Дисертації з теми "Electric field induced phase transition"

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1

Koussir, Houda. "Multiscale study of the electric field induced transition in the Mott phase of GaMo4S8 crystals and TaSe2 monolayers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILN004.

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Dans le domaine de la physique de la matière condensée, les isolants de Mott sont essentiels pour explorer des phénomènes électroniques complexes, ayant des implications significatives pour la supraconductivité à haute température et les liquides de spin quantiques. Cette thèse porte sur deux types d'isolants de Mott qui se distinguent l'un de l'autre par leur dimensionalité : des cristaux de GaMo4S8 et des monocouches de 1T-TaSe2.Après avoir introduit leurs propriétés dans le premier chapitre, le second chapitre traite des techniques utilisées pour caractériser ces matériaux à l'échelle locale, d'une part la microscopie et spectroscopie à effet tunnel pour mener une étude structurale et électronique et d'autre part la microscopie à effet tunnel à pointes multiples pour effectuer des mesures de transport.Cette dernière technique a notamment servi à analyser le transport dans GaMo4S8. Nous nous sommes alors intéressés à la réponse du matériau aux champs électriques externes, examinant le champ électrique seuil en fonction de la géométrie des électrodes et explorant l'évolution temporelle des temps de commutation en relation avec les distances inter-électrodes. L'obtention de transitions volatiles ouvre la voie à des applications telles que l'opération d'un microneurone à température ambiante.Pour mieux contrôler les propriétés de transition de phase des isolants de Mott, il est intéressant de considérer des systèmes bidimensionnels dans lesquels le passage du courant est confiné dans le plan du cristal. Aussi, le dernier chapitre se rapporte à la phase 1T du TaSe2, épitaxiée sur des substrats semi-conducteurs de phosphure de gallium (GaP). Comme le révèle l'étude réalisée par microscopie à effet tunnel à basse température, les monocouches de 1T-TaSe2 ne présentent pas seulement la modulation de la densité de charge (étoile de David) caractéristique de la phase onde de densité de charge, mais aussi un motif de Moiré original dû à l'interaction de la monocouche avec le substrat de GaP. Dans cette phase, caractérisée par spectroscopie tunnel, une bande interdite a été mise en évidence, signature de l'état isolant de Mott à basse température. L'état de Mott est corroboré par des mesures de transport dépendant de la température, qui indiquent la persistance de la phase isolante jusqu'à 400 kelvins. De plus, des mesures spectroscopiques à distance pointe-surface variable ont montré l'existence de transitions isolant-métal à basse température. L'observation de telles transitions permet d'envisager l'utilisation de cette hétérostructure à grande échelle comme candidat potentiel en tant que matériau neuromorphique
In the realm of condensed matter physics, Mott insulators are essential for exploring complex electronic phenomena, with significant implications for high-temperature superconductivity and quantum spin liquids. This thesis investigates two types of such materials, distinguished by their dimensionality : GaMo4S8 crystals and monolayer 1T-TaSe2.After presenting their properties in the first chapter, the second chapter addresses the local-scale characterization techniques used to characterize both materials, namely scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy for structural and electronic studies, and multi-tip scanning tunneling microscopy for transport measurements. The latter technique was particularly employed to analyze transport in GaMo4S8. The study then delved into the material response to external electric fields, examining the threshold electric field in relation to the electrode geometry and exploring the temporal evolution of switching times in connection with inter-electrode distances. The achievement of volatile transitions opens prospects for applications such as the operation of a microneuron at room temperature.To enhance the control over phase transition properties of Mott insulators, it is beneficial to consider two-dimensional systems where the current flow is restricted within the crystal plane. The final chapter focuses on the 1T phase of TaSe2, epitaxially grown on gallium phosphide (GaP) semiconductor substrates. Low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy studies reveal that 1T-TaSe2 monolayers exhibit not only the characteristic charge density modulation (Star of David) of the charge density wave phase but also a unique Moiré pattern due to the monolayer interaction with the GaP substrate. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy has identified a bandgap, hallmark of the Mott insulating state. This state is further substantiated by temperature-dependent transport measurements that show the persistence of the insulating phase up to 400 kelvins. Notably, spectroscopic measurements with varying tip-to-surface distances have unveiled insulator to metal transitions at low temperatures. The observation of such transitions suggests that this large-scale heterostructure could be a material of choice for neuromorphic applications
2

Peräntie, J. (Jani). "Electric-field-induced dielectric and caloric effects in relaxor ferroelectrics." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526204406.

