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Статті в журналах з теми "Electricity distribution in Italy"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Cambini, Carlo, Annalisa Croce, and Elena Fumagalli. "Output-based incentive regulation in electricity distribution: Evidence from Italy." Energy Economics 45 (September 2014): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.07.002.

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2

Ajodhia, Virendra, Luca Lo Schiavo, and Roberto Malaman. "Quality regulation of electricity distribution in Italy: an evaluation study." Energy Policy 34, no. 13 (September 2006): 1478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.11.016.

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3

Cambini, Carlo, Elena Fumagalli, and Laura Rondi. "Incentives to quality and investment: evidence from electricity distribution in Italy." Journal of Regulatory Economics 49, no. 1 (October 8, 2015): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11149-015-9287-x.

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4

Fichera, Alberto, Alessandro Pluchino, and Rosaria Volpe. "Modelling Energy Distribution in Residential Areas: A Case Study Including Energy Storage Systems in Catania, Southern Italy." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 19, 2020): 3715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143715.

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Complexity is a widely acknowledged feature of urban areas. Among the different levels to which this definition applies, the energy sector is one of the most representative of this way of conceiving cities. An evidence of this complexity can be detected in the growing impact of prosumers. Prosumers produce energy to meet their own demands, distribute it directly to neighbors and, eventually, store the energy neither consumed nor distributed. The modelling of distribution networks is a challenging task that requires ad hoc models to simulate the mutual energy exchanges occurring among prosumers. To serve at this scope, this paper proposes an agent-based model aiming at determining which operating conditions enhance the energy distribution among prosumers and diminish the supply from traditional power plants. An application of the model within a residential territory is then presented and simulations are conducted under two scenarios: the first investigating the distribution among prosumers equipped with photovoltaics (PV) systems, the second integrating energy storage systems to PV panels. Both scenarios are studied at varying the installed PV capacity within the territory, the allowed distance of connection among prosumers, as well as the rate of utilization of the links of the network. Results from the simulated case study reveal that the energy distribution among prosumers can be enhanced by providing short-range links for the electricity exchange. Similar advantages can be achieved by integrating storage systems to PV, along with a significant reduction in the electricity requested to the centralized grid.

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5

De Blasis, Riccardo, Giovanni Batista Masala, and Filippo Petroni. "A Multivariate High-Order Markov Model for the Income Estimation of a Wind Farm." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020388.

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The energy produced by a wind farm in a given location and its associated income depends both on the wind characteristics in that location—i.e., speed and direction—and the dynamics of the electricity spot price. Because of the evidence of cross-correlations between wind speed, direction and price series and their lagged series, we aim to assess the income of a hypothetical wind farm located in central Italy when all interactions are considered. To model these cross and auto-correlations efficiently, we apply a high-order multivariate Markov model which includes dependencies from each time series and from a certain level of past values. Besides this, we used the Raftery Mixture Transition Distribution model (MTD) to reduce the number of parameters to get a more parsimonious model. Using data from the MERRA-2 project and from the electricity market in Italy, we estimate the model parameters and validate them through a Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that the simulated income faithfully reproduces the empirical income and that the multivariate model also closely reproduces the cross-correlations between the variables. Therefore, the model can be used to predict the income generated by a wind farm.

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6

Di Micco, Simona, Mariagiovanna Minutillo, Alessandra Perna, and Elio Jannelli. "On-site solar powered refueling stations for green hydrogen production and distribution: performances and costs." E3S Web of Conferences 334 (2022): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233401005.

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Today, the hydrogen is considered an essential element in speeding up the energy transition and generate important environmental benefits. Not all hydrogen is the same, though. The “green hydrogen”, which is produced using renewable energy and electrolysis to split water, is really and completely sustainable for stationary and mobile applications. This paper is focused on the techno-economic analysis of an on-site hydrogen refueling station (HRS) in which the green hydrogen production is assured by a PV plant that supplies electricity to an alkaline electrolyzer. The hydrogen is stored in low pressure tanks (200 bar) and then is compressed at 900 bar for refueling FCHVs by using the innovative technology of the ionic compressor. From technical point of view, the components of the HRS have been sized for assuring a maximum capacity of 450 kg/day. In particular, the PV plant (installed in the south of Italy) has a size of 8MWp and supplies an alkaline electrolyzer of 2.1 MW. A Li-ion battery system (size 3.5 MWh) is used to store the electricity surplus and the grid-connection of the PV plant allows to export the electricity excess that cannot be stored in the battery system. The economic analysis has been performed by estimating the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) that is an important economic indicator based on the evaluation of investment, operational & maintenance and replacement costs. Results highlighted that the proposed on-site configuration in which the green hydrogen production is assured, is characterized by a LCOH of 10.71 €/kg.

