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Статті в журналах з теми "Electrical market"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 23 вересня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Bobarykina, Elena Nikolaevna, and Viacheslav Aleksandrovich Khokhlov. "FACTORS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF THE LOCAL RUSSIAN MARKET OF ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS." Scientific Bulletin: finance, banking, investment., no. 3 (52) (2021): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2312-5330-2020-3-130-140.

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The purpose of the research is to systematize the factors of formation of one of the directions of the market of industrial goods, namely, the market of electrical goods. Many works by both domestic and foreign authors, who present different points of view and approaches to the study of this phenomenon, are devoted to the functioning of local markets. The market of industrial goods and its component — the market of electrical goods-occupies its place among the local markets of the Russian Federation. Exterial and internal factors of this market formation are considered, and dominant factors are highlighted. External, uncontrolled factors have a significant impact on the formation and implementation of the strategy of enterprises participating in the local market. Internal, controlled factors, in turn, are divided into stable and changing. Internal factors allow local market participants to respond to external factors in a timely and adequate manner and minimize their negative impact. The current state of the Russian local market of electrical goods is characterized by the import dependence of some Russian manufacturers of electrical goods on separate product groups. The market is also characterized by growth, which is due to the strategic importance of this product for other sectors of the economy. Modern trends in the development of the market of electrical goods are identified and analyzed, including the analysis of the structure and volume of production of electrical products in the context of domestic production and import revenues for selected groups of goods. The structure and dynamics of export deliveries of electrical goods are also analyzed in the context of the selected groups of goods and recipient countries. Keywords: local market, electrical goods, demand, supply, import, export.

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2

Gadge, Pramod, and Prakash Burade. "Optimal Spot Pricing Evaluation in Restructured Electrical Power System." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 1021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.100444.

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Electricity markets in both developed and developing countries have been considerably reorganized over the previous two decades. The unbundling of generation and transmission results in restructured electricity market which enhances the competition among the market traders in the regime of open access. Therefore, the transmission pricing methods should be skilled in translating transmission costs into tariffs to allow participation, which leads to profitable effectiveness, allows the grid owner to recover prices, and makes market participants aware of the system's supply defense and consistency maintained. This research intends to (1) examine the drivers behind power transmission pricing, (2) Create AC-DC OPF-based Nodal Pricing methodology, and (3) work out prices for India’s real transmission network to enable market participants to compete and make the best decisions. Finally, the study indicated that the planned methodology is more appropriate for rising nations to achieve the goals of building extensive energy markets.

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3

AVERIKHINA, Tetiana, Maryna BURIACHENKO, and Valeriia VASYLIEVA. "Modern trends of the world market of electrical equipment." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 6/1 (June 30, 2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2021.6(1).1.

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Introduction. The world market of electrical equipment is developing very fast. There are many companies in the market that sell electrical equipment, among them there are companies that occupy leading positions. Today, the world market of energy engineering is estimated at 87 billion dollars per year, based on the structural dynamics of growth, the annual volume can reach 110-115 billion dollars per year until 2025. The global market for energy equipment service in 2020 is 31.7 billion dollars, including: LTSA (long-term service) 47 %, modernization – 20 %, field service – 24 %, engineering – 9 %. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the world market of electrical equipment, determine sales, business growth. The list of leaders in electrical equipment on the world market is considered. Results. The main trends in the world today are the following areas: development of DC transmission system, cable lines for underwater laying and cable for connections of renewable energy sources to reduce energy transmission costs through the capabilities of existing transmission lines, through network voltages and innovative design solutions and installation methods. The amendment for these trends shows us the world leaders in the electrical market, such as Legrand, Schneider Electric, ABB, Siemens, DEKraft, SASSIN, EKF, etc., R&D costs are 3.5–5 % of profits (over 60 years). Thus, we can conclude that the global market for cable networks is developing rapidly. This market is expected to grow in the development of smart grid technologies, renewable energy generation and initiatives to modernize the transmission and distribution system. Conclusion. That the global cable ladder market is developing rapidly. This market is expected to grow in the development of smart grid technologies, renewable energy cultivation and government initiatives to modernize transmission and distribution systems.

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4

Langston, Lee S. "Plowing New Ground." Mechanical Engineering 131, no. 05 (May 1, 2009): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2009-may-5.

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This article presents an overview of the gas turbine industry. The annual value of production provides the vital signs for the industry. Forecast International in Newtown, Connecticut, uses its computer models and extensive database to monitor value of production for both the aviation and the non-aviation gas turbine market. The largest segment in the industry is aviation—jet engines and turboprop engines for commercial and military manned aircraft—with $21.4 billion in production. While aviation is the largest market for gas turbines, the non-aviation segment is the broadest. General Electric’s new LMS100 gas turbine is one example firmly on the cutting edge. Introduced in 2005 and rated at 100 MW, the LMS100 is the first modern production electric power gas turbine to have an intercooler. The LMS100 is aimed at the mid-merit and daily cycling segments of the electrical market—the difficult-to-predict, must-be-ready-to-start electrical peak and intermediary power providers.

