Дисертації: "Electricity distribution in Italy"

1

Scarsi, Gian Carlo. "Electricity distribution in Italy : microeconomic efficiency analysis of local distributing units with methodological cross-checking." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ca322a0b-7fd0-4a02-a237-bb4b6f02eeda.

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This thesis analyses technical efficiency of local electricity distribution in Italy (1994, 1996) by using both econometric (deterministic frontier, stochastic frontier) and linear programming (Data Envelopment Analysis) tools. Cross-sectional data was examined with respect to (a) ENEL - the Italian electricity monopolist whose restructuring and privatisation is now under way - and its local distribution branches (Chapters 2, 3, and 5); (b) municipal authorities (MUNIs), i.e. town-based electric utilities which sometimes hold franchises for electricity distribution within city limits (Chapters 4 and 5). Estimation results from Chapters 2 and 3 highlighted non-exhaustion of scale economies at sample-mean values. Scope economies between medium and low-voltage distribution were also detected (Ch. 2). Efficiency score series stemming from both econometric and linear programming techniques in Chapters 3 and 5 showed that Southern distributors were relatively under-represented among top units even after allowing for several exogenous environmental variables. The external effects which proved to influence technical efficiency in electricity distribution were consumer density, the percentage of industrial customers, the geographical nature of areas served (metropolitan areas, mountains, etc.), and the interaction between ENEL's units and municipal utilities in those towns featuring ENEL and MUNIs bordering each other. Pooled ENEL-MUNI analysis from Chapter 4 failed to spot any systematic superiority of ENEL's units over municipalities. Generalisation on the ENEL-MUNI efficiency dispute was then discarded, in favour of case-by-case comparison. Paired-samples statistical testing (both parametric and non-parametric) from Chapter 5 showed limited agreement between Stochastic Frontier Estimation (SFE) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) efficiency outcomes. Statistical concordance was more often found when comparing SFE and DEA models sharing the same input-output specification. Again, no apparent superiority of ENEL over MUNIs was found out by DEA linear programs. One-to-one comparisons confirmed that the outcomes were mixed, with ENEL's local branches outperforming MUNIs in metropolitan and (sometimes) rural areas, and MUNIs faring better in medium-sized, Po Valley towns (Northern Italy). Results were not clear-cut for Alpine and rural distributors. The latter however - should be considered on a separate basis in that they will probably need permanent subsidies to meet universal service obligations, irrespective of the future structure of electricity distribution in Italy. Comparable (e.g., urban) units might - on the other hand - be subject to yardstick regulation based upon DEA's 'efficient peer' outcomes. Apart from the main empirical work, this thesis also features institutional and theoretical overviews (Chapters 2 to 5) with relevant literature surveys, a DEA Numerical Appendix (Chapter 5), and a regional map of the Italian territory (end of thesis).

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2

SOROUSH, GOLNOUSH. "Three Essays in Energy Economics: Regulatory Aspects, Institutions and Innovation." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2742537.

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3

McFarlane, Andrew Ian. "Aged Electricity Distribution Asset Replacement." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Engineering Management, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8941.

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Major segments of the Marlborough Lines Ltd (MLL) 11kV electricity distribution network are positioned within remote areas of the Marlborough region including the Marlborough Sounds, the Awatere and Wairau Valleys and the North Eastern cost of the South Island. The majority of these remote rural lines are due for replacement within the coming 20 years in order to maintain safety and reliability. The increased maintenance costs of operating rural electricity lines and the number of customers they serve often results in the line being uneconomic to operate. This investigation determines the current economical efficiency of the Sounds Feeder, a segment of line in the Marlborough Sounds. The financial, social and regulatory implications of the continued operation of this section of the network after performing distribution renewals are assessed in order to define the likely impacts of wide spread asset renewal to MLL and its customers across the coming 20 years.

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4

Makawa-Mbewe, Patrick. "Rationalisation of electricity pricing in South Africa's electricity distribution industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51893.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African Electricity Distribution Industry is riddled with tariffs. Every utility in South Africa probably uses some method for allocating cost, whether it is theoretically founded or not. There are currently over 2000 different tariffs in South Africa and the need for rationalisation has been widely recognised and acknowledged. Many of these tariffs have not been the outflow of accepted methodologies but rather a function of individual utility policy and practices. There is however a dire need to standardise such methodologies in the future. A standardised methodology might be the only way to eventually rationalise the thousands of tariffs that exist in the electricity industry. Government has emphasised the importance of tariffs to be cost reflective in the future. The only possible way to reach this objective would be to determine clear and concise methods of allocating cost that can be utilised by the entire industry. This study project describes a standardised methodology for determining the cost to supply different customer categories in an electricity distributor. The methodology offers enough flexibility not to bind any party into laboursome, complex and time consuming costing activities. It does however require that the costs of a distributor are carefully investigated and all functions performed in the utility are isolated. This is referred to as ringfencing of costs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse Elektrisiteitverspreidingsbedryf het veelvuldige tariewe. Elke utiliteit in Suid-Afrika gebruik waarskynlik 'n metode vir kostetoedeling, wat nie noodwendig teoreties gebaseer is nie. Huidiglik is daar meer as 2000 verskillende tariewe in Suid-Afrika en dit word alom besef en erken dat gronde vir rasionalisering bestaan. Baie van die tariewe het nie ontstaan uit die gebruik van aanvaarbare berekeningsmetodes nie, maar was eerder die gevolg van individuele beleid en praktyke van utiliteite. Daar is 'n dringende behoefte om hierdie berekeningsmetodes in die toekoms te standardiseer. 'n Standaard metode mag die enigste manier wees om uiteindelik die duisende tariewe wat in die elektrisiteitsbedryf bestaan te rasionaliseer. Die regering het die belangrikheid dat tariewe in die toekoms koste reflekterend moet wees benadruk. Die enigste moontlike manier om hierdie doelwit te bereik, is om helder en duidelike metodes vir koste toedeling te bepaal vir gebruik deur die hele bedryf. Hierdie verhandeling beskryf 'n standaard metodologie om die koste te bepaal om verskillende klantegroepe in 'n elektrisiteitsverspreider van krag te voorsien. Die metodologie bied voldoende plooibaarheid om geen party aan arbeidintensiewe, kompleks en tydrowende kostebepalings te verbind nie. Dit vereis egter dat die koste van 'n verspreider noukeurig ondersoek word en dat alle funksies wat verrig word uitgelig word. Hierna word verwys as afbakening van kostes.

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5

Neimane, Viktoria. "On Development Planning of Electricity Distribution Networks." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Electrical Systems, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3253.

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Future development of electric power systems must pursue anumber of different goals. The power system should beeconomically efficient, it should provide reliable energysupply and should not damage the environment. At the same time,operation and development of the system is influenced by avariety of uncertain and random factors. The planner attemptsto find the best strategy from a large number of possiblealternatives. Thus, the complexity of the problems related topower systems planning is mainly caused by presence of multipleobjectives, uncertain information and large number ofvariables. This dissertation is devoted to consideration of themethods for development planning of a certain subsystem, i.e.the distribution network.

The dissertation first tries to formulate the networkplanning problem in general form in terms of Bayesian DecisionTheory. However, the difficulties associated with formulationof the utility functions make it almost impossible to apply theBayesian approach directly. Moreover, when approaching theproblem applying different methods it is important to considerthe concave character of the utility function. Thisconsideration directly leads to the multi-criteria formulationof the problem, since the decision is motivated not only by theexpected value of revenues (or losses), but also by theassociated risks. The conclusion is made that the difficultiescaused by the tremendous complexity of the problem can beovercome either by introducing a number of simplifications,leading to the considerable loss in precision or applyingmethods based on modifications of Monte-Carlo or fuzzyarithmetic and Genetic Algorithms (GA), or Dynamic Programming(DP).

In presence of uncertainty the planner aims at findingrobust and flexible plans to reducethe risk of considerablelosses. Several measures of risk are discussed. It is shownthat measuring risk by regret may lead to risky solutions,therefore an alternative measure - Expected Maximum Value - issuggested. The general future model, called fuzzy-probabilistictree of futures, integrates all classes of uncertain parameters(probabilistic, fuzzy and truly uncertain).

