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1
Gang, Li, and Yang Zhi. "Energy saving control based on motor efficiency map for electric vehicleswith four-wheel independently driven in-wheel motors." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 8 (August 2018): 168781401879306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018793064.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For four-wheel independently driven in-wheel motor electric vehicles, the four-wheel drive/braking torque can be controlled independently. Therefore, it has an advantage that energy saving control can be applied effectively. This article studies several energy saving control methods from two levels of driving and braking for four-wheel independently driven in-wheel motor electric vehicles under urban conditions based on the motor efficiency map. First, the energy saving control logic and the evaluation index were proposed in the article. The four-wheel drive torque was online optimized in real time through drive energy saving control, in order to improve the driving efficiency in the driving process of electric vehicles. According to the theory of ideal braking force distribution and Economic Commission of Europe braking regulations, the parallel regenerative braking control method based on the motor efficiency map was then studied. The parallel regenerative braking control method was applied to four-wheel independently driven in-wheel motor electric vehicles. The simulation analysis under typical urban driving cycle conditions was carried out to determine the braking intensity of the parallel brake front axle separate regenerative braking, and finally the braking energy recovery rate of electric vehicle can be improved in the low speed and low braking torque. Finally, simulation experiments have been carried out to verify the researched method under the NEDC, UDDS, and J1015 urban driving cycles. The simulation results show that the energy saving control methods have an obvious effect on energy saving under the urban driving cycle conditions.
2
Song, Shi Gang, Xiao Ping Li, and Ze Chang Sun. "Design and Simulation of Pure Electric Vehicle Power System." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1541.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
According to pure electric vehicle dynamic requirements and the driving conditions, took an electric vehicle as an example, analyzed principle and method of power system with voltage, electric current, capacity and connection methods. Software ADVISOR was employed to establish vehicle model, analyzed dynamic performance under drive cycle conditions. Simulation result indicate that battery pack is in normal state, dynamic performances including acceleration performance, gradient ability, maximum speed, driving mileage are satisfied to design requirements. So the rationality and validity of the power system are demonstrated.
3
Zhou, Feng Jun, Cheng Lin, Jin Rui Nan, Gang Wang, and Wan Ke Cao. "Study Performance of Pure Electric Buses Based on the Fuzzy Control Strategy." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 1482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.1482.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pure electric bus control strategies and methods have an important effect on performance of the bus. The pure electric buses vehicle driving system was modeled and optimized by the fuzzy control strategy. Through simulation and commissioning tests, both the dynamic performance and economy of the pure electrical bus that using fuzzy control strategy have an excellent performance.
4
Yan, Shi Rong, Zhen Hai Su, and Shi Zhong Li. "Discussions on Dynamic Way to Develop Electric Vehicle Control Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 1034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.1034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two different car traction control methods were studied and some dynamic characteristics were found. Firstly, a new electric rear driving car with two DC motors driving independently is controlled by a combined system. The combined system consists of a feed-forward control, a feedback control and a SRC. Secondly, a built-in permanent magnet synchronous motor is selected as its driving motor. A motor driving system with a current loop and a speed loop was developed. The current loop consists of maximum torque per ampere control and field weakening control. Some simulation work was done based on MATLAB/Simulink software. The simulation study showed the control system can make the electric vehicle work well.
5
Zhao, Shu Peng, and Miao Tian. "Study of Chassis Dynamometer for Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1312.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of chassis dynamometer of hybrid vehicle based on CAN bus was studied. Chassis dynamometer of hybrid vehicle measurement methods and loading devices are analyzed, and laid the foundation for the resistance simulation of chassis dynamometer.Road resistance simulation on HEV chassis dynamometer is researched, getting electric quantity simulation type of chassis dynamometer driving resistance.The research and development of hybrid vehicle chassis dynamometer based on CAN Bus is conducive to enhance the level of whole hybrid vehicle and car assembly, establish the test procedures, test methods and test standards, provide a research platform and methods for test evaluation of HEV energy utilization.
6
Zhileykin, Mikhail M., Alexandr V. Klimov, and Ivan K. Maslennikov. "An energy efficiency analysis of the electrodynamic antispin regulation of the city electrobus." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 16, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-96733.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BACKGROUND: The antispin regulation (ASR) operation, combined with an individual electric traction drive (IETD) of a city electrobus, may contribute to road safety improvement as well as to economy of electric energy, consumed by IETD from drive battery as a result of decreasing of drving wheels spin.
AIMS: Development of a new operation algorithm of the electrodynamic ASR of the rear axle driven electrobus, based on additional modulation of the vectoral PWM signal, applied to three-phase windings of a stator of a synchronous traction motor and helping to ensure electroenergy economy as a result of consumption decrease and partial energy return during driving wheels regenerative braking,as well as improvement of driving stability on slippery roads.
METHODS: The chosen criterion of operating capability of the ASR operation algorithm is absence of negative impact on road safety, which may consist in loss of course and trajectory driving stability and loss of mobility. Electrobus motion path was used as an integrational measuring tool for quality assessment of these performance characteristics. The chosen criteria of energy efficiency are the summarized averaged electric power, consumed by traction motors, and the summarized averaged electrical power of regeneration, returned by traction motors to the battery throughout the electrobus testing ride.
RESULTS: With simulation methods, it was found that the summarized averaged power of the electrobus, featured with the ASR, driving on slippery road, is 9.7% less than the power of the electrobus without the ASR in the same conditions.
CONCLUSIONS: The summarized economy, resulted from decreasing of energy consumption (driving wheels spin is eliminated) and partial energy return back to a battery during driving wheels regenerative braking, may be up to 26.8% of the summarized averaged electric power, consumed by traction motors of the electrobus with the ASR.
7
Wang, Yong, Hongguo Cai, Yinghua Liao, and Jun Gao. "Study on Global Parameters Optimization of Dual-Drive Powertrain System of Pure Electric Vehicle Based on Multiple Condition Computer Simulation." Complexity 2020 (July 25, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6057870.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Equipped with two power sources, the dual-driving powertrain system for pure electric vehicles has a driving mode different from traditional electric vehicles. Under the premise that the structural form of the transmission system remains unchanged, the following transmission schemes can be adopted for double drive electric vehicles according to the demand power: the main and auxiliary electric transmission scheme (two motors are driven separately with dual-motor coupling drive), the transmission scheme in which the two motors always maintain coupling drive, and the speed-regulating type electric transmission scheme (the main motor is always responsible for driving, and the auxiliary motor is responsible for speed regulation). Therefore, a significant difference exists in the design methods of the power transmission system of double drive electric vehicles and existing vehicles. As for such differences, this paper adopts intelligent algorithm to design the parameters of the transmission system and introduces the genetic algorithm into the optimization design of parameters to obtain the optimal vital parameters of the power transmission system based on computer simulation. The prototype car used in this paper is a self-owned brand car; MATLAB/Simulink platform is used to build the vehicle simulation model, which is used for the computer simulation analysis of the vehicle dynamic performance and economy. It can be seen from the analysis result that the system parameters obtained by using the global optimization method proposed in this study can improve the vehicle dynamic performance and economic performance to varying degrees, which proves the efficiency and feasibility of the optimization method.