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5

Mangkara, Sessario Bayu, Hayati Sari Hasibuan, and Ellyna Chairani. "Using life cycle inventory to improve the sustainability of traditional market management: a case study in Pandansari Market Balikpapan and Ibuh Market Payakumbuh." E3S Web of Conferences 74 (2018): 11001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187411001.

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Indonesia has 13,450 traditional market with 12.6 million traders in 2016. This type of markets has significant role and contribution for the national economic, the traders and the consumers. This research aims to investigate the sustainability of business model in traditional market. Study area are Pasar Pandansari in Balikpapan and Pasar Ibuh, Payakumbuh. Using the LCA methods, this study adopts some phases of International Standard Organization (ISO) 14040 consisting of setting up the goal and scope, and data inventory. Identified inputs include electrical energy, water, and materials/goods to sale. In addition, this study also investigates the economic aspect through the identification of the retribution income to the local government or management and environmental impacts. This study found that Pandansari Market has more extravagant inputs, especially in the consumption of electrical energy 78.5 kW/month (market stall) and 1,217 kW/month (kiosk) and this has an impact on environmental pollution through the exploitation of electrical energy in traditional market environments. The policy of using lights and electronic devices that have low kW and applying the concept of reward and punishment to traders can improve the sustainability of traditional market management.

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6

Tedmon, C. S., and A. Roeder. "Technologies for the future global electrical power market—impact of deregulated markets." Electricity Journal 8, no. 10 (December 1995): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6190(95)90144-2.

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7

Ivan Rajšl, Slavko Krajcar, and Krešimir Krpan. "APPLICATION OF MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS IN ELECTRICITY MARKET SIMULATORS." Journal of Energy - Energija 56, no. 6 (November 22, 2022): 642–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2007566371.

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Since the liberalization and deregulation of the electricity markets throughout the world are in full swing, the number of market participants, as well as their diversity, is sharply increasing. In the traditional monopolistic market model, all the processes that occur in a power system have been supervised by vertically integrated companies. Since market logic is changing from that oriented toward minimizing generation costs for electrical energy to the trend of maximizing profit, the risk is being distributed among all the market participants uniformly and is no longer entirely borne by the final consumers. Under such uncertain conditions, in which the prices of electrical energy change from hour to hour, each market participant wants a reliable tool to facilitate optimal and quality decisions and strategic performance.

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8

Langston, Lee S. "Clear Skies Ahead." Mechanical Engineering 138, no. 06 (June 1, 2016): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2016-jun-3.

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This article discusses various fields where gas turbines can play a vital role. Building engines for commercial jetliners is the largest market segment for the gas turbine industry; however, it is far from being the only one. One 2015 military gas turbine program of note was the announcement of an U.S. Air Force competition for an innovative design of a small turbine engine, suitable for a medium-size drone aircraft. The electrical power gas turbine market experienced a sharp boom and bust from 2000 to 2002 because of the deregulation of many electric utilities. Since then, however, the electric power gas turbine market has shown a steady increase, right up to present times. Coal-fired plants now supply less than 5 percent of the electrical load, having been largely replaced by new natural gas-fired gas turbine power plants. Working in tandem with renewable energy power facilities, the new fleet of gas turbines is expected to provide reliable, on-demand electrical power at a reasonable cost.

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9

Latyshev, Kostiantyn, Kateryna Pryakhina, and Oksana Zbyrannyk. "MARKETING ANALYSIS OF THE MARKET FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRODUCTS." Transactions of Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University, no. 4(129) (August 23, 2021): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30929/1995-0519.2021.4.61-66.

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Purpose is to study the problem of efficiency of electrical enterprises by conducting a marketing analysis of the market of electrical products. Methodology. A set of theoretical and empirical methods of scientific cognition was used to solve the set tasks: analysis and transformation, diagnostic, deduction and analogy, statistical methods of comparative analysis, synthesis, graphic image. The information and empirical base is the data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, reports of the leading enterprises of Ukraine, materials of monographic researches of domestic and foreign scientists, Internet resources. Findings. The dynamics of the output of electrical products in 2018 shows that there is a slow growth in the production of electrical products, and the level of production in 2016 is not even 50% reached. The most needed in the market of electrical products are products for electricity consumption, which is important for the study of the marketing environment. The domestic market of lighting products shows a growing trend, in 2018 sold LED products worth 123 million euros, which was 47% of total production of lighting products. The economic crisis has somewhat destabilized the lighting market and reduced the growth rate of sales, but did not significantly affect the market of LED light sources. Originality. The modern domestic lighting market is focused on innovative products and energy-saving technologies, which in the structure of lighting sources occupy 75% of total sales. In the forecast period (2021–2023), the predominance of energy-saving technologies in the structure of sales will be observed, which is due to a significant rise in energy prices. Practical value. The study will allow domestic manu- facturers of lighting products in order to maintain their own position in the market, it is necessary to take active meas- ures to form and improve their own image. Сonclusions. The key potential opportunities for lighting companies are: the formation of mutually beneficial partnerships and business relationships in domestic and international markets through the formation of integration associations, which will form a strategy of attractive prices; opportunity to expand the range of products and services on the market, intensify marketing activities, improve the quality of management, use resources more efficiently, compete successfully with foreign companies.