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Abstract In this thesis, dielectric and thermal behaviours due to the application of an electric field were studied in relaxor ferroelectric (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PMN-PT) and (1−x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PZN-PT) systems of great technological importance. Special attention was given to the behaviour of the electric-field-induced phase transitions and electrocaloric effect, which are closely related to the existing and potential applications. Reactive sintering or columbite methods were used to fabricate polycrystalline PMN-PT ceramics with various compositions (x=0−0.3). In addition, commercial PMN-PT single crystals with composition close to the morphotropic phase boundary region were used. A studied PZN-PT crystal composition was grown by solution gradient cooling technique. Materials were mainly studied by means of dielectric and direct temperature measurements. The electrocaloric effect observed in a ceramic PMN-PT system was found to show distinct maximum values close to the thermal depolarization temperatures with low electric fields. The temperature range and magnitude of the electrocaloric effect was significantly expanded to high temperatures with increasing electric fields due to the contribution of polar nanoregions. The maximum electrocaloric temperature change was in the range of 0.77−1.55 °C under an electric field of 50 kV/cm. In addition, temperature change measurements on depoled PMN-0.13PT ceramics demonstrated that the electrocaloric effect is accompanied with an irreversible part below its depolarization temperature due to hysteresis loss and a possible phase transition type response related to the evolution of the macroscopic polarization. An electric field application to the <001> and <011> directions in PMN-PT crystals was found to cause distinct anomalies in the dielectric and temperature change responses. These anomalies were attributed to the complex polarization rotation routes and different phase stability regions in the electric-field-temperature phase diagrams of PMN-PT. Furthermore, measurements on PMN-PT crystals provided the first direct indications of a temporarily reversed electrocaloric effect with an increasing electric field. In addition, the measured electrocaloric trends in PZN-PT crystal were reproduced by a simple lattice model and mean-field approximation around the transition temperature. This demonstrated that the electrocaloric effect is driven mainly by the dipolar entropy lowering
Tiivistelmä Tässä työssä tutkittiin dielektristen ominaisuuksien ja lämpötilan käyttäytymistä teknologisesti merkittävissä (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PMN-PT) ja (1−x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PZN-PT) ferrosähköisissä relaksorimateriaaleissa sähkökentän vaikutuksen alaisena. Tutkimuksen erityishuomion kohteena olivat sähköisesti indusoidut faasimuutokset sekä sähkökalorinen ilmiö, jotka liittyvät läheisesti nykyisiin sekä tulevaisuuden sovellutuksiin. Monikiteisiä PMN-PT keraamikoostumuksia (x=0−0,3) valmistettiin sekä reaktiivisella sintrauksella että kolumbiittimenetelmällä. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa käytettiin kaupallisia PMN-PT erilliskiteitä, joiden koostumus on lähellä morfotrooppista faasirajaa. Työssä käytetty PZN-PT erilliskide kasvatettiin jäähdyttämällä korkean lämpötilan liuoksesta. Materiaaleja tutkittiin pääosin lämpötilan ja dielektristen ominaisuuksien mittauksilla. Kun PMN-PT keraamisysteemiin kohdistettiin alhainen sähkökenttä, sähkökalorisen ilmiön selkeä maksimiarvo havaittiin lähellä materiaalin termistä depolarisaatiolämpötilaa. Suuremmilla sähkökentän arvoilla sähkökalorinen ilmiö voimistui ja sen lämpötila-alue laajeni korkeampiin lämpötiloihin polaaristen nanoalueiden kytkeytymisen vuoksi. Sähkökalorisen lämpötilamuutoksen maksimi vaihteli välillä 0,77−1,55 °C sähkökentän arvolla 50 kV/cm. Lisäksi lämpötilamittaukset depoolatulle PMN-0,13PT koostumukselle osoittivat, että sähkökalorisen ilmiön ohella materiaalissa esiintyy makroskooppisen polarisaation muodostumiseen liittyvä palautumaton lämpöenergia depolarisaatiolämpötilaa pienemmissä lämpötiloissa hystereesihäviön ja mahdollisen faasimuutoksen vaikutuksesta. PMN-PT erilliskiteiden dielektrisyys- ja lämpötilavasteessa havaittiin selkeitä muutoksia sähkökentän vaikuttaessa <001> ja <011> kidesuuntiin. Nämä muutokset ovat selitettävissä PMN-PT:n polarisaation kompleksisten rotaatiosuuntien ja erityyppisten sähkökenttä-lämpötila -faasidiagrammien stabiilisuusalueiden avulla. PMN-PT kiteiden mittauksissa havaittiin myös ensimmäinen suora osoitus väliaikaisesti käänteisestä sähkökalorisesta ilmiöstä sähkökentän kasvaessa. Lisäksi mitatut PZN-PT erilliskiteen sähkökaloriset ominaisuudet transitiolämpötilan läheisyydessä pystyttiin pääpiirteittäin mallintamaan käyttämällä yksinkertaista hilamallia ja keskimääräisen kentän approksimaatiota. Mallinnuksen mukaan sähkökalorinen ilmiö aiheutuu pääasiassa sähköisesti indusoidusta dipolientropian alenemisesta
3