The suggested network planning software incorporates threeefficient applications of GA. The first algorithm searchessimultaneously for the whole set of Pareto optimal solutions.The hybrid GA/DP approach benefits from the global optimizationproperties of GA and local search by DP resulting in originalalgorithm with improved convergence properties. Finally, theStochastic GA can cope with noisy objective functions.

Finally, two real distribution network planning projectsdealing with primary distribution network in the large city andsecondary network in the rural area are studied.

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6

Alvarez, Perez Manuel Alejandro. "Stochastic Planning of Smart Electricity Distribution Networks." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-60778.

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The penetration of intermittent Distributed Generation (DG) brought additional uncertainty to the system operation and planning. To cope with uncertainties the Distribution System Operator (DSO) could implement several strategies. These strategies range from the inclusion of smart technologies which will increment system’s flexibility and resiliency, to improvements in forecasting, modeling, and regulatory pledge that will facilitate the planning activity. Regardless of the nature of the solutions, they could be collected in a sort of toolbox. The planner will access the toolbox to conform cost effective plans, better able to deal with any uncertainty. The present work will address the problem of distribution system planning under uncertainties, considering smart solutions along with traditional reinforcements, in the short-term lead time up to 3 years ahead. The work will be focused on three aspects that are the cornerstones of this work: • A planning facilitating strategy: Distribution Capacity Contracts (DCCs). • A flexibility enabler technology: Energy Storage. • A binding methodology: Multistage Stochastic Programming. Stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP). Under the present directive of the European Parliament concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity, distribution companies are not allowed to own DG but entitled to include it as a planning option to differ investment in traditional grid reinforcements. An evaluation of the regulatory context will lead this work to consider DCCs as a planning alternative available in the toolbox. The impact of this type of contract on the remuneration of the DG owner will be assessed in order to provide insight on its willingness to participate. The DCCs might aid the DSO to defer grid i ii investments during planning stages and to control the network flows during operation. Given that storage solutions help to match in time production from intermittent sources with load consumption, they will play a major role in dealing with uncertainties. A generic storage model (GSM) based on a future cost piecewise approximation will be developed. This model inspired by hydro-reservoirs will help assessing the impact of storage in planning decisions. This model will be tested by implementing it in short-term hydro scheduling and unit commitment studies. To trace a path towards the future of this research work, a discussion on the planning problem formulation, under consideration of the lead time, the expansion options, the smart strategies, and the regulatory framework will be presented. Special focus will be given to multistage stochastic programming methods and in particular to the SDDP approach.

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7

Huang, Yalin. "Electricity Distribution Network Planning Considering Distributed Generation." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141482.

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One of EU’s actions against climate change is to meet 20% of our energy needs from renewable resources. Given that the renewable resources are becoming more economical to extract electricity from, this will result in that more and more distributed generation (DG) will be connected to power distribution. The increasing share of DG in the electricity networks implies both increased costs and benefits for distribution system operators (DSOs), customers and DG producers. How the costs and benefits will be allocated among the actors will depend on the established regulation. Distribution networks are traditionally not designed to accommodate generation. Hence, increasing DG penetration is causing profound changes for DSOs in planning, operation and maintenance of distribution networks. Due to the unbundling between DSOs and electricity production, DSOs can not determine either the location or the size of DG. This new power distribution environment brings new challenges for the DSOs and the electric power system regulator. The DSOs are obliged to enable connection of DG meanwhile fulfilling requirements on power quality and adequate reliability. Moreover, regulatory implications can make potential DG less attractive. Therefore regulation should be able to send out incentives for the DSOs to efficiently plan the network to accommodate the increasing levels of DG. To analyze the effects of regulatory polices on network investments, risk analysis methods for integrating the DG considering uncertainties are therefore needed. In this work, regulation impact on network planning methods and network tariff designs in unbundled electricity network is firstly analyzed in order to formulate a realistic long-term network planning model considering DG. Photovoltaic (PV) power and wind power plants are used to demonstrate DG. Secondly, this work develops a deterministic model for low-voltage (LV) networks mainly considering PV connections which is based on the worst-case scenario. Dimension the network using worst-case scenario is the convention in the long-term electricity distribution network planning for the reliability and security reason. This model is then further developed into a probabilistic model in order to consider the uncertainties from DG production and load. Therefore more realistic operation conditions are considered and probabilistic constrains on voltage variation can be applied. Thirdly, this work develops a distribution medium-voltage (MV) network planning model considering wind power plant connections. The model obtains the optimal network expansion and reinforcement plan of the target network considering the uncertainties from DG production and load. The model is flexible to modify the constraints. The technical constraints are respected in any scenario and violated in few scenarios are implemented into the model separately. In LV networks only PV connections are demonstrated and in MV networks only wind power connections are demonstrated. The planning model for LV networks is proposed as a practical guideline for PV connections. It has been shown that it is simple to be implemented and flexible to adjust the planning constraints. The proposed planning model for MV networks takes reinforcement on existing lines, new connection lines to DG, alternatives for conductor sizes and substation upgrade into account, and considers non-linear power flow constraints as an iterative linear optimization process. The planning model applies conservative limits and probabilistic limits for increasing utilization of the network, and the different results are compared in case studies. The model’s efficiency, flexibility and accuracy in long-term distribution network planning problems are shown in the case studies.

QC 20140217

Elforsk Risknanlys II

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8

Green, J. P. "Evaluation of electricity distribution system design strategies." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1997. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.617088.

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9

Commin, Andrew Neil. "Matching renewable electricity supply to electricity demand in Scotland." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230176.

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The threat of climate change has led to many countries and regions adopting renewable targets. Scotland's is one of the most ambitious, with an aim to generate the equivalent to 100% of its electricity needs from renewable sources by 2020. Scotland has a very large renewable resource, primarily consisting of offshore and onshore wind, tidal stream, wave and hydro power; all of which are characterised by having variable output. Over a long period, such as a year, variability in renewable generation will average out and may meet or exceed total annual demand. This thesis investigates whether matching of demand and generation is possible within a timescale meaningful to electricity system users; that is whether renewable generation can meet electricity demand in any given hour. This was established by using historic data to create an hourly generation hindcast of Scotland's renewable generation over a 30 year climate “normal” period. These outputs are then compared to a hindcast of hourly demand based on observations over the most recent few years. The results demonstrated that it is possible for Scotland to rely entirely upon renewable generation to fulfil demand in any hour of the 30 year hindcast. However, it appears that the renewable capacity and storage currently built or within the Scottish planning system is only sufficient to match demand in 65% of the hours within the hindcast. The hindcast allows judgements to be made as to how 100% of demand could be met most effectively and provides the basis of a coherent planning strategy, with security of supply at its centre. Further wave and tidal stream capacity is shown to be of higher value than additional wind power but in the latter case, addressing the geographical diversity of wind power can enable maximise phasing between sites to increase the security of supply. Importantly this work provides a means of informing decision making about where best to develop wind, wave and tidal resources and what additional storage may be required in order to provide 100% security of supply. The results are also of particular importance to Scotland's renewable generation strategy in the case of assessing where new on- and off-shore wind farms should be developed, as wind is set to dominate Scotland's renewable portfolio for the foreseeable future.

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BONACINA, FAUSTO. "The optimal generation mix for an electricity producer: the case of Italy." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/49725.

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In this work we extend the model of Roques et al. (2008) for the construction of the optimal electricity generation portfolio. In our analysis we consider an electricity producer, who can choose to invest both in renewable and conventional sources. We build portfolios based on the Net Present Value generated by the investment in a particular technology. We use Monte Carlo simulations in order to compute the NPV distributions. As an extension to Roques et al. (2008), we consider the presence of incentives for renewable technologies. We apply our model to Italian data.

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11

Richardson, Ian. "Integrated high-resolution modelling of domestic electricity demand and low voltage electricity distribution networks." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7968.

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Assessing the impact of domestic low-carbon technologies on the electricity distribution network requires a detailed insight into the operation of networks and the power demands of consumers. When used on a wide-scale, low-carbon technologies, including domestic scale micro-generation, heat pumps, electric vehicles and flexible demand, will change the nature of domestic electricity use. In providing a basis for the quantification of the impact upon distribution networks, this thesis details the construction and use of a high-resolution integrated model that simulates both existing domestic electricity use and low voltage distribution networks. Electricity demand is modelled at the level of individual household appliances and is based upon surveyed occupant time-use data. This approach results in a simulation that exhibits realistic time-variant demand characteristics, in both individual dwellings, as well as, groups of dwellings together. Validation is performed against real domestic electricity use data, measured for this purpose, from dwellings in Loughborough in the East Midlands, UK. The low voltage distribution network is modelled using real network data, and the output of its simulation is validated against measured network voltages and power demands. The integrated model provides a highly detailed insight into the operation of networks at a one-minute resolution. This integrated model is the main output of this research, alongside published articles and a freely downloadable software implementation of the demand model.

