Статті в журналах: "Electrically conductive polymer"

1

Gao, Xiaolong, Yao Huang, Xiaoxiang He, Xiaojing Fan, Ying Liu, Hong Xu, Daming Wu, and Chaoying Wan. "Mechanically Enhanced Electrical Conductivity of Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Composites by a Hot Embossing Process." Polymers 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010056.

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Electrically conductive polymer composites are in high demand for modern technologies, however, the intrinsic brittleness of conducting conjugated polymers and the moderate electrical conductivity of engineering polymer/carbon composites have highly constrained their applications. In this work, super high electrical conductive polymer composites were produced by a novel hot embossing design. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites containing short carbon fiber (SCF) exhibited an electrical percolation threshold at 0.45 wt % and reached a saturated electrical conductivity of 49 S/m at 8 wt % of SCF. When reducing the sample thickness from 1.0 to 0.1 mm by the hot embossing process, a compression-induced percolation threshold occurred at 0.3 wt %, while the electrical conductivity was further enhanced to 378 S/m at 8 wt % SCF. Furthermore, the addition of a second nanofiller of 1 wt %, such as carbon nanotube or conducting carbon black, further increased the electrical conductivity of the PDMS/SCF (8 wt %) composites to 909 S/m and 657 S/m, respectively. The synergy of the densified conducting filler network by the mechanical compression and the hierarchical micro-/nano-scale filler approach has realized super high electrically conductive, yet mechanically flexible, polymer composites for modern flexible electronics applications.

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2

Wnek, Gary E. "Electrically Conductive Polymers." MRS Bulletin 12, no. 8 (December 1987): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400066720.

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Polymeric materials are typically considered as insulators, and in fact important applications do rely on their poor conductivity— e.g., electrical cable insulation and charged dielectric films (electrets, electrical analogs of magnets), the latter finding use in microphones. Research in the last decade, however, has lead to the discovery of polymeric materials with extremely high conductivity, approaching that of copper. This brief article will highlight recent work in the synthesis, processing and applications of these novel materials.Typical polymers, the oxidant (or “dopant”) used to create carriers, and room temperature conductivities are given in Table I. A key feature shared by these materials is delocalized (at least over a few repeat units) π-electron density. Such unsaturated polymers facilitate carrier generation because of the ability for resonance derealization of the resulting radical ions, which can also offer good intramolecular carrier mobility. In addition, the geometry of π-orbitals allows for good orbital overlap and encourages inter molecular carrier transport.That the polymer chains are considerably shorter than typical sample dimensions indicates that intermolecular transport is dominant, especially in view of the disorder observed in most conducting polymer systems. However, as the number of defects (crosslinks, “twists” which inhibit conjugation) decreases, it might be anticipated that carriers can travel greater distances along a chain before a (presumably) higher activation energy, inter molecular electron transfer becomes necessary, thus affording higher conductivity. Indeed, it has been recently reported that samples of very high quality, oriented polyacetylene, when treated with iodine, exhibit conductivities approaching that of copper at room temperature.

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3

Epstein, Arthur J. "Electrically Conducting Polymers: Science and Technology." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 6 (June 1997): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033583.

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For the past 50 years, conventional insulating-polymer systems have increasingly been used as substitutes for structural materials such as wood, ceramics, and metals because of their high strength, light weight, ease of chemical modification/customization, and processability at low temperatures. In 1977 the first intrinsic electrically conducting organic polymer—doped polyacetylene—was reported, spurring interest in “conducting polymers.” Intrinsically conducting polymers are completely different from conducting polymers that are merely a physical mixture of a nonconductive polymer with a conducting material such as metal or carbon powder. Although initially these intrinsically conducting polymers were neither processable nor air-stable, new generations of these materials now are processable into powders, films, and fibers from a wide variety of solvents, and also are airstable. Some forms of these intrinsically conducting polymers can be blended into traditional polymers to form electrically conductive blends. The electrical conductivities of the intrinsically conductingpolymer systems now range from those typical of insulators (<10−10 S/cm (10−10 Ω−1 cm1)) to those typical of semiconductors such as silicon (~10 5 S/cm) to those greater than 10+4 S/cm (nearly that of a good metal such as copper, 5 × 105 S/cm). Applications of these polymers, especially polyanilines, have begun to emerge. These include coatings and blends for electrostatic dissipation and electromagnetic-interference (EMI) shielding, electromagnetic-radiation absorbers for welding (joining) of plastics, conductive layers for light-emitting polymer devices, and anticorrosion coatings for iron and steel.The common electronic feature of pris tine (undoped) conducting polymers is the π-conjugated system, which is formed by the overlap of carbon pz orbitals and alternating carbon-carbon bond lengths.

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4

Venkatachalam, S., K. V. C. Rao, and P. T. Manoharan. "Electrically-conductive nickelphthalocyanine polymer." Synthetic Metals 26, no. 3 (November 1988): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(88)90240-8.

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5

Köse, Hidayet, and Suat Çetiner. "The Effect of Dopant Type on The Morphology and Electrical Properties of Hollow Polyester Fabric." Academic Perspective Procedia 2, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.02.03.55.