Cheng, Long. "Relaxor ferroelectrics for neuromorphic computing." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPAST073.

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Pour surmonter les défis posés par les architectures traditionnelles de von Neumann, l'informatique neuromorphique s'inspire des sciences du cerveau pour créer du matérielécoénergétique adaptable à des tâches complexes. Les memristors, bien que novateurs,rencontrent des problèmes tels que la chaleur de Joule entravant le calcul neuronal à trèsbasse puissance.Pour remédier à cela, nous proposons un mécanisme de memcapacitor -la transition de phase induite par champ électrique. Les memcapacitors, qui expriment les signaux en tension, offrent une consommation d'énergie inférieure aux memristors (basés surle courant). Notre étude sur les matériaux ferroélectriques relaxeur (PMN-28PT, PZN-4.5PT) et le ferroélectrique conventionnel BTO (001) démontre la nature universelle des transitions de phase induites par champ électrique. Des impulsions personnalisées permettent la reproduction de la potentialisation à long terme (LTP), de la dépression à long terme (LTD) et de la plasticité dépendante du temps d'impulsion (STDP).De plus, les ferroélectriques relaxeur présentent un effet dendritique absent dans les contreparties conventionnelles. La mise en œuvre de dendrites PZN-4.5PT dans les réseaux neuronaux améliore la précision (83.44 %), surpassant les réseaux de memristors avec dendrites linéaires (81.84 %) et surpassant de manière significative les réseaux sans dendrites (80.1 %).En fin de compte, nous mettons en œuvre avec succès un memcapacitor relaxeur enutilisant un film mince PMN. Cette structure métal/ferroélectrique/métal/isolant atteint desétats capacitifs de 3 bits par le biais de transitions de phase induites par champ. 8 états memcapacitifs robustes présentent une maintenance cohérente sur plus de 100 secondes et une endurance exceptionnelle dépassant 5×10^5 cycles. Des impulsions sur mesure émulent efficacement LTP, LTD, et permettent l'exploration des fonctionnalités synaptiques dépendantes de la température
To overcome challenges posed by traditional von Neumann architectures, neuromorphic computing draws inspiration from brain science to create energy-efficient hardware adaptable to complex tasks. Memristors, though novel, face issues like Joule heat hindering ultra-low-power neural computing.To address this, we propose a memcapacitor mechanism - the electric-field-induced phase transition. Memcapacitors, expressing signals as voltage, offer lower power consumption than memristors (current-based). Our study on relaxor ferroelectric materials (PMN-28PT, PZN-4.5PT) and conventional ferroelectric BTO (001) demonstrates the universal nature ofelectric-field-induced phase transitions. Customized pulses enable the replication of long-term potentiation (LTP), depression (LTD), and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP).Additionally, relaxor ferroelectrics exhibit a dendrite effect absent in conventional counterparts. Implementing PZN-4.5PT dendrites in neural networks improves accuracy (83.44%), surpassing memristor networks with linear dendrites (81.84%) and significantly outperforming networks without dendrites (80.1%).Ultimately, we successfully implement a relaxor memcapacitor using a PMN thin film.This metal/ferroelectric/metal/insulator structure achieves 3-bit capacitance states through field-induced phase transitions. 8 robust memcapacitive states exhibit consistent maintenance over 100 seconds and exceptional endurance exceeding 5×10^5cycles. Tailored pulses effectively emulate LTP and LTD, and enable the exploration of temperature-dependent synaptic functionalities
4

Johnson, Louise. "Electric field-induced transitions and interlayer interactions in intermediate smectic liquid crystal phases." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/electric-fieldinduced-transitions-and-interlayer-interactions-in-intermediate-smectic-liquid-crystal-phases(64a81e3e-d148-48b4-8e94-4abd44117655).html.