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Seppälä, Anssi. "Load research and load estimation in electricity distribution /." Espoo : Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1996. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/1996/P289.pdf.

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13

Urquhart, Andrew J. "Accuracy of low voltage electricity distribution network modelling." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21799.

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The connection of high penetrations of new low carbon technologies such as PV and electric vehicles onto the distribution network is expected to cause power quality problems and the thermal capacity of feeder cables may be exceeded. Replacement of existing infrastructure is costly and so feeder cables are likely to be operated close to their hosting capacity. Network operators therefore require accurate simulation models so that new connection requests are not unnecessarily constrained. This work has reviewed recent studies and found a wide range of assumptions and approximations that are used in network models. A number of these have been investigated further, focussing on methods to specify the impedances of the cable, the impacts of harmonics, the time resolution used to model demand and generation, and assumptions regarding the connectivity of the neutral and ground conductors. The calculation of cable impedances is key to the accuracy of network models but only limited data is available from design standards or manufacturers. Several techniques have been compared in this work to provide guidance on the level of detail that should be included in the impedance model. Network modelling results with accurate impedances are shown to differ from those using published data. The demand data time resolution has been shown to affect estimates of copper losses in network cables. Using analytical methods and simulations, the relationship between errors in the loss estimates and the time resolution has been demonstrated and a method proposed such that the accuracy of loss estimates can be improved. For networks with grounded neutral conductors, accurate modelling requires the resistance of grounding electrodes to be taken into account. Existing methods either make approximations to the equivalent circuit or suffer from convergence problems. A new method has been proposed which resolves these difficulties and allows realistic scenarios with both grounded and ungrounded nodes to be modelled. In addition to the development of models, the voltages and currents in a section of LV feeder cable have been measured. The results provide a validation of the impedance calculations and also highlight practical difficulties associated with comparing simulation models with real measurement results.

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14

Söderberg, Magnus. "Four essays on efficiency in Swedish electricity distribution /." Göteborg : School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg Univ, 2008. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/559566719.pdf.

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15

Hauan, Ingrid Bjerke. "Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Transmission and Distribution." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26553.

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As the integration of renewable electricity production progresses and the energy consumption pattern evolves, the transportation of energy is essential for securing sufficient supply while meeting political targets. Power grid renewal and expansion is likely to increase in the future, therefore an understanding of the environmental implications from transmission and distribution (T&D) of electricity is necessary.This master thesis presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the Norwegian power grid, with case-specific data from the Nord-Trøndelag grid, owned and operated by NTE Nett. The aim is to determine the environmental impacts associated with the T&D of electricity, and the functional unit is the delivery of 1 MWh of electrical energy, assuming 2011 conditions. Arda software is used for the impact calculations, applying the ReCiPe midpoint hierarchist method and processes from the Ecoinvent database.The Norwegian power grid operates with three different voltage levels, namely the distribution grid, the regional grid and the main grid. Each of these grid levels are modelled individually and compared to each other, and three different scenarios for electricity production are run for each model.When modelling the T&D grid with a Norwegian electricity production, the distribution grid impacts dominate in most of the 18 Ecoinvent midpoint categories. In the case of climate change, the amount from the three grid levels combined is 13.0 kg CO2-equivalents per MWh of delivered energy. Of these, 9.2 kg stem from the distribution grid, 2.9 kg from the regional grid and 0.9 kg from the main grid. With the Nordic and European production mixes, climate change impacts increase drastically in all grid levels.Attention was also paid to the insulating gas found in the grid components. SF6 is a greenhouse gas with global warming potential 23,900 times higher than that of CO2, and it is utilised in the power grid due to its unique physical properties. In this thesis, leakages of SF6 were found to contribute surprisingly little to the climate change impacts, but it was deemed likely that the model contains an underestimation for this aspect of grid operation.Comparing the impacts from electricity transmission to the power production showed that in the energy system as a whole, the significance of T&D is relatively small. However, the less fossil fuel based the electricity production is, the more significant are the infrastructure impacts. Therefore, in case of a future transition towards a more renewable electricity production, the environmental strains of the physical grid will become more important.Even if power grids in themselves strain the environment, this infrastructure makes the exchange of electricity possible. The advantages of a reliable power grid may outweigh the detriment to the environment, as the infrastructure plays a crucial role in phasing in more renewable energy.

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Abeysinghe, Sathsara. "A statistical assessment tool for electricity distribution networks." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/114866/.

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With a large penetration of low carbon technologies (LCTs) (E.g. solar photovoltaics, wind turbines and electric vehicles) at medium voltage and low voltage levels, electricity distribution networks (EDNs) are undergoing rapid changes. Research has been carried out to analyse and quantify the impacts of LCTs on EDNs. Most of these previous studies are based on either real or synthetic network samples. The results and conclusions derived from these studies have limited applicability to other networks, thus making it difficult to arrive at generalised and robust conclusions on the impact of LCTs on EDNs. One of the main reasons for using a case study or synthetic networks in research is limited accessibility to real-world network data. To bridge this research gap, the rationale and the development of a network modelling tool that can generate random-realistic representations of different types (sub-urban/urban) of EDNs in aiding statistical analysis of the power networks is presented in this thesis. The ability to generate ensembles of statistically-similar distribution networks is one of the key properties of the proposed tool. Statistically-similar distribution networks are a set networks with a similar set of topological and electrical properties as defined by the user with some given values or ranges of values. As part of this thesis four key contributions are presented. (i) An investigation of the topological properties of real-world EDNs: The key topological properties that characterise different types of EDNs were identified and quantified. A novel depth dependent approach was developed to investigate the network topologies. (ii) An investigation of electrical properties of real-world EDNs: The key electrical properties that characterise different types of EDNs were identified and quantified. A novel depth dependent approach was developed to investigate the electrical properties of EDNs. (iii) Development of a statistically-similar networks generator (SSNG): A SSNG was developed as a data driven model. Real-world network properties as characterised by the previous topological and electrical investigations and the corresponding network planning and design guidelines were used in the development of the SSNG. (iv) The application of the SSNG to analyse the impacts of soft open points (SOPs) on EDNs: A statistical analysis of the impact of Soft Open Points (SOPs) on a set of statistical-similar EDNs with variable distributed generation penetration was presented. The developed SSNG has been validated through a statistical analysis of the impact of SOPs, and the results showed that the SSNG is able to provide robust and generalised conclusions on distribution network studies.

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Boulaire, Fanny A. "Compositional agent-based models for electricity distribution networks." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/90054/12/90054%28thesis%29.pdf.

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This thesis presents a novel approach to building large-scale agent-based models of networked physical systems using a compositional approach to provide extensibility and flexibility in building the models and simulations. A software framework (MODAM - MODular Agent-based Model) was implemented for this purpose, and validated through simulations. These simulations allow assessment of the impact of technological change on the electricity distribution network looking at the trajectories of electricity consumption at key locations over many years.

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18

Ma, Yuning. "Statistical modelling of rural distribution networks." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269157.

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19

Guler, Hazal, and Camilla Tedgren. "Establishing the Optimal Tariff in Rural Electricity Distribution Networksy." Thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119253.