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10

Denton, Michael J., Stephen J. Rassenti, Vernon L. Smith, and Steven R. Backerman. "Market power in a deregulated electrical industry." Decision Support Systems 30, no. 3 (January 2001): 357–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9236(00)00111-1.

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11

Ninni, Augusto. "The world market for heavy electrical equipment." Utilities Policy 1, no. 4 (July 1991): 358–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0957-1787(91)90084-i.

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12

Rodriguez-Aguilar, Roman, Jose Antonio Marmolejo-Saucedo, and Brenda Retana-Blanco. "Prices of Mexican Wholesale Electricity Market: An Application of Alpha-Stable Regression." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (June 6, 2019): 3185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113185.

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This paper presents a proposal to estimate prices in the Mexican Wholesale Electric Market, which began operations in February 2016, which is why it moves from a scheme with a single bidder to a competitive market. There are particularities in the case of the Mexican market, the main one being the gradual increase in the number of competitors observed until now and, on the other hand, the geographic and technical characteristics of the electric power generation. The observed prices to date show great fluctuations in the observed data due to diverse aspects; among the stems we can mention the own seasonality of the demand of electrical energy, the availability of fuel, the problems of congestion in the electrical network, as well as other risks such as natural hazards. For the above, it is relevant in a market context to have a price estimation as accurate as possible for the decision-making of supply and demand. This paper proposes a methodology for the generation of electricity price estimation through the application of stable alpha regressions, since the behavior of the electric market has shown the presence of heavy tails in its price distribution.

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13

Röben, Felix, Hans Schäfers, Anna Meißner, and Jerom de Haan. "Smart Balancing of Electrical Power in Germany: Fuzzy Logic Model to Simulate Market Response." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 2309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082309.

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Recent EU legislation enforces the integration of European balancing markets, with harmonized products and international platforms for the procurement and activation of reserves; nonetheless, different power balancing strategies remain. The Netherlands and Belgium encourage market participants to support balancing the control block by publishing real-time information. This article refers to such concepts as smart balancing, and a market simulation tool was developed to assess the relevant market parameters for effective smart balancing. This shall contribute to the true integration of real-time balancing energy markets. The scope of the assessment of relevant market parameters was Germany, and the results showed that a pricing scheme had less impact on the results, as currently is understood by European TSOs and regulators. Moreover, the accuracy and frequency of real-time publication indicate the effectiveness of smart balancing and the associated reduction of the activation of balancing energy and associated costs. Consequently, this article proposed a road map for Germany to introduce an adapted smart balancing approach, starting with a simple traffic light.

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14

Reich, Leonard S. "Lighting the Path to Profit: GE's Control of the Electric Lamp Industry, 1892–1941." Business History Review 66, no. 2 (1992): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116940.

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Founded in 1892, General Electric set out to dominate the American electrical industry. This article is an explanation of how the company accomplished this goal in the highly profitable electric lamp (“light bulb”) market. GE's techniques included technology leadership through in-house development and the purchase of patent rights, discriminatory agreements with suppliers based on market power, and cartel arrangements of various sorts, both foreign and domestic. The article shows how one company was able to use financial and market power, combined with early control of a rapidly developing technology, to gain and then hold a major American market for half a century.

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15

Ginavičienė, Jurgita, and Indrė Sprogytė. "THE STUDY ABOUT ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN LITHUANIA." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 6 (May 28, 2021): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2021vol6.6323.

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Electric cars are very important for the circular economy. If we are using the electric vehicle we can reduce emission savings and protect the environment. Electric vehicles can contribute to energy efficiency, reducing carbon emissions unfortunately, despite everything, the development of the electric vehicle market in Lithuania remains relatively slow. Electric vehicles are more expensive than traditional vehicles, there is a lack of the necessary infrastructure, and consumers do not have enough information on the benefits of green cars. The main purpose of this article is to research electric vehicles market in Lithuania. The methods of research include scientific literature analysis, statistics data comparative analysis. Electrical vehicle market in Lithuania is growing. From 2017 until 2020 M1 class electric cars was purchased 35 %. At the same period the market of new electric car increased 50 %, used electric vehicle increased only 27 %.

