Дисертації з теми "El Nino and Southern Oscillation"
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Gergis, Jo??lle L. School of Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences UNSW. "Reconstructing El Nino-southern oscillation." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24222.
Повний текст джерелаFerrett, Samantha Joanne. "El Nino Southern Oscillation stability under global warming." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/19362.
Повний текст джерелаThompson, Christopher J. "A linear, stochastic, dynamical model of El Nino/southern oscillation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6754.
Повний текст джерелаFogt, Ryan Lee. "Investigation of the Southern Annular Mode and the El Nino - Southern Oscillation Interactions." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1180462358.
Повний текст джерелаManobavan, Manoharadas. "The responses of terrestrial vegetation to El Nino southern oscillation perturbations." Thesis, Kingston University, 2003. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20363/.
Повний текст джерелаFan, Yun. "ENSO prediction and predictability in an intermediate coupled model." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390461.
Повний текст джерелаPeralta-Hernandez, Ana Rosa. "El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects on hydro-ecological parameters in central Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/298799.
Повний текст джерелаPeskan, Kimberly A. "A statistical assessment of the relationship of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation to Great Lakes water levels." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62265.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIllig, Séréna. "Variabilité basse fréquence de l'Atlantique tropical : rôle de la dynamique océanique équatoriale et influence d'El Nino southern oscillation." Toulouse 3, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00260664.
Повний текст джерелаThe objectives of this thesis are to study the coupled interannual variability in the Tropical Atlantic associated to the linear dynamics and the teleconnections with the Tropical Pacific El Niño variability. Our study suggest first that low-frequency wave dynamics (Kelvin and Rossby waves propagation) is to a large extent at work in the Tropical Atlantic, and play a significant part in the ocean-atmosphere mechanisms that can lead to the Atlantic Equatorial mode. The results of coupled experiments show that peak in SST variability in the 1 to 3 year band, as observed in the Equatorial Atlantic, is partly due to the local air-sea interactions, whereas remote ENSO Pacific forcing controls the lower frequency variability (3-7 year). Our results point out the complexity of the Equatorial Atlantic ocean-atmosphere system which predictability depends on the Pacific ENSO conditions and/or the high-frequency atmospheric activity
Johnson, Scot. "Markov model studies of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/15490.
Повний текст джерелаFogt, Ryan Lee. "Investigation of the Southern Annular Mode and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation Interactions." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1180462358.
Повний текст джерелаSievert, Ulrica. "El Niño Southern Oscillation, Temperature and Precipitation over Central America." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303324.
Повний текст джерелаI syftet att utöka individuell kunskap om de viktigaste klimatsystemen som påverkar temperatur och nederbörd över den tropiska kontinenten Centralamerika, gjordes en studie. Komponenter såsom den karibiska lågaltituds-jeten (CLLJ The Caribbean Low Level Jet), den intertropiska konvergenszonen (ITCZ The Intertropical Convergence Zone) och västra halvklotets varmvattenspool (WHWP The Western Hemisphere Warm Pool) är huvudsakliga system som påverkar det regionala klimatet och dessa interagerar med topografin. I sin tur delar den upp Centralamerika i Stilla havssidan samt Karibiska sidan, två skiljda regioner ur ett meteorologiskt perspektiv. Dygnsdata, för temperatur och nederbörd inom en tidsperiod av 35 år (1981-2015) för 9 olika meteorologiska stationer, har undersökts för att identifiera mönster kopplat till den södra El Niño-oscillationen (ENSO The El Niño Southern Oscillation). Avsaknad data beräknades med rutinfunktionen rellenaf, som har utvecklats av universitetet i Costa Rica - Centret för geofysisk forskning. Funktionen estimerar datavärden utifrån principiella komponenter -och autoregressiv metod. Från den kompletta datan kunde det identifieras att Stilla havssidan är huvudsakligen kännetecknat av en torrperiod och en regnperiod, medan säsongsvariationerna i nederbörd för Karibiska sidan är mindre. Den årliga temperaturcykeln för hela regionen erhåller små skillnader i amplitud, med andra ord är temperaturen mer eller mindre konstant genom årets gång. Med undantag för de mer nordliga stationerna Belize och Puerto Barrios där lägre temperaturer förekommer under norra halvklotets vintermånader som är orsakat av kallfronter. ENSO är ett lågfrekvent atmosfäriskt system som har påverkan på det regionala klimatet genom att interagera med de tidigare nämna CLLJ, ITCZ and WHWP. De starka faserna El Niño och La Niña observerades och jämfördes med anomalier för temperatur, nederbörd och vindfält på 925 hPa nivå (huvudsakligen fokus på CLLJ). En majoritet av negativa (positiva) anomalier för nederbörd kunde observeras under El Niño (La Niña) fenomen för Stilla havssidan. Dock fanns inte denna relation för den Karibiska sidan. Det fanns heller ingen koppling mellan temperatur och ENSO. Det kunde även ses att CLLJ är starkare (svagare) i februari för la niña (el niño) och starkare (svagare) i juli för el niño (la niña).