8
Li, Zhe, and Ling Zheng. "Integrated design of active suspension parameters for solving negative vibration effects of switched reluctance-in-wheel motor electrical vehicles based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization." Journal of Vibration and Control 25, no. 3 (August 12, 2018): 639–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546318791023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As for the elastic layout of the direct-driven electric wheel system, the electromechanical coupling between the electromagnetic excitation of in-wheel driving motor and the weak damping system gives rise to negative vibration issues, which further deteriorate the dynamic performance of the electric vehicle. This paper presents a multi-objective optimization method for active suspension system to solve these issues by developing an integrated in-wheel motor electrical vehicles model. The unbalanced electromagnetic excitation from in-wheel driving motor is investigated by means of analytical and finite element methods. The Pareto solution set of optimal parameters are generated by the multi-objective particle swarm optimization method, and a comparison in vehicle dynamic performances is made to verify the targeted optimization method. The simulation results indicate that the optimized active suspension system attenuates the sensitivity of the vehicle system to electromagnetic excitation with a satisfactory balancing between vehicle ride comfort and stability as well as active suspension utilization.
9
Gu, Qiang, and Xiu Sheng Cheng. "Electric Vehicle Transmission Gear Ratio Optimization Based on Particle Swarm Optimization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 187 (June 2012): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.187.20.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The driving range of electric vehicles is less than traditional vehicles due to the restriction of energy storage. It is raising the efficiency of each power component that is one of increasing electric vehicle driving range methods. A particle swarm optimization is used to optimize transmission gear ratio on established electric vehicle power component models. A simulation that simulates the energy consumption of vehicle after gear ratio optimization is given to compare with the actual energy consumption data of the vehicle before gear ratio optimization. The results show that the energy consumption and driving range of the latter are better than the former therefore this optimization is valid.
10
Zhao, Ming Hui, Lian Dong Wang, Lei Ma, and Hui Hou. "Control Methods of Active Front Wheel Steering for 4WD Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.735.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on two freedom degrees of vehicle model, control method which takes yaw rate and sideslip angle as system state, and front wheel corner and direct yaw moment as control input is put forward. Considering uncertainty of velocity and direct yaw moment, feedforward-feedback controllers are designed. Four wheel drive force are allocated by using feedforward compensation and yaw moment which is formed by driving force difference value. It makes yaw rate and sideslip well of tracking the desirable model when the vehicle drive steering. Finally, vehicle handling stability is studied on conditions of step input and sine input by simulation.
11
Zhao, Fei, Xiaowei Li, and Jiangli Hou. "Simulation and Multi-Objective Optimization of the Vehicle Thermal Management System of Electric Cars." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390334.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The research on the vehicle thermal management (VTM) system is very important for ensuring the driving reliability of electric cars, however, currently there’re few research concerned about this topic, and the existing ones mostly focus on matching and optimizing parameters to improve the management of driving kinetic energy, and the heat dissipation and cooling performance of the cars; however, there isn’t a uniform standard for evaluating these performances, and the research on closed thermal energy management and control based on the evaluation results is pending. This paper studied the simulation and multi-objective optimization of the VTM system of electric cars, and proposed accurate methods and ideas for evaluating the heat dissipation efficiency of the engine cooling system, the cooling efficiency of the air conditioning system, and the thermal management performance of the VTM of electric cars. Based on the model predictive control (MPC) algorithm of vehicle motion control, this paper constructed temperature control optimization objective functions for electric cars under various thermal adaptation working conditions such as low-speed slope climbing, medium-speed gentle slope climbing, high-speed driving, and idling; and it designed several strategies for the coordinated control of the VTM system of electric cars. At last, this paper used test results to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.
12
Kang, Liuwang, Ankur Sarker, and Haiying Shen. "Velocity Optimization of Pure Electric Vehicles with Traffic Dynamics and Driving Safety Considerations." ACM Transactions on Internet of Things 2, no. 1 (February 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3433678.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As Electric Vehicles (EVs) become increasingly popular, their battery-related problems (e.g., short driving range and heavy battery weight) must be resolved as soon as possible. Velocity optimization of EVs to minimize energy consumption in driving is an effective alternative to handle these problems. However, previous velocity optimization methods assume that vehicles will pass through traffic lights immediately at green traffic signals. Actually, a vehicle may still experience a delay to pass a green traffic light due to a vehicle waiting queue in front of the traffic light. Also, as velocity optimization is for individual vehicles, previous methods cannot avoid rear-end collisions. That is, a vehicle following its optimal velocity profile may experience rear-end collisions with its frontal vehicle on the road. In this article, for the first time, we propose a velocity optimization system that enables EVs to immediately pass green traffic lights without delay and to avoid rear-end collisions to ensure driving safety when EVs follow optimal velocity profiles on the road. We collected real driving data on road sections of US-25 highway (with two driving lanes in each direction and relatively low traffic volume) to conduct extensive trace-driven simulation studies. Results show that our velocity optimization system reduces energy consumption by up to 17.5% compared with real driving patterns without increasing trip time. Also, it helps EVs to avoid possible collisions compared with existing collision avoidance methods.
13
Wu, Yiwan, Zhengqiang Chen, Rong Liu, and Fan Li. "Lane Departure Avoidance Control for Electric Vehicle Using Torque Allocation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1024805.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper focuses on the lane departure avoidance system for a four in-wheel motors’ drive electric vehicle, aiming at preventing lane departure under dangerous driving conditions. The control architecture for the lane departure avoidance system is hierarchical. In the upper controller, the desired yaw rate was calculated with the consideration of vehicle-lane deviation, vehicle dynamic, and the limitation of road adhesion. In the middle controller, a sliding mode controller (SMC) was designed to control the additional yaw moment. In the lower layer, the yaw moment was produced by the optimal distribution of driving/braking torque between four wheels. Lane departure avoidance was carried out by tracking desired yaw response. Simulations were performed to study the effectiveness of the control algorithm in Carsim®/Simulink® cosimulation. Simulation results show that the proposed methods can effectively confine the vehicle in lane and prevent lane departure accidents.
14
Shen, Peihong, Zhiguo Zhao, Jingwei Li, and Qiuyi Guo. "Development of adaptive gear shifting strategies of automatic transmission for plug-in hybrid electric commuting vehicle based on optimal energy economy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 4 (July 18, 2019): 1098–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019864209.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gear shifting strategy of automatic transmission has an important impact on the fuel economy of vehicles. For plug-in hybrid electric commuting vehicles, to develop the driving cycle and working mode adaptive gear shifting strategy of automatic transmission is of great significance to improve the vehicle energy economy. Three main efforts have been made to distinguish our work from exiting research. First, based on the fixity and repeatability of the driving cycle for plug-in hybrid electric commuting vehicles, the typical driving cycle of plug-in hybrid electric commuting vehicle is constructed by the self-organized mapping and K-means clustering methods. Second, in the typical plug-in hybrid electric commuting vehicle driving cycle constructed herein, the working points with the best energy economy are calculated by improved dynamic programming for each working mode of the plug-in hybrid electric commuting vehicle, considering the working efficiency of the power components and transmission. On this basis, the optimal gear shifting strategy of automatic transmission for the plug-in hybrid electric commuting vehicle in each working mode is extracted. Third, the simulation tests are conducted which compare the formulated adaptive gear shifting strategies with the traditional engine fuel economy-based gear shifting strategy. The simulation results illustrate that the adaptive gear shifting strategies increase the energy economy by 3.32%. The proposed gear shifting strategy development method can provide a reference for further optimization of automatic transmission gear shifting strategies of plug-in hybrid electric commuting vehicle for real applications.