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16

Baryshnikov, Yuliy, James Borger, Wonsuck Lee, and Abdol Saleh. "Modeling market dynamics in competitive communication consumer markets." Bell Labs Technical Journal 13, no. 2 (August 18, 2008): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bltj.20314.

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17

Chambers, C. "News - Comment. Money & Markets. Stock Market - Tech companies' share prices racing ahead in market uncertainty." Engineering & Technology 15, no. 10 (November 1, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2020.1037.

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18

GULKO, LES. "THE ENTROPIC MARKET HYPOTHESIS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 02, no. 03 (July 1999): 293–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024999000170.

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Information theory teaches that entropy is the fundamental limit for data compression, and electrical engineers routinely use entropy as a criterion for efficient storage and transmission of information. Since modern financial theory teaches that competitive market prices store and transmit information with some efficiency, should financial economists be concerned with entropy? This paper presents a market model in which entropy emerges endogenously as a condition for the operational efficiency of price discovery while entropy maximization emerges as a condition for the informational efficiency of market prices. The maximum-entropy formalism makes the efficient market hypothesis operational and testable. This formalism is used to establish that entropic markets admit no arbitrage and support both the Ross arbitrage pricing theory and the Black–Scholes stock option pricing model.

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19

Bopp, R. L., M. M. McDaniel, J. D. Hill, and J. P. Peterson. "The gray market trojan horse [used electrical equipment]." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 31, no. 3 (1995): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.382114.

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20

Kostromina, Elena, Marina Danilina, Svetlana Ivanova, Natalia Bespalova, Yulia Golikova, Ivan Kondrashov, and Yury Kosolapov. "Particularities of the sustainable energy technologies and labour market in Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 217 (2020): 11009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021711009.

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The energy sector is now experiencing a renaissance thanks to new opportunities offered by innovative technologies that are filling the market, for example in the field of storage and management of electrical energy. For the controlled development of distributed generation, maintaining the stability of the energy system while maintaining the price advantages of small generation, the speed of commissioning new power capacities and the scalability of the solutions used, a new subject of relations in the electricity market is proposed - an active energy complex. This is an energy system that is electrically connected within the general boundaries of the balance sheet membership, which includes energy receiving, generating, accumulating (if any), electric grid energy equipment and a control system for this energy system as a single complex in order to meet energy needs. There is a contradiction between the development of the labour market and the achievement of environmental well-being. On one hand, environmental pollution, depletion of natural capital has a negative impact on the state of the labour market, employment of the population, and on the other hand - activities to improve the environment, eliminate the accumulated environmental damage, the development of a market for environmental works, goods and services promote the expansion of employment, not only green, but general employment.

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21

Ivan Tominov. "LIBERALIZATION OF THE ELECTRICITY MARKET ‒ IS IT MEETING EXPECTATIONS?" Journal of Energy - Energija 57, no. 3 (October 11, 2022): 256–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2008573324.

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The fundamental declarative goal of the reform of the electrical power industry, i.e. the liberalization of the electricity market, has been and remains to raise the efficiency of the electrical power sector, primarily for the purpose of increasing the competitiveness of the economy. The following had been expected from the liberalization of the electricity market: reduction in the price of electricity, improvement in the level of service, reduction in the differences in prices among countries, the option for each customer to choose a supplier, and an increase in the efficiency of the sector by reducing the need for the construction and maintenance of reserve capacities. This work presents an investigation and analysis of the extent to which these goals for the liberalization of the electricity market have been achieved and are achievable, how successful the shift has been from a monopolistic organizational structure of the electrical power industry to a competitive structure, i.e. whether the liberalization of the electricity market has met expectations. Based upon assessment of the cost-benefit ratio from the liberalization of the electricity market, it can be said that liberalization will not achieve the primary goal for which it was initiated, which is reduction of the price of electricity. The goal of making prices uniform was also not achieved because there are still great differences in the prices of electricity among countries. There has been no significant shift in the organizational structure of the electrical power industry from monopolistic to competitive. Positive shifts have been achieved in raising the level of the quality of services, increasing the efficiency of the sector by reducing the need for the construction and maintenance of reserve capacities, and in the formal opening of the markets. These research findings confirm the hypothesis presented in the introduction to this work that the primary goals of the liberalization of the electricity markets have not been achieved. It can be concluded that the liberalization of the electricity market has not fulfilled expectations. Moreover, according to the current status of the reforms and the tendencies in these processes, these goals have not been achieved in the manner in which the initial reforms were imagined and defined.

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22

Yang, Dongmei, Yong Sun, Baoju Li, Xiaochen Zhang, Pengfei Li, and Dunnan Liu. "Market clearing model of distribution network-side integrated energy system." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016501019.

