Статті в журналах: "Elasticitie"

1

Bijmolt, Tammo H. A., Harald J. Van Heerde, and Rik G. M. Pieters. "New Empirical Generalizations on the Determinants of Price Elasticity." Journal of Marketing Research 42, no. 2 (May 2005): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.42.2.141.62296.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The importance of pricing decisions for firms has fueled an extensive stream of research on price elasticities. In an influential meta-analytical study, Tellis (1988) summarized price elasticity research findings until 1986. However, empirical generalizations on price elasticity require modifications because of (1) changes in market characteristics (i.e., characteristics of brands, product categories, and economic conditions) and (2) changes in the research methodology used to assess price elasticities. Therefore, the authors present a meta-analysis of price elasticity with new empirical generalizations on its determinants. Across a set of 1851 price elasticities based on 81 studies, the average price elasticity is −2.62. A salient finding is that over the past four decades, sales elasticities have significantly increased in magnitude, whereas share and choice elasticities have remained fairly constant. The authors find that accommodating price endogeneity has a strong (magnitude-increasing) impact on price elasticities. A striking null result is that accounting for heterogeneity does not affect elasticities significantly. The authors also present an analysis that explains the difference between their findings and Tellis's findings, and they indicate which new price elasticity studies are most desirable.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

2

Seale, James L., Lisha Zhang, and Mohamad R. Traboulsi. "U.S. Import Demand and Supply Response for Fresh Tomatoes, Cantaloupes, Onions, Oranges, and Spinach." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 45, no. 3 (August 2013): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080000496x.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Elasticities of import demand and supply often drive economic models, but few empirical estimates of these elasticities exist for vegetables and fruits. For those that do exist, most are outdated. Because elasticities change over time as income, prices, and market conditions change, outdated elasticity estimates may not be representative of changes in import quantities demanded or in acreages, yield, and quantities supplied. Moreover, import demand elasticities by country of origin for most vegetables and fruits are nonexistent. This article presents research that updates elasticity estimates for each of the selected product categories and includes production and trade implications.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

3

Zhao, Jinlu, Jiaqi Huang, and Fengying Nie. "The Income Elasticities of Food, Calories, and Nutrients in China: A Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 14, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 4711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14224711.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Estimating food- and nutrient-income elasticities is important for making food and nutrition policies to combat malnutrition. There are many studies that have estimated the relationship between income growth and food/nutrient demand in China, but the results are highly heterogeneous. We conducted a meta-analysis in China to systematically review the elasticity of food, calories, and other nutrients to income. We considered a meta-sample using a collection of 64 primary studies covering 1537 food-income elasticities, 153 nutrient-income elasticities, and 147 calorie-income elasticity estimates. There are significant differences in the size of the income elasticities across food and nutrient groups. We found that food- and calorie-income elasticity appear to decline as per capita income increases, except for vitamin and aquatic products. We also found a publication bias for food and calories, and in particular, the study attributes may be important, as they can influence estimates. Given the limited study on nutrient-income elasticity, understanding the impact of income changes on nutrient intake is an important direction worthy of further research.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

4

Galchynskyi, Leonid. "Estimation of the price elasticity of petroleum products’ consumption in Ukraine." Equilibrium 15, no. 2 (June 24, 2020): 315–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2020.015.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Research background: The analysts of the petroleum product markets of industrial countries believe that the elasticity of demand varies at different periods, which gave rise to the hypothesis that behavioral and structural factors have changed the consumers’ reaction during the last few decades, with a change in prices of petroleum products. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to study the elasticity of demand and prices in order to identify changes in consumer behavior in the oil market after significant socio-economic shocks and to establish a correlation between changes in elasticity and price volatility, with the Ukrainian petroleum products market as an illustrative example. Methods: Based on the time series of the petroleum product market of Ukraine, static and dynamic models for assessing the demand elasticity were constructed. It was found that the time series of demand for petroleum products is non-stationary but then the time series of the first differences is stationary according to the extended Dickey-Fuller test; further, the fact of co-integration between time series of consumption, income, and prices was established by the Johansson test. This made it possible to construct co-integration dependence, allowing, in turn, the development of models for assessing the elasticity of demand for petroleum products, on the basis of which objective assessments of changes in consumer behavior were established. Analysis of the monthly calculation of petroleum products’ price volatility during the period 2008 to 2018 has showed that the values of volatility increased abnormally in the period between the beginning of 2014 and the middle of 2015. The estimates of price and demand elasticities obtained for the two periods up to the beginning of 2014 and the second half of 2015 differ significantly from the values of the corresponding elasticities between the beginning of 2014 and the middle of 2015. Findings & Value added: Assessments of income elasticities and price elasticities for petroleum products in the Ukrainian market were obtained by three co-integration models, both short and long term, for each of the three previously defined time intervals. In one of them, characterized by a high level of price volatility conditionally referred to as a crisis, the value of elasticities differed markedly from the corresponding values in the other two periods, in particular, -0.383 for price elasticity and 1.068 for a long-term bond. In the other two periods, these were, respectively, 0.543 for price elasticity and 0.274 for long-term pre-crisis elasticity, and -0.470 for price elasticity and 0.235 for long-term post-crisis elasticity. Appropriate elasticity estimates were obtained for both the short-run and the dynamic model, for the same defined intervals. A comparison of these estimates showed the closeness of the values of elasticities for the pre-crisis and post-crisis intervals and a marked difference from the estimates of the elasticities in the crisis interval. Thus, it was found that a significant change in elasticities is accompanied by an increase in price volatility.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