Paul, Nicole Christine. "Variable Recovery of the Massive Coral, Porites Lobata, in Response to El Nino-Southern Oscillation Events at Devil's Crown, Galapagos, Ecuador." NSUWorks, 2012. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/93.
Повний текст джерелаYocom, Kent Larissa L., Peter Z. Fulé, Peter M. Brown, Julián Cerano-Paredes, Eladio Cornejo-Oviedo, Montaño Citlali Cortés, Stacy A. Drury, et al. "Climate drives fire synchrony but local factors control fire regime change in northern Mexico." WILEY, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623223.
Повний текст джерелаTangang, Fredolin T. "Forecasting El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, a neural network approach." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25173.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаOliveira, Flavio Natal Mendes de. "Climatologia de bloqueios atmosféricos no hemisfério Sul: observações, simulações do clima do século XX e cenários futuros de mudanças climáticas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14133/tde-02102011-115448/.
Повний текст джерелаThis study discusses 59-yr climatology (1949-2007) of Southern Hemisphere (SH) blockings using daily 500-hPa geopotential height data from National Center for Environmental Prediction / National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR reanalysis. The spatiotemporal variability of blocking events and associations with El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are examined. Additionally, blockings were examined in two Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) Coupled General Circulation Models (CGCM), ECHAM5/MPI-OM and MIROC 3.2. Two sets of simulations were examined: the climate of the 20th century and the A1B emission scenario. ENSO episodes were identified using two methods. The first method was the Monthly Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) from the Climate Prediction Center (CPC-NCEP). The second method was based on Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and was applied to identify ENSO episodes in the CGCMs. Similarly, the combined influence of ENSO and the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) on the occurrence and characteristics of blockings was also examined. The daily AAO index was obtained from CPC/NCEP. Most conventional blocking indices detect longitudinal variations of blockings. In this study we propose a new blocking index that detects longitudinal and latitudinal variations of blockings. The following relevant sectors of blocking occurrence were identified and examined in detail: Southeast Indian (SB1), Southwest Pacific (SB2), Central Pacific (SB3), Southeast Pacific (SB4) and Southwest Atlantic (SB5) oceans. In addition, we investigated two large regions of South Pacific: West Pacific and East Pacific. We found that the typical timescale of a blocking event is about ~1.5 2.5 days. Nonetheless, the duration of events depends on the latitude, with larger durations observed at higher latitudes. Statistically significant differences in the longitude of blockings are observed between Warm (ENSO+) and Neutral ENSO phases from the Austral fall to spring. Moderate to strong Warm ENSO episodes modulate the preferred locations of blockings but do not play a significant role for variations in their frequency. On the other hand, weak ENOS+ episodes were associated with relatively high frequency of blockings. Blocking events during ENSO+ last on average one more day compared to events that occur during Neutral episodes. In contrast, Cold (ENOS-) ENSO episodes are characterized by a decrease of blockings over the Central Pacific sector, except during the Austral summer months. However, no statistically significant differences are detected in the duration. Composites of 200-hPa zonal wind anomalies indicate that the weakening (strengthening) of the polar jet around 60oS during negative (positive) AAO phases in both ENSO phases plays a major role for the relative increase (decrease) of blocking events. A statistically significant increase of events over Southeast Pacific is observed during negative AAO phases in both ENSO phases. Moreover, an increase (decrease) of events is observed over West Pacific region when negative (positive) AAO phases occur during ENSO-. In contrast, during ENSO+ there is no statistically significant difference in the longitudinal distribution of events separated according to opposite AAO phases, although there is an increase (decrease) in the events from West Pacific region to East Pacific during negative (positive) AAO phase. The CGCMs investigated in this study correctly simulated the amplitude of observed annual cycle of geopotential height in the extratropics. Also, both CGCMs show a better performance in simulating the duration and preferred locations of blockings than their frequency. None of these CGCMs simulated well the frequency during Neutral ENSO phase. The ECHAM5/MPI-OM (run2) shows systematic biases in some regions. For instance, this model overestimates the frequency of blockings over East Pacific region during Cold and Neutral ENSO phases. The differences between the two versions of MIROC 3.2 indicate that the increase in resolution improves the performance of the model in simulating the frequency of blockings.