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Access to electricity is a key factor of improving the living standard in a country, as it enhances the quality of services such as education, health care and productivity. The rural population of Uganda is however only supplied with electricity to a degree less than three percent. There are large financial issues in extending the national electricity grid why small stand alone systems are sometimes a more valuable option. Even then, there are large investment costs that need to be covered by the sale of electricity. Due to the limited buying power of rural consumers, the end-user tariff setting becomes of great significance of the financial outlook. If the tariff is set too high, the consumption will most likely be lower than what it could be, resulting in a loss of revenue as well as inhibiting the improvement of living standards for the consumers. On the other hand, if the tariff is set too low, it could lead to excessive consumption, resulting in power failures. In view of the above, the main aim of this study has been to investigate the consequences of different tariffs in an isolated rural power system. This was done by studying the electricity consumption in two already electrified rural networks in order to find information on demand behavior and load profiles. Interviews with electricity consumers were conducted to investigate how their demand would change if tariffs were altered. Demand as a function of price was shown by linear curves indicating the price sensitivity and demand factor, the latter being the theoretical maximum demand when price is zero. These parameters were modelled in Monte Carlo simulations with the aim to predict the demand behavior of a site that is not yet electrified and find the tariff that should be applied to this site. The simulations were based on two potential economic objectives of how to operate the system; by altruistic or profit maximising means. Depending on whether the system is altruistic or profit maximizing, the optimum point of tariff differs. In the altruistic case, this tariff should be set where the costs are covered by the revenues. The profit maximizing system instead requests the tariff where profit is as high as possible. Furthermore, two different structures of tariff setting were tested for the system; a structure with time-of-use levels where the tariff should be higher during the peak demand hours of the day, and a flat rate structure where the tariff is constant throughout the day. The field study showed that, on average, the price sensitivity factor of domestic consumers were slightly higher than of the commercial consumers. The results also showed that the majority of the commercial consumers reside in the same building as their business. Furthermore, rural consumers exhibit low awareness of their consumption patterns and the price of electricity. Extensive information from the distribution companies to the customers is therefore essential to maintain a sustainable electricity consumption, as it enables consumers to make rational decisions about their electricity consumption and opt for more efficient alternatives. A financial analysis for the specific case study was also conducted from simulations. The analysis found for an altruistic system a tariff slighly lower tariff than the tariff applied in the national grid today. However, the system will require an additional financing to cover the payments before the year when revenues exceed expenses, but can be paid back within eight years. The tariffs found by simulating with a profit maximizing system operator are more than twice as high as the current tariff applied in the national grid today. On the other hand, the system requires a very small additional loan or subsidy compared to the altruistic simulations and has a pay-off time within six years.

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20

MONTENEGRO, BIANCA DE PAULA. "COST OF CAPITAL FOR BRAZILIAN SECTOR OF ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24556@1.

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No Brasil, assim como em outros países, a prestação de serviço público de energia elétrica é realizada em concessão sob a coordenação de um órgão regulador independente, atividade que no Brasil é desempenhada pela Aneel – Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica. É também competência da Aneel a estimação do WACC regulatório – custo médio ponderado de capital do setor elétrico, que remunerará o capital dos investidores do setor, por intermédio das tarifas, até o final do ciclo de revisão tarifária vigente, que ocorre em média a cada cinco anos. Para tanto, o regulador se utiliza de dados da economia norte - americana adaptados para a realidade local, por entender que a bolsa brasileira possui limitações no que tange a consistência das séries. Imprecisões no cálculo do WACC podem levar a concessionária a perceber ganhos adicionais, no caso de uma taxa superestimada, ou perdas, no caso de uma taxa subestimada, podendo resultar em uma possível redução nos investimentos que poderiam afetar a qualidade no serviço prestado ou planos de expansão. Passam por tanto a ser de interesse de toda a sociedade discussões em torno de um aprimoramento da metodologia aplicada na estimação do custo de capital do setor. A proposta apresentada neste trabalho é estimar o custo médio ponderado de capital do setor de distribuição elétrico brasileiro, por meio de aprimoramentos na metodologia atual adotada pelo órgão regulador do setor, alinhando com as melhores práticas da teoria de finanças. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de aprofundamento de discussões pelo regulador considerando algumas alternativas nos critérios de estrutura de capital, taxa livre de risco, risco-país e prêmio de risco de crédito.
In Brazil, as in other countries public utilities are operated as concessions under the coordination of an independent regulatory agency, a role played in Brazil by Aneel– National Agency of Electricity. It is also Aneel s responsibility the estimation of regulatory WACC – weighted average cost of capital of the electricity sector which remunerates investors capital through tariffs until the end of the current tariff review cycle that occurs on average every 5 years. For that the regulator based the calculation of the WACC on American economic data adapted to Brazil reality assuming that data from Brazilian stock exchange series have some limitation. Inaccuracies in the WACC can lead to companies obtaining additional gains in the case of an overestimated rate, or losses in the event of an underestimated, which might result in reduction in investments and could affect the quality of service or expansion plans. Therefore, it is in the interest of society to discuss improvements of the methodology applied in estimating the cost of capital in the sector. This study aims to estimate the weighted average cost of capital of the Brazilian electricity distribution sector through improvements in current methodology adopted by the regulatory agency, aligning it with finance theory best practices. Results indicate the need for deeply discuss from the regulator about some alternatives improvement in the capital structure, risk free rate, country risk and credit risk premium.

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21

Yu, Yuen Ping. "Quality of service : benchmarking electricity distribution and transmission utilities." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608457.

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22

Zhang, Daqun. "Incentive Regulation with Benchmarking in the Electricity Distribution Industry." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/367047.

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Business Administration/Accounting
Ph.D.
This dissertation investigates two broad management accounting questions in the context of electric utility industry: How do regulators for electricity industry use the information generated from accounting systems to make pricing decisions? What are the economic consequences of these decisions? In Chapter 2, I review regulatory reforms and discuss existing issues of using DEA models for efficiency benchmarking in four aspects. Suggestions are given for improving the use of DEA models based on the review and discussion. In Chapter 3, I empirically investigate the effect of incentive regulation with DEA benchmarking on operational efficiency using a panel of electricity distribution firms in Brazil. In Chapter 4, I examine the effect of restructuring and retail competition on cost reduction using a sample of US investor-owned electric utilities. The effects of privatization, industrial restructuring, incentive regulation and benchmarking are effectively disentangled from one another using the research setting in Brazil and US electricity industry. In Chapter 5, I combine the idea of activity based costing and data envelopment analysis to further develop a detailed benchmarking model for incentive regulation.
Temple University--Theses

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23

Li, Yingliang. "Statistical and probabilistic models for smart electricity distribution networks." Thesis, Curtin University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1515.

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This thesis aims towards an improved statistical understanding of distribution feeders, an improved probabilistic understanding of loads and methods for network-wide assessment of SmartGrid technologies. An efficient multi variable statistical analysis method was presented to identify prototypical feeders, which relies upon a few key variables that are highly meaningful from an engineering perspective and readily available in most distribution companies. Hybrid models for residential consumer load were built for high and low demand days.

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24

Nicholson, Emma Leah. "Essays on restructured electricity markets." Connect to Electronic Thesis (ProQuest) Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/436443232/viewonline.

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25

Fiorio, Carlo V. "Microsimulation and analysis of income distribution : an application to Italy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2120/.

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The first chapters of the thesis put special emphasis on tax-benefit microsimulation models. The state of the art in the economic literature of tax-benefit microsimulation models is reviewed and discussed. Particular attention is paid to issues such as the reliability of estimation and the grossing-up of the sample. In order to analyze tax-benefit microsimulation, a new model is developed focusing on the case of Italy: it shares many features with other country-specific tax-benefit microsimulation models. The model, appropriately calibrated to population totals, is also used for an estimation of tax evasion via comparison with a number of different data sources. Non-parametric density estimation is used to improve the understanding of policy simulations and to analyze the effect of fiscal reform: an application to the 1998 Italian personal income taxation reform is provided. The first part concludes with an analysis of the reliability of microsimulation models, which has been addressed by few authors before. The analysis is undertaken using the bootstrap, which tends to show a better performance in finite sample than asymptotic approximations. The main result is that static microsimulation does not by itself make confidence intervals larger: on the contrary they can also make it smaller. To improve the reliability of microsimulation models the best way to proceed is to reduce the sampling error of the available data sets. In the remaining chapters the thesis analyzes how microsimulation models can be useful in understanding the causes of inequality trends. As a preliminary step, the review and discussion of the literature about the main methods for inequality decomposition is provided. Based on this, a combination of two recent microsimu-lation methods is proposed to analyze the trend of inequality in Italy in 1977-2000. It is found that analysis using traditional methods of inequality decomposition can be seriously misleading if the sample is not representative of the whole population in some of its dimensions, such as female labor force participation. Microsimulation techniques can overcome this problem and can account for the major factors that driving inequality. Finally, the thesis discusses the issue of inference with thick-tailed distributions, such as the Pareto distribution with infinite second moment, that is of special relevance to empirical analysis of income distribution. It is shown that inference based on the standard t-ratio statistic can induce a non negligible error in rejection probability. Some solutions are suggested with an application to Italian household income data.