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Intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) have been intensively the subject of research since these polymers have superlative electrical and thermophysical properties. Due to the low hydrogen content and aromatic structure, they show perfect chemical, thermal, and oxidative stability and are practically insoluble in all common solvents. Also these polymers are latently electrical conducting materials, especially when doped. Polypyrole (PPy) is a very promising conducting polymer. It can be in easy way processes and has many interesting electrical properties. Also ıt is chemically and thermally stable. Like many other fully aromatic polymers, PPy is an electrical insulator, however, when oxidized it becomes an electrical conductor.The conductivity of PPy strongly consists in the preparation technique, and on the polymer additives and can be increased by about two orders of magnitude. In this study, electrically conductive hollow fabrics were prepared via ın situ chemical polymerization method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrical properties of conductive hollow fabrics were invesigated.

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6

Zakaria, Mohd Yusuf, Hendra Suherman, Jaafar Sahari, and Abu Bakar Sulong. "Effect of Mixing Parameter on Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Black/Graphite/Epoxy Nanocomposite Using Taguchi Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.68.

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Polymer composite has attracted many researchers from various field of application due to its unique features and properties including light weight, low cost, ease to process and shaping and corrosion resistant [1-3]. Fillers is typically added to enhance the chemical and physical properties of polymers [4, 5]. One of the properties is the electrical conductivity. Carbon based filler such as graphite (G), carbon black (CB), carbon fibers (CF) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) has been extensively used to improve electrical properties of polymer composite [6-8]. Electrical properties of the composite can be explained from percolation theory which means electrical percolation in mixtures of electrically conducting and non-conducting materials [9]. The concentration of conducting phase must above the critical value called percolation threshold, in order for the material become electrically conductive [10].

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7

Benbalit, Chahrazad, Eleonora Frau, Olivera Scheuber, and Silvia Schintke. "Metal-Free and Carbon-Free Flexible Self-Supporting Thin Film Electrodes." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1264.

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Conductive polymers are promising for application in the medical and sport sectors, e.g. for thin wearable health monitoring systems. While many today’s electrodes contain either carbon or metals as electrically conductive filler materials, product design manufacturing has an increasing interest in the development of metal free and carbon free, purely polymer based electrode materials. While conducting polymers have generally rather low electrical conductivities compared to metals or carbon, they offer broad options for industrial processing, as well as for dedicated adjustments of final product properties and design aspect, such as colour, water repellence, or mechanical flexibility in addition to their electrical properties. The development of electrically conducting polymer blends, based on conductive polymers is thus timely and of high importance for the design of new attractive flexible electrodes. We have developed material formulation and processing techniques for the fabrication of self-supporting thin film electrodes based on polyaniline (PANI) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blends. Electrical four-point probing was used to evaluate the electrode conductivity for different processing and fabrication techniques. Optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements corroborate the observed electrical conductivity obtained even at low PANI concentrations revealing the nanoscale material distribution within the blends. Our self-supporting thin film electrodes are flexible, smooth, and water repellent and were furthermore successfully tested under bending and upon storage over a period of several months. This opens new perspectives for the design of metal free and carbon free flexible electrodes for medical, health, and sports applications.

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8

Kwon, Min Hee, Dong Kyu Han, Si Joong Kwon, and Jin Yeol Kim. "Fabrication and Micropatterning of Conducting Polymer Nano-Films for Electronic Displays." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.591.

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We investigate the electrical conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanofilms and micropatterning prepared by vapor-phase polymerization method using self-assembling teacnique. The thin conductive films were uniformly fabricated between 20 and 100 nm, there surface resistance wasenhanced until to 102 /square, and the light-transmittance were also increased as up to 95 %. We report a fabrication of electrically conducting PEDOT pattern on a electrically insulating substrate using a microcontact printing method. Then, patterns are successfully obtained with line widths down to 3 .

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9

Lan, Xin, Jin Song Leng, Yan Ju Liu, and Shan Yi Du. "Investigate of Electrical Conductivity of Shape-Memory Polymer Filled with Carbon Black." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.714.

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A new system of thermoset styrene-based shape-memory polymer (SMP) filled with carbon black (CB) is investigated. To realize the electroactive stimuli of SMP, the electrical conductivity of SMP filled with various amounts of CB is characterized. The percolation threshold of electrically conductive SMP filled with CB is about 3% (volume fraction of CB), which is much lower than many other electrically conductive polymers. When applying a voltage of 30V, the shape recovery process of SMP/CB(10 vol%) can be realized in about 100s. In addition, the thermomechanical properties are also characterized by differential scanning calorimetery (DSC).

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10

Augustyn, Piotr, Piotr Rytlewski, Krzysztof Moraczewski, and Adam Mazurkiewicz. "A review on the direct electroplating of polymeric materials." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 27 (June 24, 2021): 14881–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06246-w.

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AbstractThis work is a review of the literature on the possibilities for electroplating of polymer materials. Methods of metalizing polymers and their composites were presented and discussed. Information from various publications on the electrical properties of polymers and polymer composites was collected and discussed. The most important results on the electroplating of conductive polymers and conductive composites were presented and compared. This work especially focuses on the electrical conductivity of polymer materials. The main focus was the efficiency of metal electrodeposition. Based on the analyzed publications, it was found that electrically deposited metal layers on conductive polymeric materials show discontinuity, considerable roughness, and different layer thickness depending on the distance from the contact electrode. The use of metal nanoparticles (AgNWs) or nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) as a filler enables effective metallization of the polymer composite. Due to the high aspect ratio, it is possible to lower the percolation threshold with a low filler content in the polymer matrix. The presented review reveals many of the problems associated with the effectiveness of the electroplating methods. It indicates the need and direction for further research and development in the field of electroplating of polymer materials and modification of their electrical properties.