5

Gallet, Craig Arthur. "GAMBLING DEMAND: A META-ANALYSIS OF THE PRICE ELASTICITY." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 9, no. 1 (May 29, 2015): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v9i1.882.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Many studies have examined the demand for gambling, providing roughly 200 estimates of the price elasticity associated with horse racing, casino gaming, and the lottery. Treating these price elasticities as observations of the dependent variable in a meta-regression model, several features of the literature are found to influence the price responsiveness of gambling. For instance, the price elasticity of casino gambling is lowest in absolute value, while the price elasticities of horse racing and the lottery are of similar value. Also, not only are there regional differences in the price elasticity of gambling, but other model features, such as the functional form of gambling demand, are found to influence the price elasticities.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

6

Hao, MingJie, Angus S. Macdonald, Pradip Tapadar, and R. Guy Thomas. "INSURANCE LOSS COVERAGE UNDER RESTRICTED RISK CLASSIFICATION: THE CASE OF ISO-ELASTIC DEMAND." ASTIN Bulletin 46, no. 2 (February 16, 2016): 265–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2016.6.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

AbstractThis paper investigates equilibrium in an insurance market where risk classification is restricted. Insurance demand is characterised by an iso-elastic function with a single elasticity parameter. We characterise the equilibrium by three quantities: equilibrium premium; level of adverse selection (in the economist's sense); and “loss coverage”, defined as the expected population losses compensated by insurance. We consider both equal elasticities for high and low risk-groups, and then different elasticities. In the equal elasticities case, adverse selection is always higher under pooling than under risk-differentiated premiums, while loss coverage first increases and then decreases with demand elasticity. We argue that loss coverage represents the efficacy of insurance for the whole population; and therefore that if demand elasticity is sufficiently low, adverse selection is not always a bad thing.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

7

Parker, Philip M. "Price Elasticity Dynamics over the Adoption Life Cycle." Journal of Marketing Research 29, no. 3 (August 1992): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224379202900306.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Little empirical research has been conducted to test the dynamic behavior of elasticities over the product life cycle. Competing specifications of price elasticity dynamics are examined to test the prevailing hypothesis that elasticities increase over the adoption life cycle or diffusion process. Though not supporting the hypothesis, the empirical results suggest that certain factors, including the degree to which a product is a necessity and faces competitive substitutes, affect elasticity dynamics.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

8

Bacchi, Miriam Rumenos Piedade, and Humberto Francisco Silva Spolador. "Income-elasticity of poultry meat consumption in metropolitan areas of Brazil." Scientia Agricola 59, no. 3 (September 2002): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162002000300007.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Studies on the meat market behavior may result in interesting parameters for the market and public policy agents. The definition of the income-elasticity of poultry consumption enables the elaboration of prospective analysis on the potential demand of this product. Thus, the main objective of the present study is to estimate the income-elasticities of poultry consumption. Data from the 1995-96 and 1987-88 Consumer Expenditure Survey, published by IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), were used in the analysis. The elasticities were obtained by fitting a three-segment polygonal curve relating the logarithm of the per capita poultry meat consumption as a function of the per capita family income. Generalized Least Squares method was used for the econometric model fitting. The elasticities were obtained considering the total, carcasses and selected individual poultry parts consumption. Average income elasticity of the total consumption enables the classification of poultry meat as a normal product. The observed average income elasticities showed that breast and thighs are superior products. In the last period, a negative elasticity was observed for carcasses.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

9

Latta, Gregory S., and Darius M. Adams. "An econometric analysis of output supply and input demand in the Canadian softwood lumber industry." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 1419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-069.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Few studies have examined the own-price elasticity of Canadian softwood lumber supply or output-adjusted factor demand elasticities over the past two decades, despite the utility of these measures in understanding producer response to tariffs, to market shifts (such as the decline in U.S. public harvest), and to changes in domestic forest policies. The present analysis employs a normalized, restricted quadratic profit function approach to estimate lumber supply and Marshallian factor demand elasticities for three Canadian regions. Results indicate that the lumber supply elasticity in the British Columbia coast region may be twice as large as that in the interior or eastern regions. Comparison of Hicksian factor demand elasticities with earlier studies suggests that the own price elasticity of labor demand may be two or more times larger than that for wood. Results also indicate differential time trends in Marshallian lumber output and wood demand elasticities across regions, rising in the British Columbia coast and falling elsewhere over the past two decades. Morishima elasticities of substitution from the present and past studies indicate that the wood for labor factor intensity is more sensitive to changes in labor price than is the labor for wood intensity to changes in wood price.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

10

McQueen, James RG, and Karen Potter-Witter. "The sawmill industry of the Lake States: a study of productivity, technological change, and factor demand." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-144.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

A translog variable cost function of the sawmill industry in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin was estimated using pooled time-series data for the period 1963–1996 with inputs labour, materials, and capital. The estimated model imposed Hicks-neutral technical change and allowed for nonconstant returns to scale as well as nonunitary elasticities of substitution amongst the inputs. Results for the Allen–Uzawa partial elasticity of substitution and the Morishima elasticity of substitution indicate that the three inputs were inelastic substitutes. The own-price elasticities of demand and the cross-price elasticities were all inelastic. The industry exhibits increasing returns to scale and positive technical change. Total factor productivity was increasing by 0.69%/year over the study period.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

11

Iqbal Khan, Javaid. "Note: Intra-Model Employment Elasticities (A Case Study of Pakistan’s Small – Scale Manufacturing Sector)." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2005.v10.i1.a9.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

In the paper we have estimated elasticities of employment with respect to the expansionary factors. According to our finding, in the small scale manufacturing sector size of employment is negatively related with wage elasticity, positively related with capital elasticity and also positively related with value of product elasticity.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