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Laffont, Mathias. "Costs and prices in electricity transport." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU10002/document.

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Cette thèse est composée de quatre chapitres sur l’économie du transport et de la distribution d’électricité. Le premier chapitre est une introduction générale sur le secteur de l’électricité et sur la distribution d’électricité en France et en Europe. Le chapitre 2 propose une analyse économique de la tarification d’accès à un réseau de distribution lorsque l’opérateur du réseau tient compte de la dispersion spatiale des utilisateurs potentiels. Nous différencions notamment les coûts affectés par la dispersion géographique de ceux communs à l’ensemble des utilisateurs connectés. Ce chapitre met en avant l’effet des contraintes de service public sur l’investissement permettant d’améliorer la qualité du réseau, la taille de celui-ci et le tarif de connexion. Le troisième chapitre soulève le problème de la gestion des pertes en ligne et analyse comment les différents modes de gestion peuvent inciter les distributeurs à améliorer l’efficacité du réseau. Dans un premier temps, nous considérons un modèle 1-ligne/2-nœuds afin de montrer l’importance des pertes en ligne sur l’ordre de mérite. Nous comparons ensuite les deux modes de gestion des pertes présents en Europe et leur impact sur le niveau d’investissement permettant de réduire les pertes en réseau. Le dernier chapitre analyse l’impact des tarifs de soutien aux énergies renouvelables dans un contexte d’économie ouverte et étudie l’incidence des contraintes de transmission sur les échanges d’énergie. Nous considérons deux sources d’énergie renouvelable et non-renouvelable, présentes dans chacun des deux pays. Nous supposons que la production d’électricité grâce aux énergies renouvelables crée une externalité locale positive. Nous étudions le degré optimal de coopération dans les politiques de promotion des énergies renouvelables lorsque l’interconnexion entre les deux pays est limitée
This dissertation is focused on the economics of electricity transport and consists in four independent chapters. Chapter 1 proposes a general introduction to the electricity sector and to the distribution activity in France and in Europe. Chapter 2 provides an economic view on how the connection to a distribution network should be priced when the operator considers the spatial distribution of consumers. It highlights the impact of public service constraints on the investment in service quality, the size of the network and the connection fee. The main ingredient is the geographical dispersion of potential consumers in the distribution area and the costs linked to this dispersion as opposed to those common to all connected customers. Chapter 3 addresses the problem of the management of electric thermal losses. We analyze how a specific design incentivizes the network operators to increase network efficiency. We consider a two-node/one-line model to show the importance of thermal losses in the merit order. We then compare two types of management implemented in Europe and assess their impact on the optimal level of consumption and investment. Chapter 4 analyzes the impact of feed-in tariffs in an open economy model and studies the consequences of transmission constraints. We consider two different types of energy sources, renewable and non-renewable, used in each of two countries. We assume that producing electricity thanks to renewable energies creates a positive local externality and question the relevance of a coordinated policy for the promotion of renewable energy in a world of limited connections

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27

Olivella, Rosell Pol. "Local electricity markets design and operation in distribution power systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669803.

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In the context of distributed generation growth, local grids could face operational issues. In that sense, smart grid deployment will give information to local grid operators about grid status at medium and low voltage levels for taking operational decisions on daily basis. This thesis presents local markets as a potential solution to avoid local grid congestions and over-costs. They mainly increase the negotiation power of end-users with distributed energy resources and allow activation of flexibility at local level. First of all, this thesis analyses electric vehicles as a potential challenge for distribution grids and electricity markets in case of uncontrolled charging as it could cause consumption peaks. At the same time, electric vehicles could be part of the solution thanks to their capability of shifting forward their consumption. The first solution presented in this thesis is a building level electric vehicle management algorithm in order to reduce energy cost and consumption peaks. However, local grid operators need a solution to deal with aggregated level problems like high demand or high generation periods. Such kind of problems vary over time and place, and they could be difficult to integrate in regular grid tariffs. Therefore, the present thesis provides two local market designs for these problems. The first local market presented is designed for taking advantage of renewable energy producers before and after the whole-sale day-ahead market without threatening distribution grids and increasing the local social welfare. However, this market implies significant regulatory changes because the local market operator should take sorne of the current local grid operator regulated activities. Therefore, this thesis presents a second market design for managing portfolios of consumers, producers and prosumers, and it could be operated by retailers, balance responsible parties or aggregators for flexibility provision without regulatory issues. The work includes a description of roles, contracts and interactions of such local flexibility market, and three optimization algorithms depending on the application, complexity and portfolio scale. The first algorithm assumes limited information about each site, the second one includes such information but presents potential scalability limitations, and the last algorithm is based on a decomposition method to optimise the aggregator portfolio in a distributed way reducing the computational burden and time.
En el context d'expansió de generadors d'electricitat renovable i distribuïda, les xarxes de distribució podrien presentar problemes d'operació. A més a més, en un context de desplegament de la xarxa elèctrica intel·ligent, les companyies distribuïdores tindran un millor coneixement de l'estat de la xarxa per prendre decisions d'operació en el dia a dia tant a nivell de mitja com en baixa tensió. Els mercats locals constitueixen una possible solució per a la resolució de congestions a les xarxes de distribució d'electricitat i reduir els sobre costos del sistema elèctric. Aquests mercats també permetrien incrementar el poder de negociació dels consumidors d'electricitat a petita escala amb capacitat de flexibilitat. Primerament s'analitza el potencial perill que poden suposar els vehicles elèctrics per a les xarxes de distribució en cas de no haver-hi gestió intel·ligent dels processos de carrega ja que podrien aparèixer nous pics de consum. Alhora, els vehicles elèctrics podrien ser part de la solució desplaçant el seu consum a la nit. El present treball inclou un algorisme de gestió de vehicles elèctrics a nivell d'edifici per a reduir el cost d'electricitat i els pics de consum. No obstant, les companyies distribuïdores necessiten una solució per als problemes de la xarxa que podrien ser diferents segons la zona o l'època de l'any. Es per això que aquest treball inclou dues propostes de mercat local per a aquests problemes. El primer mercat local esta dissenyat per a aprofitar l'avantatge dels productors d'energia renovable abans i després del mercat diari majorista sense comprometre l'operació de la xarxa de distribució. Tot i aixó, aquesta proposta de mercat local requeriria diversos canvis en matèria de regulació ja que l'operador del mercat local hauria de prendre algunes de les actuals responsabilitats de les companyies distribuïdores. Seguidament, la tesi presenta un segon mercat local per gestionar una cartera de consumidors, productors i prosumidors, com una activitat més dins de les activitats de les companyies comercialitzadores o agregadors de flexibilitat. El present document inclou una descripció dels rols, contractes i interaccions, i tres algorismes d'optimització des del més simple fins al més complex. El primer assumeix una limitació en la informació disponible de cada membre de la cartera, el segon inclou més informació però presenta limitacions d'escalabilitat, i finalment el tercer presenta un algorisme de descomposició per optimitzar la flexibilitat de manera distribuïda i així reduir el temps de computació i la complexitat de càlcul.

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28

Donaghy, Brian George. "Object-oriented modelling for improved utilisation of electricity distribution networks." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388084.

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29

Foote, Colin Edward Thomas. "New methods for new challenges in electricity distribution network planning." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436851.

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30

Kinhonhi, Isaac Vivian. "Financial sustainability of mini-grid electricity distribution companies in Uganda." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30576.