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11

Joshi, Aparna M., and Anjali A. Athawale. "Electrically Conductive Silicone/Organic Polymer Composites." Silicon 6, no. 3 (December 13, 2013): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12633-013-9171-1.

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12

Terlemezyan, L., M. Mihailov, and B. Ivanova. "Electrically conductive polymer blends comprising polyaniline." Polymer Bulletin 29, no. 3-4 (September 1992): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00944820.

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13

Lee, Biing-Lin. "Electrically conductive polymer composites and blends." Polymer Engineering and Science 32, no. 1 (January 1992): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760320107.

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14

Narkis, M., Y. Haba, E. Segal, M. Zilberman, G. I. Titelman, and A. Siegmann. "Structured electrically conductive polyaniline/polymer blends." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 11, no. 8-12 (2000): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1581(200008/12)11:8/12<665::aid-pat36>3.0.co;2-v.

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15

Marischal, Cayla, Lemort, Campagne, and Devaux. "Selection of Immiscible Polymer Blends Filled with Carbon Nanotubes for Heating Applications." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 6, 2019): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111827.

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In many application fields, such as medicine or sports, heating textiles use electrically conductive multifilaments. This multifilament can be developed from conductive polymer composites (CPC), which are blends of an insulating polymer filled with electrically conductive particles. However, this multifilament must have filler content above the percolation threshold, which leads to an increase of the viscosity and problems during the melt spinning process. Immiscible blends between two polymers (one being a CPC) can be used to allow the reduction of the global filler content if each polymer is co-continuous with a selective localization of the fillers in only one polymer. In this study, three immiscible blends were developed between polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, or polyamide 6 and a filled polycaprolactone with carbon nanotubes. The morphology of each blend at different ratios was studied using models of co-continuity and prediction of fillers localization according to viscosity, interfacial energy, elastic modulus, and loss factor of each polymer. This theoretical approach was compared to experimental values to find out differences between methods. The electrical properties (electrical conductivity and Joule effect) were also studied. The co-continuity, the selective localization in the polycaprolactone, and the Joule effect were only exhibited by the polypropylene/filled polycaprolactone 50/50 wt.%.

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16

Sharma, Shubham, P. Sudhakara, Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran, Jujhar Singh, and R. A. Ilyas. "Recent Trends and Developments in Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Multifunctional Applications." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 2898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172898.

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Electrically-conducting polymers (CPs) were first developed as a revolutionary class of organic compounds that possess optical and electrical properties comparable to that of metals as well as inorganic semiconductors and display the commendable properties correlated with traditional polymers, like the ease of manufacture along with resilience in processing. Polymer nanocomposites are designed and manufactured to ensure excellent promising properties for anti-static (electrically conducting), anti-corrosion, actuators, sensors, shape memory alloys, biomedical, flexible electronics, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, LEDs, and adhesive applications with desired-appealing and cost-effective, functional surface coatings. The distinctive properties of nanocomposite materials involve significantly improved mechanical characteristics, barrier-properties, weight-reduction, and increased, long-lasting performance in terms of heat, wear, and scratch-resistant. Constraint in availability of power due to continuous depletion in the reservoirs of fossil fuels has affected the performance and functioning of electronic and energy storage appliances. For such reasons, efforts to modify the performance of such appliances are under way through blending design engineering with organic electronics. Unlike conventional inorganic semiconductors, organic electronic materials are developed from conducting polymers (CPs), dyes and charge transfer complexes. However, the conductive polymers are perhaps more bio-compatible rather than conventional metals or semi-conductive materials. Such characteristics make it more fascinating for bio-engineering investigators to conduct research on polymers possessing antistatic properties for various applications. An extensive overview of different techniques of synthesis and the applications of polymer bio-nanocomposites in various fields of sensors, actuators, shape memory polymers, flexible electronics, optical limiting, electrical properties (batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, LEDs), corrosion-protection and biomedical application are well-summarized from the findings all across the world in more than 150 references, exclusively from the past four years. This paper also presents recent advancements in composites of rare-earth oxides based on conducting polymer composites. Across a variety of biological and medical applications, the fact that numerous tissues were receptive to electric fields and stimuli made CPs more enticing.

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17

Araya-Hermosilla, Esteban, Alice Giannetti, Guilherme Macedo R. Lima, Felipe Orozco, Francesco Picchioni, Virgilio Mattoli, Ranjita K. Bose, and Andrea Pucci. "Thermally Switchable Electrically Conductive Thermoset rGO/PK Self-Healing Composites." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030339.

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Among smart materials, self-healing is one of the most studied properties. A self-healing polymer can repair the cracks that occurred in the structure of the material. Polyketones, which are high-performance thermoplastic polymers, are a suitable material for a self-healing mechanism: a furanic pendant moiety can be introduced into the backbone and used as a diene for a temperature reversible Diels-Alder reaction with bismaleimide. The Diels-Alder adduct is formed at around 50 °C and broken at about 120 °C, giving an intrinsic, stimuli-responsive self-healing material triggered by temperature variations. Also, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is added to the polymer matrix (1.6–7 wt%), giving a reversible OFF-ON electrically conductive polymer network. Remarkably, the electrical conductivity is activated when reaching temperatures higher than 100 °C, thus suggesting applications as electronic switches based on self-healing soft devices.