12

Nazir, Sidra, Nasir Mahmood, and Gulnaz Hameed. "Output and Substitution Elasticities in Pakistan’s Industrial Sectors: Panel Data Analysis." Economics and Finance Letters 9, no. 2 (October 25, 2022): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/29.v9i2.3180.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This study performed a panel data analysis of Pakistan’s nine major sub-industries in the years 1980–2019. The primary objective was to conduct a disaggregate analysis of the substitution elasticity of inputs in the different industries, including textile, mining and currying, manufacturing, fuel extraction, electricity, gas, and water supply, using the translog production function. The study used the translog production function to estimate output and substitution elasticities for each sub-industry. Based on the results of the output elasticities, the study concluded that there were negative elasticities for the inputs oil, gas, and labor, except for capital, which had positive elasticity, causing increasing returns to scale for industries. The elasticity of substitution was greater than one and the value was positive, showing that costly energy inputs can and should be replaced with cheaper energy inputs in these industries. For instance, electricity can be replaced with gas, which is cheaper than electricity in Pakistan.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

13

Datta, Hannes, Harald J. van Heerde, Marnik G. Dekimpe, and Jan-Benedict E. M. Steenkamp. "Cross-National Differences in Market Response: Line-Length, Price, and Distribution Elasticities in 14 Indo-Pacific Rim Economies." Journal of Marketing Research 59, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00222437211058102.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The field's knowledge of marketing-mix elasticities is largely restricted to developed countries in the North-Atlantic region, even though other parts of the world—especially the Indo-Pacific Rim region—have become economic powerhouses. To better allocate marketing budgets, firms need to have information about marketing-mix elasticities for countries outside the North-Atlantic region. The authors use data covering over 1,600 brands from 14 product categories collected in 7 developed and 7 emerging Indo-Pacific Rim countries across more than 10 years to estimate marketing elasticities for line length, price, and distribution and examine which brand, category, and country factors influence these elasticities. Averaged across brands, categories, and countries, line-length elasticity is .459, price elasticity is −.422, and distribution elasticity is .368, but with substantial variation across brands, categories, and countries. Contrary to what has been suggested in previous research, the authors find no systematic differences in marketing responsiveness between emerging and developed economies. Instead, the key country-level factor driving elasticities is societal stratification, with Hofstede's measure of power inequality (power distance) as its cultural manifestation and income inequality as its economic manifestation. As the effects of virtually all brand, category, and country factors differ across the three marketing-mix instruments, the field needs new theorizing that is contingent on the marketing-mix instrument studied.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

14

Naumov, Sergey, and Rogelio Oliva. "Refinements on eigenvalue elasticity analysis: interpretation of parameter elasticities." System Dynamics Review 34, no. 3 (June 2018): 426–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdr.1605.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

15

Peltner, Jonas, and Silke Thiele. "Elasticities of Food Demand in Germany – A Demand System Analysis Using Disaggregated Household Scanner Data." German Journal of Agricultural Economics 70, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30430/70.2021.1.49-62.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This paper presents price and income elasticities of food demand for Germany. Using disaggregated household scanner data and the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS). The QUAIDS is modified to account for censoring and include household demographics. Furthermore, a two-stage budgeting approach is used to more accurately reflect households’ purchasing behaviour. Having disaggregated data also allowed to include convenience aspects into the demand system. High expenditure elasticities are found for fruits and nuts and meat, fish and eggs. The highest own-price elasticity is found for beverages. At the second stage, the bread toppings group reveals new insights into demand relations between cold cuts, cheese and other spreads. Cold cuts have both the highest expenditure and own-price elasticity. Cross-price elasticities indicate mostly complementary relations between cold cuts and other bread toppings. Comparing different income groups shows that expenditure elasticities of raw foods or basic ingredient foods tend to decrease as income increases, whereas expenditure elasticities of foods that require minimal or no preparation tend to increase with income. In conclusion, this study stresses the need for regularly updated elasticities of food demand that reflect up-to-date consumption behavior.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

16

Liu, Bing, and Darren Hudson. "Export Demand Elasticity Estimation for U.S. Cotton." Journal of Cotton Science 23, no. 4 (2019): 292–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/ldun4964.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

U.S. cotton exports have been characterized by large fluctuations in the last two decades. However, the latest available elasticity estimates of U.S. cotton exports are from 1982. New and more precise estimates of export demand elasticities for U.S. cotton are necessary to forecast future U.S. cotton exports and accurately analyze potential political policy and market changes. This study provides updated estimates of the elasticity of foreign demand for U.S. cotton in selected major cotton importing countries using an Armington framework for the years 1978 to 2017. Additionally, this study examines the evolution of the export demand elasticities over time in a dynamic framework of time-varying parameters (TVP) based on the Kalman filter methodology. Our results indicate that short-run price elasticities of foreign demand for U.S. cotton are price inelastic for major cotton importing countries, except for Pakistan. Countries with lower export demand elasticities are associated with relatively large U.S. cotton market shares for these countries. The import demand elasticity for U.S. cotton in recent years is becoming less elastic, implying that cotton import demand in major importing countries has become less price sensitive than it was historically, and the U.S. has competitive advantages in these major cotton importing countries over other suppliers.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

17

Konapala, Goutam, and Ashok K. Mishra. "Three-parameter-based streamflow elasticity model: application to MOPEX basins in the USA at annual and seasonal scales." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 6 (July 1, 2016): 2545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2545-2016.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract. We present a three-parameter streamflow elasticity model as a function of precipitation, potential evaporation, and change in groundwater storage applicable at both seasonal and annual scales. The model was applied to 245 Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX) basins spread across the continental USA. The analysis of the modified equation at annual and seasonal scales indicated that the groundwater and surface water storage change contributes significantly to the streamflow elasticity. Overall, in case of annual as well as seasonal water balances, precipitation has higher elasticity values when compared to both potential evapotranspiration and storage changes. The streamflow elasticities show significant nonlinear associations with the climate conditions of the catchments indicating a complex interplay between elasticities and climate variables with substantial seasonal variations.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