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7

Forouli, Aikaterini, Emmanouil A. Bakirtzis, Georgios Papazoglou, Konstantinos Oureilidis, Vasileios Gkountis, Luisa Candido, Eloi Delgado Ferrer, and Pandelis Biskas. "Assessment of Demand Side Flexibility in European Electricity Markets: A Country Level Review." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082324.

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Power systems in many countries have recently undergone a significant transition towards renewable and carbon-free generation sources. Those sources pose new challenges to the grid operation due to their intermittency and uncertainty. Consequently, advanced policy strategies and technologies offering new flexibility solutions on the inelastic demand side are required to maintain the reliability of power systems. Given the diversity of situations, legislation and needs across European countries and the varying nature of distribution system operators, this article reviews the deployment of demand side flexibility at national level to identify best practices and main barriers. The analysis concerns European countries of different progress in solutions that leverage flexibility towards offering electricity grid services. The scope is to explore the operation principles of European electricity markets, to assess the participation of emerging flexible resources, and to propose new approaches that facilitate the integration of flexible assets in the distribution grid. The countries reviewed are the United Kingdom, Belgium, Italy and Greece. These countries were selected owing to their diversity in terms of generation mix and market design. Barriers for market access of flexibility resources are also identified in order to form relevant country-specific recommendations.

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8

Battista, Frison, and Bolzonella. "Energy and Nutrients’ Recovery in Anaerobic Digestion of Agricultural Biomass: An Italian Perspective for Future Applications." Energies 12, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 3287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173287.

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Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the most adopted biotechnology for the valorization of agricultural biomass into valuable products like biogas and digestate, a renewable fertilizer. This paper illustrates in the first part the actual situation of the anaerobic digestion sector in Italy, including the number of plants, their geographical distribution, the installed power and the typical feedstock used. In the second part, a future perspective, independent of the actual incentive scheme, is presented. It emerged that Italy is the second European country for the number of anaerobic digestion plants with more than 1500 units for a total electricity production of about 1400 MWel. More than 60% of them are in the range of 200 kW–1 MW installed power. Almost 70% of the plants are located in the northern part of the Country where intensive agriculture and husbandry are applied. Most of the plants are now using energy crops in the feedstock. The future perspectives of the biogas sector in Italy will necessarily consider a shift from power generation to biomethane production, and an enlargement of the portfolio of possible feedstocks, the recovery of nutrients from digestate in a concentrated form, and the expansion of the AD sector to southern regions. Power to gas and biobased products will complete the future scenario.

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9

Miconi, Federico, and Giovanna Maria Dimitri. "A machine learning approach to analyse and predict the electric cars scenario: The Italian case." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): e0279040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279040.

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The automotive market is experiencing, in recent years, a period of deep transformation. Increasingly stricter rules on pollutant emissions and greater awareness of air quality by consumers are pushing the transport sector towards sustainable mobility. In this historical context, electric cars have been considered the most valid alternative to traditional internal combustion engine cars, thanks to their low polluting potential, with high growth prospects in the coming years. This growth is an important element for companies operating in the electricity sector, since the spread of electric cars is necessarily accompanied by an increasing need of electric charging points, which may impact the electricity distribution network. In this work we proposed a novel application of machine learning methods for the estimation of factors which could impact the distribution of the circulating fleet of electric cars in Italy. We first collected a new dataset from public repository to evaluate the most relevant features impacting the electric cars market. The collected datasets are completely new, and were collected starting from the identification of the main variables that were potentially responsible for the spread of electric cars. Subsequently we distributed a novel designed survey to further investigate such factors on a population sample. Using machine learning models, we could disentangle potentially new interesting information concerning the Italian scenario. We analysed it, in fact, according to different geographical Italian dimensions (national, regional and provincial) and with the final identification of those potential factors that could play a fundamental role in the success and distribution of electric cars mobility. Code and data are available at: https://github.com/GiovannaMariaDimitri/A-machine-learning-approach-to-analyse-and-predict-the-electric-cars-scenario-the-Italian-case.