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18

Czech, Zbigniew, Robert Pełech, Agnieszka Kowalczyk, Arkadiusz Kowalski, and Rafał Wróbel. "Electrically conductive acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives containing carbon black." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 13, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-011-0053-2.

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Electrically conductive acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives containing carbon black Acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) are non electrical conductive materials. The electrical conductivity is incorporated into acrylic self-adhesive polymer after adding electrically conductive additives like carbon black, especially nano carbon black. After an addition of electrical conductive carbon black, the main and typical properties of pressure-sensitive adhesives such as tack, peel adhesion and shear strength, are deteriorated. The investigations reveals that the acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives basis must be synthesised with ameliorated initial performances, like high tack, excellent adhesion and very good cohesion. Currently, the electrical conductive solvent-borne acrylic PSA containing carbon black are not commercially available on the market. They are promising materials which can be applied for the manufacturing of diverse technical high performance self-adhesive products, such as broadest line of special electrically conductive sensitive tapes.

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19

Lebedev, O. V., M. Yu Yablokov, L. A. Mukhortov, G. P. Goncharuk, and A. N. Ozerin. "Migration of carbon nanoparticles to the surface of the melt of polymer composite material." Доклады Академии наук 489, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524894373-378.

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The results of a study of the migration of electrically conductive nanosized carbon particles of various types to the surface of the melt of the polymer composite are presented. The real-time measurement of the kinetics of changes in the electrical conductivity of the melt of the polymer composite at a constant temperature, separately for the bulk and surface components of the electrical conductivity, made it possible to identify the basic features of the process. The results obtained indicate that the formation of a surface layer of a composite saturated with electrically conductive nanoparticles is common when using filler nanoparticles with a different form factor. The role of polymer macromolecules in the kinetics of migration of carbon nanoparticles to the melt surface of a polymer composite material is discussed.

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20

AKAGI, KAZUO. "What is the Most Electrically Conductive Polymer?" Kobunshi 44, no. 7 (1995): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.44.456.

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21

Bailey, Brennan M., Yves Leterrier, S. J. Garcia, S. van der Zwaag, and Véronique Michaud. "Electrically conductive self-healing polymer composite coatings." Progress in Organic Coatings 85 (August 2015): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.04.013.

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22

Flandin, L., Y. Bréchet, and J. Y. Cavaillé. "Electrically conductive polymer nanocomposites as deformation sensors." Composites Science and Technology 61, no. 6 (May 2001): 895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-3538(00)00175-5.

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23

Zilberman, M., A. Siegmann, and M. Narkis. "Melt-processed electrically conductive polymer/polyaniline blends." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 37, no. 3 (May 1998): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222349808220474.

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24

Li, Shulong, Christopher W. Macosko, and Henry S. White. "Electrochemical processing of electrically conductive polymer fibers." Advanced Materials 5, no. 7-8 (July 1993): 575–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19930050714.

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25

Rivière, Pauline, Tiina E. Nypelö, Michael Obersriebnig, Henry Bock, Marcus Müller, Norbert Mundigler, and Rupert Wimmer. "Unmodified multi-wall carbon nanotubes in polylactic acid for electrically conductive injection-moulded composites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 30, no. 12 (May 23, 2016): 1615–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705716649651.

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Tailoring the properties of natural polymers such as electrical conductivity is vital to widen the range of future applications. In this article, the potential of electrically conducting multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/polylactic acid (PLA) composites produced by industrially viable melt mixing is assessed simultaneously to MWCNT influence on the composite’s mechanical strength and polymer crystallinity. Atomic force microscopy observations showed that melt mixing achieved an effective distribution and individualization of unmodified nanotubes within the polymer matrix. However, as a trade-off of the poor tube/matrix adhesion, the tensile strength was lowered. With 10 wt% MWCNT loading, the tensile strength was 26% lower than for neat PLA. Differential scanning calorimetric measurements indicated that polymer crystallization after injection moulding was nearly unaffected by the presence of nanotubes and remained at 15%. The resulting composites became conductive below 5 wt% loading and reached conductivities of 51 S m−1 at 10 wt%, which is comparable with conductivities reported for similar nanocomposites obtained at lab scale.

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26

Trommer, Kristin, Bernd Morgenstern, and Carina Petzold. "Preparing of Heatable, CNT-Functionalized Polymer Membranes for Application in Textile Composites." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.67.

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The electrically induced heating of textile composite materials is already applied in the clothing and outdoor use. However, making thin, flexible and washable heating layers remains a challenge. Based on various polymers thin electrically heatable polymer sheets were developed using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as electrically conductive fillers in silicone, polyurethane as well as polyvinylchloride. To prepare the membranes a knife coating process was applied. The viscosity of the polymer masses, the particle alignment, the percolation as well as the electrically and heating properties of the membranes were investigated.

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27

Lebedev, Sergey M., Olga S. Gefle, Ernar T. Amitov, Mikhail R. Predtechensky, and Alexander E. Bezrodny. "Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymer Composites." Key Engineering Materials 685 (February 2016): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.685.569.