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In an electric-gas integrated energy system that considers the coupling conditions between systems, there is energy transaction between the systems. So the node energy price setting method and market clearing strategy of the coupled system are worth studying. First of all, this paper establishes a market clearing model for electricity / gas subsystems and a method for solving node energy prices. Then, a market clearing model of the electrical coupling system is established based on this. Finally, an example to verify the effectiveness of the nodal energy price formulation method and the market clearing model is given.

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23

Vasile, Nicolae, Bogdan Tene, Andrei Nedelschi, Nicolae Fidel, and Ionuţ Craiu. "AUTONOMY OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS. TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS BASED ON STORAGE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY." Scientific Bulletin of Electrical Engineering Faculty 18, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sbeef-2017-0023.

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Abstract The paper deals with the concept of autonomy of electrical systems, which is becoming more and more present, in the context in which the electric-non-electric relation existing on the market is constantly changing in favor of electricity. The factors influencing this trend come from imposing the principles of Sustainable Development, the exhaustiveness of fossil forms of energy, technological advances in the electrical and electronic components industry and their connection with computers. Evolution of Smart Grid, Smart Grid, Smart City, Smart Building, Smart Transport, etc. provides a global electronic system that will power and control most of the economic activity.

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24

Kumar, Jatinder. "Reliability Centred Planning, Mapping & Analysis of Electronics and Electrical Systems in Electric Mobility." Journal of Advanced Research in Manufacturing, Material Science & Metallurgical Engineering 08, no. 01 (April 19, 2021): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2456.429x.202101.

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Reliability of a product is very critical aspect for a new product to create a success story in present age. This paper is focused on automobile industry especially in electric mobility domain. IC engines are in this market from last 100+ years and too much improvement work has been done in IC engine domain. First car powered by IC engine was made in 1885 by Karl Benzand from 1885 to present the IC engine mobility have undergone numerous process improvements and established them as a reliable mode of mobility. There are many process models available online which can be used to improve the reliability of IC engine powered mobility. In case of electric mobility there is major integration of three different domains electrical, mechanical & electronics. Electrical mobility is just 2 decade old and major developments happened in this space in last one decade. The major challenge in electric mobility domain is the change content, in IC engine mobility the if we compare one car model to another car model the change content is <25% but in case of electric mobility vs IC engine mobility the change content is >75%. Now the challenge is to manage & effectively synchronize this high change content moreover to establish the product reliability as equal or better than existing IC engine powered mobility. There are various reliability improvement models are available in electrical, mechanical and electronics domain. There is a need to integrate the reliability improvement models of electrical and electronics domain with automobile (mechanical domain) keeping automobile reliability improvement models as masters of process so that to establish product reliability in electric mobility. The overall aim of this dissertation work is to develop a reliability engineering model to establish the reliability and dependability of electric mobility in future.

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25

Vrabie, Catalin. "Electric Vehicles Optimism versus the Energy Market Reality." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 5388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095388.

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The promotion of new electric and hybrid vehicles is a worldwide strategy to reduce carbon emissions for a clean future environment in many countries. In Europe, development of the electric vehicle (EV) industry is a strategic direction of multiple car-producing companies, institutes, and governments, but how sustainable it is to shift fully to electric has yet to be seen. By making use of the statistic reports from the European Union, scientific literature, and mathematical calculation, the author wants to examine if what politicians see will be a matter of reality in the near future. It will be proved that, if all private transport become electric, energy consumption will increase to such a level that is impossible to be satisfied by the actual energy producing companies. While the EV industry is seen as an important step towards achieving environmental goals, and despite some positive assumptions made by few European Governments (e.g., Norway) according to which electrical cars will replace the fossil fuel ones in private transportation, the actual energy market trends are not able to support the demand for the next several decades. The author will focus on one European country, Romania, to provide it as a case study (Romania is a self-sustainable country with regard to energy production, producing roughly 124% of its needs.).

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Czech, Zbigniew, Robert Pełech, Agnieszka Kowalczyk, Arkadiusz Kowalski, and Rafał Wróbel. "Electrically conductive acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives containing carbon black." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 13, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-011-0053-2.

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Electrically conductive acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives containing carbon black Acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) are non electrical conductive materials. The electrical conductivity is incorporated into acrylic self-adhesive polymer after adding electrically conductive additives like carbon black, especially nano carbon black. After an addition of electrical conductive carbon black, the main and typical properties of pressure-sensitive adhesives such as tack, peel adhesion and shear strength, are deteriorated. The investigations reveals that the acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives basis must be synthesised with ameliorated initial performances, like high tack, excellent adhesion and very good cohesion. Currently, the electrical conductive solvent-borne acrylic PSA containing carbon black are not commercially available on the market. They are promising materials which can be applied for the manufacturing of diverse technical high performance self-adhesive products, such as broadest line of special electrically conductive sensitive tapes.