15
Hong, Seokjoon, Hoyeon Hwang, Daniel Kim, Shengmin Cui, and Inwhee Joe. "Real Driving Cycle-Based State of Charge Prediction for EV Batteries Using Deep Learning Methods." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 11285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311285.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An accurate prediction of the State of Charge (SOC) of an Electric Vehicle (EV) battery is important when determining the driving range of an EV. However, the majority of the studies in this field have either been focused on the standard driving cycle (SDC) or the internal parameters of the battery itself to predict the SOC results. Due to the significant difference between the real driving cycle (RDC) and SDC, a proper method of predicting the SOC results with RDCs is required. In this paper, RDCs and deep learning methods are used to accurately estimate the SOC of an EV battery. RDC data for an actual driving route have been directly collected by an On-Board Diagnostics (OBD)-II dongle connected to the author’s vehicle. The Global Positioning System (GPS) data of the traffic lights en route are used to segment each instance of the driving cycles where the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm is adopted, to obtain the most similar patterns among the driving cycles. Finally, the acceleration values are predicted from deep learning models, and the SOC trajectory for the next trip will be obtained by a Functional Mock-Up Interface (FMI)-based EV simulation environment where the predicted accelerations are fed into the simulation model by each time step. As a result of the experiments, it was confirmed that the Temporal Attention Long–Short-Term Memory (TA-LSTM) model predicts the SOC more accurately than others.
16
Szántó, András, Sándor Hajdu, and Krisztián Deák. "Longitudinal Dynamic Modeling and Driving Cycle Tracking Control of an Electric-Driven Vehicle by Means of MATLAB/Simulink/Simscape." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 50, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.16197.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
MATLAB, Simulink, and Simscape are market-leading products in Model-Based Design (MBD). Applying acausal and causal modeling methods to model the physical plant and control algorithms of mechatronic systems results in high-fidelity virtual prototype models that can be used for Model-in-Loop (MiL) development. In this paper, an electric-driven vehicle is modeled, which can execute various driving cycle inputs. PID controllers are used in order to get the appropriate plant inputs. Idealized anti-lock braking system (ABS) and traction control system (TCS) algorithms provide robustness when the driving cycle input is near-infeasible. The control algorithm is validated in the cases of feasible and infeasible driving cycle inputs.
17
Bak, Yeongsu, and Ho-Sung Kang. "Control Methods for Performance Improvement of an Integrated On-Board Battery Charger in Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Electronics 10, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 2506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202506.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents control methods for performance improvement of an integrated on-board battery charger (OBC) in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). HEVs generally consist of an OBC and a starter generator system (SGS). Since these each have a power conversion device for independent operation, such as battery charging and starter generator driving for engine starting, it necessarily increases the number of components, weight, and volume of the HEV. In order to overcome these disadvantages, recent research concerning the integrated OBC has progressed. Although it demands installation of power relays and an additional circuit, the integrated OBC is effectively operated for battery charging and starter generator driving. This paper proposes not only a harmonic reduction method of grid current, but also a feed-forward control method for performance improvement of the integrated OBC in HEVs. The effectiveness of the proposed control methods is verified by simulation and experimental results.
18
Maslennikov, I. K., K. E. Karpukhin, A. V. Klimov та B. K. Ospanbekov. "The KAMAZ electric bus simulation model movement verification". Trudy NAMI, № 4 (5 січня 2022): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51187/0135-3152-2021-4-60-67.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Currently, one of the main and promising directions in the automotive industry is the development of the electric vehicle and charging infrastructure sector. The constant tightening of environmental requirements, the development of traction batteries (TAB) and automotive electronics are the main factors in the development of wheeled electric vehicles. The operation of electric buses on urban routes in modern cities is one of the promising developments of electric buses use. But the problem is, the TAB capacity, its resource and cost are still limited, therefore a key task in the development of an electric vehicles the choice of the most effective control algorithms and components of the traction electric drive (TED). The solution to this problem requires working out a simulation model, the accuracy and complexity of which must satisfy the chosen goal.The purpose of the study was to develop and verify a KAMAZ 6282 electric bus simulation model basing on experimental data.Methodology and research methods. The article presents an experimental and calculated data analysis of the main electric bus movement modes when driving in a city: acceleration, coasting, braking, upward movement.Scientific novelty and results. Basing on comparing the experimental and calculated data results, it has been determined that the presented simulation model of the electric bus was sufficient and adequate to determine the main performance indicators of the TED.Practical significance. The presented simulation model made it possible to analyze the performance indicators, on the basis of which the selection of the optimal TED components could be carried out. The simplicity of the simulation model allowed it to be used as part of optimal control algorithms and evaluate the electric bus movement along a city route.
19
Lei, Hucheng, Shanhong Xia, Zhaozhi Chu, Biyun Ling, Chunrong Peng, Zhouwei Zhang, Jun Liu, and Wei Zhang. "An Electric Field Microsensor with Mutual Shielding Electrodes." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040360.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper proposes an electric field microsensor (EFM) with mutual shielding electrodes. Based on the charge-induction principle, the EFM consists of fixed electrodes and piezoelectric-driving vertically-movable electrodes. All the fixed electrodes and movable electrodes work as both sensing electrodes and shielding electrodes. In other words, all the fixed and movable electrodes are sensing electrodes, and they are mutually shielding electrodes simultaneously. The movable electrodes are driven to periodically modulate the electric field distribution at themselves and the fixed electrodes, and the induced currents from both movable and fixed electrodes are generated simultaneously. The electrode structure adopts an interdigital structure, and the EFM has been simulated by finite element methods. Simulation results show that, since the sensing area of this EFM is doubled, the variation of induced charge is twice, and therefore the output signal of the sensor is increased. The piezoelectric material, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), is prepared by the sol–gel method, and the microsensor chip is fabricated.
20
Wu, Xiao-gang, and Dian-yu Zheng. "Contrastive Study on Torque Distribution of Distributed Drive Electric Vehicle under Different Control Methods." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2494712.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper uses certain hub motor distributed electric vehicle driving system as the research object, using several control strategies, such as dynamic programming global optimization algorithm, fuzzy control, and torque equal distribution and realizing the distribution control of the distributed power of the electric drive system. The simulation results show that, under the NEDC road condition, using the dynamic programming algorithm to optimize the torque distribution, the energy consumption of the electric drive system is 8041 kJ, decreased by 4.77% compared to the average torque distribution control and decreased by 3.5% compared to the fuzzy control strategy. The power consumption of the electric vehicle is 20.25 kWh per 100 km, decreased by 1.01 kWh compared to the average torque distribution control strategy and decreased by 0.72 kWh compared to the fuzzy control strategy. Under the fixed working condition, the energy efficiency of power system can be improved effectively when the distributed dynamic system torque is optimized by the dynamic programming algorithm. Without considering the global optimization, the fuzzy control can effectively improve the energy efficiency of the power system compared to the torque average distribution strategy.