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Novel electrically conductive SWCNT-reinforced composites were studied in this work. Incorporating SWCNT into CB/polymer composites provides lowering the percolation threshold. Adding a small quantity of single-walled carbon nanotubes into CB/polymer composites allows reducing CB content in electrically conductive composites and improving rheological and processing properties.

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28

Khoerunnisa, Fitri, Hendrawan Hendrawan, Yaya Sonjaya, and Rizki Deli Hasanah. "Electrically Conductive Nanocomposites Polymer of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Glutaraldehyde/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: Preparation and Characterization." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 18, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.26620.

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Electrically conductive nanocomposites polymer of poly(vinyl alcohol)/PVA, glutaraldehyde (GA) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) has been successfully synthesized. The polymer nanocomposites were prepared by mixing PVA, GA (crosslinker), and MWCNT dispersion with an aid of ultrasonic homogenizer at 50 °C. The content of MWCNT, in particular, was varied in order to determine the effect of MWCNT on electrical conductivity of polymer composites. The polymer mixture was casted into a disc to obtain thin film. The electrical conductivity, surface morphology, and mechanical properties of the composites film were investigated by means of four probes method, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, SEM, AFM, and tensile strength measurement, respectively. It was found that the optimum composition of PVA (10%): GA (1%): MWCNT (1%) was 20:20:3 in volume ratio. The addition of MWCNT induced the electrically conductive network on polymer matrix where the electrical conductivity of nanocomposites film significantly increased up to 8.28 x 10-2 S/sq due to reduction of the contact resistance between conductive filler. Additionally, the mechanical strength of nanocomposites polymer were significantly increased as a result of MWCNT addition. Modification of morphological structure of composite film as indicated by FTIR spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns, SEM, and AFM images verified the effective MWCNT filler network in the polymer matrix.

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29

Zhang, A. Ying, and Hai Bao Lu. "The Synthesis of Electrically Actuated Shape Memory Polymer Composites Reinforced by Nanopaper." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.250.

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A method of synthesizing the FLG/CNF nanopaper on hydrophilic polycarbonate membrane was investigated. The synergistic effect of few-layer graphene (FLG) and carbon nanofiber (CNF) on the electrical conductivity of shape-memory polymer (SMP) composites reinforced by the FLG/CNF nanopaper was explored. The conductive FLG/CNF nanopaper facilitates the actuation in SMP composite induced by electrically resistive heating. The heat conduction in a nanopaper depends greatly on FLG/CNF network formation. The morphology and structure of the FLG/CNF nanopaper are characterized with scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The flat surface and tunable network structures observed from the microscopic images indicate that the FLG/CNF nanopaper could have highly conductive property. Detailed structural characterization indicates that the three-dimensional networks of nanopaper, result in both the reduction of thermal contact resistance and the enhancement of conductive property along the thickness.

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30

Badrul, Farah, Khairul Anwar Abdul Halim, MohdArif Anuar Mohd Salleh, Azlin Fazlina Osman, Nor Asiah Muhamad, Muhammad Salihin Zakaria, Nurul Afiqah Saad, and Syatirah Mohd Noor. "The Influence of Compounding Parameters on the Electrical Conductivity of LDPE/Cu Conductive Polymer Composites (CPCs)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2080, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2080/1/012008.

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Abstract Low-linear density (LDPE) and copper (Cu) were used as main polymer matrix and conductive filler in order to produce electrically conductive polymer composites (CPC). The selection of the matrix and conductive filler were based on their due to its excellence properties, resistance to corrosion, low cost and electrically conductive. This research works is aimed to establish the effect of compounding parameter on the electrical conductivity of LDPE/Cu composites utilising the design of experiments (DOE). The CPCs was compounded using an internal mixer where all formulations were designed by statistical software. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) revealed that the Cu conductive filler had a flake-like shape, and the electrical conductivity was found to be increased with increasing filler loading as measured using the four-point probe technique. The conductivity data obtained were then analysed by using the statistical software to establish the relationship between the compounding parameters and electrical conductivity where it was found based that the compounding parameters have had an effect on the conductivity of the CPC.

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31

Sienicki, W., and M. Wojtewicz. "Chemically Modified Polymethyl Methacrylate in a Magnesium-Polymer Cell." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 4 (September 2013): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.4.76.

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As a result of the electrophilic protonation of a carboxyl group of dielectric polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF3SO3H), a modified conducting polymer material was produced in the shape of a thin elastic lamina and a dense conductive gel, whose density was 1.26 g/cm3. These polymers conduct electricity, do not dissolve in either cold or warm water and are also resistant to weather conditions. Their conductivity in room temperature is 7.5·10-3 Scm-1 and it greatly increases above 154 K. Activation energy Ea decreases with increasing temperature in the range 154 K – 300 K from 1.47 eV to 0.69 eV. The magnesium-polymer (Mg-Poly) cell is constructed with magnesium as the anode and conductive PMMA as the cathode and both electrodes are electrically connected with a polymer gel electrolyte. The rated voltage of this cell is 2.4 V.

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32

Sienicki, W., and M. Wojtewicz. "Chemically Modified Polymethyl Methacrylate in a Magnesium-Polymer Cell." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 4 (November 19, 2012): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-3owhbd.