18

Veres-Ferrer, Ernesto-Jesús, and Jose M. Pavía. "The Elasticity of a Random Variable as a Tool for Measuring and Assessing Risks." Risks 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10030068.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Elasticity is a very popular concept in economics and physics, recently exported and reinterpreted in the statistical field, where it has given form to the so-called elasticity function. This function has proved to be a very useful tool for quantifying and evaluating risks, with applications in disciplines as varied as public health and financial risk management. In this study, we consider the elasticity function in random terms, defining its probability distribution, which allows us to measure for each stochastic process the probability of finding elastic or inelastic situations (i.e., with elasticities greater or less than 1). This new tool, together with new results on the most notable points of the elasticity function covered in this research, offers a new approach to risk assessment, facilitating proactive risk management. The paper also includes other contributions of interest, such as new results that relate elasticity and inverse hazard functions, the derivation of the functional form of the cumulative distribution function of a probability model with constant elasticity and how the elasticities of functionally dependent variables are related. The interested reader can also find in the paper examples of how elasticity cumulative distribution functions are calculated, and an extensive list of probability models with their associated elasticity functions and distributions.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

19

Imbs, Jean, and Isabelle Mejean. "Elasticity Optimism." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 7, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 43–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20130231.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

On average, estimates of trade elasticities are smaller in aggregate data than at sector level. This is an artifact of aggregation. Estimations performed on aggregate data constrain sector elasticities to homogeneity, which creates a heterogeneity bias. The paper shows such a bias exists in two prominent approaches used to estimate elasticities, which has meaningful consequences for the calibration of the trade elasticity in one-sector, aggregative models. With elasticities calibrated to aggregate data, macroeconomic models can have predictions at odds with the implications of their multi-sector counterparts. They do not when elasticities are calibrated using a weighted average of sector elasticities. (JEL C51, F13, F14, F41, O19)

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

20

Boonen, K. J. M., K. Y. Rosaria-Chak, F. P. T. Baaijens, D. W. J. van der Schaft, and M. J. Post. "Essential environmental cues from the satellite cell niche: optimizing proliferation and differentiation." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 296, no. 6 (June 2009): C1338—C1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00015.2009.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The use of muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) for regenerative medicine has been severely compromised by their decreased proliferative and differentiative capacity after being cultured in vitro. We hypothesized the loss of pivotal niche factors to be the cause. Therefore, we investigated the proliferative and differentiative response of passage 0 murine MPCs to varying substrate elasticities and protein coatings and found that proliferation was influenced only by elasticity, whereas differentiation was influenced by both elasticity and protein coating. A stiffness of 21 kPa optimally increased the proliferation of MPCs. Regarding differentiation, we demonstrated that fusion of MPCs into myotubes takes place regardless of elasticity. However, ongoing maturation with cross-striations and contractions occurred only on elasticities higher than 3 kPa. Furthermore, maturation was fastest on poly-d-lysine and laminin coatings.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

21

Maynard, Leigh J., and Venkat N. Veeramani. "Price Sensitivities for U.S. Frozen Dairy Products." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 35, no. 3 (December 2003): 599–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800028315.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Price elasticities and flexibilities for frozen dessert products were estimated from weekly scanner data, with emphasis on functional form selection, system misspecification testing, and endogeneity testing. Reciprocals of elasticities and elasticity matrix inversion were invalid means of obtaining flexibility estimates, leaving direct estimation as the only viable, albeit resource-intensive, approach.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

22

Awawda, Sameera, Ali Chalak, Yousef Khader, Aya Mostafa, Ruba Abla, Rima Nakkash, Mohammed Jawad, Ramzi G. Salloum, and Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh. "Gender differences in the price elasticity of demand for waterpipe and cigarette smoking in Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine: a volumetric choice experiment." BMJ Open 12, no. 7 (July 2022): e058495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058495.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

ObjectivesThis study assessed the extent to which the elasticity of cigarette and waterpipe tobacco products differs between men and women. We also explored the levels of substitution and complementarity in tobacco products among men and women.SettingThe study examines tobacco elasticities in three Arab countries: Lebanon, Jordan and the West Bank of Palestine.ParticipantsWe used data from nationally representative surveys of adults aged ≥18 years in Lebanon (n=1680), Jordan (n=1925) and Palestine (n=1679). The proportion of women was 50.0% of the sample in Lebanon and Palestine, and 44.6% in Jordan.Primary and secondary outcome measuresA zero-inflated Poisson regression model estimated own-price and cross-price elasticities for two variations of cigarettes and five variations of waterpipe tobacco products. Elasticities were measured based on eight scenarios of prices.ResultsDemand for waterpipe tobacco products was elastic for both men and women. The cross-price elasticities in the three countries indicate the existence of substitution between cigarettes and waterpipe products and by different varieties within each of the two tobacco products. Gender differences varied across the three countries whereby higher cross-price elasticities were observed for women in Jordan and Palestine. For example, the price elasticity for discount waterpipe was −1.4 and −0.6 for women and men in Jordan, respectively.ConclusionsResults on the elasticity of demand for tobacco products and the existence of substitution between tobacco products reveal the higher responsiveness of men and women to changes in tobacco prices. This should be taken into consideration in tobacco control strategies particularly when reducing tobacco consumption via taxation policies.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

23

Lundberg, Jacob, and John Norell. "Taxes, benefits and labour force participation: A survey of the quasi-experimental literature." Journal of the Finnish Economic Association 1, no. 1 (November 28, 2021): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33358/jfea.112419.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