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This study investigated the financial sustainability of electricity Mini-grids in Uganda. The challenges of sustainability of Mini-grids were recognised by Tenenbaum Bernard, Greacen Chris, Siyambalapitiya Tilak (2014) as well as Payen, Bordeleau and Young (2016), with a focus on developing countries, particularly in Asia. There is, however, no literature that was found on similar challenges in Uganda. The specific objectives of this study were to examine the profitability, liquidity, efficiency and operational sustainability of Mini-grids in Uganda. The study focused on four Mini-grids as case studies: Ferdsult Engineering Services Limited (FESL), Bundibugyo Energy Cooperative Society (BECS), Kilembe Investments Limited (KIL) and West Nile Rural Electrification Company (WENRECO). The research objective was addressed by analysing audited financial reports for the respective Mini-grids from 2010 to 2015 and other operational information published by the electricity regulator. The study established that Mini-grids in Uganda were not financially sustainable despite having steady growth in sales revenue and customer numbers. The main factors that affected the sustainability of Mini-grids include a higher growth rate in operational and maintenance costs compared to the sales revenue. In addition, operational efficiency challenges were observed, including energy losses, imprudent financial management practices and poor liquidity. These shortfalls consequently showed that the Mini-grids are not financially sustainable. Despite the fact that Mini-grids are not financially sustainable in Uganda, their benefits go beyond electricity provision. The other benefits of Mini-grids are socio-economic in nature, including support for health services and enhancement of economic activities and the livelihoods of the poor. The socio-economic benefits from access to electricity in these rural areas may far outweigh the financial limitations observed. It is therefore important that Mini-grids continue to get the necessary support until such a time as they become sustainable. It is recommended that the Government of Uganda should provide financial and operational support through subsidies or other support systems to ensure continuity of the Mini-grids and, ultimately, their financial sustainability in the medium term in order to enhance access to electricity and the knock- on benefits that come with this access. In this regard, governance and technical skills enhancement remain key in order for these -grids to move forward. Further research should establish the optimal size and internal operational parameters that will ensure the sustainability of the Mini-grids, the amount of government subsidy required and the time it would prudently take to attain sustainability.

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Horridge, Paul. "Propagation of power line carrier signals through the distribution transformer." Thesis, Open University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389900.

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32

Hibbert, Mark Stanley Bruce. "Distribution system transient recovery voltage." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1995. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36237/1/36237_Hibbert_1995.pdf.

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In recent years the use of small pole-mounted circuit breakers has increased due to advances in distribution system automation technology. This increased use has given rise to concern over the transient recovery voltage stresses imposed on circuit breakers and reclosers located in distribution feeder environments. A survey of the available literature has revealed that little work has been carried out in this area. This report details an investigation into the transient recovery voltage experienced in distribution feeder environments. Fault interruption tests were carried out using a pole-mounted recloser located on an 11 kV distribution feeder in the South East Queensland Electricity Corporation's network. The measured transient recovery voltage responses were used as the basis for comparison with computer simulation results. A computer model was developed that adequately represents the inherent transient recovery voltage response of the distribution system. This model was used to carry out simulations to fully characterise distribution system transient recovery voltage parameters. Fonnulae were established that enable transient recovery voltage parameters to be calculated for any given distribution system. This report concludes that the transient recovery voltage experienced in distribution feeder environments can be either significantly lower, or in some cases significantly more severe, than the requirements specified in current standards. This report recommends that:- 1. Standards committees give consideration to the adoption of a four parameter envelope with no delay line, for the specification of distribution feeder transient recovery voltage, and that 2. The rate of rise of transient recovery voltage specified in standards, is increased in proportion to increases in the rated breaking capacity, for pole-mounted reclosers intended for use on feeders in the distribution system. 3. Circuit breaker manufacturers give consideration to the development of pole-mounted reclosers with breaking capacities rated at 1 kA, designed for transient recovery voltage responses consistent with their application in distribution feeders at distances greater than 10 km from substations. 4. Purchasers of pole-mounted reclosers intended for use in distribuion feeder environments, give consideration to specifying TRV requirements in accordance with the findings of this study.

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33

Cubuklu, Omer. "Capacity Trading In Electricity Markets." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613988/index.pdf.

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In electricity markets, capacity cost must be determined in order to make capacity trading. In this thesis, capacity cost and the factors deriving the capacity cost are studied. First, fixed capacity cost of power plants is examined. Direct and indirect costs of fixed capacity cost are detailed with respect to different types of power plants and the impact of these factors to the capacity cost is given. Second, interconnection and system utilization costs of transmission and distribution system are considered in order to simulate energy flow from the producer to the customer. Finally, a capacity cost calculation program is practiced. By the help of this program, capacity cost of power plants is figured out, different cases are compared and the main factors affecting the capacity cost are discussed in detail.

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34

Dobbins, Audrey H. "Implementation and delivery of Free Basic Electricity in the face of the restructuring of the electricity distribution industry." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4975.

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35

Rattanasak, Thanyawat Social Sciences &amp International Studies Faculty of Arts &amp Social Sciences UNSW. "Electricity generation and distribution in Thailand: policy making, policy actors and conflict in the policy process." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Social Sciences & International Studies, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43785.

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Many analysts have attempted to develop a systematic approach towards understanding the public policy framework in Thailand, and the impact of policies on Thai society and the environment. However, approaches so far have been limited in scope, and little has been done to investigate Thailand's electricity development policy approach, and its impact on society and natural resources in Thailand. This thesis contributes to filling this knowledge gap through undertaking an analysis of the development of Thailand's electricity industry power generation policy, its institutions and the policy process. It also examines the policy actors working within the process, and their roles, power and influence, factors that have shaped the distinctive characteristics of the electricity industry in Thailand today, an industry that is being confronted by increased opposition to its development from a range of community groups concerned with adverse environmental and social impacts on it. My research here uses Historical Institutionalism and Policy Network Analysis to guide the investigation. A qualitative research methodology, including the examination of documentary evidence and the interviewing of 25 key informants, was used to improve our knowledge of the policy process, and to reveal the nature of the conflicts that have emerged within the Thai policy-making bureaucracy, a bureaucracy that controls the electricity industry, and between these policy actors, the elected and military governments, and other parts of the Thai community. My research found that the development of Thailand's electricity generation policy has been complex; influenced bysocio-economic and political factors, as well as by external factors such as conditionalities imposed by foreign governments and multinational lending agencies. These factors have constrained the political institutions and political elites who play a key role in setting the rules for the restructuring of the industry. As Thailand has developed to become more democratic, the emergence of new groups of policy-makers, such as elected-politicians and civil society, has brought about a change in electricity policy direction, and in the structure of the industry. The research identified four key groups of policy actors participating in the Thai electricity policy arena, including first the 'old energy aristocrats'; officials in Electricity Generation Authority of Thailand (EGAT) who established the industry. They were followed by the officials in Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) who had a more commercial orientation and who challenged the earlier ideas, leading to proposals to privatize the industry. Civic Society Organisations (CSOs) emerged in the 1970s to challenge the large energy projects proposed by the Government, those supported by elected-politicians, particularly the politicians from Thai Rak Thai Party that tried to take control of the industry for their own ends. The TRT interventing in the industry after it came to power in the 1990s. Each of these policy participants developed their own discourses to influence policy-making and public opinion. To reveal the nature of the challenges faced in developing the electricity industry in Thailand, this thesis focuses on a number of case studies of large electricity development projects, including the Nam Choan and Pak Mun Dam Projects, the Prachub Kirikhan Power Plant Projects, and the Wiang Haeng Coal Mine Development Project. My studies reveal evidence of the significant negative impacts that these projects had and continue to have, on the communities and environment adjacent to them, and on Thai society more generally. These problems emerged due to the fact that the policy institutions were, and still are, dominated by technocrats and political elites, with limited public participation in either the policy decisions made, or the policy development process. My thesis concludes that conflicts in relation to the electricity industry policy process are likely to grow in future years, and so makes a number of suggestions as to how these issues might be addressed.

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36

Duvnjak, Zarkovic Sanja. "Security of Electricity Supply in Power Distribution System : Optimization Algorithms for Reliability Centered Distribution System Planning." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281813.

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The importance of electricity in everyday life and demands to improve the reliability of distribution systems force utilities to operate and plan their networks in a more secure and economical manner. With higher demands on reliability from both customers and regulators, a big pressure has been put on the security of electricity supply which is considered as a fundamental requirement for modern societies. Thus, efficient solutions for reliability and security of supply improvements are not just of increasing interest, but also have significant socio-economic relevance. Distribution system planning (DSP) is one of the major activities of distribution utilities to deal with reliability enhancement. This thesis deals with developing optimization algorithms, which aim is to min- imize customer interruption costs, and thus maximize the reliability of the system. This is implemented either by decreasing customer interruption duration, frequency of customer interruptions or both. The algorithms are applied on a single or multi- ple DSP problems. Mixed-integer programming has been used as an optimization approach. It has been shown that solving and optimizing each one of the DSP problems contributes greatly to the reliability improvement, but brings certain challenges. Moreover, applying algorithms on multiple and integrated DSP problems together leads to even bigger complexity and burdensome. However, going toward this inte- grated approach results in a more appropriate and realistic DSP model. The idea behind the optimization is to achieve balance between reliability and the means to achieve this reliability. It is a decision making process, i.e. a trade-off between physical and pricing dimension of security of supply.