21
Zhang, Zhilu, and Benxian Xiao. "Research on dual-wheel-independent-drive control of electric forklift based on optimal slip ratio." Science Progress 103, no. 3 (July 2020): 003685042092783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850420927836.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: As an important transportation, the research on the control strategy of forklift has not been widely carried out. Objectives: This article proposes a turning slip regulation control strategy, which includes the improved electronic differential velocity control and turning slip regulation control, to track the optimal slip ratio. Methods: First, combined with the basic structure and characteristics of dual-wheel-independent-drive electric forklift, the vehicle model, Ackermann–Jeantand steering model, tire-ground model, and tire model of the driving wheel are established respectively. Second, according to these models, an improved electronic differential control strategy considering the influence of vertical load on tire force is proposed and it can reasonably allocate the driving torque of the two driving wheels of electric forklift. Moreover, the optimal slip ratio is given out and the turning slip regulation control strategy, which can track the optimal slip ratio of electric forklift under the conditions of different road surfaces is designed. Results: The simulation result and vehicle test show that the control strategy can optimize the slip ratio of electric forklift and greatly improve the stability of electric forklift. Conclusion: The turning slip regulation control strategy can be implemented on the TFC35 forklift to improve the safety and stability.
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Katona, Mihály, and Péter Kiss. "Modelling of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor and its Control Circuit in Simulink Environment." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19 (September 2021): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.286.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The most commonly used electric motor in electric vehicles is the permanent magnet synchronous motor. The primary production and refinement of rare earth materials used in these motors are immensely damaging to the environment. A new wave of technology in the aspect of electric motors is emerging and that is the non-rare earth element magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor. During the development process it is beneficial to keep the expenditures at the minimum. To reach that goal a comprehensive simulation of the designed motor and its control circuit could be the answer. It is reasonable to use software based on finite element calculations such as FEMM and mathematical simulations as Matlab Simulink. By implementing the equations and methods described in this paper the electric powertrain can be created generally. The specification is highly dependent on the input parameters that are extracted from finite element 2D calculations. In this case, the model approximates the expected behaviour of the investigated construction. A complete driving cycle can be examined, operating points can be determined, and the efficiency map can be created to help the research.
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Yang, Ying, Xiaoyu Wang, and Yangchao Zhang. "Study on Mechanism Analysis of Skidding Prediction for Electric Vehicle Based on Time-Delay Effect of Force Transmission." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (September 29, 2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040171.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The electric vehicle anti-skidding control system is used to ensure the stability of the vehicle under any circumstances. There is a typical feature in most anti-skidding detection methods; the skidding occurs first, and then the detection is performed. For methods that rely on slip rate detection, more accurate vehicle speeds are required, which are often difficult to accurately observe. The previous method was detection and could not do prediction. Skidding prediction can improve driver reaction time and increase safety. Therefore, this paper proposes a prediction method that does not depend on the slip rate. The skidding prediction can be performed by relying on the driving torque, as well as the wheel speed. In this paper, the characteristics of the transmission from the driving force to the friction force in the vehicle model are analyzed. As for the distributed electric vehicle, the slip factor was designed with traction torque and friction force for skidding prediction by its sharp increase before the maximum adhesion point. The variation in the slip factor and time period of skidding are revealed. A multi-information merged prediction model is designed to improve reliability. The co-simulation and experimental verification based on the physical skidding simulation platform are carried out.
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Zhao, Jianfu, Dan Zhang, Dongzhi Gao, Junjiang Bao, Xiaojun Jing, and Mingxuan Li. "Investigation of methods for measuring fuel economy and emissions of heavy-duty hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs)." E3S Web of Conferences 360 (2022): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236001002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hybrid-electric vehicles can achieve low fuel consumption and emission by optimal combination of electrical energy and internal combustion engine power. There are four main test method of energy consumption and emission for heavy-duty HEVs, including traditional engine bench test, powertrain test, HILS and chassis dynamometer test. The tradition engine operating conditions are distinguished from that in HEVs, which can’t reflect the performance of HEVs. Powertrain test can achieve braking energy regeneration, but need bulky installation on testbed. HILS test solves the problem that the engine test cycle is different from the actual operating condition on road and is cost-effective. However, it requires a lot of effort to monitor the HILS simulation input parameters and carry out vehicle validation. Chassis dynamometer test method can better reflect the real-road driving condition. But it is nearly impossible to test all different HEVs types on chassis dynamometer and the test cost is very expensive. By comparing different heavy-duty HEVs energy consumption and emission test methods, the advantages and disadvantages are identified, which provides guidance for the formulation of the next-stage standards of heavy-duty HEV, and promotes the healthy and orderly development of the HEV industry.
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Liu, De Li, Li Guo Chen, and Li Ning Sun. "Numerical Simulation of Dielectrophoresis Induced Electrothermal Fluid Flow." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.270.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) based microdevices offer a great number of significant advantages for the manipulation of biological particles such as cells, bacteria, viruses and DNA over traditional methods. To enable successfully dielectrophoretic manipulation of biological particles, electric fields of higher intensity need to be generated in order to increase the DEP forces. However, the introduced electric field may cause the joule heating effect and thermal denaturation of biological particles. This paper presents a numerical solution of the DEP force and the resulting electrical electrothermal driven fluid flow on a DEP microdevice. Theoretical investigations were made about the impact of electrothermal flow on DEP based microdevice. The fluid field was solved by coupling electrical, thermal, and mechanical equations. It is shown that under some typical experimental conditions of DEP based manipulation of biological particles, it is necessary to consider the possible influence of the electrothermal flow.
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Oubelaid, Adel, Nabil Taib, Srete Nikolovski, Turki E. A. Alharbi, Toufik Rekioua, Aymen Flah, and Sherif S. M. Ghoneim. "Intelligent Speed Control and Performance Investigation of a Vector Controlled Electric Vehicle Considering Driving Cycles." Electronics 11, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11131925.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, battery electric vehicle (BEV) controllers are smartly tuned with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) to ensure good speed regulation. Intelligent tuning is ensured with a proposed and well-defined cost function that aims to satisfy the design requirements in terms of minimum overshoot, fast response, and tolerable steady state input. Two proposed cost functions are formulated for both simple speed input and for driving cycles. The BEV is controlled with the field oriented control technique (FOC), and it is driven by a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). An efficient control scheme based on FOC is built using a simplified closed loop control system including BEV components such as regulators, inverter, traction machine, and sensors. Simulation results show that the optimum controller gains obtained by intelligent tuning have resulted in satisfactory BEV performance that sustains the harsh environmental conditions. Robustness tests against BEV parameter changes and environmental parameter variations confirmed the effectiveness of intelligent tuning methods.