We review the literature that uses quasi-experimental methods to estimate the elasticity of labour force participation with respect to the financial gain from work. We find a wide range of elasticities, with an average of 0.36. 27 out of 35 papers find elasticities larger than 0.1, providing strong evidence that individuals respond to incentives on the extensive margin of labour supply. Elasticities are larger for women, and have declined over time.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

24

Fendel, Tanja. "How Elastic is the Labour Supply of Female Migrants Relative to the Labour Supply of Female Natives?" De Economist 168, no. 4 (July 8, 2020): 475–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10645-020-09368-9.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract This study estimates the wage elasticities of migrants and natives by using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984 to 2015 and a grouping instrumental variable estimator. Female migrants who live with a partner have lower own- and cross-wage elasticities than respective female natives, and the elasticities of non-Western female migrants are insignificant. The relationship between participation and elasticity is not in all cases positive, but parallel to labour market integration, the time since migration increases the elasticities of women. Elasticities indicate the potential to increase participation; therefore, it is especially important for non-Western female migrants to remove barriers to flexible wage responses.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

25

Yetman, Michelle H., and Robert J. Yetman. "How Does the Incentive Effect of the Charitable Deduction Vary across Charities?" Accounting Review 88, no. 3 (December 1, 2012): 1069–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-50370.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

ABSTRACT: We examine how taxes affect donations given to nonprofit organizations and how this varies across nonprofit types. Most prior studies constrained tax price elasticities to be constant across nonprofits, primarily because the data do not provide donations by nonprofit type. Using nonprofit-level data and average marginal tax rates that vary across years and states, we estimate tax price elasticities by nonprofit type. We find an aggregate public charity elasticity of approximately −1.0 and a private foundation elasticity of approximately −2.0. These results suggest that the cost of the charitable contribution deduction is roughly proportional to its benefit for public charities, but that the deduction stimulates significant giving for private foundations. When we partition our elasticities across 24 public charity types, we find significant elasticities of −1.0 or larger for six types. This result suggests that the effect of the charitable contribution deduction varies significantly across nonprofit types. JEL Classifications: H2; H4; H7; L3; K34 Data Availability: The data are available from public sources identified in this study.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

26

Felettigh, Alberto, and Stefano Federico. "Measuring the price elasticity of import demand in the destination markets of italian exports." ECONOMIA E POLITICA INDUSTRIALE, no. 1 (March 2011): 127–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/poli2011-011005.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

We compare the price elasticity of import demand in the destination markets of Italian exports to the price elasticity in the destination markets of the other main euro-zone countries' exports. We use the elasticities of substitution across varieties estimated for each destination market by Broda, Greenfield and Weinstein (2006). We find that Italy exports to markets that have, on average, lower price elasticity than the markets to which France, Germany and Spain sell their exports. The result is mainly driven by the motor vehicle and other transport equipment sectors. Net of these two industries, the average export elasticities of the four countries are basically identical. The sectoral and geographical composition of Italian exports therefore does not seem to expose them to a relatively more elastic demand, contrary to the indications found in part of the literature.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

27

Bielik, P., and Z. Šajbidorová. "Elasticity of consumer demand on pork meat in the Slovak Republic." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 55, No. 1 (February 11, 2009): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2502-agricecon.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Consumers are the starting point of the final product market vertical line. Their demand is a crucial factor in the decisions about production – what to produce, how much, and what way. The aim of this paper is to provide the analysis of the elasticity of the consumer demand on pork, based on the influence of the change of the determinants influencing the demand on the consumer level of the vertical product line, and subsequent evaluation of the character and intensiveness of the consumer demand elasticities. The evaluation is founded on the determined coefficients for the individual elasticities of consumer demand on the selected commodity. The analysis of the elasticity of the consumer demand on pork is based on a five-factor model of the consumer demand on pork. It was estimated and qualified by the microeconomic theory for estimation and interpretation of individual elasticity coefficients and regression analysis. Furthermore, our attention is focused on determination and interpretation of the coefficients of direct price elasticity of demand, cross-price elasticity of demand, and income elasticity of demand. The value of the price elasticity of demand on pork is 0.770937. As an increase in the buyers’ income evokes an increase in demand, it can be stated that pork meat is a superior good for the Slovak inhabitants. Cross-price elasticity of demand between pork and poultry is 0.617363, and between pork and beef it is 0.343435. As the value is positive, pork, poultry, and beef are substitute goods for the consumers. During the studied period, the demand on pork was quarterly decreasing by 0.05162% in average. On the basis of the results received from the analysis of the elasticities of the demand on the consumer level of the studied product vertical line, it can be stated that Slovak consumers of pork meat react more responsively to the change of income than to the change of the price of this good.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

28

Kan, Kamhon, I.-Hsin Li, and Ruei-Hua Wang. "Intergenerational Income Mobility in Taiwan: Evidence from TS2SLS and Structural Quantile Regression." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 257–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0008.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Abstract We estimate intergenerational income mobility in Taiwan, employing repeated cross-sectional data. We find that the father–son, father–daughter, mother–son and mother–daughter income elasticities-at-40 are around 0.18, 0.23, 0.50 and 0.54, respectively. Moreover, the mother–child income elasticity increases slightly over children’s birth year, while the father–child elasticity is stable, but we do not find any time trend in elasticities. Since mean-regression results may not be informative in fast growing economies, we estimate relative mobility via structural quantile regression models. The results indicate that parents’ income affects children’s income mainly through the propagation of children’s income shocks, rather than affecting the level directly.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

29

Jensen, Thomas C. "Income and Price Elasticities by Nationality for Tourists in Denmark." Tourism Economics 4, no. 2 (June 1998): 101–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669800400201.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This paper presents estimates of income and price elasticities for the six most important nationalities visiting Denmark as tourists. The estimates are based on two different measures of the Danish tourism revenue: the number of nights spent and the currency exchange statistics. The explanatory variables are prices and income abroad. The estimates vary considerably across nationalities. For German tourists, who account for the largest share in Danish tourism, the estimates for price elasticities are quite high: the long-run price elasticity with respect to the prices in Denmark is close to −1.5 and the long-run income elasticity is found to be near 2.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