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10

Barone, Giovanni, Annamaria Buonomano, Francesco Calise, and Adolfo Palombo. "Natural gas turbo-expander systems: A dynamic simulation model for energy and economic analyses." Thermal Science 22, no. 5 (2018): 2215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180109276b.

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Natural gas is typically transported for long distances through high pressure pipelines. Such pressure must be reduced before the gas distribution to users. The natural gas lamination process, traditionally adopted for this scope, may determine hydrate formation which may damagingly affect the system operation. Therefore, in order to avoid such circumstance, a suitable gas preheating is required. On the other hand, the available pressure drop can be recovered through a turbo-expansion system in order to provide mechanical energy to drive electricity generators. In this case a higher gas preheating is necessary. This paper presents a detailed simulation model capable to accurately analyse this process as well as the traditional decompression one. Such new model, implemented in a computer tool written in MATLAB, allows one to dynamically assess the energy, economic and environmental performance of these systems, by also taking into account hourly energy prices and weather conditions. Two turbo-expansion system layouts are modelled and simulated. In particular, the gas preheating is obtained by considering two different scenarios: gas-fired heater or solar thermal collectors. Another novelty of the presented dynamic simulation tool is the capability to take into account the time fluctuations of electricity feed-in and purchase tariffs. Finally, a suitable case study relative to a gas decompression station located in South Italy is also presented. Here, a remarkable primary energy savings and avoided CO2 emissions can be obtained through the examined turbo-expansion systems vs. traditional decompression ones. Results show that the economic profitability of the investigated novel technology depends on the available gas pressure drops and flow rates and on the produced electricity use.

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11

Puglisi, Giovanni, Giuliano Vox, Angeliki Kavga, Fabiana Convertino, Ileana Blanco, and Evelia Schettini. "Solar Cooling: A renewable energy solution." RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA', no. 2 (January 2020): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/riss2019-002-s1015.

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A sustainable and environmentally alternative to commonly used air conditioning systems can be the solar cooling system due to the use of renewable and clean energy. Solar absorption systems can be used for greenhouse cooling in areas with high outdoor temperatures and solar radiation levels. These systems take advantage of the simultaneity between the solar energy availability and the greenhouse cooling demand allowing the reduction of conventional electricity and water consumption. This paper presents the results of the application of a solar cooling plant for the climate control of a greenhouse at the University of Bari, Italy. The experimental plant consists of a Mediterranean greenhouse, having a surface of 300 m2, and of a single effect LiBr-H2O absorption chiller fed by evacuated-tube solar collectors. Two different localized systems were chosen for the distribution of cold inside the greenhouse: the first system presents pipes placed centrally on the cultivation vessels; the second consists of pipes in contact with aluminium plates and of a transparent EVA film, used to border an area close to plants. The distribution system of cold with pipes, plate and EVA film provided a slightly higher cooling capacity due to the presence of the plates which increases the ability to dissipate energy.

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12

Calixto, Selva, Marco Cozzini, and Giampaolo Manzolini. "Modelling of an Existing Neutral Temperature District Heating Network: Detailed and Approximate Approaches." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020379.

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This paper deals with the modelling of an existing neutral-temperature district heating network, meaning that the distribution temperature is close to the ambient temperature, with decentralised heat pumps. The considered case is located in Ospitaletto, Italy. Heat sources are given by industrial waste heat at about 25 °C and aquifer wells at about 15 °C. Two models are used to analyse the network: a detailed model able to calculate local values of operating parameters and an approximate model focused on energy balances aggregating all users with a lumped demand. Both models include the behaviour of heat pumps, a feature not available in other district heating modelling tools. An entire year of operation is considered, with an hourly time resolution. Load profiles are provided as inputs, while the main outputs consist of energy balances and primary energy consumptions. The corresponding results are compared, showing a reasonable agreement, where the approximate model underestimates the overall electricity consumptions by about 15% with respect to the detailed model. On the other hand, the different information levels and execution times (the detailed model requires about 30 min to solve the considered network for a full year with hourly time steps, while the approximate model is almost immediate) make the two models suitable for different purposes, like the simulation of control solutions for the detailed one and scenario analysis for the other.