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27

Mahdavian, Mehdi, and Naruemon Wattanapongsakorn. "Optimizing Greenhouse Lighting for Advanced Agriculture Based on Real Time Electricity Market Price." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6862038.

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The world’s growing demand for food can be met by agricultural technology. Use of artificial light to supplement natural sunlight in greenhouse cultivation is one of the most common techniques to increase greenhouse production of food crops. However, artificial light requires significant electrical energy, which increases the cost of greenhouse production and can reduce profit. This paper models the increments to greenhouse productivity as well as the increases in cost from supplemental electric lighting, in a situation where the greenhouse is one of the elements of a smart grid, a system where the electric energy market is dynamic and prices vary over time. We used our models to calculate the optimum values for supplemental light and the required electrical energy for HPS lamps in the greenhouse environment, using cherry tomato cultivation as a case study crop. We considered two optimization techniques: iterative search (IS) and genetic algorithm (GA). The two approaches produced similar results, although the GA method was much faster. Both approaches verify the advantages of using optimal supplemental light in terms of increasing production and hence profit.

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Park, Kwang-Muk, Jae-Hyuk Choi, and Jun-Ho Bang. "Investigation of Distribution Status of Recalled Electric Mat Products and Analysis of Problems through Safety Tests." Fire Science and Engineering 36, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.4f1d6e89.

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Despite the media publicity regarding fire risks, a sharp decline in market size, and safety tests conducted by the Electrical Appliances and Household Appliances Safety Management Laws, electric mats distributed in the market have problems related to fires every year. The causes and problems of the fire were analyzed from the perspective that fire outbreaks may occur. Recall status and defect analysis, fire statistics analysis, recall product sales status investigation, and safety verification experiment for certified products were conducted. Based on a survey of the sales status of recalled products in traditional markets, recalled products were sold in three out of 10 stores, and recalled products were also traded in the second-hand Internet market. For the safety verification experiment, the KC 60335-2-17 standard was applied to 10 safety-certified products sold on the Internet, and major experiments were conducted. The test results showed seven out of 10 products exceeded the standard value. In confirming the identity of the thermostat of the 10 tested products, three showed a difference from the products at the time of actual certification.

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29

Denney, Dennis. "Reducing Oilfield Electrical Power Costs in a Deregulated Market." Journal of Petroleum Technology 54, no. 03 (March 1, 2002): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0302-0054-jpt.

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30

Dalabeih, D., A. Dahbour, A. Al Mabrouk, and R. Al Qadi. "Minimal Path Technique for Congestion Management in Electrical Market." Global Journal of Energy Technology Research Updates 6, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-5818.2019.06.6.

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31

Teeter, Jeanne O'Malley. "A Review of the Functional Electrical Stimulation Equipment Market." Assistive Technology 4, no. 1 (June 30, 1992): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400435.1992.10132191.

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32

Markarian, Jennifer. "Additives in the North American electrical and electronics market." Plastics, Additives and Compounding 4, no. 9 (September 2002): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-391x(02)80136-2.

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Castagneto Gissey, Giorgio, Paul E. Dodds, and Jonathan Radcliffe. "Market and regulatory barriers to electrical energy storage innovation." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82 (February 2018): 781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.079.

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34

Hepbasli, Arif. "Reforming the Energy Market and Utilization of Electrical Energy." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 1, no. 2 (July 2006): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/009083190881580.

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35

Abdelkader, S. "Transmission loss allocation in a deregulated electrical energy market." Electric Power Systems Research 76, no. 11 (July 2006): 962–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2005.12.014.

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36

Niko Mandić. "ANALYSIS OF THE OCCURRENCE OF THE NEGATIVE PRICE ON THE EUROPEAN ENERGY EXCHANGE (EEX) ELECTRICITY SPOT MARKET." Journal of Energy - Energija 58, no. 2 (September 16, 2022): 136–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2009582295.

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The EEX (European Energy Exchange) has become, along with Nord Pool in Nordic countries, the most significant energy exchange in continental Europe. EEX’s prices and possibilities often represent a reference in the electricity trade on the local or regional markets of European countries. The work also shows and deliberates on the occurrence of negative prices on the EEX electricity spot market at the end of December 2008. The negative price, when predicted and allowed in the market model structure at the energy exchange, mirrors the situation on the market in which the offer has significantly exceeded the demand. Although the achievement of the negative price on the electricity market is more of an exception than a rule, it is interesting to contemplate the reasons for such an unusual occurrence. Since its introduction onto the EEX, the negative market price has been achieved only a few times, mostly in particular hours at night when the consumption of electrical energy is normally reduced. The situation analysed in this work is interesting because the negative price was achieved in the period of a few successive hours and because of the achieved amounts of the negative price, so the work contemplates on possible causes which led to such a situation. Since European electrical power systems are well connected, an analysis has been performed and the work presents how the observed occurrences in western and middle Europe have impacted electricity flows in the Croatian electrical power system and its surrounding.