Begley, Paul. "The El Niño - Southern Oscillation, rainfall and wheat yields in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19916.
Повний текст джерелаAbdolrahimi, Maryam. "The Effect of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on World Cereal Production." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15498.
Повний текст джерелаRoberts, William Henry Gordon. "An investigation into the causes for the reduction in the variability of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the early Holocene in a global climate model /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10033.
Повний текст джерелаGorgues, Thomas. "Modélisation biogéochimique du pacifique équatorial." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066468.
Повний текст джерелаYiu, Yu Yeung Scott. "El Niño Southern Oscillation teleconnections and their effects on the Amundsen Sea region." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/276236.
Повний текст джерелаWilson, Aaron Benjamin. "Using the NCAR CAM 4 to Confirm SAM’s Modulation of the ENSO Teleconnection to Antarctica and Assess Changes to this Interaction during Various ENSO Flavor Events." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376919626.
Повний текст джерелаLeloup, Julie. "Influence du changement climatique sur les caractéristiques d'ENSO par méthodes neuronales." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066618.
Повний текст джерелаEl Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the strongest climate perturbation on interannual time scales. What are ENSO characteristics and more specifically El Niño/La Niña events characteristics, and how will they evoluate in response to climate change? Using an original methodology, based on the use of Kohonen maps (SOM, Self-Organizing Maps) and the equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures, modifications in ENSO are identified during the 1950-2002 period and the method is validated. Then the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) is investigated using SOM. The ENSO variability as simulated by models forced by the twentieth century conditions is validated with observations. In particular, El Niño and La Niña events are studied and biases are highlighted. Finally futur scenario is analyzed to propose evolution for those characteristics. Results do not show any consensus
Hiltunen, Jalle. "Queensland weather patterns during the Australian summer monsoon and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-203499.
Повний текст джерелаMålet med studien är att beskriva El Niño-Southern Oscillations (ENSO) effekter på vädret i Queensland under den australiensiska sommarmonsunen. Fokus ligger på perioden oktober-januari då sommarmonsunen styr vädret över norra Australien. Teoridelen syftar till att introducera läsaren till fysiken bakom de olika faserna av ENSO och den australiensiska sommarmonsunen. Data från väderstationer i Queensland av parametrarna nederbörd, minimum och maximum temperatur undersöks statistiskt. Resultaten som presenteras indikerar en tidigare början av monsunsäsongen i Queensland under La Niña-perioder och att monsunen förstärks genom fler eller starkare aktiva perioder. I resultaten sågs ingen eller mycket svag påverkan från El Niño-perioder på monsunen i Queensland. Dessa resultat påvisar vikten av att inte se på den varma och kalla fasen av ENSO som motsatser till varandra och stämmer överens med litteratur av Sarachik (2010) och Sturman & Tapper (1996).
Boschat, Ghyslaine. "Interannual variability and predictability of the Indian Summer Monsoon : El Niño Southern Oscillation system." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066808.