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This thesis presents an investigation into the effects of an external electric field on the three- and four-layer intermediate smectic phases. Experiments were performed using electro-optic techniques; thresholds between phases were measured by studying changes in the effective optical tilt. A quantitative measure of the interlayer interaction constant was obtained from the analysis of field-temperature phase diagrams in several materials, which exhibited the intermediate smectic phases in various degrees of stability. Excellent agreement with theory was observed in the field-temperature phase diagrams of these materials. The effect of adding a chiral dopant to liquid crystal compounds was studied and it was found that the interlayer interaction strength is significantly lower in mixtures with a chiral dopant. These measurements provided quantitative information on the importance of the interlayer interaction, which is only indicated qualitatively by other measurements. Deviations from theory were reported in mixtures with increasing concentrations of chiral dopant, in particular in the nature of the transition from the four-layer phase to the three-layer phase. Interesting behaviour in the thresholds between phases was observed in several liquid crystal mixtures in temperature regions close to the triple point on the field- temperature phase diagrams. Measurements of the thresholds between the intermediate phases revealed an unexpected threshold. Further evidence of this unexpected threshold was presented in the form of results of the temperature dependence of effective optical tilt of the various phases; electric field dependence of the response time; and the transient current that flows upon the reversal of an electric field. These measurements revealed that the unexpected threshold was to a field-induced ferrielectric phase with a larger effective tilt than the three-layer phases. Finally, preliminary results are presented from an investigation into defects that form in the thin films in the antiferroelectric smectic phases, with the aim of studying how the elastic constants may affect the stability of the intermediate phases.
5

Royles, Adam John. "Electric-field-induced phase transformations in lead-free piezoelectric ceramics." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578687.

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Solid-solutions of perovskite sodium bismuth titan ate modified with potassium bismuth titanate can be fabricated by a conventional mixed oxide processing route to produce a range of highly dense polycrystalline ceramics for the 0.1 < x < 0.3 xNa0.5Bi0.5TiO3-1-xK05Bi0.5TiO3 series. Sintered ceramics are shown to be single phase rhombohedral in the compositional range 0.1
6

Pilla, S. "Electric-field induced glass phase in molecular solids at low temperatures." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 1999. http://etd.fcla.edu/etd/uf/1999/amp7406/pilla.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Florida, 1999.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 95 p.; also contains graphics (some colored). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-94).
7

An, Ran. "Study of the field-induced phase transition for the antiferromagnetic chain /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MATH%202006%20AN.

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8

Gustainis, Peter. "Field induced phase transition in one dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet model studied using density matrix renormalization group." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61214.

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This thesis examines the Heisenberg antiferromagnetic spin chain in one dimension (1D) with a crystal field splitting term and applied magnetic field term. We use theoretical techniques from quantum field theory and conformal field theory (CFT) to make predictions about the excitation spectrum for our model. We then use Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG) numerical techniques to simulate our spin chain and extract the energy spectrum as we vary our crystal field splitting and magnetic field terms. These results are compared and we examine where theoretical calculations accurately describe our system. This work is motivated by recent experimental work done on SrNi₂Vi₂O₈ by Bera et al. [1] which is a quasi-1D material with weakly coupled spin chains in the bulk. These 1D chains are expected to be described by the Hamiltonian we study in this thesis, and we neglect interchain coupling. We first consider our system where the crystal field splitting term is set to zero, which can be described theoretically using a mapping to the non linear sigma model (NLSM). Near the critical field, it undergoes a Bose condensation transition whose excitation spectrum can be mapped to non-interacting fermions in 1D. We then consider large negative crystal field splitting, and find that near small applied magnetic field we can describe some excited states using Landau-Ginsburg theory. Near critical field, we show that the transition is in the Ising universality, and use results from CFT to predict the spectrum for finite size systems. This allows us to make predictions about where the transition field would be for very large or infinite system size. Finally, we examine our crystal field splitting tuned to the value obtained in Ref. 1, which is a small, negative value. We observe qualitative elements in this spectrum from the spectra obtained at zero and large negative crystal field splitting.
Science, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
9

Leist, Jeannis-Nicos, Jakob Sidoruk, Holger Gibhardt, Klaudia Hradil, Martin Meven, and Götz Eckold. "Domain redistribution and ferroelectric phase transition in SrTiO 3 under the influence of an electric field and mechanical stress." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-187976.