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Анотація:

As a result of the electrophilic protonation of a carboxyl group of dielectric polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF3SO3H), a modified conducting polymer material was produced in the shape of a thin elastic lamina and a dense conductive gel, whose density was 1.26 g/cm3. These polymers conduct electricity, do not dissolve in either cold or warm water and are also resistant to weather conditions. Their conductivity in room temperature is 7.5·10-3 Scm-1 and it greatly increases above 154 K. Activation energy Ea decreases with increasing temperature in the range 154 K – 300 K from 1.47 eV to 0.69 eV. The magnesium-polymer (Mg-Poly) cell is constructed with magnesium as the anode and conductive PMMA as the cathode and both electrodes are electrically connected with a polymer gel electrolyte. The rated voltage of this cell is 2.4 V.

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33

Mikitaev, Muslim A., V. A. Borisov, Ismel V. Musov, Azamat L. Slonov, and Diana M. Khakulova. "Electrical Properties of Composites Based on Low-Pressure Polyethylene and Carbon-Containing Fillers." Key Engineering Materials 899 (September 8, 2021): 720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.899.720.

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We have obtained polymer composites based on low-pressure polyethylene and carbon-containing fillers: carbon black, carbon nanotubes. The electrical properties of the obtained polymer composites have been investigated. Obtained polymer composites have electrically conductive properties. This article shows that the electrical properties significantly depend on the concentration, type of carbon-containing filler, as well as on temperature and voltage. It was found that containment of a certain amount of carbon-containing fillers leads to a formation of conductive paths composites, leading to the manifestation of a positive temperature coefficient in electrical resistance by the material.

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34

Mamunya, Ye P. "Polymer blends with ordered distribution of conductive filler." Polymer journal 43, no. 4 (November 26, 2021): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.43.04.240.

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This review highlight approaches to the formation of an ordered distribution of conductive filler in polymer blends. This distribution leads to a significant decrease of the percolation threshold in the polymer mixture, i.e. to a decrease in the critical concentration of the filler, at which the transition of the system from a non-conductive to a conductive state occurs. This improves the mechanical properties of the composition and its processability. It is shown that the ordered structure of the filler is formed in the polymer blend upon mixing the components in the melt under the action of three factors - thermodynamic (the ratio between the values of the interfacial tension of the filler-polymer A and filler-polymer B, as well as between polymers A and B), kinetic (the ratio between viscosities of polymer components A and B) and technological (the intensity and temperature of processing, as well as the order of introduction of a filler into a heterogeneous polymer matrix, which can enhance or suppress the effect of thermodynamic or kinetic factors). On the example of the works performed by the author on mixtures of thermoplastics filled with electrically conductive carbon fillers such as carbon black and carbon nanotubes, as well as a metal filler - dispersed iron, with the involvement of literature data on filled polymer blends, the influence of each of the factors on the formation of an ordered structure of the conducting phase in polymer blends is shown.

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35

LEVI-POLYACHENKO, NICOLE, AMY BRADEN, TABITHA ROSENBALM, WILLIAM WAGNER, MICHAEL MORYKWAS, LOUIS ARGENTA, EILEEN MARTIN, et al. "ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMER NANOTUBES WITH ANTI-BACTERIAL PROPERTIES." Nano LIFE 02, no. 03 (September 2012): 1241002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984412410024.

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Nanotubes (NT) composed of the electrically active polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) have been used for photothermal ablation of both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Since infrared absorption of PEDOT is dominated by bipolarons strongly coupled to phonons, we hypothesize that nonradiative decay of these states leads to heat generation. Photothermal death of bacteria by PEDOT NT was compared to single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT). Complete eradication of bacterial colonies incubated with 100 ug/ml of either PEDOT NT or SWNT occurred with a single exposure to 1064 nm light (3.8 W/cm2) for 60 s. PEDOT NT were also shown to elicit a mild antibacterial response upon incubation with bacteria and no infrared exposure. PEDOT NT have the same capacity for photothermal ablation of bacteria as compared to SWNT; therefore, they represent an exciting new class of polymer based nanoparticles for medically-relevant photothermal therapies.

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36

Wrobleski, Debra. "Electrically Conductive Polymer Coating Protects Metals from Corrosion." Materials and Processing Report 7, no. 6 (June 1992): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08871949.1992.11752506.

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37

Brigandi, Paul J., Jeffrey M. Cogen, and Raymond A. Pearson. "Electrically conductive multiphase polymer blend carbon-based composites." Polymer Engineering & Science 54, no. 1 (March 26, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.23530.

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38

Karttunen, Mikko, Pekka Ruuskanen, Ville Pitkänen, and Willem M. Albers. "Electrically Conductive Metal Polymer Nanocomposites for Electronics Applications." Journal of Electronic Materials 37, no. 7 (April 23, 2008): 951–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-008-0451-2.

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39

Guo, Yichen, Xianghao Zuo, Yuan Xue, Jinghan Tang, Michael Gouzman, Yiwei Fang, Yuchen Zhou, Likun Wang, Yingjie Yu, and Miriam H. Rafailovich. "Engineering thermally and electrically conductive biodegradable polymer nanocomposites." Composites Part B: Engineering 189 (May 2020): 107905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107905.