QC 20200925

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37

Lindersson, Johansson Mathilda, Linnéa Guss, and Linnéa Haglund. "The influence of institutional forces in the Swedish electricity distribution industry." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179781.

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38

Gasteen, M. R. "Propagation of mains marked control signals on an electricity distribution network." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354449.

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39

Tumilty, Ryan M. "A study of adaptive protection methods for future electricity distribution systems." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20408.

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The traditional transmission centric approach to generation connection using large-scale thermal units is evolving as the electricity supply industry and end users both move to play their part in tackling climate change. Government targets and financial incentive mechanisms have created a generation portfolio that is becoming more diverse as both large and small-scale distributed generation projects are commissioned. The net result of these events is that generation now appears across all voltage levels and is a trend that is almost certainly set to continue. Moreover, the manner in which networks are operated is also changing to become more flexible with novel management intended to facilitate the dispersed connection of generation, whilst at the same time improving the quality of supply for end users. As a consequence of the foregoing changes, new challenges emerge with regard to guaranteeing that the performance of power system protection is not degraded. This thesis documents research that has considered the myriad of issues arising throughout distribution networks. The concept of adaptive protection has been explored as a solution to many of these issues as a means of ensuring that protection better reflects the current state of the primary power system. Although adaptive protection has been a theoretical possibility for some time it has not generally been applied in practice. The emerging drivers that could change this have been considered along with the challenges of its application. It was concluded from this work that the concept and structure for adapting protection needs to be examined in abstraction from the underlying low level protection algorithms. A layered architecture has been proposed that helps to structure process of adaptation, define key functionality and ultimately clarify how it could be practically realised using currently available substation protection and automation equipment. To demonstrate the application of the architecture two examples have been used that cover both low and high voltage networks. The first considers a low voltage microgrid and the difficulties resulting from inverter interfaced microgeneration. As a second example, the problem of intentionally islanding an area of high voltage network is considered. Taken together, these two examples cover a range of future scenarios that could emerge within so called smart grids.

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40

Araújo, Wanderley Cláudio de. "Privatisation and management accounting change in a Brazilian electricity distribution company." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14980/.

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The main objective of this study is to explain how the management accounting information system of a privatised Brazilian electricity distribution company was shaped by both inter and intra organisational factors. As a consequence, this thesis seeks to explore the key factors that influenced the dynamics of management accounting change in the privatised company. In so doing, there is a great interest in understanding the complex interaction of both intra-organisational factors (e.g. organisational culture and power relations within the company) and interorganisational factors (e.g. the electricity sector regulation system) which influenced the process of change in management accounting practices. This study adopts an interpretive case study as research method to analyse the changes in management accounting that occurred in the case company over a period of 8 years, that is, from 2000 (the privatisation year) to 2007. Face-to-face interviews semi-structured in design constitute the primary method of data collection in this study. For its theoretical framework the study draws upon institutional theory and its extensions, as well as structuration theory to explain the process of management accounting change in the case study organisation. More specifically, this study uses three theoretical frameworks that explain changes in organisations, namely: Dillard et al (2004); Seo and Creed (2002) and Bums and Scapens (2000). By combining these three frameworks, this thesis provides a new theoretical framework to understand the process of management accounting change. The analysis of this case indicates that there were profound changes in the case company's management accounting systems after the process of privatisation. In particular changes were evident in the budgetary system; the performance measurement system; and in the way that managers use the management accounting information. It was also identified that the Balanced Scorecard system played a ceremonial role in the organisation. This study also explores the regulator's role in the process of management accounting change in the case company as a source of coercive isomorphism.

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41

Huang, Yalin. "Economic Regulation Impact on Electricity Distribution Network Investment Considering Distributed Generation." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elkraftteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-201706.

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One of EU’s actions against climate change is to meet 20% of energy consumption from renewable resources by the year 2020 when the project was started. Now this target has increased to at least 27% by the year 2030. In addition, given that the renewable resources are becoming more economical to generate electricity from and that these resources are distributed geographically, more and more distributed generation (DG) is connected to power distribution. The increasing share of DG in the electricity networks implies re-distribution of costs and benefits among distribution system operators (DSOs), customers and DG owners. How the costs and benefits will be allocated among them depends on the established economic regulation. The established economic regulation regulates the DSOs’ revenue and performances. The time when the DSOs are remunerated based on their actual costs has passed. Nowadays the economic regulation is in place to steer efficient investments. Network investments are no longer just to satisfy the load growth, or to higher the investments does not bring higher revenue. Network investments are incentivised by the regulation to be more efficient. Furthermore, the potential of DG to defer network investment is widely recognized. Ignoring this potential of DG may decrease DSOs’ efficiency. Last but not the least; network unbundling is a common practice in Europe. Ignoring the fact that DSOs and DG owners are different decision makers in studies can lead to inaccurate analysis. Driven by the target of a higher DG integration and more efficient investments in the unbundled distribution networks, proper economic regulations are needed to facilitate this change. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the impact from regulations on distribution network investment considering DG integration. In other words, this thesis aims to develop methods assist regulators to design desirable regulations to encourage the DSOs to make the “smart” decisions. In order to achieve that, we propose a modelling approach to quantify the economic regulation impacts and the benefit of innovative investments. Regulations are encoded into the network investment model. The developed models, in other words, assist DSOs to make the “right” investment in the “right” place at the “right” time under the given regulation.
Mer och mer distribuerad generering kommer i framtiden anslutas till lokal och regionnäten. Ett av EU:s klimatmål till år 2020 är att 20 % av EU:s elkonsumtion ska komma från förnyelsebar elproduktion som till stor del består av distribuerad generering. Många av investeringarna i förnyelsebar elproduktion i Sverige kommer troligtvis att ske i vindkraft, eftersom Energimyndigheten har föreslagit ett planeringsmål på 30 TWh vindkraft till år 2020. Nätägarna ska möjliggöra anslutning av distribuerad generering samtidigt som de måste uppfylla krav på elkvalitet och tillförlitlighet till en rimlig kostnad. Osäkerheten i var distribuerad generering ansluts kommer att påverka elnätsföretagens nätplanering. Den ökade andelen distribuerad generering i lokal och regionnäten kommer att medföra både ökade kostnader och ökade vinster för nätägare, kunder och elproducenter. Hur mycket distribuerad generering som ansluts och hur kostnader och vinster ska fördelas mellan aktörerna i elbranschen kommer till en stor del att avgöras av vilka regelverk som upprättas. Vilka blir de ekonomiska konsekvenserna av olika strategier för nätutbyggnad för distribuerad generering? Ska en nätägare få ekonomiska incitament för att ha varit kostnadeffektiv? Hur kompenseras producenter vid bortkoppling? Alla dessa frågeställningar beror på vilken avkastning regleringen tillåter samt hur andra delar av regleringen utformas. I detta projekt har matematiska metoder som kan ta hänsyn till osäkerheter kring hur mycket distribuerad generering som kommer att anslutas till näten har utvecklats för att utvärdera investeringsalternativ. Med hjälp av de utvecklade metoderna kan den optimala nätutbyggnaden givet en viss reglering identifieras. Man kan därmed få en bättre uppskattning av vilken utbyggnad man får beroende på hur nätregleringen är utformad. Dessutom kan man med dessa metoder utreda hur nätregleringen påverkar nätinvestering och föreslå mer effektiv nätreglering. Huvudsyftet med denna doktorsavhandling är att analysera vilka ekonomiska incitament olika regleringar ger nätägarna för att utveckla lokal- och regionnäten för anslutning av distribuerad generering och för att vara kostnadeffektiva. Metoder och modeller för nätplanering med en stor andel distribuerad generering med hänsyn till ekonomiska regleringar har utvecklats. De utvecklade metoderna kan kvantifiera effekten av olika typer av nätreglering, till exempel nätreglering av nätägares intäktsram, ekonomiska incitament, bortkoppling och anslutning av distribuerad generering. Modellerna har tillämpats i olika fallstudier: incitament för effektivt utnyttjande av ett elnät i Sverige, reglering av bortkoppling som baserad på regelverket i Sverige och Tyskland, och dynamic line rating har utvärderats som investeringsalternativ för anslutning av distribuerad generering.