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10

Leist, Jeannis-Nicos, Jakob Sidoruk, Holger Gibhardt, Klaudia Hradil, Martin Meven, and Götz Eckold. "Domain redistribution and ferroelectric phase transition in SrTiO 3 under the influence of an electric field and mechanical stress." Diffusion fundamentals 12 (2010) 69, 2010. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13899.

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11

Rambo, Matthew P. "Study of ZrSiO4 phase transition using perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy." Connect to this document online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1109871239.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Physics, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], vii, 55 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-55).
12

Rambo, Matthew P. "Study of ZrSiO4 Phase Transition Using Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1109871239.

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13

Jose, Davis. "Dynamics of the B-A transition of DNA double helices." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2005/jose/jose.pdf.

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14

Khanal, Kiran. "Liquid-Crystalline Ordering in Semiflexible Polymer Melts and Blends: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1373901748.

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15

Barbut, Jean-Marc. "Texturation d'YBa2Cu3O(7-[delta]) par fusion de zone sous champ magnétique : détermination par mesure de courant critique de son diagramme de phase dans le plan [H,[THETA]] à 77 K : mise en évidence par mesures résistives de l'existence en champ nul d'une transition du 1er ordre dans l'état supraconducteur." Grenoble 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10049.

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Les applications en courant fort de la ceramique supraconductrice a haute temperature critique yba#2cu#3o#7## necessitent l'amelioration des qualites supraconductrices et l'augmentation de la taille des materiaux synthetises. Un nouveau procede de synthese, combinant la fusion de zone et l'action du champ magnetique, permet de produire des conducteurs de grande longueur massivement orientes. Cette methode autorise la synthese de barreaux d'yba#2cu#3o#7## de plusieurs centimetres de long, composes d'un petit nombre de grains avec une faible desorientation des plans a,b, la direction de l'axe c etant imposee par le champ magnetique. L'un deux, comportant plusieurs joints de grains, a montre en champ nul un courant critique superieur a 3200 a (> 25. 000 a/cm#2), et egal a 200 a (1500 a/cm#2) dans un champ magnetique applique de 8 teslas. Pour etudier les phenomenes associes au courant critique et au champ critique, nous avons mis au point deux dispositifs de mesure: un appareil de mesure de courants critiques eleves, fonctionnant dans l'azote liquide (77 k), sous champ magnetique applique, et qui permet de faire varier l'angle entre l'axe du champ et les directions cristallographiques du materiau etudie; et un dispositif de mesures de resistance en fonction de la temperature et du champ magnetique, fonctionnant entre t = 8 et 300 k et entre h = 0 et 4,5 teslas. Les mesures de courants critiques, effectuees a l'aide du premier de ces dispositifs, ont permis d'explorer le plan h, a 77 k, entre h = 0 et 20 teslas et de = 0 a 90. Une analyse detaillee et des lois d'echelle etablies a partir de la variable h/h#c#3(), h#c#3() etant le champ critique de surfaces intrinseques a la structure cristallographique, permettent de proposer un diagramme de phase dans ce plan. La precision obtenue sur le dispositif de mesures de resistances a permis de reveler l'existence d'une transition du premier ordre dans l'etat supraconducteur en champ nul, se manifestant entre 30k et tc, pouvant etre attribuee a un changement de symetrie de la supraconductivite
16

Morosan, Emilia. "Field-induced magnetic phase transitions and correlated electronic states in the hexagonal RAgGe and RPtIn series /." 2005.

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17

HSU-WEN-TING and 許文廷. "Phase Transition and Electric-field Poling Effect in Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)1-xTixO3." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56986355845184987551.

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碩士
輔仁大學
物理學系
93
This work was measured electric permittivity and observed polarizing microscope after applied different electric field on (111)-cut single crystal Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)1-xTixO3 , for x= 28.6, 34.4, and 35.8. In these samples, an electric field applied along the [111] direction. As electric field applied, more polarization of sample domains was rotated into monoclinic phase, and this phase plays an important role in phase transition while temperature increases. Electric field enhanced some phase transition or induced phase appear with monoclinic phase increase. By measured dielectric permittivity frequency scanning, we also found dielectric resonance after applied electric field.
18

SHEN, YU-REN, and 沈毓仁. "Optically induced phase grating in an electric-field biased planar aligned liquid-crystal films." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27953695765786987720.