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40

Nadeem, QuratulAin, Muhammad Rizwan, Rohama Gill, Muhammad Rafique, and Muhammad Shahid. "Fabrication of alumina based electrically conductive polymer composites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 133, no. 5 (September 29, 2015): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.42939.

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41

Kozlowski, Marek, and Anna Kozlowska. "Comparison of electrically conductive fillers in polymer systems." Macromolecular Symposia 108, no. 1 (May 1996): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19961080121.

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42

Regnier, Julie, Aurélie Cayla, Christine Campagne, and Éric Devaux. "Melt Spinning of Flexible and Conductive Immiscible Thermoplastic/Elastomer Monofilament for Water Detection." Nanomaterials 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12010092.

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In many textile fields, such as industrial structures or clothes, one way to detect a specific liquid leak is the electrical conductivity variation of a yarn. This yarn can be developed using melt spun of Conductive Polymer Composites (CPCs), which blend insulating polymer and electrically conductive fillers. This study examines the influence of the proportions of an immiscible thermoplastic/elastomer blend for its implementation and its water detection. The thermoplastic polymer used for the detection property is the polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) filled with enough carbon nanotubes (CNT) to exceed the percolation threshold. However, the addition of fillers decreases the polymer fluidity, resulting in the difficulty to implement the CPC. Using an immiscible polymers blend with an elastomer, which is a propylene-based elastomer (PBE) permits to increase this fluidity and to create a flexible conductive monofilament. After characterizations (morphology, rheological and mechanical) of this blend (PA6.6CNT/PBE) in different proportions, two principles of water detection are established and carried out with the monofilaments: the principle of absorption and the short circuit. It is found that the morphology of the immiscible polymer blend had a significant role in the water detection.

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43

Sirivisoot, Sirinrath, Rajesh Pareta, and Benjamin S. Harrison. "Protocol and cell responses in three-dimensional conductive collagen gel scaffolds with conductive polymer nanofibres for tissue regeneration." Interface Focus 4, no. 1 (February 6, 2014): 20130050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2013.0050.

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It has been established that nerves and skeletal muscles respond and communicate via electrical signals. In regenerative medicine, there is current emphasis on using conductive nanomaterials to enhance electrical conduction through tissue-engineered scaffolds to increase cell differentiation and tissue regeneration. We investigated the role of chemically synthesized polyaniline (PANI) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) conductive polymer nanofibres for conductive gels. To mimic a naturally derived extracellular matrix for cell growth, type I collagen gels were reconstituted with conductive polymer nanofibres and cells. Cell viability and proliferation of PC-12 cells and human skeletal muscle cells on these three-dimensional conductive collagen gels were evaluated in vitro . PANI and PEDOT nanofibres were found to be cytocompatible with both cell types and the best results (i.e. cell growth and gel electrical conductivity) were obtained with a low concentration (0.5 wt%) of PANI. After 7 days of culture in the conductive gels, the densities of both cell types were similar and comparable to collagen positive controls. Moreover, PC-12 cells were found to differentiate in the conductive hydrogels without the addition of nerve growth factor or electrical stimulation better than collagen control. Importantly, electrical conductivity of the three-dimensional gel scaffolds increased by more than 400% compared with control. The increased conductivity and injectability of the cell-laden collagen gels to injury sites in order to create an electrically conductive extracellular matrix makes these biomaterials very conducive for the regeneration of tissues.

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44

Liu, Hu, Qianming Li, Shuaidi Zhang, Rui Yin, Xianhu Liu, Yuxin He, Kun Dai, et al. "Electrically conductive polymer composites for smart flexible strain sensors: a critical review." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 45 (2018): 12121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc04079f.

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45

Jiménez, Laura, A. M. Rocha, I. Aranberri, José A. Covas, and A. P. Catarino. "Electrically Conductive Monofilaments for Smart Textiles." Advances in Science and Technology 60 (September 2008): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.60.58.

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The main objective of this work is to develop conductive yarns to be used as electrical wiring in e-textiles with the typical mechanical properties of a textile yarn. Present work deals with the study of conductive polymer composites filaments of PP (polypropylene) with CB (carbon black), carbon black of high conductivity (CBHC) and CF (carbon fibers) .The novelty of this work resides in creating oriented filaments using traditional fiber processing techniques together with a specially designed drafting machine. In the authors’ opinion, the composite conductivity could be improved with the orientation of the (nano)carbon-based fillers by melt drawing after extrusion in order to facilitate the flow channels creation.

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46

Liu, Gao. "(Invited) Conducting Polymers As Dual Charge Conductors for Electrochemical Systems." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02130mtgabs.