Повний текст джерелаEl Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) are two of the most energetic and influential climatic phenomena on the planet. Although they originate in the tropical Indo-Pacific region, they can extend their reach well beyond, through atmospheric teleconnnections that can affect patterns of climate variability worldwide. This thesis takes part in a global effort to improve our understanding of the potential predictability of ISM rainfall and ENSO, by exploring the large-scale teleconnections associated with the whole monsoon-ENSO system on interannual timescales, as well as the role played by leading modes of coupled variability, particularly in tropical and extratropical parts of the Indo-Pacific region. Based on statistical diagnoses of observations before and after the 1976-77 climate shift, and numerical experiments with the SINTEX-F coupled model, our results highlight the importance of mid-latitudes in the predictability of the ISM-ENSO system. Indeed, significant and robust precursors are identified in the North Pacific and South Indian Oceans during the previous boreal winter/early spring, and have the potential to predict ISM and ENSO events with longer lead-times than their traditional tropical predictors. Besides, this predictability is stronger for the ‘late’ ISM rainfall during August-September. This second part of the ISM season is also characterized by the occurrence of ocean-atmospheric processes in the Indian Ocean, which compete with the effect of ENSO on the monsoon. The enhancement of these local feedbacks could explain the apparent weakening of the seasonal ENSO-monsoon relationship observed in recent decades
Hood, L. L., B. E. Soukharev, and J. P. McCormack. "Decadal variability of the tropical stratosphere: Secondary influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623319.
Повний текст джерелаPanaou, Toni. "Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Streamflow and Reservoir Operation in Central Florida." Scholar Commons, 2018. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7211.
Повний текст джерелаYe, Zhengqing. "Changes in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation under climate regime shift and increased greenhouse gases." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31187.
Повний текст джерелаScience, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
Kingsbury, Joseph D. "Various studies using ¹⁸O distribution within paleoclimatic proxy of past El Niño/southern oscillation disturbances /." Connect to resource, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/28559.
Повний текст джерелаSalau, Opeyemi R. S. [Verfasser]. "El Niño, Southern Oscillation during the Holocene and Eemian Warm Periods / Opeyemi R. S. Salau." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024079775/34.
Повний текст джерелаXiao, Heng. "A GCM study of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and its relation with the seasonal cycle." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1581421901&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Повний текст джерелаHenke, Lilo Maria Keti. "Long term hydrological change, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and biomass burning in the tropics." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/27975.
Повний текст джерелаJohnson, Katelyn M. "Investigating the usage of transpacific ice cores as a proxy for El Niño-Southern Oscillation dynamics." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343338070.
Повний текст джерелаCobb, Kim M. "Coral records of the El Niño-southern oscillation and tropical Pacific climate over the last millennium /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3064467.
Повний текст джерелаPark, Sungsu. "ENSO-related marine cloud variation and new single column marine boundary layer cloud modeling /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10080.
Повний текст джерелаSweeny, Shannon R. "Impact of ENSO on weather conditions at continental United States military bases /." access online version, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA319128.
Повний текст джерелаIllig, Serena. "Variabilité basse fréquence de l'Atlantique Tropical:Rôle de la dynamique océanique équatoriale et Influence d'El Niño Southern Oscillation." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00260664.
Повний текст джерелаManrique, Paredes Rosa Soledad <1971>. "El Niño southern oscillation and its effect on fog oases along the Peruvian and Chilean coastal deserts." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3436/1/Manrique_Rosa_tesi.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаManrique, Paredes Rosa Soledad <1971>. "El Niño southern oscillation and its effect on fog oases along the Peruvian and Chilean coastal deserts." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3436/.
Повний текст джерелаLumper, Randy N. "The relationship between el niño Southern oscillation and levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning present in Washingtons marine waters." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2008. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Lumper_RNMESThesis2008.pdf.
Повний текст джерела施錦杯 and Kam-pui Sze. "Effects of the interaction of atmosphere and ocean on humanactivities." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254378.
Повний текст джерелаSze, Kam-pui. "Effects of the interaction of atmosphere and ocean on human activities /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301414.
Повний текст джерелаMalin, Melissa L. "Teleconnection pattern impacts on intra-seasonal climate variability in United States winters." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 244 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1891555391&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Повний текст джерелаThompson, Diane Marie. "Variability and trends in the tropical Pacific and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation inferred from coral and lake archives." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311122.
Повний текст джерелаCagnazzo, Chiara. "Analyse des facteurs de variabilité de la température dans la stratosphère." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002293.
Повний текст джерелаMarín, Saul. "The response of precipitation and surface hydrology to tropical macro-climate forcing in Colombia." Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 15.62 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131688.
Повний текст джерелаLee, Song-Weon. "Investigation of techniques for improvement of seasonal streamflow forecasts in the Upper Rio Grande." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2764.