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19

Chiou, Shih-Wei, and 邱仕偉. "Field-induced shape memory effect and pseudoelastic phenomenon associated with phase transition behavior in lead zirconate titanate stannate system." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04386025736528868763.

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20

Lee, Chi-Fen, and 李季芬. "The Study of Electric Field and Surface Electro-clinic Effect on the Alignment of the Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Cell with N*-SmC* Phase Transition." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/438gbm.

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Анотація:
碩士
國立臺北科技大學
光電工程系研究所
95
In the ferroelectric liquid crystal(FLC) material with N*-SmC* phase sequence, two types of domain with opposite polarization direction randomly formed in the SmC* phase. The director of the molecules in each domain deviate a fixed angle in opposite side from the rubbing direction due to the surface electroclinic effect. Therefore, horizontal chevron defects form and then, the alignment in this kind of material is not uniform. In this paper, we investigated the relationship between the alignment and the deviation angle in the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell by applying an electric field (direct current or alternating current) during N*-SmC* phase transition. The deviation angle is denoted as the angle between the molecular axis and the rubbing direction. In the case of the direct current(DC) electric field applied to the FLC cell during N*-SmC* phase transition, when the amplitude of the electric field is sufficiently larger then a threshold voltage, the molecules can be induced the same polarity and make the same deviation angle from the rubbing direction. As a result, the FLC cell can form a mono-domain alignment. By increasing the amplitude, the angle between molecular axis and rubbing direction become larger. When the polarity of the DC electric field changes the direction of the deviation angle and the polarity of the molecules will be changed. According to the result of the condition of DC electric field, while applying alternating current(AC) electric field with a fixed frequency to the FLC cell during N*-SmC* phase transition, two types of domain with opposite deviation angle and polarization sign form in the SmC* phase. Because two types of domain coexist in the cell, the layer normal of two domains tilt in opposite direction with respect to the rubbing direction and form horizontal chevron defects. However, when the deviation angle is equal to half of the apparent angle of the FLC material, the layer normals of the two domains are parallel to the rubbing direction and a uniform dark state can be observed under crossed polarizers.
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Tabei, Seyed Mohiaddeen Ali. "Interplay of Disorder and Transverse-Field Induced Quantum Fluctuations in the LiHo_xY_{1-x}F_4 Ising Magnetic Material." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/3888.

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The LiHo_xY_{1-x}F_4 magnetic material in a transverse magnetic field B_x perpendicular to the Ising spin direction has long been used to study tunable quantum phase transitions in pure and random disordered systems. We first present analytical and numerical evidences for the validity of an effective spin-1/2 approach to the description of a general dipolar spin glass model with strong uniaxial Ising anisotropy and subject to weak B_x. We relate this toy model to the LiHo_xY_{1-x}F_4 transverse field Ising material. We show that an effective spin-1/2 model is able to capture both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the physics at small B_x. After confirming the validity of the effective spin-1/2 approach, we show that the field-induced magnetization along the x direction, combined with the local random dilution-induced destruction of crystalline mirror symmetries generates, via the predominant dipolar interactions between Ho^{3+} ions, random fields along the Ising z direction. This identifies LiHo_xY_{1-x}F_4 in B_x as a new random field Ising system. We show that the random fields explain the smearing of the nonlinear susceptibility at the spin glass transition with increasing B_x. In this thesis, we also investigate the phase diagram of non-diluted LiHoF_4 in the presence of B_x, by performing Monte-Carlo simulations. A previous quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulation found that even for small B_x where quantum fluctuations are small, close to the classical critical point, there is a discrepancy between experiment and the QMC results. We revisit this problem, focusing on weak B_x close to the classical T_c, using an alternative approach. For small B_x, by applying a so-called cumulant expansion, the quantum fluctuations around the classical T_c are taken into account perturbatively. We derived an effective perturbative classical Hamiltonian, on which MC simulations are performed. With this method we investigate different proposed sources of uncertainty which can affect the numerical results. We fully reproduce the previous QMC results at small B_x. Unfortunately, we find that none of the modifications to the microscopic Hamiltonian that we explore are able to provide a B_x-T phase diagram compatible with the experiments in the small semi-classical B_x regime.
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Prévost, Bobby. "Étude des propriétés magnétiques des aimants frustrés Ba(Dy,Ho)2O4 et SrHo2O4 par diffusion de neutrons." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21151.

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