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13

Beccali, Marco, Marina Bonomolo, Biagio Di Pietra, Giuliana Leone, and Francesca Martorana. "Solar and Heat Pump Systems for Domestic Hot Water Production on a Small Island: The Case Study of Lampedusa." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 5968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175968.

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The achievement of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, related to energy and resource use, is a critical issue for small and insulated communities. In many minor islands, solar energy is not correctly exploited, and electrical heaters are connected to weak grids with very a high share of generation by fossil fuels. As a consequence, there is the necessity to assess the potential and the suitability of diffusion of alternative systems to avoid dependency on the electrical grid and reduce carbon emissions. This paper aims to evaluate the technical and economic performances of some alternative systems exploiting renewable energy for domestic hot water production. Four different systems were simulated and studied: a heat pump connected to the grid, a heat pump coupled with a photovoltaic plant, a heat pump combined with a solar thermal collector, and a solar thermal plant. Moreover, heat and electricity storages were studied for reducing impacts on the distribution network. The work presents data gathered for a study on energy-retrofit strategies on Lampedusa Island (Italy, 35°30′56″ north (N), 568 degree-days). Finally, to select the most cost-effective plant, an economic analysis of the chosen systems was carried out. This analysis shows that the best net present values are associated with the heat pump (HP) coupled with a stand-alone PV system and a small battery and solar thermal-assisted HP. The shortest payback time was calculated for the solar thermal system.

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14

Pedrazzi, Simone, Enrico Morini, Marika Nasti, Simone Pizzileo, and Giulio Allesina. "Green Hydrogen Powered Forklifts in Industrial Transport: Case Study of an Italian Fruit and Vegetable Market." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400117.

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In a scenario where there is a tendency to continuous processes to reduce dependence on carbon energy, hydrogen is an emerging, efficient, and highly sustainable choice. In particular, in the field of application, the fuel cell is among the most promising technologies, protagonist, in recent years, of technological advances such as to make it an absolutely valid choice for the production of clean energy. This study lays the basis for a new concept of sustainable industry proposing an energy solution interacting between solar production and equipment for the handling of materials powered by fuel cells. In this context, the main objectives are related to the reduction of CO2 emissions, to limit downtime and pursue a streamlining of the management and distribution of goods within a fruit and vegetable market in southern Italy. The proposed method consists in the installation of a photovoltaic system to cover the energy needs, including the electricity demand for the use of forklifts powered using green hydrogen. This investment is closely linked to a smart management of the industrial sector, able to offer different advantages over the use of other technologies in terms of energy and environmental sustainability and safety. The proposed configuration has a 454.3 kWp photovoltaic system divided into 59 sub-installations of 7.7 kWp each, each of them is capable to produce enough energy for the production of green hydrogen need to fuel a forklift for an entire year.

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15

Stermieri, Lidia, Chiara Delmastro, Cristina Becchio, and Stefano Paolo Corgnati. "Linking Dynamic Building Simulation with Long-Term Energy System Planning to Improve Buildings Urban Energy Planning Strategies." Smart Cities 3, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 1242–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3040061.

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The building sector is currently responsible of 40% of global final energy consumption, influencing the broader energy system in terms of new electricity and heat capacity additions, as well as distribution infrastructure reinforcement. Current building energy efficiency potential is largely untapped, especially at the local level where retrofit interventions are typically enforced, neglecting their potential synergies with the entire energy system. To improve the understanding of these potential interactions, this paper proposes a methodology that links dynamic building simulation and energy planning tools at the urban scale. At first, a detailed bottom-up analysis was conducted to estimate the current and post-retrofit energy demand of the building stock. The stock analysis is further linked to a broader energy system simulation model to understand the impact of building renovation on the whole urban energy system in terms of cost, greenhouse gas emission, and primary energy consumption up to 2050. The methodology is suited to analyze the relationship between building energy demand reduction potential and clean energy sources’ deployment to shift buildings away from fossil fuels, the key priority for decarbonizing buildings. The methodology was applied to the case study city of Torino, Italy, highlighting the critical role of coupling proper building retrofit intervention with district-level heat generation strategies, such as modern district heating able to exploit low-grade heat. Being able to simulate both demand and supply future alternatives, the methodology provides a robust reference for municipalities and energy suppliers aiming at promoting efficient energy policies and targeted investments.