30

Grisley, William, and Kangethe W. Gitu. "A Translog Cost Analysis of Turkey Production in the Mid-Atlantic Region." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 17, no. 1 (July 1985): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017167.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

AbstractThe production structure of 165-hen and 200-tom turkey flocks is investigated using a translog (dual) variable cost function. The partial static equilibrium elasticities of scale, input demand, input substitution, and cross price elasticities of demand are calculated. The elasticity of scale is found to be not significantly different from one over the range of 5,900 to 9,822 birds for the hen flocks and over the range of 7,765 to 11,043 birds for the torn flocks. In general, the input demand elasticities are inelastic with the exception of the input fuel. The cross-price elasticities are in general inelastic.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

31

Vu, Linh Hoang. "Estimation and Analysis of Food Demand Patterns in Vietnam." Economies 8, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8010011.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The paper analyzes food consumption patterns of Vietnamese households, using a complete demand system and socio-demographic information. Demand elasticities are estimated applying a modified Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model on the Vietnamese household survey data in 2006. The results indicate that food consumption patterns in Vietnam are affected by income, price, as well as socio-economic and geographic factors. All food has positive expenditure elasticities and negative own-price elasticities. Rice has mean expenditure elasticity of 0.36 and mean own-price elasticity of −0.80. Using the estimated elasticities, the study finds that when rice prices increase by 20 percent, average household welfare rises by 1.3 percent, yet it is important to note that the benefits and costs are not spread evenly across the population. Overall, middle-income households gain the most, while the poorest households gain the least from higher rice prices. This indicates that support programs should target the poorest quintile, especially the poor in the regions hit hardest by higher prices. More generally, our study points out that targeted food policies should be formulated based on specific food demand patterns in the groups.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

32

Lim, Chansu. "Estimating Residential and Industrial City Gas Demand Function in the Republic of Korea—A Kalman Filter Application." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 5, 2019): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051363.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This paper analyzes the city gas demand function in Korea from 1998 to 2018. The demand function of city gas is derived by a Kalman filter method, and price and income elasticities varying with time are estimated. In the case of residential city gas, the price elasticity gradually decreased to a value of approximately 0.57, while income elasticity increased to approximately 1.48 from 1998 to 2018. Alternatively, industrial city gas demand’s price and income elasticities have been estimated as inelastic, as their absolute values were less than unity over time. The absolute values of price and income elasticities are estimated to be larger for residential than industrial city gas, and thus, city gas consumers are more likely to respond to changes in price and income for residential than industrial city gas. There is a substantial income effect on demand for residential city gas in Korea, whereas industrial city gas is found to have relatively small income and price effects. The results of this study provide policy makers with a Kalman filter method to access more accurate information on the city gas demand function’s elasticities, which change with time.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

33

Tellis, Gerard J. "The Price Elasticity of Selective Demand: A Meta-Analysis of Econometric Models of Sales." Journal of Marketing Research 25, no. 4 (November 1988): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378802500401.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The author describes a meta-analysis of econometric studies that estimated the elasticity of selective sales or market share to price. The literature review yielded 367 suitable price elasticities from about 220 different brands/markets. The results indicate that the price elasticity is significantly negative and, in absolute value, eight times larger than the advertising elasticity obtained from a prior meta-analysis. The omission of distribution or quality, the use of only cross-sectional data, and temporal aggregation lead to severe biases in the estimates of price elasticity. The elasticity also differs significantly over the brand life cycle, product categories, estimation methods, and countries.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

34

House, Christopher L., and Matthew D. Shapiro. "Temporary Investment Tax Incentives: Theory with Evidence from Bonus Depreciation." American Economic Review 98, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 737–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.3.737.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The intertemporal elasticity of investment for long-lived capital goods is nearly infinite. Consequently, investment prices should fully reflect temporary tax subsidies, regardless of the investment supply elasticity. Since prices move one-for-one with the subsidy, elasticities can be inferred from quantities alone. This paper uses a recent tax policy—bonus depreciation—to estimate the investment supply elasticity. Investment in qualified capital increased sharply. The estimated elasticity is high—between 6 and 14. There is no evidence that market prices reacted to the subsidy, suggesting that adjustment costs are internal, or that measurement error masks the price changes. (JEL G31, H32)

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

35

Alzyadat, Jumah Ahmad. "The Price and Income Elasticity of Demand for Natural Gas Consumption in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 6 (November 28, 2022): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13597.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Natural gas consumption in Saudi Arabia (KSA) has grown at an annual rate of approximately 7% as a result of population growth and other economic and non-economic factors. This study aims to estimate the short- and long-run price and income elasticities of natural gas demand in Saudi Arabia using time series data from 1990 to 2020, applying the Autoregressive Distributed lag Procedure (ARDL). Employ an Error-correction model to obtain estimates of adjustment speeds with long and short-run elasticities. The elasticity of demand for natural gas was calculated by including population growth as a control variable. The short-run dynamics evaluated indicate that the speed of adjustment is 70% annually, the long-run income and the price elasticities are 0.0002 and -2.09 respectively. The short-run income and price elasticities are 0.0002, -1.17 respectively. This means that price changes have a greater impact on natural gas demand than changes in income in the short and long run. Population growth has contributed to the increase in natural gas consumption in Saudi Arabia in the short and long run. In general, based on the results, the trend of Saudi Arabia to increase the consumption of natural gas needs to maintain low prices, due to the high price elasticity of demand.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