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37

Cui-hui, Yan, Liu Fang, Hu Chaofan, Cui Hui, and Wang Bin. "Research and Discuss on Market model based on Blockchain." E3S Web of Conferences 57 (2018): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185703001.

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Electric power industry is the foundation of national economy and plays a key role in the development of human society. Traditional power industry is monopolized by industry and lacked of market efficiency. In recent years, it is seeking breakthroughs in the market-oriented reform. Although China’s electricity market reform has achieved some achievement, it is still lacked of market players, regional transactions, excessive data management, concentration and other defects. This paper puts forward higher requirements for the system design of power market transactions. The electrical power market is facing with the security and performance challenges, it is to improve the electrical power market transaction mode and to enhance transaction security, blockchain is a new decentralized framework and with a distributed computing paradigm, which integrates and innovates a variety of computer technologies, then it constructed a perfect competitive electricity market system. Using of different levels of multi auction trading model to integrate the province’s trading and inter provincial trading parts in one system. In the part of inter-province trading, it adopted the contract trading and bidding coexist pattern, the trade is carried out in each province Surplus-deficit electricity which based on the meet of the province’s demand basis. By using blockchain, it can conducted the intelligent contract and record the whole transaction information discretely, and provided the inquiry transaction channel to the users, so it can achieve the resource scheduling fairness and transaction information in security.

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38

Li, Haolan, Tiancheng He, Xihong Liao, and Weizhen Tong. "China’s Green Bond Market: Structural Characteristics, Formation Factors, and Development Suggestions—Based on the Comparison of the Chinese and the US Green Bond Markets Structure." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2022 (October 4, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1890029.

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Since 2012, green bond markets have boomed worldwide, particularly in the European Union, the United States, and China. Under this background, the researchers use the methods of literature research, qualitative analysis, and descriptive research to compare the structure of Chinese and American green bond markets and analyze their differences from the perspective of historical evolution, issuance standards, and market operation characteristics. The researchers believe that China’s bank-oriented financial structure and America’s market-oriented financial structure are the main reasons for the difference between the two countries. The researchers then discuss the strengths and weaknesses of China’s green bond market and conclude that the advantages of China’s green bond market structure lie in low risk and close relationships between banks and enterprises, while the disadvantages lie in low financial efficiency and give relevant suggestions. This article makes up for the lack of cross-country comparison in the existing research on the green bond market and provides a qualitative research perspective. The suggestions put forward have specific policy significance for developing the green bond market in China and other developing countries.

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39

Mozdawar, Seyed Alireza, Asghar Akbari Foroud, and Meysam Amirahmadi. "Interdependent electricity markets design: Market power and gaming." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 136 (March 2022): 107641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107641.

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40

Wachi, Tsunehisa, Suguru Fukutome, Luonan Chen, and Yoshinori Makino. "Decomposition of Market Clearing Price in Electricity Markets." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 126, no. 3 (2006): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.126.297.

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41

Kyzym, M. O., and T. I. Salashenko. "The Alternative Model of Competitive Electric Energy Market of Ukraine (Part 2)." Business Inform 9, no. 512 (2020): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-9-117-127.

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The development of a competitive electric energy commodity market in Ukraine does not guarantee the creation of the necessary conditions for the security of electricity supply and the adequacy in developing the energy system. The conflict of commercial interests with the physical needs of the energy system causes the need to introduce the capacities market as a complementary segment to the electric energy commodity market. Ukraine has determined that the capacities market will function in the form of competitive procedures according to the targeted scope-oriented approach. Ukrainian capacities market has not yet been launched, but it is already possible to assume its potential ineffectiveness and inefficiency. Significant disadvantages of the electric energy cycle of Ukraine prove the insufficiency of a targeted approach to its organization. In addition, there are also pathological systemic problems with regard to the electrical energy industry of Ukraine (narrow diversification, inflexibility, heavy overtime load of power units, isolation and rapid development of renewable sources of electricity generation). The article proposes an alternative model of Ukrainian capacities market, which provides for: the organization of the balancing capacities market for the preliminary dispatching of both physical and commercial electric energy flows in the energy system; formation of the market of traditional capacities to ensure the adequacy of the development of the energy system; development of the market of alternative capacities for the integration of renewable electric energy generation, taking into account the requirements of flexibility of the energy system. The authors have identified significant advantages of this model compared to the proposed one, which will ensure operational security of electricity supplies and adequacy of the development of the energy system.

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42

Lee, Kwang-Ho. "Analysis on Competitive Electricity Market with Emissions Trading Market." Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 69, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2020.69.4.542.