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16

Figaj, Rafał, Maciej Żołądek, Maksymilian Homa, and Anna Pałac. "A Novel Hybrid Polygeneration System Based on Biomass, Wind and Solar Energy for Micro-Scale Isolated Communities." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 6331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176331.

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The availability of freshwater and energy is a serious issue in remote and islanded areas, especially at a small scale, where there may not be the possibility to access the grid and/or water distribution systems. In this context, polygeneration systems operating on the basis of local, renewable energy sources can be an answer to the users’ demand for electricity, heating, cooling, and domestic hot water. The scope of the proposed paper was to investigate, numerically, the energy and economic feasibility of a novel hybrid polygeneration system powered by biomass, solar, and wind energy for a micro-district of households. The proposed system consists of a biomass-fueled steam cycle, wind turbine, photovoltaic field coupled with thermal and electrical energy storage, adsorption chiller, and a reverse osmosis water desalination unit. The system is also assisted by an LPG generator set running as backup. The system provides space heating and cooling, electrical energy, and fresh and domestic hot water to 10 households located on Pantelleria Island, Italy. The proposed system is modelled and simulated through TRNSYS software with realistic user demand. The energy and economic performance of the proposed system are assessed with respect to a reference system in different scenarios, taking into account islanded operation, connection to the grid, and biomass tariffs. The results show that the proposed system achieves an excellent primary energy saving performance in all the investigated scenarios, with savings of more than 94% for all the investigated scenarios. Excluding any kind of funding, in case of new investment for the system, the simple payback oscillates between 7 and 12 years, showing that the developed alternative is fairly valid with respect to traditional solutions.

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17

Alessandrini, S., F. Davò, S. Sperati, M. Benini, and L. Delle Monache. "Comparison of the economic impact of different wind power forecast systems for producers." Advances in Science and Research 11, no. 1 (May 19, 2014): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-11-49-2014.

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Abstract. Deterministic forecasts of wind production for the next 72 h at a single wind farm or at the regional level are among the main end-users requirement. However, for an optimal management of wind power production and distribution it is important to provide, together with a deterministic prediction, a probabilistic one. A deterministic forecast consists of a single value for each time in the future for the variable to be predicted, while probabilistic forecasting informs on probabilities for potential future events. This means providing information about uncertainty (i.e. a forecast of the PDF of power) in addition to the commonly provided single-valued power prediction. A significant probabilistic application is related to the trading of energy in day-ahead electricity markets. It has been shown that, when trading future wind energy production, using probabilistic wind power predictions can lead to higher benefits than those obtained by using deterministic forecasts alone. In fact, by using probabilistic forecasting it is possible to solve economic model equations trying to optimize the revenue for the producer depending, for example, on the specific penalties for forecast errors valid in that market. In this work we have applied a probabilistic wind power forecast systems based on the "analog ensemble" method for bidding wind energy during the day-ahead market in the case of a wind farm located in Italy. The actual hourly income for the plant is computed considering the actual selling energy prices and penalties proportional to the unbalancing, defined as the difference between the day-ahead offered energy and the actual production. The economic benefit of using a probabilistic approach for the day-ahead energy bidding are evaluated, resulting in an increase of 23% of the annual income for a wind farm owner in the case of knowing "a priori" the future energy prices. The uncertainty on price forecasting partly reduces the economic benefit gained by using a probabilistic energy forecast system.

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18

Ryan, H. M. "Electricity Distribution." IEE Review 36, no. 7 (1990): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19900114.

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19

Bigerna, Simona. "Electricity Demand Elasticity in Italy." Atlantic Economic Journal 40, no. 4 (July 27, 2012): 439–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11293-012-9331-5.

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Ferrari, Giuseppe Franco. "La complessitŕ dei mercati energetici e la necessitŕ di una regolazione multilivello." ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no. 3 (July 2009): 121–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2008-003006.

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- The energy markets are very complex, because, on the one hand, they imply several different activities and, on the other hand, they involve various levels of govern- 183 ment. The energy market is divided indeed in different segments: supply (generation or purchasing), transmission, distribution and sale, which are allocated at different levels of government, from the international and European level (with reference to the security of energy supply), to the local level (with specific regard to the distribution and sale). This complexity makes the energy sector particularly critical, under the pressure of political interests and economical needs. Another sensitive point is linked with the environmental protection, since the consumption of energy is one of the most polluting human activities, and the demand of energy is growing up together with the economical growth of the developing Countries. This problem is increasingly discussed at the international level, with reference to the climate change issue, in order to plan a sustainable development for the whole globe: because of it, the Kyoto Protocol was issued within the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change. It establishes legally binding commitments for the reduction of four greenhouse gases for all the 183 ratifying Countries, according the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and provides for the promotion of renewable energy. The European Union ratified the Protocol implementing the relative obligations through, for instance, the creation of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). The European Union most of all addressed the competitive issue, since the 70s, in order to achieve the result to create a free energy market in Europe. The last results of the European energy policy were the directives on electricity and natural gas in 2004, that imposed the complete opening of the energy markets in almost all the European Countries (with few exceptions). The implementation of the European directives requires the intervention of the national level, since each Country has to modify its own regulatory framework, in order to comply with the directives. Everywhere in Europe, this process faces with several difficulties, but it is particularly hard in Italy, since the energy sector is traditionally public owned. Indeed, in our Country, the privatization and liberalization processes are strictly linked to another trend: the decentralization of legislative and administrative powers from the State to the Regions and Local Communities. Thus it is evident that the global governance of the energy sector, for its complexity and its sensibility, can only derive from a network of interventions by several levels of government, and different international, national and local actors, which realize a typical case of multilevel governance.Key words: Energy markets, competition, sustainable development, multilevel governance.JEL classifications: K21, K23.Parole chiave: Mercato energetico, concorrenza, sviluppo sostenibile, multilevel Governance.

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Szpyra, Waldemar, Wiesław Nowak, and Rafał Tarko. "Electricity Distribution Effectiveness." Acta Energetica 4, no. 25 (December 2, 2015): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12736/issn.2300-3022.2015411.

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22

Grosso, Filippo Del. "Delivering electricity market insights in Northern Italy." WEENTECH Proceedings in Energy 4, no. 2 (December 10, 2018): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32438/wpe.8618.

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This paper assesses the robustness and predictive power of a model comprising a complete set of variables affecting the electricity prices in Northern Italy. The Italian market is based on an implicit auction mechanism via six zonal prices, whose weighted average derives the System Marginal Price, or Prezzo Unico Nazionale (PUN). Given the focus on Northern Italy, as the country’s industrial core and main demand center, this work considers an exhaustive set of exogenous variables affecting a specific market zone, i.e. the North Zone. The import from bordering countries and market zones, the impact of non-programmable renewables, the load factor, the weather data and the prices of underlying commodities have been included. The econometric modelling of an ARMAX process for North Zone prices results in an under performance compared to a standard ARMA, to be fine-tuned, with potential implications regarding the reliance on timely adjustments on market information at trading floor level.

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23

Brockliss, Laurence. "Electricity and Espionage in Eighteenth-Century Italy." Metascience 18, no. 2 (May 13, 2009): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-009-9268-8.

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24

Tahir, Muhammad Usman, Mohammad Asif Khan, Ahmad Waqas, and Shahneel Siddiqui. "Pervasive Electricity Distribution System." Sukkur IBA Journal of Computing and Mathematical Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sjcms.v1i1.11.

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Анотація:

Now a days a country cannot become economically strong until and unless it has enough electrical power to fulfil industrial and domestic needs. Electrical power being the pillar of any country’s economy, needs to be used in an efficient way. The same step is taken here by proposing a new system for energy distribution from substation to consumer houses, also it monitors the consumer consumption and record data. Unlike traditional manual Electrical systems, pervasive electricity distribution system (PEDS) introduces a fresh perspective to monitor the feeder line status at distribution and consumer level. In this system an effort is taken to address the issues of electricity theft, manual billing, online monitoring of electrical distribution system and automatic control of electrical distribution points. The project is designed using microcontroller and different sensors, its GUI is designed in Labview software.