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Zhong, Biqing, Bin Deng, and Han Zhao. "Simulation Model and Method for Active Torsional Vibration Control of an HEV." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) might cause new noise vibration and harshness (NVH) problems, due to their complex powertrain systems. Therefore, in this paper, a new longitudinal dynamic simulation model of a series-parallel hybrid electric bus with an active torsional vibration control module is proposed. First, the schematic diagrams of the simulation model architecture and the active control strategy are given, and the dynamic models of the main components are introduced. Second, taking advantage of the characteristics of hybrid systems, a method of determining the key dynamic parameters by a bench test is proposed. Finally, in a typical bus-driving cycle for Chinese urban conditions, time domain and frequency domain processing methods are used to analyze vehicle body jerk, fluctuation of rotational speed, and torsional angle of the key components. The results show that the active control method can greatly improve the system’s torsional vibration performance when switching modes and at resonance.
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De Santis, Michele, Sandro Agnelli, Fabrizio Patanè, Oliviero Giannini, and Gino Bella. "Experimental Study for the Assessment of the Measurement Uncertainty Associated with Electric Powertrain Efficiency Using the Back-to-Back Direct Method." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 3536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123536.
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Brushless electric motors are used intensively in the industrial automation sector due to the motors low inertia and fast response. According to the International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC 60034-2-1, the efficiency of a three-phase electric machine (excluding machines for traction vehicles) can be determined by direct or indirect techniques. In the case of small traction motors (<10 kW), direct methods are used extensively by manufacturers, even if no standard has been published or scheduled by the IEC. In this paper, we evaluated the accuracy of the (direct) back-to-back method for the estimation of the energy performance of a 3 kW brushless AC electric motor used in a light electric vehicle. We measured the efficiencies of a pair of motors and inverters, as well as the overall efficiency of the entire power train. The results showed that the methodology was sufficiently accurate and comparable with other indirect methods available in existing literature. Moreover, we developed a Simulink model that used the powertrain efficiency map as the input to perform the simulation of a standard urban driving cycle. The simulation was run 500 times to calculate the probability density function associated with the total range of the vehicle, considering the uncertainty of the efficiency that was determined experimentally. The simulation results confirmed the low deviation of the distribution standard compared to the average value of the range of the vehicle.
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Zhou, Wenjuan, and Li Wang. "The Energy-Efficient Dynamic Route Planning for Electric Vehicles." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (August 26, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2607402.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aiming to provide an approach for finding energy-efficient routes in dynamic and stochastic transportation networks for electric vehicles, this paper addresses the route planning problem in dynamic transportation network where the link travel times are assumed to be random variables to minimize total energy consumption and travel time. The changeable signals are introduced to establish state-space-time network to describe the realistic dynamic traffic network and also used to adjust the travel time according to the signal information (signal cycle, green time, and red time). By adjusting the travel time, the electric vehicle can achieve a nonstop driving mode during the traveling. Further, the nonstop driving mode could avoid frequent acceleration and deceleration at the signal intersections so as to reduce the energy consumption. Therefore, the dynamically adjusted travel time can save the energy and eliminate the waiting time. A multiobjective 0-1 integer programming model is formulated to find the optimal routes. Two methods are presented to transform the multiobjective optimization problem into a single objective problem. To verify the validity of the model, a specific simulation is conducted on a test network. The results indicate that the shortest travel time and the energy consumption of the planning route can be significantly reduced, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
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Popović, Nenad B., Nadica Miljković, Kristina Stojmenova, Grega Jakus, Milana Prodanov, and Jaka Sodnik. "Lessons Learned: Gastric Motility Assessment During Driving Simulation." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 3175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143175.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the era of technological advances and innovations in transportation technologies, application of driving simulators for the investigation and assessment of the driving process provides a safe and suitable testing environment. Although driving simulators are crucial for further improvements in transportation, it is important to resolve one of their main disadvantages–simulator sickness. Therefore, suitable methods for the assessment of simulator sickness are required. The main aim of this paper was to present a non-invasive method for assessing simulator sickness by recording gastric myoelectrical activity–electrogastrography. Open-source hardware for electrogastrography together with recordings obtained in 13 healthy volunteers is presented, and the main aspects of signal processing for artifact cancellation and feature extraction were discussed. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that slow-wave electrical gastric activity can be recorded during driving simulation by following adequate recommendations and that proposed features could be beneficial in describing non-ordinary electrogastrography signals.
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Martins, Leandro do C., Rafael D. Tordecilla, Juliana Castaneda, Angel A. Juan, and Javier Faulin. "Electric Vehicle Routing, Arc Routing, and Team Orienteering Problems in Sustainable Transportation." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 5131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165131.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increasing use of electric vehicles in road and air transportation, especially in last-mile delivery and city mobility, raises new operational challenges due to the limited capacity of electric batteries. These limitations impose additional driving range constraints when optimizing the distribution and mobility plans. During the last years, several researchers from the Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, and Operations Research communities have been developing optimization, simulation, and machine learning approaches that aim at generating efficient and sustainable routing plans for hybrid fleets, including both electric and internal combustion engine vehicles. After contextualizing the relevance of electric vehicles in promoting sustainable transportation practices, this paper reviews the existing work in the field of electric vehicle routing problems. In particular, we focus on articles related to the well-known vehicle routing, arc routing, and team orienteering problems. The review is followed by numerical examples that illustrate the gains that can be obtained by employing optimization methods in the aforementioned field. Finally, several research opportunities are highlighted.
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Brasse, Romain, Jonah Vennemann, Niklas König, Matthias Nienhaus, and Emanuele Grasso. "Design and Implementation of a Driving Strategy for Star-Connected Active Magnetic Bearings with Application to Sensorless Driving." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010396.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For decades, sensorless position estimation methods gained lots of interest from the research community, especially in the field of electric drives and active magnetic bearings (AMBs). In particular, the direct flux control (DFC) technique promises unique advantages over other sensorless techniques, such as a higher bandwidth, but on the other hand, it requires the coils to be connected in a star topology. Until now, star-point connections are rarely found on active magnetic bearings. In consequence, there is no known publication about the application of the DFC to an AMB to this date. In order to apply the DFC to an AMB, a star-point driving approach for AMBs must be developed beforehand. A star-connected driving approach, capable of driving a four-phase AMB, is proposed and validated against traditional H-bridges in a simulation. Further, the strategy is tested in a physical application and generalised for 4∗n phases. In terms of current dynamics, the simulation results can be compared to the well-known full H-bridge driving. The experiments on the physical application show that the actual current in the coils follows a reference with satisfactory accuracy. Moreover, the inductance measurements of the coils show a strong dependency on the rotor’s position, which is crucial for sensorless operation. A star-point connection delivers a satisfying response behaviour in an AMB application, which makes sensorless techniques that require a star point, such as the DFC, applicable to active magnetic bearings.