36

Russell, Gary J., and Ruth N. Bolton. "Implications of Market Structure for Elasticity Structure." Journal of Marketing Research 25, no. 3 (August 1988): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378802500301.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Though considerable attention has been given to market structure, little research has been done on the relationship between market structure and elasticity structure. The authors develop and partially test the aggregate constant ratio elasticity pattern (ACREP), a parsimonious marketing mix elasticity model that describes the elasticity structure of submarkets characterized by a proportional-draw market share mechanism. An analysis of the brand price elasticities in nine markets (covering six product categories) suggests that the ACREP model is a robust approach for predicting the elasticity structure of submarkets within a nondurable product class. The underlying ACREP parameters, measuring consumer propensity to switch within and between submarkets, show systematic relationships with structural characteristics of the product markets.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

37

Mikayilov, Jeyhun I., Shahriyar Mukhtarov, and Jeyhun Mammadov. "Gasoline Demand Elasticities at the Backdrop of Lower Oil Prices: Fuel-Subsidizing Country Case." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 6752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246752.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This study investigates the income and price elasticities of gasoline demand for a fuel subsidizing country case, applying three different time-varying coefficient approaches to the data spanning the period from January 2002 to June 2018. The empirical estimations concluded a cointegration relationship between gasoline demand, income, and gasoline price. The income elasticity found ranges from 0.10 to 0.29, while the price elasticity remains constant over time, being −0.15. Income elasticity increases over time, slightly decreasing close to the end of the period, which is specific for a developing country. In the short run, gasoline demand does not respond to the changes in income and price. The policy implications are discussed based on the findings of the study. Research results show that since the income elasticity of demand is not constant, the use of constant elasticities obtained in previous studies might be misleading for policymaking purposes. An increase in income elasticity might be the cause of the inefficiency of the existing vehicles. The small price elasticity allows to say that if policy makers plan to reduce gasoline consumption then increasing its price would not substantially reduce the consumption. The current situation can be utilized to increase energy efficiency and implement eco-friendly technologies. For this purpose, the quality of existing transport modes can be improved. Meanwhile, to meet households’ needs, policies such as providing soft auto loans need to be formed to balance the recent drop in car sales.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

38

Naanwaab, Cephas, and Osei Yeboah. "Demand for Fresh Vegetables in the United States: 1970–2010." Economics Research International 2012 (October 22, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/942748.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This paper analyzes a demand system for eight major fresh vegetables in the USA using the most recently available dataset (1970–2010). A first-differenced Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA-AIDS) is applied to estimate price and expenditure elasticity of demand, imposing homogeneity and symmetry restrictions. We find that not only are consumers responsive to changes in own-prices but they also respond significantly to changes in prices of other fresh vegetables that are consumed together. Conditional budget share allocation to lettuce, cabbage, and celery has declined, while the share of the consumer dollar going to tomatoes, peppers, and onions has increased over the period. Except for cabbage, all own-price elasticity estimates are negative, less than unity in absolute value, and statistically significant. About half of the 56 cross-price elasticities are negative and significant, indicating high, albeit asymmetric, complementarities among these fresh vegetables. Expenditure elasticities are positive and significant for all but one of these eight vegetables. Over the period under consideration, demand and expenditure elasticities remained fairly stable.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

39

Choi, Hyelin, and Hyo Sang Kim. "Exchange Rates and Firm Exports: The Role of Foreign Ownership and Foreign Subsidiaries." Asian Economic Papers 19, no. 2 (June 2020): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00776.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This paper examines the role of global production linkages on exchange rate elasticities by using Korean firm-level data. Firms with foreign ownership or with foreign subsidiaries, which are linked to global production, tend to weaken the effects of exchange rate movements on firm exports. We find the exchange rate elasticities of firm exports are significant and tend to have a negative effect on domestic firms or firms with no foreign subsidiary. In contrast, the results show an insignificant effect on foreign-owned firms or firms with foreign subsidiaries. After controlling for the export to foreign affiliates, we still find the estimated exchange rate elasticities of exports to be statistically insignificant, although it has a negative and relatively large impact for firms with global production linkages. Moreover, firms with a higher global value chain integration measure or more imported intermediate inputs have a significantly lower exchange rate elasticity of exports. This indicates that the developments in global production linkages have an important role in explaining lower exchange rate elasticity to exports.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

40

Osbert-Pociecha, Grażyna, Mirosław Moroz, and Janusz Lichtarski. "The Elasticity of an Enterprise as a Configuration of Partial Elasticities." Gospodarka Narodowa 223, no. 4 (April 30, 2008): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/gn/101314.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

41

Bordley, Robert F., and James B. McDonald. "Estimating Aggregate Automotive Income Elasticities from the Population Income-Share Elasticity." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 11, no. 2 (April 1993): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1391372.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

42

Bordley, Robert F., and James B. McDonald. "Estimating Aggregate Automotive Income Elasticities From the Population Income-Share Elasticity." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 11, no. 2 (April 1993): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07350015.1993.10509949.

Повний текст джерела

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

43

Sarmad, Khwaja, and Riaz Mahmood. "Price and Income Elasticities of Consumer Goods Imports of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 24, no. 3-4 (December 1, 1985): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v24i3-4pp.453-462.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Estimation of disaggregated import elasticities for developing countries presents a formidable data-handling problem. The available studies on the subject are concerned mostly with the estimation of income and price elasticities of imports at a disaggregated level corresponding to the one-digit level of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), see, e.g., Khan [I], Melo and Vogt [4], Nguyen and Bhuyan [5). Consequently, they apply a common elasticity estimate to all commodity sub-groups..