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25

Mahalik, S. C. "Reforms in Electricity Distribution." Indian Journal of Public Administration 50, no. 2 (April 2004): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120040201.

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26

Taylor, A. V. "Electricity Distribution Network Design." IEE Review 36, no. 4 (1990): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19900064.

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27

Saplacan, Roxana. "Competition in electricity distribution." Utilities Policy 16, no. 4 (December 2008): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2008.03.004.

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28

Silvestrini, Gianni. "100% renewable electricity by mid century in italy?" ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no. 1 (April 2012): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2012-001004.

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Анотація:

Climate change will be in the future one of the most influential driving force for energy policies. In the electric sector will therefore be important to find solution to reduce carbon emission. With the shrinking share of nuclear power, Carbon Capture Sequestration will play an important role, although the largest contribution will come from renewable energies. Ambitious roadmaps and new targets have already been set - Germany plans to cover 80% of its electric demand with renewables by 2050 - based on studies indicating the possibility to achieve 100% of the electric demand through renewable energy by 2050. The capital required is significant, although over a long period (over 40 years) the economic impact of this transition will be limited. With an increasing renewable share and the need to convert a large electricity market, Italy should incorporate a longer-term perspective and vision and a broader geographical scope. After the nuclear referendum, it is important to discuss scenarios at national level coherent with international indications and climate change constraints and launch a revolutionary approach; but at present is lacking the clear vision of the future required to do so.

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29

Magazzino, Cosimo. "Electricity demand, GDP and employment: evidence from Italy." Frontiers in Energy 8, no. 1 (January 15, 2014): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11708-014-0296-8.

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30

Holmes, E. J. "Book review: Electricity Distribution (CIRED)." Power Engineering Journal 4, no. 2 (1990): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:19900015.

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31

Boente, Diego Rodrigues, and Paulo Roberto B. Lustosa. "Efficiency of electricity distribution companies." RAUSP Management Journal 55, no. 2 (September 28, 2019): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rausp-11-2018-0123.

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Purpose After assessing papers on efficiency, most of the studies available are focused on the analysis of efficiency measures, without providing a deep discussion of the factors that determine efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of Brazilian electricity distribution companies based on a structural model that enables the identification of a network of relationships among representative variables that contribute to efficiency. Design/methodology/approach Structural equation modeling was applied in a sample of 62 electricity distribution companies operating in Brazil, forming a balanced panel from 2010 to 2014. Then, the authors verified the model compliance according to the empirical evidence of the entities analyzed. This verification included a survey of the variables, which was supported by theoretical references related to the phenomenon studied. The data collected were statistically treated, and benchmarking models and multivariate techniques were used. Once the adjustments were made, the re-specified model was estimated using the maximum likelihood method. Findings The empirical model reached good adjustment rates. The analysis concluded that the constructs information system, structural system, management system and sociocultural system affect efficiency. Originality/value This study adds to several other papers, and this is one of its main contributions. Relationships among the constructs have been systematized according to literature in the form of a structural model, which will enable future researchers to have a reference frame of relevant studies and a research foundation in this area of knowledge. A third contribution is the model tested in a sample of Brazilian electricity distribution companies, whose results can be compared to other utility sectors (e.g. telecommunications) or to other countries' electrical sectors, thus providing an empirical basis for the proposed hypotheses. Finally, this study also offers a contribution to the Brazilian Electrical Energy Agency (Aneel, in Portuguese), a regulatory agency, providing mechanisms to guide tariff adjustments, seeking a balance between costs and the need for investments allied to tariff affordability.

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32

Atkinson, W. C., and F. E. Ellis. "Electricity distribution — asset-replacement considerations." Electronics and Power 33, no. 5 (1987): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ep.1987.0211.

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33

Vilko, Jyri P. P. "Outsourcing in electricity distribution industry." International Journal of Procurement Management 4, no. 2 (2011): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpm.2011.038900.

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34

Mieth, Robert, and Yury Dvorkin. "Distribution Electricity Pricing Under Uncertainty." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 35, no. 3 (May 2020): 2325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2019.2954971.

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35

Mateo, Carlos, Giuseppe Prettico, Tomás Gómez, Rafael Cossent, Flavia Gangale, Pablo Frías, and Gianluca Fulli. "European representative electricity distribution networks." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 99 (July 2018): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.01.027.