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Electrically conductive polymers are a class of polymers, which can conduct electricity. Conductive polymers have found niche applications such as anti-statics. The electrochemical energy storage devices, especially lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, has grown significantly in the past two decades. Recently multifunctional conductive polymers have been designed as dual ion and electron transport materials, and synthesized through a thermal process. These class of dual charge conducting polymers play a significant role as electrode binders for Silicon (Si) and Tin (Sn) alloy based anode electrode. Si is an attractive candidate for lithium-ion batteries because it delivers 10 times greater theoretical (∼4200 mAh/g) specific capacity than that of a traditional graphite anode (∼370 mAh/g). However, the widespread application of silicon materials has remained a significant challenge because of the large volume change during lithium insertion and extraction processes, disrupting both the Si electrode surface and electrode mechanical integrity. This large volume change causes electrode failure, leading to loss of the electrical contact and drastic capacity fading. Nanosizing the Si and Sn based anode materials provides better performance, but poses significant challenges to manufacturing of the electrode, including particle aggregation, and difficulties in maintaining constant electrical contacts to the nanoparticles, and excessive surface area. Conductive polymer binders can play multiple functions for Si electrode, including improved adhesion and connectivity, lithium ion compensation, better ion and electric conductivity as well as surface and interface modification. Organic and polymer chemistry has provided almost infinity possibilities to modify the polymeric binders to include the desired functionalities. This presentation will discuss the specific molecular design principles and synthetic steps to realize the structures and functionalities of the binders, how these binders interact with different alloy materials, and the electrochemical performances of the electrodes based on these binders.

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47

Derakhshankhah, Hossein, Rahim Mohammad-Rezaei, Bakhshali Massoumi, Mojtaba Abbasian, Aram Rezaei, Hadi Samadian, and Mehdi Jaymand. "Conducting polymer-based electrically conductive adhesive materials: design, fabrication, properties, and applications." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 31, no. 14 (June 9, 2020): 10947–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03712-0.

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48

Nocke, A. "Polymer composite based microbolometers." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2013): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-127-2013.

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Abstract. This work focuses on the basic suitability assessment of polymeric materials and the corresponding technological methods for the production of infrared (micro-) bolometer arrays. The sensitive layer of the microbolometer arrays in question is composed of an electrically conductive polymer composite. Semi-conducting tellurium and vanadium dioxide, as well as metallic silver, are evaluated concerning their suitability as conductive filling agents. The composites with the semi-conducting filling agents display the higher temperature dependence of electrical resistance, while the silver composites exhibit better noise performance. The particle alignment – homogeneous and chain-shaped alike – within the polymer matrix is characterized regarding the composites' electrical properties. For the production of microbolometer arrays, a technology chain is introduced based on established coat-forming and structuring standard technologies from the field of polymer processing, which are suitable for the manufacture of a number of parallel structures. To realize the necessary thermal isolation of the sensitive area, all pixels are realized as self-supporting structures by means of the sacrificial layer method. Exemplarily, 2 × 2 arrays with the three filling agents were manufactured. The resulting sensor responsivities lie in the range of conventional microbolometers. Currently, the comparatively poor thermal isolation of the pixels and the high noise levels are limiting sensor quality. For the microbolometers produced, the thermal resolution limit referring to the temperature of the object to be detected (NETD) has been measured at 6.7 K in the superior sensitive composite layer filled with silver particles.

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49

Tashkinov, M. A., A. D. Dobrydneva, V. P. Matveenko, and V. V. Silberschmidt. "Modeling the Effective Conductive Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites with a Random Arrangement of Graphene Oxide Particles." PNRPU Mechanics Bulletin, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.mech/2021.2.15.

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Сomposite materials are widely used in various industrial sectors, for example, in the aviation, marine and automotive industries, civil engineering and others. Methods based on measuring the electrical conductivity of a composite material have been actively developed to detect internal damage in polymer composite materials, such as matrix cracking, delamination, and other types of defects, which make it possible to monitor a composite’s state during its entire service life. Polymers are often used as matrices in composite materials. However, almost always pure polymers are dielectrics. The addition of nanofillers, such as graphene and its derivatives, has been successfully used to create conductive composites based on insulating polymers. The final properties of nanomodified composites can be influenced by many factors, including the type and intrinsic properties of nanoscale objects, their dispersion in the polymer matrix, and interphase interactions. The work deals with modeling of effective electric conductive properties of the representative volume elements of nanoscale composites based on a polymer matrix with graphene oxide particles distributed in it. In particular, methods for evaluating effective, electrically conductive properties have been studied, finite element modelling of representative volumes of polymer matrices with graphene oxide particles have been performed, and the influence of the tunneling effect and the orientation of inclusions on the conductive properties of materials have been investigated. The possibility of using models of resistive strain gauges operating on the principle of the tunneling effect is studied. Based on the finite-element modeling and graph theory tools, we created approaches for estimating changes in the conductive properties of the representative volume elements of a nanomodified matrix subjected to mechanical loading.

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50

Regnier, J., C. Cloarec, A. Cayla, C. Campagne, and E. Devaux. "Multifilaments based on partially miscible polymers blend filled with carbon nanotubes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1266, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1266/1/012020.

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Abstract Many textile fields, such as industrial structures or clothing, use the electrical conductivity variation of yarns to detect fluid leakage. Such yarns can be developed by melt spinning conductive polymer composites (CPC). CPC filaments are composed of a polymer’s matrix which is blended with sufficient quantity of electrically conductive fillers to make the filament conductive. To combine properties or improve the compounds preparation, more and more studies are investigating different polymers blends. In this study, CPC monofilaments and multifilaments are developed and characterized to observe the formulation influence on spinnability and the implementation process on the water detection. Two principles of water detection are studied on the CPC which is composed of a blend of partially miscible polymers (polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)) filled with carbon nanotubes (CNT). The principle of absorption is based on the electrical conductivity variation of the filament in contact with water. For the short circuit principle, the presence of the liquid is detected when the water creates a conductive path between two filaments in parallel.

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