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

44

Metaxas, S., and E. Charalambous. "Residential price elasticity of demand for water." Water Supply 5, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0063.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

This paper presents an analysis on price elasticity of demand for water as a consequence of price increases. The objective of this research study is to estimate the residential price elasticities of demand for water for different regions, which may have different income levels. The general conclusion is that price elasticity for residential water use is inelastic (i.e. a given percentage of price increase results in a proportionally smaller decrease in quantity demanded) and it varies by consumer class and type of water use. The elasticity is not significantly affected by demographic and other factors.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

45

Hussain, Sajid, Uzma Nisar, and Waseem Akram. "An Analysis of the Cost Structure of Food Industries in Pakistan: An Application of the Translog Cost Function." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 25, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2020.v25.i2.a1.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Given the importance of food industriesin Pakistan, this studyanalyzestheircost structure by estimating thetranscendental logarithmic cost function. The study also considers elasticity of substitution along with own-price elasticity and cross-price elasticity. Four factor inputs,i.e.,labor, capital, energy,and materials,are used toestimatethe cost function. The results indicate that materialsaccount for the highest share of the cost. The elasticity of substitution of materialsfor capital and energy is also weak. The own-price elasticities indicate that the demand for materialsis least responsive to a change in its own price while the demand for other inputs varies with price. The cross-priceelasticities show that labor, capital and energy are substitutes foreach other. The output elasticity of cost demonstrates the presence of economies of scale.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

46

Polbin, Andrey, and Anton Skrobotov. "On decrease in oil price elasticity of GDP and investment in Russia." Applied Econometrics 66, no. 2 (2022): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1993-7601-2022-66-5-24.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The article evaluates cointegrating regression models with time‐varying parameters to describe the relationship between real GDP, gross fixed capital formation and household consumption in the Russian Federation with oil prices. In the early 2000s there was an increase in the elasticities of the analyzed macroeconomic indicators with respect to oil prices, the peak of the elasticities occurred in the second half of the 2000s, after the crisis of 2008–2009 significant declines in elasticities have been identified, and in recent years the oil price elasticity of real GDP has been about 0.05, while for real investment and consumption it has been about 0.12.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

47

Kant, Shashi. "The marginal cost of structural diversity of mixed uneven-aged hard maple forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 616–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-001.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Theoretical concepts pertaining to the marginal cost (MC) of the structural diversity of a forest stand are developed. A matrix growth model is estimated for mixed uneven-aged forest stands of hard maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) from southern Ontario. The estimated growth model is used to derive the MC equations for the Shannon and the Simpson indices of total structural diversity (TSD), species diversity (SD), and tree-size diversity (TD). The effects of exclusion and inclusion of the opportunity cost (OC) on the MC of the TSD are compared. The contributions of SD and TD to the MC of the TSD are disaggregated. The MCs of TSD, SD, and TD for the Shannon and the Simpson indices are iso-elastic. The elasticity of the MC of the TSD for the inclusion of OC is greater than the elasticity of MC of the TSD for the exclusion of OC. The elasticities of MC of TSD, SD, and TD for the Shannon index are greater than the elasticities of MC of TSD, SD, and TD, respectively, for the Simpson index. The elasticities of MC of SD are smaller than the elasticities of MC of TD, for both indices. However, these results are specific to the hard maple forests of southern Ontario and cannot be generalized. Some general features of MC equations of structural diversity are discussed.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

48

Chishti, Salim, and Fakhre Mahmood. "The Energy Demand in the Industrial Sector of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i1pp.83-88.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The purpose of this study is to analyse the role of energy in the manufaCblring sector of Pakistan. The translog cost function alongwith the input demand equations corresponding to enel'kY, capital, and labour have been estimated, using Zellner's iterative procedure. Time trend has been included in the cost equation in view of the low Durbin-Watson statistics. The results justify the inclusion of energy as a separate factor of production. Price elasticities and Allen-Uzawa partial substitution elasticities have been estimated. Own price elasticities indicate a rather inelastic demand fOl" inputs. Cross-price elasticities show that energy and labour, and capital and labour are substitutes. The partial substitution elasticities between enellY and capital are negative; which implies that higher energy prices will adversely affect investment in capital goods. On the other hand, the positive substitution elasticity between energy and employment implies that higher energy prices would induce more labour absorption.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

49

Faharuddin, Faharuddin, Andy Mulyana, M. Yamin, and Yunita Yunita. "Nutrient elasticities of food consumption: the case of Indonesia." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 7, no. 3 (November 13, 2017): 198–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-02-2016-0008.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess nutrients elasticities of calories, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System is used on Indonesian socioeconomic household survey data. Findings Expenditure elasticities of nutrients in overall model range from 0.707 (for carbohydrates) to 1.085 (for fats), but expenditure elasticities in rural areas are higher than those in urban area. Most of price elasticities of nutrients have very small absolute value (not elastic) and all values are lower than the expenditure elasticities. However, the price of five groups of food commodities, namely, rice, oil and grease, fishes, meat, and other foods give significant influence on nutrients consumption. Research limitations/implications This research only includes four micronutrients, namely, calorie, protein, fat, and carbohydrate. Originality/value This research is one of very limited literatures about nutrient elasticity of food consumption in Indonesia.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

50

Lee, Jung-Hee, and B. Wade Brorsen. "Effect of Risk Aversion on Feeder Cattle Prices." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 26, no. 2 (December 1994): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800026316.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

AbstractThis paper determines the effects of cattle feeders' risk aversion on feeder cattle prices using pen data of Kansas feedlots. Higher profit risk results in lower feeder cattle prices. The elasticity of feeder cattle price with respect to profit risk was small (-0.013). The risk elasticity estimated here is similar to risk elasticities in previous studies and thus, the use of pen-level data does not seem to add much to the study of risk.

Стилі APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO та ін.

Статті в журналах з теми "Elasticitie"

Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями