, high pressure, and heavy loads, condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of its hydraulic system are particularly important. This paper proposed a novel fault feature extraction method and applied to fault diagnosis of electrohydrostatic actuator. Firstly, the pressure signal of the hydraulic system is decomposed at multiple scales to obtain the center frequency of its maximum energy intrinsic mode component, and the feature data set is constructed based on the statistical features of the time domain. Then, a fault identification model of hydraulic system based on support vector machine is established. Finally, the fault classification and identification results of the hydraulic system are outputted. After a variety of method comparisons, the method proposed in this paper has a fault time ratio accuracy of 96.7%, which provides a basis and a new way for the fault diagnosis of the hydraulic system.

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41

Kou, Fa Rong. "The Control Study of Vehicle Active Suspension with Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.716.

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Actuator is the key to vehicle active suspension. Based on the analyses of traditional passive suspension and active suspension system, a novel vehicle active suspension with Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA) is put forward. The system consists of two parts: spring and actuator with variable control force. The actuator is made up of hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic pump, controller and BLDCM. According to bond graph principles, bond graph model of 2 DOF passive suspensions and bond graph model of EHA active suspension are built. Moreover, fuzzy logic controller is designed and fuzzy control active suspension is simulated using MATLAB tools. The prototype and test rig of EHA active suspension are developed and bench tests are carried out. The simulation and experimental results show that fuzzy control active suspension with EHA provides better ride comfort, handling and stability than passive suspension.

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42

Chen, Gexin, Gengting Qiu, Guishan Yan, Tiangui Zhang, Huilong Liu, Wenbin Chen, and Chao Ai. "Optimal Design of Accumulator Parameters for an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator at Low Speed." Processes 9, no. 11 (October 26, 2021): 1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9111903.

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The electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) is a type of highly integrated, compact, closed pump control drive system composed of a servo motor, a metering pump, a hydraulic cylinder and other components. Compared with the traditional valve control system, the electro-hydrostatic actuator has the advantages of a high power-to-weight ratio, high integration, environmental friendliness, and superior efficiency and energy saving. However, due to the complex mechanical–hydraulic coupling mechanism of the system and the existence of non-linear multi-source disturbances, the dynamic and static performance of the system is limited, particularly the pressure pulsation phenomenon under low-speed conditions, which seriously affects the high precision control requirements of the system. In order to address the low-speed pressure pulsation problem of the electro-hydrostatic actuator, first, the mathematical models of the servo motor, metering pump and hydraulic cylinder are established, and the simulation model of the EHA system is created based on MATLAB/Simulink. Second, from aspects of the servo motor and the quantitative piston pump, the causes of the pressure pulsation under low-speed working conditions are analyzed, and the parameter selection method of the accumulator is proposed to eliminate the pressure pulsation based on ωn and ζ of the EHA system. Finally, the optimal charging pressure of the accumulator is simulated and experimentally analyzed. The simulation and experimental results show that the charging pressure range of the accumulator calculated with this method can effectively improve the pressure pulsation phenomenon of the EHA system under low-speed working conditions, and it plays a positive role in the engineering popularization and application of the EHA system.

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43

Kou, Fa Rong. "Sky-Hook Control of Vehicle Active Suspension with Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.30.

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A kind of vehicle active suspension based on Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA) is put forward. The suspension system consists of two parts: spring and actuator with controlled force. The actuator includes hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic pump, controller, etc. In this paper, a quarter-car dynamic model is exactly established involving bond graph models of EHA parts. Under the input conditions of the given road profile and designed sky-hook controller, The prototype and test rig of EHA active suspension are developed and bench tests are carried out. The simulation and experimental results show that sky-hook active suspension with EHA provides better ride comfort, handling and stability than passive suspension.

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44

KANG, Rongjie, Jean Charles MARE, and Zongxia JIAO. "NONLINEAR MODELING AND CONTROL DESIGN OF ELECTRO-HYDROSTATIC ACTUATOR." Proceedings of the JFPS International Symposium on Fluid Power 2008, no. 7-3 (2008): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5739/isfp.2008.665.

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45

Huh, J. Y., H. H. Kim, and I. Y. Lee. "Modeling and Controller Design of an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." Journal of Drive and Control 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7839/ksfc.2015.12.2.001.

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46

Nie, Yong, Zhenhua Lao, Jiajia Liu, Yichi Huang, Xiangwei Sun, Jianzhong Tang, and Zheng Chen. "Disturbance Observer-Based Sliding Mode Controller for Underwater Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator Affected by Seawater Pressure." Machines 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10121115.

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This paper presents a disturbance-observer-based sliding mode control strategy for an underwater electro-hydrostatic actuator, particularly considering that electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHAs) significantly suffer from sea pressure disturbance, which makes it hard to achieve high-precision position control. Therefore, a nonlinear disturbance observer was designed to aim at the matched and mismatched disturbance caused by sea pressure disturbance. Then, a nonlinearities model for an underwater EHA was established, and a related non-singular fast terminal sliding mode (NFTSM) controller was designed by changing the conventional sliding mode surface to further improve the control accuracy. In addition, the backstepping tool was used to guarantee the robust stability of the entire three-order hydraulic dynamic system. Finally, a comparative simulation was conducted with different load forces in AMESim and Simulink, which effectively verified the high tracking performance of the proposed control strategy.

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47

Huang, Ligang, Tian Yu, Zongxia Jiao, and Yanpeng Li. "Active Load-Sensitive Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator for More Electric Aircraft." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (October 6, 2020): 6978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196978.

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In the flight control system, using an electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) instead of the currently used relatively mature electro-hydraulic valve-controlled actuator, there are three prevailing concerns, namely heating, size, and stiffness. This paper proposes a novel principle EHA, called active load-sensitive EHA (ALS-EHA), which can actively realize the adaptive adjustment of pump displacement with load pressure. Its principle analysis and mathematical modeling based on the direct load-sensitive EHA (DLS-EHA) configuration is done to obtain the relationship between motor current and hydraulic reduction ratio. Then, its stiffness characteristics are analyzed, especially the influence of hydraulic reduction ratio on impedance at low frequencies combined with investigating the power matching of ALS-EHA. A comparative experiment between the developed ALS-EHA and the EHA with fixed pump displacement and variable motor speed (EHA-FPVM) was carried out. The results reveal that the proposed ALS-EHA can reduce the motor heating and its displacement tracking error is smaller near zero speed owing to its higher impedance from the lower hydraulic reduction ratio under heavy load conditions.

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48

Zhang, Jiaming, Lingwei Li, Xinglong Zhang, Tianhong Zhang, and Yuan Yuan. "Delay Analysis and the Control of Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 3089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063089.

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The electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) has a high energy density and a compact structure so it is widely used in all/more electric aircraft. To gain energy-saving capability, the hydraulic lock can be applied in the EHA system, which can overcome the change of load after the position control is complete, reducing the motor’s need to work continuously. Due to the use of a hydraulic lock in the EHA system, there is a more significant position output delay compared with the EHA system. The delay would lead to a dynamic response error. Therefore, an electro-hydrostatic actuator with a bidirectional hydraulic lock (BHL-EHA) model is established that can reflect the position output delay and it can be used to analyze its influence factors. According to the analysis, the factors affecting the delay are pump speed, external load, hydraulic lock cracking pressure, friction load, pump displacement, fluid volume of the system, and effective bulk modulus; thus, an equation that can be used to calculate the delay is proposed. At the same time, the experimental system of the BHL-EHA system is established, and the parameters of the experimental facility are completely consistent with the simulation model. Finally, a delay compensation control method is proposed, and the control time parameter t0 is calculated based on the equation proposed above. The results of the simulation and the experiment show that the method can compensate for the delay caused by the hydraulic lock. Combined with a feedforward control, the method can dismiss the dynamic response error of 0.6 Hz sinusoidal tracking characteristics.

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49

Jung, Gyu-Hong. "Start and Stop Characteristics of Single-Rod Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A 35, no. 11 (November 1, 2011): 1483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2011.35.11.1483.

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50

TAMAMOTO, Takumi, Toru OSHIMA, Takanori HIGASHIHARA, Ken'ichi KOYANAGI, Hiroyuki MASUTA, Tatsuo MOTOYOSHI, and Kei SAWAI. "Mechanism and control of antagonistic muscle driven Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2018.30 (2018): 1C08. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2018.30.1c08.

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