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Zhao, Li, Kun Li, Wu Zhao, Han-Chen Ke, and Zhen Wang. "A Sticky Sampling and Markov State Transition Matrix Based Driving Cycle Construction Method for EV." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Driving cycle (DC) plays an important role in designing and evaluating EVs, and many Markov chain-based DC construction methods describe driving profiles of unfixed-line vehicles with Markov state transition probability. However, for fixed-line electric vehicles, the time-sequence of microtrips brings huge influences on their brake, drive, and battery management systems. Simply describing topography, traffic, location, driving features, and environment in a stochastic manner cannot reflect the continuity characteristics hidden in a fixed route. Thus, in this paper, we propose a sticky sampling and Markov state transition matrix based DC construction algorithm to describe both randomness and continuity hidden in a fixed route, in which a data structure named “driving pulse chain” was constructed to describe the sequence of the driving scenarios and several Markov state transition matrices were constructed to describe the random distribution of velocity and acceleration in same driving scenarios. Simulation and experimental analysis show that with sliding window and driving pulse chain, the proposed algorithm can describe and reflect the continuity characteristics of topography, traffic, and location. At the same time, the stochastic nature of the driving cycle can be preserved.
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Li, Shiqing, Michael Frey, and Frank Gauterin. "Model-Based Condition Monitoring of the Sensors and Actuators of an Electric and Automated Vehicle." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020887.
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Constant monitoring of driving conditions and observation of the surrounding area are essential for achieving reliable, high-quality autonomous driving. This requires more reliable sensors and actuators, as there is always the potential that sensors and actuators will fail under real-world conditions. The sensitive condition-monitoring methods of sensors and actuators should be used to improve the reliability of the sensors and actuators. They should be able to detect and isolate the abnormal situations of faulty sensors and actuators. In this paper, a developed model-based method for condition monitoring of the sensors and actuators in an electric vehicle is presented that can determine whether a sensor has a fault and further reconfigure the sensor signal, as well as detect the abnormal behavior of the actuators with the reconfigured sensor signals. Through the simulation data obtained by the vehicle model in complex road conditions, it is proved that the method is effective for the state detection of sensors and actuators.
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Ebrie, Awol Seid, and Young Jin Kim. "Investigating Market Diffusion of Electric Vehicles with Experimental Design of Agent-Based Modeling Simulation." Systems 10, no. 2 (March 2, 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10020028.
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The transportation sector is recognized as one of the largest contributors to the problems of global warming and environmental pollution, and is responsible for a great deal of global energy consumption, which is heavily dependent upon scarce crude oil reserves. Different countries have adopted promotional policies to replace conventional internal combustion engine vehicles with electric vehicles as a means of mitigating global warming. Nevertheless, the current market share of eco-friendly vehicles remains stagnant in many parts of the world. This study aims to investigate the impact and relative importance of financial, technical, and political measures on the market penetration of electric vehicles using an agent-based simulation. More specifically, a series of agent-based simulation experiments is carried out following the statistical experimental design scheme to systematically assess the diffusion of electric vehicles. Affected by various factors and measures, the choice behavior of individual agents is modeled with a multinomial logit utility function of experimental factors. The simulated data are analyzed using different analysis methods, including full factorial analysis, response surface methodology, and support vector machine, in order to scrutinize the effects of different measures. It is advocated that factors affecting the choice of vehicle by individuals, including two-way interactions among various measures as well as policy measures such as purchase subsidies and tax breaks, have more significant effects on the widespread adoption of electric vehicles than do technical improvements in terms of battery charging times and driving mileage. This implies that the adoption of such measures needs to be carefully designed in order to account for potential interactions among individual measures as well as their main effects on the diffusion of electric vehicles.
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Kim, Mingeuk, Seungjin Yoo, Dongwook Lee, and Geun-Ho Lee. "Local Path-Planning Simulation and Driving Test of Electric Unmanned Ground Vehicles for Cooperative Mission with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 2326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052326.
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Recently, various studies related to the development of unmanned vehicles have been conducted around the world. In particular, unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been developed and utilized for various purposes. In this study, we developed a method for the path generation of UGVs in a system in which one operator controls many different types of unmanned vehicles. In the driving control system (DCS), it is necessary to process sensor data such as GPS/INS and LiDAR when generating a path by receiving the target waypoint from the ground control station. In addition, the DCS must upload the current location, posture, state, etc., as well as save driving log. Therefore, in order to recognize obstacles in real time and generate a path, a safe path generation algorithm with a short computation time is required. Among the various path generation methods, the potential field algorithm was selected, and the algorithm was modified to reduce the computation time. The computation time before and after modification of the algorithm was obtained and compared through simulation, and the algorithm was verified through application to an actual system by performing an obstacle avoidance experiment and a simultaneous control experiment for two UGVs.
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Son, Weonil, Yunchul Ha, Taeyoung Oh, Seunghoon Woo, Sungwoo Cho, and Jinwoo Yoo. "PG-Based Vehicle-In-the-Loop Simulation for System Development and Consistency Validation." Electronics 11, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 4073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244073.
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The concern over safety features in autonomous vehicles is increasing due to the rapid development and increasing use of autonomous driving technology. The safety evaluations performed for an autonomous driving system cannot depend only on existing safety verification methods, due to the lack of scenario reproducibility and the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle. Vehicle-In-the-Loop Simulation (VILS) utilizes both real vehicles and virtual simulations for the driving environment to overcome these drawbacks and is a suitable candidate for ensuring reproducibility. However, there may be differences between the behavior of the vehicle in the VILS and vehicle tests due to the implementation level of the virtual environment. This study proposes a novel VILS system that displays consistency with the vehicle tests. The proposed VILS system comprises virtual road generation, synchronization, virtual traffic manager generation, and perception sensor modeling, and implements a virtual driving environment similar to the vehicle test environment. Additionally, the effectiveness of the proposed VILS system and its consistency with the vehicle test is demonstrated using various verification methods. The proposed VILS system can be applied to various speeds, road types, and surrounding environments.
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Zhileykin, M. M. "Improving the Energy Efficiency of Movement and Cross-Country Capacity of an Articulated Mobile Wheeled Robot by Controlling an Individual Electric Traction Drive." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 5 (734) (May 2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2021-5-17-23.
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Articulated wheel-walking robots having a good combination of weight and load capacity, as well as high cross-country capacity and maneuverability are among the promising schemes of mobile robotic systems. One of the main requirements for such complexes is a high level of autonomy. In this regard, the task of improving the energy efficiency of the articulated mobile wheeled robot movement (especially in long-term transport mode) by reducing the driving wheel skid becomes urgent. An algorithm for the operation of the antiskid system of such a robot with an individual traction electric drive has been developed. It provides an increase in the energy efficiency of robot movement and cross-country capacity by reducing the skid of the driving wheels. The efficiency of the antiskid system operation algorithm has been proved by the simulation methods.
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Li, Wenjing, Guofang Gong, Yakun Zhang, Jian Liu, Yuxi Chen, and Fei Wang. "Development and Parameters Analysis of Hydraulic Controlled Rotary Valve Excitation System." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 3905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153905.
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Electro-hydraulic excitation systems are key equipment in various industries. Electric motor driving rotary valves are mostly used in existing systems. However, due to the separate design of the driving and hydraulic parts, highly compact integration cannot be achieved by these type of systems. Moreover, investigation on the influence of relevant parameters on the system has been insufficient in previous studies. To overcome these problems, a novel full electro-hydraulic excitation system scheme as well as a parameters analysis are presented in this paper. Theoretical models of the flow areas for valve orifices of different geometric shapes are obtained, based on which an AMESim® simulation model of the system is established. The effects of the main parameters are analyzed using numerical simulations, and the coupling relationship of the parameters is revealed. The results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental studies were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system scheme and the analysis results. We found that a highly compact integration can be obtained while maintaining a high reversing frequency. We also found that the proposed system has a certain level of load adaptability, which is superior to the existing methods.
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Lasocki, J., P. Krawczyk, A. Kopczyński, P. Roszczyk, and A. Hajduga. "Analysis of the strategies for managing extended-range electric vehicle powertrain in the urban driving cycle." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2022.1.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. An Extended-Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) is a type of electric vehicle that uses an additional internal combustion engine (ICE) to charge the battery in order to provide the vehicle with a greater range than in electric only mode. Purpose. Analysis and comparison of the performance of EREV powertrain managed according to three control strategies: pure electric mode, hybrid mode with ICE constantly working, and hybrid mode with ICE working only at high power demand. Methods. The tests were carried out using a laboratory test stand that represented the structure of EREV powertrain. Liquefied petroleum gas was used as a fuel to supply the ICE. The test conditions were defined by a special driving cycle simulating urban driving. Results. Time series plots of selected parameters of electric motor, electrochemical battery pack, range extender generator and active load system. Practical value. Among the considered control strategies of EREV powertrain, the energy balance of the electrochemical battery is negative for a purely electric mode, significantly positive for continuous range extenders (REXs) operation mode and moderately positive for the mode with REX activation only in dynamic states.
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Li, Wenxiang, Ye Li, Haopeng Deng, and Lei Bao. "Planning of Electric Public Transport System under Battery Swap Mode." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 2528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072528.
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Applying battery electric buses (BEBs) in the city is a good means to reduce the increasing greenhouse gas emissions and crude oil dependence. Limited by the driving range and charging time, battery swap station seems to be the best option for battery electric buses to replenish energy currently. This paper presents a novel method to plan and design an electric public transport system under battery swap mode, which comprised of battery electric buses, routes, scheduling, battery swap station, etc. Thus, new routing and scheduling strategies are proposed for the battery electric bus fleets. Based on swapping and charging demand analysis, this paper establishes an algorithm to calculate the optimal scales of battery swap station, including scales of battery swapping system, battery charging system and battery packs, and power capacity of output. Regarding the case of Xuejiadao battery swap station serving 6 BEB routes in Qingdao, China, a numerical simulation program is established to evaluate the validity of our methods. The results reflect that our methods can optimize the system scales meeting an equivalent state of operation demand. In addition, sensitivity analyses are made to the scales under different values of battery capacity and charging current. It suggests that the scales and cost of battery swap station can be effectively reduced with the development of power battery manufacture and charging technology in future.
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Ping, Li, Ma Yanjun, Wang Zhaoli, Jia Xiaofan, Ding Hongli, Wang Panlong, and Gao Jiangtao. "A Low-Cost and Lightweight Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Battery Modules Based on Composite PCM under Normal EV Operating Conditions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2350, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2350/1/012003.
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Abstract In this paper, a novel low-cost and lightweight lithium ion batteries thermal design based on EG-based composite phase change material to store heat under normal EV operating conditions is developed and verified theoretically. The three dimensional thermal simulation model is proposed to compute the transient temperature of the battery at some actual driving conditions during discharge. The capability of battery thermal management system based on composite PCM under four kinds of actual electric vehicles thermal safety evaluation condition is investigated, and some factors influencing the system are discussed in detail. Simulation results show that the temperature of the lithium ion battery can be maintained within a reasonable range by adopting the cooling system. The highest temperature of battery discharging at 1C rate can be kept no more than 45.1 °C in the cost of 0.5mm in thickness and 1.02kg in weight increment of PCM and the temperature consistency evaluation methods based on integral values were proposed. The conclusions got in this paper can be valuable reference for battery thermal management design and analysis of dissipating heat against daily driving discharge condition.
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Liu, Huanlong, Dafa Li, Guanpeng Chen, Chixin Xie, Jiawei Wang, and Lei Feng. "Research on power coupling characteristics and acceleration strategy of electro-hydrostatic hydraulic hybrid power system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 235, no. 8 (January 25, 2021): 1445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651820987729.
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Aiming at the adverse effect of the peak power of the electric motor of the battery-powered rail vehicles on the battery life and the driving range when starting or accelerating, a new type of electro-hydrostatic hydraulic hybrid powertrain is designed. This article proposes a novel power form that assists the vehicle to start or accelerate through two power coupling methods: torque coupling circuit and flow rate coupling circuit which have good power performance and energy-saving performance. A mathematical model for power coupling of hybrid power system is constructed, and the effects of key parameters of the system and different power coupling ratios on electric power consumption and power coupling characteristics are studied. Based on the simulation and test platform, the power coupling characteristics of the electro-hydrostatic hydraulic hybrid powertrain are simulated and experimentally researched. The results show that compared with the traditional electro-hydrostatic series system, the novel electro-hydrostatic hydraulic hybrid powertrain can effectively avoid the impact of electric motor power and reduce the power consumption. Based on the characteristics of power coupling, the acceleration strategy of minimum peak power is studied to control the key components of the power coupling process. Simulation and experimental results show that under the control of the new acceleration strategy, the electro-hydrostatic hydraulic hybrid powertrain has good electro-hydraulic power coupling characteristics. The electric power of the power system is greatly reduced during acceleration, which has better energy-saving characteristics and value for engineering applications.
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Thanh, Le Xuan, and Ho Viet Bun. "Identifying the factors influencing the voltage quality of 6kV grids when using electric excavators in surface mining." Mining of Mineral Deposits 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining16.02.073.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose. The research purpose is to study the relationship between the number of electric excavators and their impact on reducing the voltage losses. As a result of the research, it becomes possible to obtain factors that can help the manager to correctly understand the effect of power compensation caused by the over-excitation mode of electric excavators. Methods. The paper uses the Jacobian matrix transformation to simulate the power flows of electric excavators, the driving mechanisms of which are mainly synchronous motors. The input data for the simulation is the in-situ measurement data representing the inverse power flow. A diagram and a software to determine the factors corresponding to the number of electric excavators are also provided. Findings. A cross-reference table has been compiled showing the ratio of factors corresponding to the number of electric excavators in a 6kV grid. An appropriate software has also been developed, including a table for correcting typical equations for calculating voltage losses. Originality. The proposed factor is conditioned by over-excitation mode of excavators operating as compensation machines in a 6kV grid. Practical implications. When calculating the voltage loss in a 6kV grid of surface mines, if the design feeder contains electric excavators, a modified factor should be added to give a correct idea of the voltage quality.
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Chen, Chen, and Jun Li. "A Systematic Way of Choosing the Components of HEV and Optimization of Power Management Strategy for Real City Driving Condition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 155-156 (February 2012): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.155-156.107.