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36

Wang, Tong, Longmiao Yuan, and Yingqin Wu. "Atmospheric emissions from electric energy generation and their impact on environment, and the potential of renewable energy sources in Italy." E3S Web of Conferences 271 (2021): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127102014.

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The European Union has set targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in total energy consumption, ensure the development and use of clean energy sources, and strive to reduce carbon emissions by 90% from 1990 levels by 2050. This study attempts to assess the environmental impact of electricity production on electricity demand and associated emissions in Italy through a three-step process. First, a literature review was conducted to estimate the growth of electricity demand in Italy by population and industry in 2014. Secondly, the CO2 and SO2 produced in the process of power generation by different power production methods were evaluated and compared. Finally, according to the current production and power models, the development trend of renewable energy in Italy in 2050 was estimated, and the satisfactory conclusion is that the renewable energy can fully meet the supply and demand in 2050 in Italy.

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37

Bianco, Vincenzo, Oronzio Manca, and Sergio Nardini. "Electricity consumption forecasting in Italy using linear regression models." Energy 34, no. 9 (September 2009): 1413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.06.034.

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38

Alberini, Anna, Giuseppe Prettico, Chang Shen, and Jacopo Torriti. "Hot weather and residential hourly electricity demand in Italy." Energy 177 (June 2019): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.051.

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39

Bianco, V., O. Manca, and S. Nardini. "Linear Regression Models to Forecast Electricity Consumption in Italy." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2013): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567240903289549.

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40

Bompard, E., A. Botterud, S. Corgnati, T. Huang, M. Jafari, P. Leone, S. Mauro, G. Montesano, C. Papa, and F. Profumo. "An electricity triangle for energy transition: Application to Italy." Applied Energy 277 (November 2020): 115525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115525.

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41

STEFANI, Giorgio. "PUBLIC ENTERPRISE INVESTMENTS IN ITALY. Local Transport and Electricity." Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 59, no. 3 (September 1988): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.1988.tb01521.x.

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42

Lamarca, Salvatore. "The legislative decree on the electricity market in Italy." Utilities Law Review 10, no. 6 (November 1999): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1808(199911/12)10:6<251::aid-ulr146>3.0.co;2-f.

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43

Bosco, Bruno Paolo, Lucia P. Parisio, and Matteo M. Pelagatti. "Deregulated Wholesale Electricity Prices in Italy: An Empirical Analysis." International Advances in Economic Research 13, no. 4 (July 26, 2007): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11294-007-9105-z.

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44

Ma, Qian, Jing Shi, Bingjie Li, Anjie Fan, Chen Cheng, Siyu Wang, and Meng Chen. "Research on Electricity Transmission and Distribution Price Calculation under Electricity Regulation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 768 (March 31, 2020): 052013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/768/5/052013.

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45

Kumbhar, Mahesh Manik. "Smart Grid: Advanced Electricity Distribution Network." IOSR Journal of Engineering 02, no. 06 (June 2012): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-02632329.

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46

Marin, Ion, Florin Bocai, Florinel Popescu, and Paul-Mihai Mircea. "OPERATION OF MODERN ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS." EMERG - Energy. Environment. Efficiency. Resources. Globalization 6, no. 1 (2020): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37410/emerg.2020.1.05.

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47

Evlashin, S. A., V. E. Merzin, and I. L. Savelyev. "Development of smart electricity distribution networks." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 2-1 (January 20, 2013): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68382.

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The Russian Federation has a unique geopolitical position. Large territorial coverage of the energy sector in the Russian Federation leads to the fact that most of the infrastructure and power grids located in sparsely populated areas, and in the case of failures, troubleshooting and taking measures to redistribute the load takes much time. This paper reviews recent technical advances of the “Smart Grid” intellectual network, which are actively being developed worldwide.

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48

Davenport, F. W. T. "Electricity supply: distribution at the crossroads." Power Engineering Journal 2, no. 1 (1988): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:19880004.

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49

Dennis, G. "Electricity distribution systems in urban areas." Power Engineering Journal 2, no. 6 (1988): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:19880069.

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50

Atkinson, W. C. "Book review: Electricity Distribution Network Design." Power Engineering Journal 4, no. 5 (1990): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:19900042.

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