QC 20170215

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42

Saulo, Michael Juma. "Implication of national policy on electricity distribution system planning in Kenya." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11064.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-136).
This research project proposes a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method of electricity distribution system planning based on the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) embedded in a 'bottom-up' planning process to investigate the implication of National Policy (Kenya Vision 2030) on distribution system planning in Kenya. This approach differs from the traditional optimization approaches used in Kenya which typically assesses alternative planning solutions by finding solutions with minimum total cost. Instead a separate capital cost is calculated for each solution, this ensures that the technical benefit of each solution is not obscured by the associated solution capital cost. The approach also allows for effective planning by starting the planning process from the distribution system upward.

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43

Azuatalam, Donald. "Technical and Economic Assessments of Electricity Distribution Networks with Active Customers." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21791.

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With a deepening penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), distribution network service providers (DNSP) in most jurisdictions are faced with the challenge of designing tariff structures that are reflective of forward-looking network capacity costs, while ensuring a non-discriminatory, secure and reliable network for all end-users. Nonetheless, most electricity users seek to minimise their energy expenditure by participating in demand response programs or by actively managing their energy use through a home energy management system. Thus, DNSPs need to send accurate price signals to customers if they must achieve the desired peak demand targets. However, with inefficient pricing in place, DNSP loss in revenue and unfair cost allocation between customers may result. This thesis aims to address these challenges through a systematic technical and economic assessment of distribution networks with DER-enabled customers. To begin, a review of the performance of the state-of-the-art energy management methods is done in view of practicality and computational requirements while critiquing the modelling assumptions of each method. Next, a techno-economic assessment of grid defection is performed, based on the trade-off between the reliability and the levelised cost of electricity of residential PV-battery systems. Afterwards, the techno-economic impacts of different network tariffs, on low voltage networks are evaluated considering grid-connected customers, under various PV-battery penetration levels. Lastly, a benchmark for measuring the cost-reflectivity of network tariffs using cooperative game theory is proposed, which fairly apportions network costs to several customers with minimal error and computational burden. In brief, this thesis provides tools and analyses to guide DNSPs in designing DER-specific network tariffs which better signals network cost drivers, thus fostering customer participation while improving the equity of network cost allocations even with high DER penetration levels.

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Paisios, Andreas. "Profiling and disaggregation of electricity demands measured in MV distribution networks." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28777.

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Despite the extensive deployment of smart-meters (SMs) at the low-voltage (LV) level, which are either fully operational or will be in the near future, distribution network operators (DNOs) are still relying on a limited number of permanently installed monitoring devices at primary and secondary medium-voltage (MV) substations, for purposes of network operation and control, as well as to inform and facilitate trading interactions between generators, distributors and suppliers. Accordingly, improved and sufficiently developed models for the analysis of aggregate demands at the MV-level are required for the correct assessment of load variability, composition and time-dependent evolution, necessary for: addressing issues of robustness, security and reliability; accomplishing higher penetration levels from renewable/distributed generation; implementing demand-side-management (DSM) schemes and incorporating new technologies; decreasing environmental and economic costs and aiding towards the realisation of automated and proactive ''smart-grid'' networks. The analysis of MV-demand measurements provides an independent source of information that can capture network characteristics that do not manifest in the data collected at the LV-level, or when such data is restricted or altogether unavailable. This information describes the supply/demand interactions at the mid-level between high-voltage (HV) transmission and LV end-user consumption and opens possibilities for validation of existing bottom-up aggregation approaches, while addressing issues of reliance on survey-based data for technical and economic power system studies. This thesis presents improved and novel methodologies for the analysis of aggregate demands, measured at MV-substations, aimed at more accurate and detailed load profiling, temporal decomposition and identification of the drivers of demand variability, classification of grid-supply- points (GSPs) according to consumption patterns, disaggregation with respect to customer-classes and load-types and load forecasting. The developed models are based on a number of traditional and modern analytical and statistical techniques, including: data mining, correlational and regression analysis, Fourier analysis, clustering and pattern recognition, etc. The approaches are demonstrated on demand datasets from UK and European based DNOs, thus providing specific information for the demand characteristics, the dependencies to external parameters and to socio-behavioural factors and the most likely load composition at the corresponding geographical locations, while the approaches are also intendent to be easily adaptable for studies at equivalent voltage and demand aggregation levels.

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45

Allison, Penelope Mary. "The distribution of Pompeian house contents and its significance." [S.l. : s.n.], 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/56968037.html.

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46

Lee, Cheuk-wing. "Transmission expansion planning in a restructured electricity market." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38959410.

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47

Anaya, Stucchi Karim Lourdes. "Electricity market reform : evidence from South America." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610611.

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48

Nascimento, Antonio Francisco Rita. "Service quality in CEM customers' expectations and perceptions about electricity distribution services." Thesis, University of Macau, 1995. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636755.

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49

Picciariello, Angela. "Impact of Economic Regulation on Distributed Generation Integration in Electricity Distribution Grids." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-174342.

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Energy policies in favor of a larger adoption of renewable energy sources for electricity production purposes and the significant progress of several renewable technologies are among the main drivers behind an increasing integration of distributed generation (DG) in distribution networks. DG affects distribution network planning and operation and, consequently, higher or lower network costs than in a traditional passive network scenario arise. Two main complementary tools for an efficient integration of DG have been identified in this thesis: (i) a sound economic regulation of Distribution System Operators (DSOs) for taking into account DG-driven potential costs and accordingly remunerating DSOs, and (ii) network tariff design, in order to allocate network costs and re-distribute potential benefits to different grid users. Distribution economic regulations vary from country to country with grid characteristics and regulatory customs. In order for Regulators to promote the integration of DG units according to policy objectives, the potential impact of DG on the different distribution costs needs to be analyzed and quantitatively assessed: in this thesis, these objectives are achieved by using a novel model that combines the technical characteristics of distribution grids with the regulatory details specific of each regulation. Once computed, DSOs' total allowed revenue is allocated to different users' categories according to the adopted tariff structures. This thesis focuses on the challenges arising within the traditional paradigm of distribution tariff design when an increasing amount of DG is connected to the grids. In particular, the consequences of DG exemption from distribution tariffs and the application of load-tailored tariff schemes to DG are investigated, both from a qualitative and quantitative point of view; cross subsidies between consumers and DG owners are computed by applying a cost causality principle.

The Doctoral Degrees issued upon completion of the programme are issued by Comillas Pontifical University, Delft University of Technology and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The invested degrees are official in Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively. QC 20151009

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Yap, Xiang Ling. "A model-based approach to regulating electricity distribution under new operating conditions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72905.

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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)-- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2012.
Vita. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-152).
New technologies such as distributed generation and electric vehicles are connecting to the electricity distribution grid, a regulated natural monopoly. Existing regulatory schemes were not designed for these new technologies and may not provide distribution companies with adequate remuneration to integrate the new technologies. To investigate how regulation should change in the presence of new technologies, current regulatory schemes and possible improvements to make them suitable for new technologies are reviewed. A Reference Network Model capable of calculating the costs of building a distribution network is utilized to compare the costs of accommodating different penetrations and locations of distributed generation. Results for residential generators with a 3 kW/unit power output show that as the penetration of generators among residential customers increases, costs initially decrease but then increase at higher penetration levels. A comparison of results for residential generators with results for distributed generator conurbations located far away from customers shows that residential and far away generators require similar investment costs when total distributed generation power output is lower than effective customer demand. However, when total distributed generation power output exceeds effective demand, residential generators necessitate higher investment costs than far away generators. At all levels of distributed generation power output, residential generators imply lower losses costs than far away generators. A second Reference Network Model capable of calculating the costs of expanding an existing distribution network is utilized to compare the costs of expanding a network to accommodate new technologies under different technology management approaches. Results show that network investment costs are lower for an actively managed network than for a passively managed network, illustrating the potential benefits of active management. Based on an analysis of the modeling results and the regulatory review, an ex ante schedule of charges for distributed generators that incorporates forecast levels of DG penetration is suggested to improve remuneration adequacy for the costs of integrating distributed generation. To promote active management of distribution networks, measures such as funding pots, outputs-focused regulatory schemes, and regulating total expenditure rather than separating the regulation of capital and operating expenditure are selected as proposals.
by Xiang Ling Yap.
S.M.in Technology and Policy

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