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To improve the fuel economy of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)，it is necessary to propose a framework which contains choosing the driveline structure, sizing components and optimizing the control strategy. By analyzing the operating character of the bus through the data from real road we find out the suitable components in the HEV driveline. Then the simulation models are built up. The PNGV systems analysis toolkit (PSAT) models are used to simulate the HEV. Subsequently optimization is performed to achieve the minimum fuel consumption. Finally the optimized parameters which mainly consider the engine start power, the engine operating area are found. The bench test results prove that the methods that we use are available.
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Jeong, Yonghwan, and Seongjin Yim. "Integrated Path Tracking and Lateral Stability Control with Four-Wheel Independent Steering for Autonomous Electric Vehicles on Low Friction Roads." Machines 10, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10080650.
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This paper presents a method to design an integrated path tracking and lateral stability controller for an autonomous electric vehicle with four-wheel independent steering (4WIS) on low friction roads. Recent advances in autonomous driving have led to extensive studies on path tracking control. However, path tracking is difficult on low friction roads. In this paper, path tracking control was converted to the yaw rate tracking one to cope with problems caused by low friction roads. To generate a reference yaw rate for path tracking, we present several methods using a driver model and a target path. For yaw rate tracking, we designed a controller with a two-layer control hierarchy, i.e., upper and lower layers. The control yaw moment was calculated using a direct yaw moment controller in the upper layer. In the low layer, a control allocation method was adopted to allocate the control yaw moment into steering angles of 4WIS. To verify the performance of the proposed controller, we conducted a simulation on vehicle simulation software. From the simulation results, it is shown that the proposed controller is effective for path tracking and lateral stability on low friction roads. To analyze path tracking and lateral stability performance of the proposed controller on low friction roads, the effects of the steady-state yaw rate gain are investigated from the simulation results.
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Oskarbski, Jacek, Tomasz Kamiński, Kyandoghere Kyamakya, Jean Chamberlain Chedjou, Karol Żarski, and Małgorzata Pędzierska. "Assessment of the Speed Management Impact on Road Traffic Safety on the Sections of Motorways and Expressways Using Simulation Methods." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 5, 2020): 5057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185057.
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Methods used to evaluate the impact of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) services on road safety are usually based on expert assessments or statistical studies. However, commonly used methods are challenging to apply in the planning process of ITS services. This paper presents the methodology of research using surrogate safety measures calculated and calibrated with the use of simulation techniques and a driving simulator. This approach supports the choice of the type of ITS services that are beneficial for traffic efficiency and road safety. This paper presents results of research on the influence of selected scenarios of variable speed limits on the efficiency and safety of traffic on the sections of motorways and expressways in various traffic conditions. The driving simulator was used to estimate the efficiency of lane-keeping by the driver. The simulation traffic models were calibrated using driving simulator data and roadside sensor data. The traffic models made it possible to determine surrogate safety measures (number of conflicts and their severity) in selected scenarios of using ITS services. The presented studies confirmed the positive impact of Variable Speed Limits (VSLs) on the level of road safety and traffic efficiency. This paper also presents recommendations and plans for further research in this area.
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Sun, Peikun, Annika Stensson Trigell, Lars Drugge, and Jenny Jerrelind. "Energy-Efficient Direct Yaw Moment Control for In-Wheel Motor Electric Vehicles Utilising Motor Efficiency Maps." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030593.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An active energy-efficient direct yaw moment control (DYC) for in-wheel motor electric vehicles taking motor efficiency maps into consideration is proposed in this paper. The potential contribution of DYC to energy saving during quasi-steady-state cornering is analysed. The study in this paper has produced promising results which show that DYC can be used to reduce the power consumption while satisfying the same cornering demand. A controller structure that includes a driver model and an offline torque distribution law during continuous driving and cornering is developed. For comparison, the power consumption of stability DYC is also analysed. Simulations for double lane change manoeuvres are performed and driving conditions either with a constant velocity or with longitudinal acceleration are designed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller in different driving situations. Under constant velocity cornering, since the total torque demand is not high, two rear wheels are engaged and during cornering it is beneficial to distribute more torque to one wheel to improve energy efficiency. In the simulated driving manoeuvres, up to 10% energy can be saved compared to other control methods. During acceleration in cornering, since the total torque demand is high, it is energy-efficient to use all the four in-wheel motors during cornering.
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Park, Jinseong, та Youngjin Park. "Multiple-Actuator Fault Isolation Using a Minimal ℓ1-Norm Solution with Applications in Overactuated Electric Vehicles". Sensors 22, № 6 (10 березня 2022): 2144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062144.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A multiple-actuator fault isolation approach for overactuated electric vehicles (EVs) is designed with a minimal ℓ1-norm solution. As the numbers of driving motors and steering actuators increase beyond the number of controlled variables, an EV becomes an overactuated system, which exhibits actuator redundancy and enables the possibility of fault-tolerant control (FTC). On the other hand, an increase in the number of actuators also increases the possibility of simultaneously occurring multiple faults. To ensure EV reliability while driving, exact and fast fault isolation is required; however, the existing fault isolation methods demand high computational power or complicated procedures because the overactuated systems have many actuators, and the number of simultaneous fault occurrences is increased. The method proposed in this paper exploits the concept of sparsity. The underdetermined linear system is defined from the parity equation, and fault isolation is achieved by obtaining the sparsest nonzero component of the residuals from the minimal ℓ1-norm solution. Therefore, the locations of the faults can be obtained in a sequence, and only a consistently low computational load is required regardless of the isolated number of faults. The experimental results obtained with a scaled-down overactuated EV support the effectiveness of the proposed method, and a quantitative index of the sparsity condition for the target EV is discussed with a CarSim-connected MATLAB/Simulink simulation.
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Bohm, Sebastian, and Erich Runge. "Multiphysics simulation of fluid interface shapes in microfluidic systems driven by electrowetting on dielectrics." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 22 (December 14, 2022): 224702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0110149.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We present a highly efficient simulation method for the calculation of three-dimensional quasi-static interface shapes under the influence of electric fields. The method is especially useful for the simulation of microfluidic systems driven by electrowetting on dielectrics because it accounts automatically and inherently for the highly non-trivial interface shape in the vicinity of the triple-phase contact. In particular, the voltage independence of the local contact angle predicted based on analytical considerations is correctly reproduced in all our simulations. For the calculation of the shape of the interface, the geometry is triangulated and the mesh nodes are shifted until the system energy becomes minimal. The same mesh is also used to calculate the electric field using the boundary-element method. Therefore, only the surface of the geometry needs to be meshed, and no volume meshes are involved. The method can be used for the simulation of closed systems with a constant volume (e.g., droplet-based microfluidics) while preserving the volume very precisely as well as open systems (e.g., the liquid–air interface within micro-cavities or capillaries). Additional effects, such as the influence of gravitational forces, can easily be taken into account. In contrast to other efficient simulations, such as the volume-of-fluid, level-set, or phase-field methods, ideally, sharp interfaces are obtained. We calculate interface shapes for exemplary systems and compare with analytical as well as experimental results.