Повний текст джерелаVeettil, Bijeesh Kozhikkodan. "Identificação da influencia do El Niño: oscilação sul e oscilação decenal do Pacífico sobre as geleiras andinas tropicais usando sensoriamento remoto e parâmetros climáticos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/153311.
Повний текст джерелаRecent decades, particularly since the late 1970s, witnessed a rapid retreat of glaciers in many parts of the tropical Andes. A warming trend is observed in this region during the same period, with a recent hiatus since the early 2010s. However, this hiatus is observed to have not influenced the retreat of high elevation glaciers in the tropical Andes. Due to the emergence of high spatial and spectral resolution images and high quality digital elevation models (DEM), it is now possible to understand the multi-temporal glacier changes compared with the techniques that existed a few decades before. We calculated the snowline variations of selected glaciers along the tropical Andes since the early 1980s. The maximum snowline observed during the dry season (austral winter) in the tropics can be considered as nearly equivalent to the equilibrium line that separates the accumulation zone from the ablation zone. In order to reduce the error in the estimated snowline, glaciers with slopes < 20o only were considered in this research. Depending on the study region and the presence of cloud cover, images from multiple sources were selected. Landsat series (MSS, TM, ETM+, and OLI), EO1 OLI, ASTER, and IRS LISS III images were used along with digital elevation models (DEM) from ASTER GDEM-v2. Three wavebands (TM5 - Middle Infrared, TM4 - Near Infrared, and TM2 - Green) were used to calculate the dry season snowline, after applying suitable threshold values to TM4 and TM2. Meteorological datasets from multiple sources were also analysed to observe the changes in precipitation, temperature, and humidity that influence key glaciological parameters such as the mass balance and the equilibrium line. Representative glaciers in the inner and the outer tropical Andes were considered separately within a new framework, which is based on the precipitation, humidity, and temperature conditions along the South America. In this framework, tropical Andes are classified in to inner tropics, northern wet outer tropics, southern wet outer tropics, and dry outer tropics. Cotopaxi ice-covered volcano, Ecuador (inner tropics), Nevado Caullaraju-Pastoruri Glacier, Cordillera Blanca, Peru (northern wet outer tropics), Nevado Cololo, Cordillera Apolobamba, Bolivia (southern wet outer tropics), and Nevado Coropuna, Cordillera Ampato Peru and Nevado Sajama, Cordillera Occidental, Bolivia (dry outer tropics) are the representative glaciers in each group considered in this study. Inner tropical glaciers, particularly those situated near the January Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), are more vulnerable to increases in temperature and these glaciers are less sensitive to variations in precipitation. In contrast, outer tropical glaciers respond to precipitation variability very rapidly in comparison with the temperature variability, particularly when moving towards the subtropics. Mass balance dependency on sublimation characteristics also increases from the inner tropics to the outer tropics. Warming conditions with higher humidity tends to enhance mass loss due to melting rather than sublimation. Increased humidity observed in the outer tropics may change the sublimation dominated glaciers in the outer tropics and subtropics to melting dominated ones in the future. It is observed that the glaciers above and near the January ITCZ (inner tropics and southern wet outer tropics) are retreating faster as a response to global warming, whereas the glaciers in the northern wet outer tropics and dry outer tropics show relatively slower retreat. This can be possibly due to the occurrence of cold phases of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) together. The observed anomalies in the meteorological variables slightly follow PDO patterns and the variations in annual snowlines follows El Niño events, particularly when in phase with warm PDO. However, a strong correlation between snowline variations and ENSO (and PDO) is not established. Mountain glaciers in Ecuador show less retreat in response to the warming trend compared with observations done by other researchers in Colombia and Venezuela, probably due to very high altitude of the Ecuadorean glaciers. In a nutshell, smaller glaciers at lower altitudes in the inner tropics and the southern wet outer tropics are disappearing faster than other glaciers in the tropical Andes. Another observation made in this study is the directional property of glacier retreat, which was not covered in any other recent studies. Those glaciers on the eastern cordilleras of Peru and Bolivia, which feed many rivers on the eastern sides of the eastern cordilleras, are retreating faster than those glaciers situated on the western sides.
Keenlyside, Noel S. 1974. "Improved modelling of zonal currents and SST in the tropical Pacific." Monash University, Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9072.
Повний текст джерелаChen, Ying-quei. "Pedictability of ENSO : optimal error growth and forecast skill /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10023.
Повний текст джерела