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43

Sheblé, G. B., and K. H. Ng. "Economic lessons from the market evolution of present US power markets." IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution 148, no. 2 (2001): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-gtd:20010326.

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44

Khederzadeh, Mojtaba, and Mohammad Khalili. "High Penetration of Electrical Vehicles in Microgrids: Threats and Opportunities." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 15, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2014-0083.

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Abstract Given that the microgrid concept is the building block of future electric distribution systems and electrical vehicles (EVs) are the future of transportation market, in this paper, the impact of EVs on the performance of microgrids is investigated. Demand-side participation is used to cope with increasing demand for EV charging. The problem of coordination of EV charging and discharging (with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) functionality) and demand response is formulated as a market-clearing mechanism that accepts bids from the demand and supply sides and takes into account the constraints put forward by different parts. Therefore, a day-ahead market with detailed bids and offers within the microgrid is designed whose objective is to maximize the social welfare which is the difference between the value that consumers attach to the electrical energy they buy plus the benefit of the EV owners participating in the V2G functionality and the cost of producing/purchasing this energy. As the optimization problem is a mixed integer nonlinear programming one, it is decomposed into one master problem for energy scheduling and one subproblem for power flow computation. The two problems are solved iteratively by interfacing MATLAB with GAMS. Simulation results on a sample microgrid with different residential, commercial and industrial consumers with associated demand-side biddings and different penetration level of EVs support the proposed formulation of the problem and the applied methods.

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45

Nguyen, Minh Y., and Duc M. Nguyen. "A Generalized Formulation of Demand Response under Market Environments." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 16, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2014-0147.

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Abstract This paper presents a generalized formulation of Demand Response (DR) under deregulated electricity markets. The problem is scheduling and controls the consumption of electrical loads according to the market price to minimize the energy cost over a day. Taking into account the modeling of customers’ comfort (i.e., preference), the formulation can be applied to various types of loads including what was traditionally classified as critical loads (e.g., air conditioning, lights). The proposed DR scheme is based on Dynamic Programming (DP) framework and solved by DP backward algorithm in which the stochastic optimization is used to treat the uncertainty, if any occurred in the problem. The proposed formulation is examined with the DR problem of different loads, including Heat Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), Electric Vehicles (EVs) and a newly DR on the water supply systems of commercial buildings. The result of simulation shows significant saving can be achieved in comparison with their traditional (On/Off) scheme.

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46

Kumar, Nitesh, Yashpal Rathod, Shubham Kumar, and S. Vidyasagar. "Wireless Power charging system with Self-Adjusting Charge nodes for Electric Vehicles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2335, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2335/1/012051.

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Abstract Electrical Vehicles wireless charging emerges every year with new trends. Charging Techniques for Electric Vehicles has progressed competently in the wireless charging market. Wireless charging takes upon two coupled coils and its mutual inductance is relative to each other. In this work, a self-aligning Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging is proposed. The major idea is to upgrade the efficiency of Electric Vehicle charging through proper alignment for the Receiver and Transmitter of Electric Vehicles.

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47

Wang, Yong Li, Dan Shi, Li Shan Fan, and Ji Qiong Han. "Research of the Status of Electrical Energy in Energy Consumption in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 701-702 (December 2014): 1369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.701-702.1369.

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Nowadays, energy consumption has been to be one of the biggest problems in China. It is very important to increase proportion of electric power among the end-use energy market for optimization of end-use energy consumption structure. Research on the status of electrical energy in energy consumption for China is a critical method to improve its development. In this paper, it analyses the electrical energy status in the industry energy consumption from 1995 to 2010. Secondly, status of electrical energy in the final energy consumption has been researched deeply. Finally, it analyses the role of electrical energy in energy consumption according to the curve of data from 1995 to 2010, gives some suggestions for optimization of the energy consumption structure so that save energy.

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48

Schröter, Harm G. "The German Question, the Unification of Europe, and the European Market Strategies of Germany's Chemical and Electrical Industries, 1900–1992." Business History Review 67, no. 3 (1993): 369–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500070343.

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Recent events in Europe have given rise to renewed speculation about the possible economic threat of a resurgent united Germany. This article examines six leading German firms in the electrical and chemical industries over the course of the twentieth century in an attempt to understand the historical realities of the foreign market strategies of Germany's largest firms. The author concludes that the changed configuration of international markets, the post-Second World War “Americanization” of German management, and the growing perception of a “European home market” have combined to remove the threat implicit in “the German question.”

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49

Corredor, P. H., and A. M. Fonseca. "Columbian electricity market." IEEE Power Engineering Review 19, no. 9 (September 1999): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1999.785785.

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50

Mills, Alan. "Strong market dynamics." III-Vs Review 18, no. 7 (September 2005): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-1290(05)71296-5.

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